Indentured Indian Immigration to Natal, 18601870 with special reference to the Hindu Caste

System and its implications

By
Pathmaloshini Moodley

1981

INDENTURED
WITH

INDIAN

SPECIAL

N&Tt+L

IMMIGRATION TO

REFERENCE
ITS

TO

THE

HINDU CASTE

1860

1870

SYSTEM AND

IMPLICATIONS

PATHMALOSHINI

MOODLEY

Submitted i n p a r t f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e requirements f o r the degree o f

BACHELOR OF

ARTS

(HnNnURS)

i n t h e D e p a r t ~ ~ ~ eo nf t H i s t o r y
i n t h e Faculty. o f A r t s
a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westvi-le
SUPERVISORS

DATE

SUBMITTED:

P r o f e s s o r S. Bhana
Dr. J B Brain
NOVEMBER

1981

SUMMARY
To t h e people o f t h e West, t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f I n d i a a r e t h e l e a s t
understood and t h e most e a s i l y misunderstood o f a l l men.

This project

has two themes : f i r s t l y , t o probe t h e reasons as t o why many I n d i a n s

l e f t I n d i a f o r South A f r i c a and secondly, t o e x p l o r e t h e Hindu c a s t e
system, a Pan-Indian phenomenon.

A l t h o u g h I n d i a n i n d e n t u r e i n t o South A f r i c a has been s t u d i e d and w r i t t e n

about, i t i s remarkable j u s t how much more t h e r e i s t h a t i s undiscovered.

While much i s w r i t t e n about t h e I n d i a n s from t h e t i m e t h e y came t o South

A f r i c a i n 1860 t o t h e p r e s e n t day, r e s e a r c h l e a d i n g t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n
I n d i a p r i o r t o 1860 and t h e p o s s i b l e reasons as t o why t h e y l e f t
has been n e g l e c t e d .

T h i s s t u d y t h e r e f o r e i s designed t o g i v e some

i n s i g h t i n t o t h e geographic, h i s t o r i c a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l background

o f I n d i a , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e Presidency o f Madras i n t h e South o f I n d i a
and t o show how c a s t e operated i n a t y p i c a l South I n d i a n v i l l a g e .

have attempted t o g i v e an e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e r u l e s , r e g u l a t i o n s and r e s t r i c t i o n s o f t h e Hindu c a s t e system.

From t h e s h i p p i n g l i s t s o f t h e L o r d George B e n t i n c k and Tyburnia, I

have t r i e d t o a n a l y s e t h e c a s t e , sex, age and r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s
o f t h e I n d i a n s on board t h e s e s h i p s .

I f i n t h e s e pages, I can h e l p o t h e r s o f t h e West t o come f a c e t o f a c e

w i t h t h e immense and i n t r i c a t e problems which c o n f r o n t a l l who d e s i r e t o

know, and s h a l l enable them t o understand b e t t e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s and
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 1 i f e i n t h e Land o f Vedas,
f o r my l a b o u r s .

I w i l l f e e l amply r e p a i d

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish t o express my s i n c e r e thanks t o Professor S. Bhana, Head o f t h e

Department o f H i s t o r y , and D r J .B. Brain, Department o f H i s t o r y f o r
t h e i r v e r y a b l e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h i s study.

I am p a r t i c u l a r l y g r a t e f u l

f o r t h e i r p e r c e p t i v e c r i t i c i s m s and t h e i n t e r e s t which t h e y have shown.

I am a l s o g r a t e f u l f o r t h e a s s i s t a n c e g i v e n by :

Andhra Maha Sabha o f South A f r i c a ;

The Tamil A s s o c i a t i o n o f South A f r i c a ;
M r Bala Naidu, U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westville;

Joan Mckenzie,

L i b r a r i a n a t t h e University o f Natal;

Miss P. Naidu and Miss F. D. Kajee who typed t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ;

and my f r i e n d s from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westville who a s s i s t e d
i n v a r i o u s ways.

F i n a l l y , t h e completion o f t h i s H i s t o r y assignment i s i n no small

measure due t o t h e understanding and s a c r i f i c e o f my f a m i l y .

P.

MOODLEY

NOVEMBER

1981

(iii)

CONTENTS
PAGE
SUMMARY

(i)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

(ii)

L I S T OF TABLES, MAPS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S

(iv)

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER :
ONE

: CONDITIONS I N SOU'TH AFRICA AND I N D I A

TWO

SURVEY OF CASTE I N I N D I A

CONCLUSION
MAPS

AND

ILLUSTRATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

I N APPENDICES

APPENDICES :
A

: . S H I P P I N G L I S T S OF LORD GEORGE BENTINCK

: S H I P P I N G L I S T S OF TYBURNIA

SOURCES

LIST

OF

TABLES, MAPS AND

ILLUSTRATIONS

TABLES :

1 : AREA, POPULATION OF MADRAS PRESIDENCY I N 1871

2

: REGIONAL D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS

: SEX

: CASTE D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS

: AGE

MAPS
MAP

D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS

DISTRIBUTION

AND
OF

OF

EMIGRANTS

ILLUSTRATIONS
INDIA

MAP SHOWING AREAS OF RECRUITMENT OF I N D I A N LABOURERS

PLAN OF MADRAS
PLAN

OF

TYPICAL

SOUTH

INDIAN

VILLAGE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO

INDIA

The sub-continent o f I n d i a i s i n t h e shape o f a t r i a n g l e s t a n d i n g upon

i t s point.

I t s s t r e t c h e s over two thousand m i l e s from t h e Himalayas i n

t h e N o r t h down t o t h e southern t i p j u t t i r i g o u t i n t o t h e I n d i a n Ocean.

This g r e a t t r i a n g l e f a l l s i n t o t h r e e c l e a r d i v i s i o n s .

There i s t h e

n o r t h e r n mountain w a l l and i n t h e south t h e Peninsular Plateau.

Between

them l i e s t h e g r e a t p l a i n formed by t h e v a l l e y s cf t h e Indus and t h e

Ganges where t h e mass o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s have always l i v e d .

Nine o u t o f t e n I n d i a n s 1 i v e i n v i l l a g e s and most a r e farrr~ers. I n t h e

towns, t h e slum q u a r t e r s o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l workers a r e i n marked c o n t r a s t
t o t h e e l e g a n t splendour o f t h e f i n e s t b u i l d i n g s .

Such v i o l e n t c o n t r a s t s ,

many k e p t going by t h e t r a d i t i o n a l c a s t e system, a r e accepted w i t h amazing

?

equanimity by t h e I n d i a n people.

The c l imate i n I n d i a i s v e r y v a r i e d and almost everytype o f d i s a s t e r

can descend upon t h e l a n d .
comes i n summer w i t h t h e

The g r e a t e s t problem i s water.

south west monsoon.

Rainfall

"Everything depends upon

t h e amount o f t h e prolonged deluge."

The p l a t e a u i n t h e south i s t h e most backward area where famine always

h i t s hardest.

Apart frorn t h e c o t t o n grown on t h e b l a c k s o i l o f t h e Deccan,

t h e r e i s l i t t l e beyond p r i m i t i v e a g r i c u l t u r e .

The peasants a r e s u s p i c i o u s

o f o u t s i d e i n f l u e n c e and progress i s n e c e s s a r i l y slow.

India 1965.

Annua 2 Review, p . 6 .

Madras i s t h e premier p o r t and c i t y i n t h e south and i s a modern B r i t i s h

product,

d i s t i n c t i v e i n i t s western appearance

and n o t n e a r l y as t r u l y

I n d i a n as t h e o l d telnple c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e presidency, namely Tanjore,

Coonjeeveram, T P i c h i nopoly and Madural . The 1 and o f Madras i s p i e r c e d
b y t h r e e g r e a t r i v e r s , t h e Godbwari, K i s t n a and t h e ~ a v e ( r i . The f i r s t
census conducted i n r e g u l a r form i n t h e Madras Presidency 1871 showed
t h a t t h e Hindus numbered 28, 863, 968;
t h a t i s Roman C a t h o l i c s 397, 071;
and o t h e r s 4328.

Moslems 1, 857, 857;

and P r o t e s t a n t s 93,228;

Christians

J a i n s 21,254

However, C h r i s t i a n s a r e more numerous i n Madras t h a n i n

any o t h e r p a r t o f 1 n d i a S 2 The Hindus, 92,3% o f thewhole, a r e sub-divided

i n t o 16, 159, 610

Sivaites,

that i s

D e s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Hindu t r i a d ,

worshippers o f Siva, God o f

11, 657, 311 V i s h n u v i t e s who worship

t h e God Vishnu, t h e p r e s e r v e r , 154, 989 L i n g a v a t s who a r e a l s o a s e c t o f

S i v a i t e s b u t who d e r i v e t h e i r name from t h e

p r a c t i c e o f c a r r y i n g about

on t h e i r persons t h e ' L i n g a ' o r emblem o f Siva;

and 892, 068 a r e o f

o t h e r sects i n c l u d i n g H i l l t r i b e s .

