Long Transmission Cable PDF

Technical issues on the integration of long
distance AC cables in HV and EHV networks

C - Cable Systems
Luig COLLA
IEEE PES Insulated Conductors Committee Spring 2012 meeting - Seattle, March 25-28, 2012
Cable line with line-connected shunt

compensation at both terminals
Cable length reduces maximum transmissible active power

DC offset of no-load energization current in highly shunt
compensated cables
Risk of low order harmonic resonance
Uneven loading when cables are paralleled with overhead lines
Short circuit level increases in the network
Temporary overvoltages
Self-excitation of synchronous generators
Capacitive switching
Lightning protection
Blue: specific issues of long cable lines
Black: issues that are normally dealt with by ordinary grid planning analyses
Green: issues that can be mitigated by proper shunt compensation design
Cable length reduces maximum transmissible

active power
Ampacity is still the fundamental limiting factor for
the length of HV cable between compensating stations.
Active and charging current load the cable;
maximum active power transmission is attained when
the same reactive power is evacuated at both ends of
the CL.
Neglecting losses, this corresponds to having equal
terminal voltages.
Short cable
Too long cable

IQ
ITL
ITL
IQ
IP
IP
ITL = Maximum current at thermal limit

IQ = Capacitive current
IP = Active current
Optimal operation of a long cable line

VMX
US
UR=US
Voltage
-QS
QR
PS
PR
Reactive power
Active power
Sending
Receiving
Maximum length of AC cables

PMax vs. L plots
Maximum active power transfer, 230 and 400 kV-50 Hz cables (lossless)
1500
2500 sqmm, U=380 kV

2500 sqmm, U=400 kV
2500 sqmm, U=420 kV
1200 sqmm, U=220 kV
1200 sqmm, U=230 kV
1200 sqmm, U=240 kV
1350
1200
1440
1280
1120
Active power (MW)
Active power (MW)
1050
900
750
600
960
800
640
450
480
300
320
150
160
25
50
75
100
125
150
Cable length ( km)
175
200
225
Maximum active power transfer, 345 kV and 525 kV-60 Hz cables (lossless)
1600
250
2500 sqmm, U=500 kV

2500 sqmm, U=525 kV
2500 sqmm, U=550 kV
1520 sqmm, U=330 kV
1520 sqmm, U=345 kV
1520 sqmm, U=360 kV
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Cable length ( km)
Approximately:
Cable lines long 0.75LMax retain PMax0.75SZ
250
Shunt compensation
Shunt compensation design was based on openended operation. Typical figures for 400kV-50 Hz
CLs are:
Energizing bus voltage variation: US3%
Receiving (open) end overvoltage: UR10%

For slow reclosure it should be U1.2UM
Cable-charging current: Ic 400 A (U=1.4UM)

Rated cable-charging breaking capacity of standard
400 kV CBs is 400 A (IEC 62271-100)
Shunt compensation
Examples of shunt compensation degree of n.2
400kV cable lines vs. short circuit power
645
95
80
128
90
581
70
112
85
549
60
96
80
517
50
80
75
485
40
64
70
453
30
48
65
421
20
32
60
389
10
16
55
357
10
12
14
16
Short-circuit power Psc (GVA)
18
20
22
0
24
Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)
144
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 400A (@1.4 Um)
SR rated power Qsr (Mvar)
100
90
400 kV-50 Hz, 2500 sqmm cable - 100 km long
160
50
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 400A (@1.4 Um)
10
12
14
16
18
20
Short-circuit power Psc (GVA)
22
613
325
24
SR rated power Qsr (Mvar)
400 kV-50 Hz, 2500 sqmm cable - 25 km long
100
Shunt compensation
Examples of shunt compensation degree vs. 400kV
cable line length. 2 short circuit power values
400 kV-50 Hz, XLPE underground cable, 2500 mm2 Cu (P sc=4000 MVA)
87.5
87.5
75
75
62.5
50
37.5
25
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 400A (@1.4 Um)
12.5
0
100
100
15
30
45
60
75
90
Length of cable line (km)
105
120
135
62.5
50
37.5
25
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 400A (@1.4 Um)
12.5
150
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
Shunt compensation
Examples of shunt compensation degree vs. 230kV
cable line length. 2 short circuit power values
87.5
87.5
75
75
62.5
50
37.5
25
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 250A (@1.4 Um)
12.5
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
100
100
Sending end 3%
Receiving end 10%
Icap 250A (@1.4 Um)
62.5
50
37.5
25
12.5
250
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
Route map of the existing and future interconnection

lines between Sicily and the Italian mainland
red: existing 400 kV;
blue: future 400 kV;
green: existing 220 kV
Single-line diagram of the existing (1000 MVA) and planned (2x1000 MVA)
400kV interconnection lines between Sicily and the Italian Mainland
Sicily
Sorgente
20.6 km
Italy's Mainland
Villafranca
Scilla
38 km
2.2 km
+)
+)
2.5 km
6.5 km
+)
4.9km
34.6 km
0.6 km
14.3 km
21.8 km
400 kV Underground cable
400 kV Land cable in tunnel
400 kV Submarine cable
Red: existing;
29.1 km
2.5 km
+)
*)
Rizziconi
400 kV Single circuit Overhead line
+) 275 Mvar Shunt Reactor
400 kV Double circuit Overhead line
*) 150250 Mvar Shunt Reactor with variable
Mvar output
Blue: Under construction
Shunt compensation degree of new lines ~ 88% of cable charging

power, to be performed by means of a permanently connected shunt
reactors. Busbar reactors used for network reactive power balance
Need for the operator to limit maximum allowed cable

capacitance in the specification
DC offset of no-load energization current
Phase currents in case of no-load energization of a 43 km long