Most o f t h e people i n t h e south and i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e presidency o f

Madras, speak one o r o t h e r o f t h e D r a v i d i a n languages namely Tamil,
Telegu, Kannada o r Malayalam.

And t h e most dominant element o f t h e

p o p u l a t i o n i s t h e proto-Meditteranean t y p e which i s noted f o r i t s

medium s t a t u r e , l o n g and narrow head, medium nose, e i t h e r s t r a i g h t
o r acquil ine.

Over t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e area o f Madras a r t i f i c i a l i r r i g a t i o n i s

2.

Encyclopaedia

Britannica,

9 t h e d i t i o n , VoZ XV, p. 185.

i m p o s s i b l e because t h e r e a r e no dams and c u l t i v a t i o n i s dependent upon

t h e 1 ocal r a i n f a l l which r a r e l y exceeds f o r t y inches a y e a r and i s 1 i a b l e
t o f a l l irregularly.

The Malabar Coast i s t h e o n l y p a r t where t h e

r a i n f a l l brought by t h e South West Monsoon may be t r u s t e d b o t h f o r i t s

amount and i t s r e g u l a r i t y .

Over t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e Presidency

t h e r a i n y season i s caused by t h e South East Monsoon which breaks about

t h e end o f September.

The d e l t a s o f t h e Goddvari, K i s t n d and ~ a v e ' r i

r i v e r s a r e t h e o n l y areas on t h e East Coast where a r t i f i c i a l i r r i g a t i o n

i s a b l e t o save t h e people from r i s k o f occasional s c a r c i t y .

O f t h e t o t a l c u l t i v a t e d area about 8m i s r e t u r n e d as ' d r y ' l a n d o r

t h a t which i s s o l e l y dependent on l o c a l r a i n f a l l .

15% as ' w e t ' l a n d

i r r i g a t e d from r i v e r channels and about 3% f a l l o w and p a s t u r e and 2%

as garden l a n d i r r i g a t e d from w e l l s .

The p r i n c i p a l f o o d s t a p l e s a r e r i c e , 'cholam',
'varagu'

The most common o i l seed i s g i n g e l l y .

tobacco, sugar-cane,

'kambu',

' r a g i ' and

Garden crops comprise

c h i 1 1 i e s , b e t e l - l e a f and p l a n t a i n s .

The f r u i t

t r e e s a r e cocoa-nut, areca-nut, date, palmyra palm, j a c k , tamarind

and mango.

Special crops i n c l u d e c o t t o n , i n d i g o , c o f f e e , tea, cinchona.

The f i r s t c o f f e e p l a n t a t i o n was opened i n t h e Wainad i n Madras i n 1840.

Today c o f f e e covers 131, 348
1880

1881.

acres o f Madras.

Tea covered 4000 acres i n

Tobacco i s grown e x t e n s i v e l y i n G o d i v a r i and K i s t n a d i s t r i c t s .

Because i r r i g a t i o n i s f a i r l y s t a b l e i n t h e d e l t a s i t was v e r y populous

b u t d e s p i t e t h i s my sample3

3.

See Table 2

shows t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t number o f people

came from t h e i n l a n d d i s t r i c t s , and v e r y few f r o m t h e D e l t a and c o s t a l

regions.

The g r e a t e r p a r t of Madras i s h e l d by t h e c u l t i v a t o r s d i r e c t from t h e

government under t h e t e n u r e known as Ryotwari.

The peasant i n e f f e c t

became t h e p r o p r i e t o r o f t h e l a n d w i t h a r i g h t t o mortgage, l e a s e o r s e l l
h i s land.

T h i s system was i n t r o d u c e d by S i r Thomas Munro i n Madras

when he was i t s governor from 1820

1827.

Ryotwari i s a mode o f s e t t l e m e n t w i t h small farmet

so small, indeed

>,

t h a t t h e i r average h o l d i n g i s on r e c e n t f i g u r e s o n l y about 63 a c r e s .
The system possesses t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :

The r e g i s t e r e d o c c u p i e r

i s , so f a r as concerns governments, f r e e t o a l i e n a t e encumber and

4
devise h i s land a t d i s c r e t i o n ,
s u b j e c t t o unimportant q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ,
he may a t any t i m e re1 i n q u i s h

any p o r t i o n o f h i s holding, he can never

be ousted unless ,he f a i l s t o pay r e g u l a r l y t h e assessment f i x e d on t h e

l a n d o r any o t h e r charge by law r e c o v e r a b l e as l a n d revenue i n which
case h i s l a n d may be attached and s o l d t o t h e e x t e n t necessary t o d i s charge t h e debt;

no a d d i t i o n a l charge may be imposed on account o f

r

improvements e f f e c t e d a t t h e r y o t s c o s t , b u t a separate charge may be

made f o r m i n e r a l s e x t r a c t e d and t h e r a t e o f assessment i s l i a b l e t o
a l t e r a t i o n on t h e e x p i r y o f t h e s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d f o r which i t has been
f i x e d and t h e n o n l y .

P r e v i o u s l y a share i n t h e produce o f t h e i r l a n d c o u l d be claimed by a

sovereign, o r by a grantee o f t h e l a n d revenue d e r i v i n g h i s r i g h t from

4.

H . H . D o d w e l l : The Cambridge H i s t o r y of India, VoL 6, p . 1 5 4 .

t h e sovereign o r by a 'Zamindar'(1andlord)who claimed t h i s among other

r i g h t s of the sovereign.

In the absence of any court of law, t h e nature

of t h e sovereign's r i g h t s and the c u l t i v a t o r s tenure was determined not

by law b u t by the interplay of three forces

the power of the sovereign,

the custom of t h e v i l l a g e and t h e economic condition of the d i ~ t r i c t . ~

The Hindu j o i n t family system, where a l l land i s held i n common by members of the household, and the lack of stock tended t o divide u p the land
i n t o smaller holdings.

In many v i l l a g e s , especial ly i n the i r r i g a t e d t r a c t s

there was a t r a d i t i o n of a j o i n t settlement and a cornmod ancestry and

the whole v i l l a g e was held in shares, the lands in some of them being
periodical l y r e d i s t r i b u t e d .

Madras however in t h e course of time had discovered new potential

f o r raw materials 1 ike iron-ore, magnesite and 1 i g n i t e .

The u t i l i s a t i o n

of natural resources l i k e waterfalls t o generate e l e c t r i c i t y and t o

establ ish industries was a modern phenomenon which he1 ped a g r i c u l t u r e
and industries.

Two railway companies and t h e continuous seaboard of

the Madras Presidency had created a widely diffused t r a d e in Madras.

The geography of Madras has had another,

on the c u l t u r e of t h e south.

no l e s s important e f f e c t

The s i t u a t i o n of idadras in the south of

the Peninsula has saved i t from the exotic cultural and p o l i t i c a l i n f l u ences brought in by t h e Kushans, Afghans, Turks and Mughals in the North,
even a s the Madras Presidency i t s e l f i s broken

ui

i n t o a number of sub-

regions by t h e hi1 1 s and r i v e r s and these have developed t h e i r own subregional d i a l e c t s as well a s cultural variations largely due t o poor
5.

H . H . Dodwell : The Cambridge History of ~ n d i a ,VoZ 6 , p.

54.

, t g e $ p uu!
~ uot6a~

Jay30 h e ueyq Jaqqaq pue aJow a ~ n q ~ nu ze k~ p u ~quaL3ue 40 slekquassa

ayq paukeqaJ A[ Lnjssamns sey yqnos ayq csa;~nqua3 qua3aJ uk s a x 0 4
~ e ~ n q l n~ 3[ J O M40 33eduk ayq paAka3aJ e k p u ~ ~ [ ! 3 'aqeueq i n s 40 LeJnpeW
u! q u a w u ~ a ~ o4akJq
6
e pue X ~ n q u a 3yquaaqJno4 ayq uk suoksehu! w i l
-snW 40 1 lads u a q q o 6 ~ 0 4l C ~ ~ s epue
a q ~ o y se JaqjV,,

.sa!qk [!3e4 q ~ o d s u e ~ q

CONDITIONS

IN

CHAPTER

ONE

SOUTH AFRICA

AND

INDIA

I n d i a n s m i g r a t e d f r o m I n d i a t o many p a r t s o f t h e globe b u t no I n d i a n c o l ony was t h e r e s u l t o f a s i n g l e mass m i g r a t i o n t o r e 1 i e v e congestion o r t o

expand dominions, r a t h e r I n d i a n c o l o n i z a t i o n was always a means t o
" c u l t u r a l expansion and cnmmercial e n t e r p r i s e . " 7

But t h e r e was a s p e c i a l

c l a s s o f I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n under t h e i n d e n t u r e system between 1835

1917

which was unique i n some r e s p e c t s .

The a g r i c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n and t h e expansion o f European i n f l u e n c e i n

d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d n e c e s s i t a t e d adequate manpower t o e x p l o i t
t h e v a s t resources a t hand.

The a b o l i t i o n o f s l a v e r y i n 1833 and t h e

general r e l u c t a n c e o f b l a c k s t o work aggravated t h i s s i t u a t i o n and a

system o f i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r was devised i n 1835.

I t was r e a l i z e d t h a t

I n d i a c o u l d be an i d e a l c o u n t r y f o r t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f l a b o u r e r s u r g e n t l y
needed f o r t h e sugar p l a n t a t i o n s o f t h e c o l o n i e s and t h e Government o f
I n d i a was approached by t h e p l a n t e r s through t h e i m p e r i a l government.

The i n d e n t u r e system was a h i g h l y organised and p e c u l i a r system o f r e c r u i t i n g cheap l a b o u r on c o n t r a c t .

The m i g r a n t undertook t o work as

a l a b o u r e r f o r f i v e years i n t h e c o l o n y f o r a wage and t h e c o s t o f h i s

passage.

On t h e e x p i r y o f t h e i n d e n t u r e d p e r i o d t h e I n d i a n l a b o u r e r c o u l d

e i t h e r renew t h e c o n t r a c t o r s e t t l e i n t h e c o l o n y t o work as a f r e e
l a b o u r e r o r r e t u r n t o I n d i a a t t h e expense o f t h e i m p q r t i n g c o l o n y .

7 , J.C. Jha :

Indentured Indian Migration,

History, 1970, VOZ 4 8 , p . 3 3 5 .

Journal o f Indian

HQW d i d N a t a l come t o a v a i l i t s e l f o f t h e p r o v i s i o n o f I n d i a n l a b o u r
under t h e system o f i n d e n t u r e a l r e a d y worked o u t f o r M a u r i t i u s and t h e
West I n d i a n c o l o n i e s ?

I n o r d e r t o answer t h i s , i t i s necessary t o l d o k

a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n Natal d u r i n g t h e mid-nineteenth century.

D u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1838

1843 N a t a l was a V o o r t r e k k e r R e p u b l i c b u t

once t h e V o o r t r e k k e r s had reached t h e sea and seemed l i k e l y t o t a k e posse s s i o n o f t h e o n l y good harbour o n t h e Natal c o a s t l i n e , t h e " s e n s i t i v e - . ness o f B r i t i s h sea-power awokeu81nd i t was d e c i d e d i n 1843 t o annex
Natal.

With N a t a l under B r i t i s h r u l e , many e m i g r a t i o n schemes were

devised i n B r i t a i n t o b r i n g s e t t l e r s o u t t o Natal.

However many o f t h e

Boers who had p r e v i o u s l y s e t t l e d i n N a t a l , now t r e k k e d o v e r t h e Drakensberg, l e a v i n g t h e s e t t l e r s t o f e n d f o r themselves.

This exercise

1 ed them i n t o e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h a v a r i e t y o f s u b - t r o p i c a l p r o d u c t s ,
i n c l u d i n g t e a , c o f f e e , a r r o w r o o t sugar and i n d i g o .

0;t

i n t h e end i t

was proved t h a t sugar was t h e main c r o p f o r t h e hot, humid c o n d i t i o n s

of Natal

Sugar however depends upon a s t e a d y s u p p l y o f l a b o u r and

i t was t h i s f a c t o r t h a t was l a c k i n g .

It was d i f f i c u l t t o understand how a s h o r t a g e o f l a b o u r c o u l d a r i s e i n

a c o l o n y s e t t l e d b y some 20 000 b l a c k s .
t h e t y p e o f economy o f t h e b l a c k s .

F i r s t o f a l l t h i s was due t o

They were a p a s t o r a l people,

p r a c t i s i n g a small amount o f e x t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e and even t h e l a t t e r

was l e f t m a i n l y t o t h e women.

The second f a c t o f was a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e

system o f t r i b a l r e s e r v e s i n t r o d u c e d b y S i r T h e o p h i l u s Shepstone.

This

system a l l o w e d t h e b l a c k s i n N a t a l t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l methods

8.

M. Palmer : The H i s t o r y o f t h e I n d i a n s i n Natal, p.

o f subsistence a g r i c u l t u r e and c a t t l e h e r d i n g

Furthermore Shepstone

s t e a d i l y b l o c k e d any p r o p o s a l s f o r compulsion o f l a b o u r on t h e b l a c k
population.

I n t h e s e circumstances, i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e p l i g h t o f t h e European
p l a n t e r was a s e r i o u s one and i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e y
e x p l o r e d e v e r y p o s s i b l e means o f s e c u r i n g a n adequate s u p p l y o f l a b o u r .
However i t soon became a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e o n l y p r a c t i c a l source o f l a b o u r
f o r t h e sugar p l a n t a t i o n s was a s u p p l y o f I n d i a n i n d e n t u r e d i m m i g r a t i o n .

Under t h e c o n t i n u e d p r e s s u r e o f t h e p l a n t e r s , t h e Government o f N a t a l
was u l t i m a t e l y compel 1ed t o open n e g o t i a t i o n s and t h e governments o f
B r i t a i n and I n d i a r e l u c t a n t l y consented t o t h e p l a n .

It was a r e l u c t a n t

move because t h e government o f I n d i a f e l t t h a t e m i g r a t i o n t o M a u r i t i u s

and t h e Caribbean was s u f f i c i e n t .

Nevertheless emigration t o Natal

was f i n a l l y s a n c t i o n e d by A c t X X X I I I o f 1860 on 7 August.

t i o n Agency was w a i t i n g , W.M.

The Emigra-

C o l l i n s t h e Postmaster General o f Natal

was s e n t t o Madras as E m i g r a t i o n Agent i n March 1860, and t h e f i r s t

s h i p , t h e T r u r o , f r o m Madras a r r i v e d a t Durban on 16 November 1860.

So I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n on a l a r g e s c a l e and over l o n g d i s t a n c e s was a

phenomenon novel t o t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y and had t o w a i t upon p r e v i o u s
s e t t l e m e n t o f European c o l o n i e s and i n v e s t m e n t o f c a p i t a l i n p l a n t a t i o n
agricul ture.

I n d i a n ' c o o l ies19 had o n l y u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r t o s e l l and

were t h u s f o r c e d t o move i n t o a r e a s where t h e r e was a s k i l l e d w h i t e manager i a l group t o d i r e c t them and where t h e i r " d o c i l i t y and c a p a c i t y f o r
l a b o u r i n g were welcome".

9.
10.

10

Coolie, i s a Portuguese term for

H-Tinker, p . 41 - 42.

'load-bearers, dockers ' C u l i ' , See

I . M . C m p s t o n . A Survey o f Indian Immigration t o B r i t i s h Tro i c a l

Population S t u d i e s Journal, Vol 9 & 10,
158C o l o n i e s t o 1910,

5.

The success o f t h e t r a f f i c from an economic p o i n t o f view may be measurid

i n t h e almost m e t e o r i c r i s e i n e x p o r t f i g u r e s from p l a n t a t i o n products
and t h e establishment o f new i n d u s t r i e s .

T h i s c o u l d be seen i n Natal

where Natal sugar exported

a t t h e end o f 1860 was 32,005 almost f o u r

11
times g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e preceding year which was 8,368.

While t h e i n d e n t u r e system was a success from t h e economic p o i n t o f

view, i t should be remembered however t h a t t h e r e was a l o w p r o p e n s i t y
among t h e people o f I n d i a t o m i g r a t e due m a i n l y t o i n e r t i a , ' t o t h e
r e s t r a i n t s imposed and s e c u r i t i e s o f f e r e d by t h e v i l l age community
and j o i n t f a m i l y and t o r e l i g i o u s o b j e c t i o n s ' .

12

Furthermore t h e peasant was f a r from being t h e business man.