400kV submarine cable line.
a) Synchronized switching not simulated
b) Synchronized switching simulated
Circuit breakers ability to force the current zero crossing has to be
verified/tested

S sc
Qcap
f r = f1
800
P3.0
[kV]
600
[MJ]
400
phase S
2.5
200
2.0
0
-200
phase T
1.5
-400
-600
1.0
-800
0,0
(f il
t 60a 120
0,2
e 0,98
h l4
2b
t)
aTURBC e0,4
0,8
0,6
[s]
1,0
360
[kV]
0.5
0.0
284
phase R
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
208
132
56
-20
10
15
harmonic order
20
25
30
[s]
1.0

Design and operation countermeasures could include:
- Use of synchronized switching
- Proper specification of shunt reactors saturation
characteristics
- Limit to the specification value of cable capacitance
- Restrictions to the allowed grid configurations (to
be avoided whenever possible)
Conclusions
Transmitting power over long lengths with HV and EHV cable

lines is feasible
Projects including long cables require an ad hoc system
design
The longer is the cable length the higher is the expected
interaction with the network and therefore the design horizon
has to be extended to the network (f.i. risk of resonances)
To ensure the feasibility of a project including a long cable is
therefore necessary to focus also on the network and on the
expected system operating conditions
Some references
M. Rebolini, L. Colla, F. Iliceto "400 kV AC new submarine cable links between Sicily
and the Italian mainland. Outline of project and special electrical studies" CIGRE
2008 conference
L.Colla et alii HVAC submarine cable links between Italy and Malta. Feasibility of
the project and system electrical design studies CIGRE 2010 conference
L. Colla, F. M. Gatta, F. Iliceto, S. Lauria Design and operation of EHV transmission
lines including long insulated cable and overhead sections IPEC 2005 Singapore,
November 2005
L. Colla, F. M. Gatta, S. Lauria. No-load energization of a long 380 kV cable:
temporary overvoltages. EEUG-Meeting 2006. Dresda, September 2006
S. Lauria, F. M. Gatta, L. Colla. "Shunt compensation of EHV Cables and Mixed
Overhead-Cable Lines" IEEE Power Tech Conference 2007
L. Colla, S. Lauria, F. M. Gatta "Temporary Overvoltages due to Harmonic
Resonance in Long EHV Cables" in Proc. International Conference on Power
System Transients (IPST 2007), Lyon 2007
L. Colla, S. Lauria, F. M. Gatta "Lightning Overvoltages in HV-EHV Mixed
Overhead-Cable Lines" in Proc. International Conference on Power System
Transients (IPST 2007), Lyon 2007

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Technical issues on the integration of long

distance AC cables in HV and EHV networks

Cable line with line-connected shunt

Cable length reduces maximum transmissible active power

Cable length reduces maximum transmissible

Too long cable

ITL = Maximum current at thermal limit

Optimal operation of a long cable line

Maximum length of AC cables

2500 sqmm, U=380 kV

Active power (MW)

Cable length ( km)

2500 sqmm, U=500 kV

Cable length ( km)

Receiving (open) end overvoltage: UR10%

Cable-charging current: Ic 400 A (U=1.4UM)

Short-circuit power Psc (GVA)

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

SR rated power Qsr (Mvar)

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

400 kV-50 Hz, 2500 sqmm cable - 100 km long

Short-circuit power Psc (GVA)

SR rated power Qsr (Mvar)

400 kV-50 Hz, 2500 sqmm cable - 25 km long

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

Length of cable line (km)

Length of cable line (km)

Length of cable line (km)

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

Shunt compensation degree Ksh (%)

Length of cable line (km)

Route map of the existing and future interconnection

red: existing 400 kV;

blue: future 400 kV;

green: existing 220 kV

400 kV Single circuit Overhead line

+) 275 Mvar Shunt Reactor

400 kV Double circuit Overhead line

*) 150250 Mvar Shunt Reactor with variable

Blue: Under construction

Shunt compensation degree of new lines ~ 88% of cable charging

Need for the operator to limit maximum allowed cable

DC offset of no-load energization current

Phase currents in case of no-load energization of a 43 km long

Risk of low order harmonic resonance

Risk of low order harmonic resonance

Transmitting power over long lengths with HV and EHV cable

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