He

seldom l e f t h i s v i l l a g e which f o r generations has been a s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t

u n i t i n which men l i v e d i n c l o s e r e l a t i o n t o God and man and t h e s o i l .
T r a v e l a1 so i n v o l v e d t h e r i s k o f breaking c a s t e r u l e s . I 3 To emigrate
meant t o c r o s s t h e "Kala Pani", t h e t e r r i b l e b l a c k waters w i t h t h e
consequent l o s s o f c a s t e .

T h i s was a g r e a t d e t e r r e n t t o e m i g r a t i o n .

There was a l s o t h e dread o f f o r c i b l e conversion t o C h r i s t i a n i t y coupled

w i t h a dread o f t h e unknown, common t o a1 1 ' i g n o r a n t , u n t r a v e l l e d peop1.e'
There was a l s o a s t r o n g s u s p i c i o n t h a t t h e whole system was n o t working

11. R.F. Osborne : V a l i a n t Harvest, p. 66.

12. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources o f I n d i a n Emigration t o F i j i , Population
S t u d i e s Journal, 1956, Vol 9 & 10, p. 14

3 .

See Chapter 3 .

14. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources o f I n d i a n E h i g r a t i o n t o F i j i ,

S t u d i e s Journal, 1956, Vol 9 & 10, p. 141.

Population

.14

t o t h e i r disadvantage a s u s p i c i o n v e r y n a t u r a l l y a r i s i n g from t h e p a u c i t y
o f news.. To t h i s l i s t c o u l d be added t h e f a c t t h a t i t was an a l i e n system,
d i s l i k e d by t h e upper castes o f I n d i a .

I f I n d i a n s i n general r e s i s t e d emigration, what then accounts f o r t h e

v a s t numbers t h a t l e f t I n d i a i n t h e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h
centuries?

I n t r y i n g t o f i n d a reasonable answer i t i s necessary t o

c o n s i d e r t h e p e r i o d of B r i t i s h r u l e i n I n d i a 1850

1857, which I b e l i e v e

c o u l d have played a major r o l e i n causing t h e people o f I n d i a t o e n l i s t

f o r indenture.

When i t came t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e i r laws, t h e B r i t i s h found i t

d i f f i c u l t t o adapt because l a r g e s e c t i o n s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n were exempted
Furthermore

from t h e o p e r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n acts, on r e l i g i o u s grounds.

t h e laws i n t r o d u c e d by t h e B r i t i s h d i d n o t always prove e f f e c t i v e

because t h e v a l u e o f e x e c u t i v e d e c i s i o n s was destroyed by t i m e and by
t h e d i s t a n c e between London and C a l c u t t a .

When i t came t o education, t h e B r i t i s h r u l e r s were n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n

promoting t e c h n i c a l knowledge o r t e c h n i c a l change i n I n d i a , except t o
I

t h e e x t e n t t o which i t was necessary f o r t h e "smooth f u n c t i o n i n g o f

i t s r u l e and t h e economic expl o i t a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y " 5!

Education under

t h e B r i t i s h was a1 ways c h a r a c t e r i s e d as being e x c e s s i v e l y 1 i t e r a r y ,

16
which produced " q u i l l d r i v e r s r a t h e r t h a n t e c h n i c i a i s " .

15. N.'V. Sovani : B r i t i s h Impact o n I n d i a a f t e r 1850

o f World History, 1954, V o l 1 & 2, p. 103.

1857, Journal

16. N . V . Sovani : B r i t i s h Impact on I n d i a a f t e r 1850

o f World H i s t o r y , 1954, VoZ 1 & 2, p . 103.

1857, Journal

The o l d l e a d e r s h i p o f I n d i a under t h e Kushans, Afghans, Turks and Mughals

was c o m p l e t e l y wiped o u t and t h e new l e a d e r s h i p t h a t arose came m a i n l y
from t h e educated Brahmans.
t h e o r e t i c a l than p r a c t i c a l

As a r e s u l t t h e new l e a d e r s h i p was more

Though i n t e l l e c t u a l s p e c u l a t i o n was f r e e ,

t h e people o f I n d i a were prevented from t r a n s l a t i n g any new ideas i n t o

practice.

The Brahmans saw t h i s as an i n s u l t t o t h e p r e v a i l i n g e t h i c s

and modes o f behaviour and condemned any o p p o s i t i o n from t h e people i f

i t were n o t i n t u n e w i t h t h e p r e v a i l i n g t r a d i t i o n a l behaviour p a t t e r n and

a g a i n s t popular f o l k ways.

It i s t h e r e f o r e e v i d e n t t h a t B r i t i s h r u l e i n I n d i a 1850

1857 c o u l d

have caused g r e a t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among t h e I n d i a n people.

From my sample17it has been e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t 74,21% o f t h e people came from

t h e Madras Presidency.

The reason f o r t h i s c o u l d be t h a t t h e s t a t e s t h a t

make up t h e Presidency were c o m p l e t e l y under f o r e i g n domination,

It

would be o n l y n a t u r a l t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t d i s c o n t e n t would be
i n these s t a t e s . Furthermore these s t a t e s under B r i t i s h r u l e had t o
m a i n t a i n t h e i r own army.

T h i s prevented f i n a n c e from being used i n areas

most needed and i t was these people who needed t h e government f i n a n c e

t h a t became staunch enemies o f t h e B r i t i s h .

It has been suggested t h a t t h e r e was concern t h a t B r i t i s h r u l e would

b r i n g w i t h i t f o r c e d conversion t o C h r i s t i a n i t y s i n c e e m i g r a t i o n was
g r e a t e s t from Madras where t h e number o f C h r i s t i a n s i s s a i d t o be
greatest,18

i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s c o u l d have been a reason f o r a

17. See Tab Ze 2 .

18. ~ n c y c l o p a e d i aBritannica, 9th e d i t i o n , VoZ XV, p . 1 8 5 .

l a r g e number o f Hindus from Madras wanting t o emigrate.

O f my sample '%7,49% o f t h e m i g r a n t s were Hindus.

What c o u l d p o s s i b l y

be t h e cause f o r such a h i g h number o f Hindus e m i g r a t i n g ?

I am i n c l i n e d

t o b e l i e v e t h a t c e r t a i n s o c i a l reforms brought about by B r i t i s h r u l e

c o u l d have been t h e cause o f t h i s .

Hindu r e 1 i g i o u s customs were a1 so

d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r e d during the period o f B r i t i s h r u l e .

d u r i n g t h e g o v e r n e r s h i p o f L o r d W i l l i a m B e n t i n c k 1828

T h i s c o u l d be seen

1835 when Hindu

Law had been m o d i f i e d t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t a Hindu becoming a c o n v e r t i n

C h r i s t i a n i t y would be e n t i t l e d t o h i s share o f t h e f a m i l y p r o p e r t y .

P r e v i o u s l y a Hindu c o n v e r t t o C h r i s t i a n i t y was considered as being an

o u t c a s t who had t o r e l i n q u i s h a l l f a m i l y t i e s .

Although B e n t i n c k ' s

i n t e n t i o n s were good, t h e Hindus considered him an i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e

Hindu r e l i g i o n and c r e a t e d g r e a t d i s c o n t e n t among them.

Also Bentinck's

a b o l i t i o n o f 'Sati", t h a t i s t h e s e l f - i m m o l a t i o n o f wives on t h e f u n e r a l
pyres o f t h e i r husbands was considered a d i s r e s p e c t t o t h e Hindu way o f
life.

Furthermore, t h e l e g a l i s a t i o n o f Hindu remarriage was regarded

by t h e Hindus as an unwarrantable i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e i r s o c i a l and

re1i g i o u s practices.

Furthermore t h e c a s t e system, which I w i l l d i s c u s s a t a l a t e r chapter,

was t h e most i m p o r t a n t aspect o f Hindu 1i f e , so t h a t any l a w passed i n
o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s system was regarded by t h e Hindu as an a t t e m p t t o
c o n v e r t them t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .

T h i s was t h e general f e e l i n g d u r i n g

Governor D a l h o u s i e ' s term o f o f f i c e 1848

19. See T a b l e 4.

1856, when a r u l e had been

made whereby t h e p r i s o n e r s had been p r o h i b i t e d f r o m p r e s e r v i n g t h e i r own

e x c l u s i v e pots.

T h i s was a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e c a s t e r u l e s which forbade

persons o f a p a r t i c u l a r c a s t e from d r i n k i n g o f a vessel o f a lower

caste.

Yet a g a i n t h e Hindus and even t h e Musl ims f e l t an i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h

t h e i r way o f 1 i f e when t h e B r i t i s h i n t r o d u c e d a new t y p e o f c a r t r i d g e
which was s a i d t o be . s t e e l b u l l e t s of cow

and p i g .

This agitated the

minds o f Hindus as w e l l as Moslems who saw i t as an a f f r o n t on t h e i r

r e s p e c t i v e r e l i g i o n s , t h e cow being sacred t o t h e Hindus and t h e p i g
being taboo

t0

Musl ims.

These a r e j u s t a few p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s which m i g h t have accounted

f o r t h e v e r y h i g h percentage o f Hindus t h a t came t o South A f r i c a i n
my p a r t i c u l a r samples.

These a r e by no means t h e s o l e reasons b u t

c o u l d be regarded as t h e cause o f a general d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among t h e

H i ndus

Even i n t h e economic sphere, a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h B r i t i s h a g r i c u l t u r a l

p o l i c i e s seemed t o have p r e v a i l e d i n I n d i a .

The r y o t w a r i system i n t r o d u c e d

i n Madras, d i s r u p t e d t h e o l d a g r a r i a n system and gave r i s e t o a new

s o c i a l order.

The land revenue was so h i g h t h a t t h e peasant was f o r c e d

t o t a k e loans from 'moneylenders' whose i n t e r e s t charges were a l s o h i g h

so e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e peasants was a common f e a t u r e o f t h i s system.
I n d i r e c t l y t h i s system provided a prosperous business f o r t h e emerging
c l a s s o f money1 enders.

The new r e n t r e c e i v i n g l a n d l o r d s , money-lenders

and businessmen came t o form t h e nucl eus o f t h e new mfddle-class and

were t h e f i r s t t o a v a i l o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f B r i t i s h education w h i l e t h e
v i 1l a g e c u l t i v a t o r s , a r t i s a n s and o t h e r "menials c o n s t i t u t e d t h e

proletariat".

20

A l l t h e systems of c o l l e c t i o n o f l a n d revenue destroyed t h e powers o f t h e

o l d c l a s s o f i n t e r m e d i a r i e s 1 i k e t h e l a n d l o r d s (zamindars) and v i l l a g e
c o u n c i l s (panchayats), w h i l e these bodies have been c o r r u p t , t h e y
n e v e r t h e l e s s h e l d t o g e t h e r r u r a l s o c i e t y s i n c e a n c i e n t times.
was r e p l a c e d by c o m p e t i t i o n .
21
way t o i n d i v i d u a l ism".

"Co-operation

The c o l l e c t i v e l i f e o f t h e v i l l a g e gave

P r i c e s , r e n t s and wages a l l came t o be determined by c o n t r a c t between

t h e buyers and s e l l e r s .

Furthermore t h e opening o f t h e v i l l a g e t o

f o r e i g n imports gave a d e a t h

blow t o t h e v i l l a g e c r a f t s and i n d u s t r i e s .

The v i l l a g e a r t i s a n l o s t h i s custom and t h e market f o r h i s wares.

From

an i n d u s t r i a l worker, he was transformed i n t o a l a n d l e s s l a b o u r e r seeki n g work i n a g r i c u l t u r e ,

labourer.

sometimes as a t e n a n t and o t h e r times as a wage

The i n c r e a s i n g c o m p e t i t i o n f o r l a b o u r f r o m i n d u s t r y , e s p e c i a l l y

c o t t o n , and p u b l i c works was t h e main cause o f d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n and t h e

o v e r a l l t r e n d away from I n d i a .

The d e s t r u c t i o n o f c o t t a g e i n d u s t r i e s and t h e i n s u f f i c i e n t growth

o f i n d u s t r i e s which f o l l o w e d i t , s t e a d i l y increased t h e pressure on l a n d .
As a r e s u l t t h e r e were densely populated d i s t r i c t s where t h e l a n d was
unable t o support an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g number o f people dependent on
agriculture.

E m i g r a t i o n frorr~rny sample was g r e a t e s t i n areas where

t h e pressure o f p o p u l a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o resources was g r e a t e s t and t h e

' l a n d l o r d s ' zamindars most p o w e r f u l .

An i n c r e a s e i n t h e numbers depen-

20. V.C.

Pandey, L.N. Muckerjee and U.S. K u a t t r i : Modern ~ n d i a ,p. 553.

21- V.C.

Pandey, L.N. Muckerjee and U.S. K u a t t r i : Mcdern I n d i a , p. 5 5 4 .

d e n t on t h e l a n d was accompanied b y f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f h o l d i n g s u n t i l t h e s e
reached uneconomic l e v e l s, indebtedness grew and c u l t i v a t o r s 1o s t t h e i r
land.

Once t h e y were reduced t o t h e p o s i t i o n of l a b o u r e r s t h e y became

a l i e n a t e d t o some e x t e n t from t h e s o i l .

Most emigrants y e r e i n f a c t

l a b o u r e r s and n o t c u l t i v a t o r s .

Many o f t h e l a n d h o l d e r s i n t h e Madras Presidency worked p a r t o f t h e t i m e

f o r wages, as h o l d i n g s were small and t h e h i g h e r wages t o be earned
overseas were made more a t t r a c t i v e by t h e f a c t t h a t " p r i c e s had been r i s i n g
f o r some t i m e w h i l e wages had n o t k e p t pace'22 o t h e r s who l e f t t h e
v i l l a g e s o f t e n d i d so t o a v o i d t h e pressure f r o m r e l a t i v e s .

To t h e t y p i c a l I n d i a n u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r e r w i t h o n l y t h e c l o t h e s on h i s
back and famine round t h e c o r n e r , t h e symbolic f i g u r e o f t h e new c o n d i t i o n s was t h e peasant p r o p r i e t o r o r prosperous shopkeeper.

The emigrants

were u s u a l l y " u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r e r s o f t h e c l a s s accustomed t o wander f o r t h

i n search o f s e r v i c e , accustomed t o r e c u r r e n t unemployment, famine and
d e b t " . 23

While a general d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h B r i t i s h r u l e p r e v a i l e d , i t would be

i n c o r r e c t t o see t h i s as a s o l e reason f o r e m i g r a t i o n .

As seen from t h e

o u t s i d e , B r i t a i n was hoping t o c u r e what she t h o u g h t were s o c i a l and

economic i l l s , and was t h e r e f o r e n o t c o n s c i o u s l y 'aware o f t h e resentment
i t brought.

22.

G i l l i o n : The Sources of Indian m i g r a t i o n t o Fiji, Population

s t u d i e s Journal, p . 144.

K.L.

23. K.L. CiZZion : The Sources o f Indian Emigration t o F i j i , Population

stucztuczies
Journal, p . 1 4 4 .

Certainly the group most affected were t h e Hindus and they constituted
the greatest number of emigrants.
d i f f e r e n t reasons.

S t i l l others l e f t India f o r very

If the closely woven f a b r i c of j o i n t family and

village community l i f e was an obstacle t o spontaneous emigration i t a l s o

imposed pressures which some peopl e found into1 erabl e . And those with
a s p i r i t of adventure, those who had been outcastes and those who had
quarrelled with r e l a t i v e s were among those who l e f t t h e i r v i l l a g e s and
were picked u p by r e c r u i t e r s .

Then there were a l s o the females who though small in number comparison
t o the males.

My sample shows 71,56% males a n d 28,44% females l e f t to

give t h e i r men a family l i f e i n South Africa b u t a greater number of

them l e f t f o r non-economic reasons.

Besides the wives and females children

of t h e emigrants, there were f o r instance widows or women who had been

deserted, o r were escaping from bad husbands or tyrannical mothers-in-law.
Emigration must have seemed " t o some of them an honourable a l t e r n a t i v e
t o a l i f e of p r o s t i t u t i o n . " 24

Surprisingly from my sample there were among the emigrants those of the
higher castes who could have come under a great deal of f a l s i f i c a t i o n by
saying t h a t they were a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s and labourers, men accustomed t o
working hard.

Castes l i k e the Rajputs, 63% and Musselman, 7,34% and

Maratta, 16% had owing t o extravagance, l o s t more land than other c a s t e s .

These people could also have come f o r reasons of health

cholera, small pox

were, widespread in India.

24. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources of Indian m i g r a t i o n t o F i j i , Population
Studies JournuZ, p. 1 5 1 .

25. See Table

4.

25

Since the south was always prone t o droughts and famine, i t would be only
natural to assume t h a t the one who l e f t would be the victim of famine or
drought.

B u t such a person was not wanted by t h e colonies due to under-

nourishment and i n e r t i a , so i f people l e f t because of the constant t h r e a t

of famine o r droughts, they did so because of the f e a r t h a t hung over
I t i s important t o note t h a t t h e Government of India never saw

them.

emigration a s a means of relieving famine.

Then there was t h e t h r e a t of unemployment who faced many unskilled workers.

With the growth of industries and railways, a1 1 jobs were taken up and
even i f jobs were available, they were not ski1 led enough t o do i t .

For

those who depended on the land, t h e f a i l u r e of t h e harvests; which in

happened frequently coul d have pushed people out of

the south
India.

I t was a t t h i s psychological moment t h a t t h e colonial planter held out

earnest e n t r e a t i e s and rosy promise t o these depressed and oppressed
people.

B u t i t should a l s o be remembered t h a t s t i l l others from my

sample especially t h e Christians 4,38% and Musselmans (Muslims) 7,34%

came f o r p r o f i t or personal venture. 26
I t should a l s o be noted t h a t the recruiting agents were s e l e c t i v e when
i t came t o the emigrants.

Those who did come were selected on the basis

of physical f i t n e s s and were predominantly young men in the age group

20

3 0 years.

27

26: See T a b Z e 4.
27. See T a b Z e 5 .

CHAPTER TWO
SURVEY

OF

CASTE

IN

INDIA

The word ' c a s t e ' i s derived from t h e L a t i n term ' c a s t u s ' which
s i g n i f i e d p u r i t y o f breed.

I t was the term used b y Vasco Da Gama and

h i s f e l l o w Portuguese adventurers, c e n t u r i e s ago, as t h e y landed upon

t h e south-west coast o f I n d i a and began t o study t h e s o c i a l and r e l i g i o u s
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e people.
I

Other c o u n t r i e s have o r have had t r i b a l connections, c l a s s d i s t i n c t i o n s ,

t r a d e unions, r e l i g i o u s sects, p h i l a n t h r o p i c f r a t e r n i t i e s , s o c i a l g u i l d s
and various o t h e r organisations.

But " I n d i a i s t h e o n l y l a n d where a l l

these a r e p r a c t i c a l l y welded t o g e t h e r i n t o one c o n s i s t e n t and mighty

whole which d i c t a t e s t h e every d e t a i l o f human r e l a t i o n s h i p and c o n t r o l s
the whole d e s t i n y o f man f o r time and e t e r n i t y " . 28
The t r a d i t i o n a l l y accepted theory of the o r i g i n o f caste t o t h e Hindus
i s t h a t Brahma the f i r s t God o f the Hindu t r i a d t h e Creator, was
t h e immediate source and founder o f t h e caste order.

"For he caused

the august Brahman t o proceed out o f h i s m o ~ t h " , ~ ~ h e n hc ies s u p e r i o r

s t a t u s , f o l lowed by t h e r o y a l and war1 ike K s h a t t r i y a who emanated from
h i s shoulders, then the t r a d i n g caste, Vaishya from h i s t h i g h s and t h e
menial Sudra from h i s f e e t .

So t h a t an e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e o f t h e caste

system i s t h e system o f h i e r a r c h y from the p r i e s i l y down t o t h e menial

castes

28. J.P. Jones : India : I t s Life- -gad T h p ~ g h t p. 9 2

2 9 . J.P. Jones : ~ n d i a: I t s Life and ~ h o u ~ p.
g , 94

Various d e f i n i t i o n s o f caste have been p u t forward.

Kroeber, an

a n t h r o p o l o g i s t defines caste as "an endogamous and h e r e d i t a r y

s u b d i v i s i o n o f an e t h n i c u n i t occupying a p o s i t i o n o f s u p e r i o r o r
i n f e r i o r rank o r s o c i a l esteem i n comparison w i t h o t h e r s u b d i v i s i o n s " . 30
Hutton defines caste as "a c o l l e c t i o n o f f a m i l i e s o r groups o f f a m i l i e s ,
b e a r i n g a common name, c l a i m i n g a comnon descent from a m y t h i c a l ancestor,
human o r devine, p r o f e s s i n g t o f o l l o w t h e same p r o f e s s i o n a l c a l l i n g and
regarded as a homogenous commlrni t y N . 3 1 G.S.

Ghurye defines caste "as

groups w i t h a w e l l - d e f i n e d l i f e o f t h e i r own, the membership whereof,

u n l i k e t h a t o f v o l u n t a r y associations and o f classes was determined n o t
32
by s e l e c t i o n b u t by b i r t h " .
The f i r s t and foremost feature of t h e Hindu caste sys tem i s t h a t o f
i n t e r m a r r i a g e between the castes.

"None except members o f totemi s t i c

clans, can w i t h impunity, l o o k beyond t h e sacred borders o f t h e i r own

33
caste f o r conjugal b l i s s " so l o n g as castes remain endogamous t h e y w i l l
preserve t h e i r i n t e g r i t y and t h e i r foundations w i l l never be removed.
Next i n importance t o t h e connubial i s the convival l e g i s l a t i o n o f
caste.

It i s the business of every member o f a caste t o conserve t h e

p u r i t y o f h i s 'gens' by e a t i n g o n l y w i t h h i s f e l l o w castemembers.
Under no circumstance can he i n t e r d i n e w i t h those o f a c a s t e below h i s
own.

Not o n l y must he n o t e a t w i t h those o f h i s own connection b u t he

must be very scrupulous as t o t h e source o f t h e a r t i c l e s which he i s

about t o eat, he must know who handled them and & s p e c i a l l y who cooked
them.
Some a r t i c l e s o f food, such as f r u i t are n o t s u b j e c t t o p o l l u t i o n w h i l e
E.R.

Leach : Aspects o f Caste i n South Ind<,a, Ceylon and NorthWest Pakistan, p. 10

Hutton : Caste i n ~ n d i a
Ghunyo : Caste, CLms
Occupation,
4g
p. 2
Jones : India : I t s L i f e and Thought, p. 105

-48'

o t h e r s ; p r e e m i n e n t l y w a t e r , a r e t o be v e r y c a r e f u l l y guarded a g a i n s t
t h e p o l 1u t i n g t o u c h o f t h e 1ower castes.

"Fi r e p u r i f i e s , water pol 1 utes.

It would f a l l o w t h a t t h e y c o u l d e a t sweetmeats and c h o c o l a t e s t o g e t h e r

w i t h l o w e r castes b u t c o u l d n o t d r i n k t e a o r coffee o r a c c e p t a n y t h i n g
on a p o r c e l a i n vessel r a t h e r than
The r a t i o n a l e o f t h i s i n t e r d i c t i o n i s d o u b t l e s s t h e d e s i r e t o p r e s e r v e
the p u r i t y o f caste blood.

"As f o o d becomes p a r t o f t h e body, t h e

Hindu b e l i e v e s i t s h o u l d n o t be s u b j e c t e d t o t h e p o l l u t i n g t o u c h o f
35
outsiders".
T h i s urgency i s i n c r e a s e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t d i f f e r e n t castes p r e s c r i b e
different articles o f diet.

The " S i v a r ' , f o l l o w e r s o f L o r d Shiva, a r e

s t r i c t v e g e t a r i a n s and w i 11 have absol u t e l y no communion w i t h meate a t e r s , even though t h e l a t t e r may be o f a h i g h e r c a s t e t h a n themselves.

O t h e r r e s p e c t a b l e castes w i l l touch o n l y c h i c k e n meat, some meat, v e r y
few p o r k

w h i l e no c a s t e w i l l p e r m i t t h e k i l l i n g o r e a t i n g o f b e e f ;

t h e cow b e i n g t h e most s a c r e d and commonly worshipped animal o f I n d i a .

Another f a c t o r c a s t e i s r e l a t e d t o i s o c c u p a t i o n .

Trade castes n o t

o n l y p r e s c r i b e t h e one a n c e s t r a l o c c u p a t i o n t o t h e i r members, t h e y a l s o
w i t h equal d i s t i n c t n e s s and s e v e r i t y p r o h i b i t t o a1 1 w i t h i n t h e i r ranks
any o t h e r work o r t r a d e .

So i n a l l these l e g i o n s castes n o t o n l y has a

man h i s s o c i a l sphere and s t a t u s a s s i g n e d t o h i m b u t he i s a l s o t i e d t o

the trade o f h i s ancestors.

Furtherniore he i s exp$cted t o confine

h i m s e l f t o a n c e s t r a l t o o l s and methods o f work i n t h a t way o f 1if e .

These f o u r , t h e connubial

, the

convival , are the constant factors o f the

3 4 . J.P. J o m s : India : I t s Life and Thought) p . 105

35. J.P. Jones : India : I t s ~ i f and
e
Thought, p. 107

c a s t e e x i s t e n c e and a c t i v i t y i n I n d i a .

T h e r e a r e however o t h e r f u n c t i o n s

t h a t c a s t e assumes i n c e r t a i n l o c a l i t i e s and under c e r t a i n circumstances.

D e f i n i t e forms o f r e l i g i o u s observance a r e o f t e n e n j o i n e d , c e r t a i n
p l a c e s o f p i 1 grimage a r e s a n c t i o n e d , m a r r i a g e forms p r e s c r i b e d ,
m a r r i a g e o b l i g a t i o n s defined,

d i v o r c e made p o s s i b l e o r i m p o s s i b l e and

t h e 1 i m i t o f m a r r i a g e expenses s e t .
So t h e c a s t e system permeates p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y department o f I n d i a n
life

s o c i a l , economic, r e l i g i o u s , even p o l i t i c a l .

To add t o t h i s

t h e p e n a l t i e s i n f l i c t e d b y c a s t e f o r v i o l a t i o n o f i t s r u l e s a r e many and
severe.

I t i s h a r d l y t o o much t o say t h a t " t h e r e i s no o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n

t h a t i s more a b s o l u t e i n i t s power, more w i d e r e a c h i n g i n t h e sweep o f

i n t e r e s t s and more c r u s h i n g i n i t s punishment, t h a n i s c a s t e " . 3 6
I t would seem a t t h i s p o i n t a p p r o p r i a t e t o show how c a s t e o p e r a t e s i n

a t y p i c a l South I n d i a n v i l l a g e .
The v i l l a g e s o f t h e south, and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e of t h e Madras
P r e s i d e n c y a r e d i v i d e d i n t o a number o f m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and a l s o has a
number o f s ~ n a l lm a r k e t towns and p o r t s b u t t h e b u l k o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
was s u p p o r t e d b y a g r i c u l t u r e , p e t t y t r a d e and h a n d i c r a f t s .
v e r y 1 it t l e mechanised i n d u s t r y .

There was

Rai lways and bus s e r v i c e s 1 i n k e d t h e

l a r g e r towns and roads 1 i n k e d t h e l a r g e r v i l l a g e s .

3 6 . J . P . Jones : India : I t s L i f e and Thought, p . 11 5

I n South I n d i a t h e v i . l l a g e i t s e l f appears t o have been t h e b a s i c " u n i t

')
o f r e g u l a r economic, s o c i a l , r i t u a l and l e g a l c o - o p e r a t i o n between
c a s t e communities;

a l t h o u g h t h e endogamous group o f each c a s t e

extended over a number o f v i l lagesU3!

It was s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , f r e q u e n t 1 y

a u n i t o f l a n d ownership and i t was an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n j t w i t h i n which

most o f t h e day t o day d i s p u t e s w i t h i n c a s t e communities were s e t t l e d .

"Although B r i t i s h p a c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y removed b a r r i e r s t o
s o c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e , and a l t h o u g h a c e n t r a l government was created, castes
d i d n o t become organised on a a l l - I n d i a b a s i s .

F o r t h e B r i t i s h made no

c o n s i s t e n t use o f c a s t e i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t t h e y c r e a t e d ~ ~ ~ ai n d
r u r a l areas where t h e p a t t e r n o f subsistence s t i l l p r e v a i l e d c a s t e
continued t o f u n c t i o n , so t h a t t h e v i l l a g e i s t h e r e f o r e a f r u i t f u l u n i t
f o r t h e study o f c a s t e i n s t i t u t i o n s whereas t h i s i s changing as one
approaches t h e towns.

I have a l r e a d y discussed d i v i s i o n s , h i e r a r c h y and r u l e s .

F i r s t l y the

Brahman cornmuni t y o f Madras c m p r i ses f o u r dominant exogamous p a t r i 1 ineal 1ineages.

They a r e a1 1 r e 1 ated t o each o t h e r by p a t r i n e a l ,

a f f i n a l or cognatic t i e s .
and e x t e r n a l exclusiveness.

They show a h i g h degree o f i n t e r n a l i n t e r a c t i o n

They have common residence, a common

cremation ground and common s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s t o

the exclusion o f others.

Children are socialized

within their

s t r e e t and u n t i l t h e age o f f i v e do n o t m i n g l e w i t h those o f o t h e r

castes.

T h e i r women o n l y know t h e rpads o f v i l l a g e o u t s i d e t h e i r own

3 7 . E.R. Leach ( e d ) : Aspects of

North-West
3 8 . E.R. Leach l e d ) : Aspects of
North-West

c a s t e i n South India, Ceylon and

Pakistan. v . 13
c a s t e i L ~ L u t hIndia, Ceylon and
~ a k i s t a n ,p . 13

s t r e e t and n e v e r v i s i t t h e s t r e e t s of non-Brahmans and l o w e r castes.

S o c i a l d i s t a n c e between Brahmans and o t h e r castes i s phrased i n terms of
r u l e s of r i t u a l p o l 1u t i o n " .

T h e i r k i n s h i p system and t e r m i n o l o g i c a l

s t r u c t u r e i s d i f f e r e n t , t h e i r c u l t u r e d i f f e r e n t and t h e y h o l d t h e
monopoly o f r i t u a l s and know1 edge o f s a n s k r i t r e 1 ig i on and c u l tureu3'
The heads o f t h e f o u r Brahman l i n e a g e s f o r m a group r e s p o n s i b l e t o t h e
government f o r t h e v i l l a g e ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and revenue c o l l e c t i o n .
T h e i r d u t i e s i n v o l v e t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f l a n d and s e r v a n t s t o s e p a r a t e
households, a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e w i t h i n t h e v i l l a g e as a whole and
t h e y a l s o a d m i n i s t e r t h e temple d e d i c a t e d t o t h e D r a v i d i a n goddess.
The temple i s t h e n e r v e c e n t r e o f t h e v i l l a g e where a1 1 castes owe t h e i r
a1 l e g i a n c e t o t h e d i e t y .
Under t h e b r o a d c a t e g o r y o f non-Brahman t h a t a r e f o u n d i n t h e v i l l a g e s ,
i s i n c l u d e d t h e a r i s t o c r a t i c castes o f l a n d managers and v i l l age
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , who a r e a c t u a l l y descendants o f r o y a l s and f o r m e r
soldiers.

They a r e f o l l o w e d by t e n a n t farmers

and s p e c i a l i s e d v i l l a g e

1abourers who serve t h e dominant Brahman and non-Brahman a r i s t o c r a t i c

castes.

S p e c i a l i s t v i ? l a g e workers 1ik e a r t i s a n s , c a r p e n t e r s ,

fishermen, washermen, o i 1-mongers

, barbers,

musicians, p o t t e r s and low

c a s t e temple p r i e s t s come i n t o t h i s c a t e g o r y .

The t h i r d non-Brahman

c l a s s i s t h a t o f c r a f t s m a n and t r a d e r s i n town, t h e y i n c l h d e s k i l l e d
wood-carvers

, s t o n e - c a r v e r s , and

go1 d-smi t h s .

The l o w e s t c a s t e s o f t h e d i s t r i c t a r e t h e " P a l l a n s " ,

agricultural serfs

of l a n d l o r d s o f t h e dominant castes o r 1 andless l a b o u r e r s and

"ParaiyanS1who a r e a l s o a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r f s b u t who i n a d d i t i o n b e a t

39. E.R. Leach (ed. ) : Aspects of cpste i n South ~ n d i a ,Cey Lon and

~ o r t h - w e s t Pakistan, p. 22

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, a q s e 3 - ~ u n , ayq cuotuwo3 aJe sa6el L!A

Y3!qM u! a 6 e l [!A

40 sadAq OM^

*aqLs a 6 e l l l h u!ew ayq u ~ y q ! ~

J!aqq

u! uo!q!sod

p a q e ~ e d a s'sasnoq p a y ~ q e y q~ a 6 ~ 40
e lsqaaqs

a l p p p u aqq K d n m o saqse:,

ueiuye~g-uou a y l

'~ado~d

a 6 e l l y ayq aplsqno s p l a ! j Apped s s o ~ 3 esqalwey paqelos! u! sy3eys

y33eqq pue pnw 1 [ews u! ah !l sJaJnoqel s s a l p u e l ',,sue led,, ayq a 1!YM
sasnoy a L $ q pue y 3 p q a 6 ~ e 40
l sqaa-iqs
ayl

J!ayq u! papnlDas ah![

' y u e ~ [ e n q y ah!qelaJ pue suo!qes![e!3ads

sueu~yeulg

~ e u o ! q e d n 3 ~ 0J !ayq oq

a a ~ 6 a pq e a ~ 6e oq spuodsaJ~o3 seJpeW u! saqse3 40 uo!qnqlJqs!p

~ e k q e d sa y l

- s p ~ o l p u e 40 s q a a q s ayq u o ~ alqqe:,
j
ahowaJ pue s p u n o ~ 6uo\qewa~:, p ~ e n 6c s l e ~ a u nuewye~g-uou
~
JOJ

peap

suoq-woq

husband's masters b u t are forbidden t o e n t e r t h e k i t c h e n because o f

t h e i r p o l l u t i n g nature.

I n r e t u r n f o r s e r v i c e s , each f a m i l y o f cow-

herders r e c e i v e s m a t e r i a l f o r b u i l d i n g houses, t h e r i g h t t o f i s h i n t h e
v i l l a g e pond and c l o t h i n g .
The 1 andless l a b o u r e r s , " P a l l ansHand"ParaiyanS' are s t r i c t l y s e r f by law
and they r e c e i v e d a i l y renumeration i n g r a i n o r g i f t s .

Barbers

washermen and temple p r i e s t s serve t h e v i l l a g e as a whole.

,,

potters,

They t o o

are p a i d i n grain f o r t h e i r services.

One i m p o r t a n t p o i n t t o n o t e i s t h a t " t h e range o f t h e v i l l a g e s e r v a n t ' s
c l i e n t e l e i s i n p a r t determined by t h e n a t u r e and r i t u a l q u a l i t y o f h i s
40
task".
H a i r - c u t t i n g , m i d w i f e r y and laundry work having t o do w i t h t h e
body are " p o l l u t i n g " t a s k s and r i t u a l l y lower, so t h a t a l l groups engaged
i n them are r i t u a l l y lower than a l l those whom they serve.
The economy o f t h e v i l l a g e t h e r e f o r e f u n c f i o n s through the medium o f he
h e r e d i t a r y caste-determi ned occupations and economi c re1 a t i onshi ps"

While t h i s system i s very r i g i d i t does a l l o w f o r f l e x i b i l i t y because

considerable movement o f 1abour between v i 11ages i s a1 1owed.

A1 so

members o f a whole caste can change t h e i r occupation t o meet l o c a l

demand.41 A non-Brahman s p e c i a l i s t caste can t a k e up a g r i c u l t u r e as a
secondary source o f 1 iv e l ihood.
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f economic re1 a t i o n s i ~ i p sof caste i s as f o l l o w s :
Each caste group i s homogeneous i n occupation an$ welath, t h e Brahmans
are considerably w e a l t h i e r than t h e i r non-Brahman servants and t h e
non-Brahmans s l i g h t l y w e a l t h i e r than t h e lowest o f castes.

Except f o r

a few castes l i k e making ploughs o r b u l l o c k - c a r t s , except on t h e b a s i s

40. E.R. Leach ( e d . ) : Aspects o f c a s t e $n South, I n d i a , Ceylon and

North-West Pakistan,, p. 2 4 .
41. E.Z. Leach ( e d . ) : Aspects o f c a s t e i n South I n d i a , Ceylon and
North-West P a k i s t u n , p. 33.

o f sex and age, i s almost unknown.

A l l economic r e l a t i o n s h i p s c o n s i s t

of t h e p r o v i s i o n of goods and s e r v i c e s i n d i r e c t exchange f o r paddy.

W i t h i n t h e v i l l a g e t h e r e i s no middleman t r a d e r , no market and v e r y
l i t t l e economic c o m p e t i t i o n .

The v i l l a g e has n o n - h e r e d i t a r y economic

t r a n s a c t i o n w i t h f i x e d p r i c e s , w i t h castes from o u t s i d e t h e v i l l a g e , and

a l s o a v a r i e t y o f cash t r a n s a c t i o n s , under marketing c o n d i t i o n s , through
contractnal

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h castes of t r a d e r s and town craftsmen.

So i t i s c l e a r t h a t c a s t e i n t h e v i l l a g e stressed a r i g i d and almost

w a t e r t i g h t s t r u c t u r a l h i e r a r c h i c a l arrangement o f people.

From my sample4'it

would f o l l o w t h a t n o t a l l t h e areas o f r e c r u i t m e n t

mentioned would f o l l o w t h i s s o r t o f v i l l a g e l a y - o u t .

Table 2 shows

t h a t t h e r e were q u i t e a number t h a t came from t h e c i t i e s where c a s t e

adherence i s n o t as s t r i c t as i n t h e r u r a l areas.
include

These urban areas

Madras C i t y , Bangalore, Bombay, Vizagapatam, j u s t t o name

a few.

Perhaps i t would be i n t e r e s t i n g a t t h i s p o i n t t o see t h e c a s t e breakdown i n t h e Madras Presidency.

O f t h e Hindu castes i n Madras, t h e "Brahmans number 1,094,455"

43

They

f o l l o w v a r i o u s p u r s u i t s and many o f them were s a i d t o be r e c e n t immigrants

who came south t o t r a i n t h e ~ a h r a t t aarmies.

A p e c u l i a r c a s t e of

Brahmans, t h e Namburi Brahmans o f t h e Malabar area a r e s a i d t o be

descended from f istiermen.

"The K s h a t t r i y a s o r w a r r i o r c a s t e number 190,415.

The t h r e e t r a d i n g

42. See Table 2.

43. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Vol XV, p . 1 8 5 .

castes o f C h e t t i s , B e r i C h e t t i s and Komatis number 714,712~~and except

i n Kanara d i s t r i c t s t i l l r e t a i n i n t h e i r lands n e a r l y a l l t h e commerce
o f t h e country.

The a g r i c u l t u r a l castes number 7,826,127;

the highest

classes among them do n o t c u l t i v a t e w i t h t h e i r own hands and many o f them

f o r m e r l y h e l d t h e i r lands on a m i l i t a r y tenure.
The " p a s t o r a l castes numbered 1 , 7 3 0 , 6 8 1 " ~ ~ b u ta l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f them
had abandoned t h e i r h e r e d i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n by 1871.

A r t i s a n s numbered

785,085 o f whom n e a r l y o n e - h a l f a r e workers i n metal.

1,017,781

Weavers nun~ber

b u t t h e i r i n d u s t r y has been decaying due t o c o m p e t i t i o n from

other B r i t i s h industries.
The l a b o u r i n g castes a r e r e t u r n e d a t 3,944,463,

f i s h i n g and h u n t i n g

castes 971,873 b u t many have now betaken themselves t o a g r i c u l t u r e .

46
The palm c u l t i v a t o r s and toddy makers 1,664,862 and o u t c a s t e s ( p a r i a h s )
number 4,761,503.

The l a t t e r c o n s t i t u t e s o n e - t h i r d o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .

Then l a s t l y we have t h e u n c l a s s i f i e d Hindus, who c o n s i s t m a i n l y o f h i l l

t r i b e s and a b o r i g i n e s and who t o t a l 2,666,890.
47
O f t h e emigrants t h a t came, on t h e s h i p s , L o r d George B e n t i n c k and
48
Gentoo, M a r a t t a , Rajputs,
T y b u r n i a o n l y f o u r groups fa1 1 under Hindu

and Malabar, o f which t h e g r e a t e s t number belongs t o t h e l a t t e r .

say groups and n o t castes because one misconception seems t o have

arisen.

From my s t u d y o f t h e t o p i c and t h e sources I have consulted,

Malabar does n o t e x i s t as a caste and y e t i t i s recorded under t h e

heading o f ' c a s t e ' i n t h e s h i p p i n g l i s t .

44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

Encuclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Vol XV, p. 285.

En~icZopaediaBritannica Ninth Edition, VoZ XV, p . 285.
~ o d d ymaking comprises
fermenting o f palm t r e e sap i n t o liquor.
See Appendix A
See Appendix B

de

My discussions and readings have led me t o believe t h a t Malabar was

simpl) a geographic region in the extreme south and since the l a t t e r
i s predominantly tamil -speaking, the term 'Malabar' may have been used
t o class Tamil-speaking Indian emigrants i n general. 49

Plow i t would be proper and correct t o t a l k of the other four a s castes.

Since Gentoo according t o Thurston was a term applied t o Telegu-speaking
sudras t h a t i s , menials, in general

The word i s said t o be a corruption

of the Portuguese Gentio, a gentile o r , heathen, which they applied t o

.50

the Hindus in contradiction t o the Moros or Moors, t h a t isUMahomedans"

The reason why the term was specifically appl ied t o the Tel egu people
i s probably that the Telegu monarch; of Vijayanagar was dominant over

a great part of the peninsular when t h e Portugeuse f i r s t arrived in India.

The Rajputs a r e t o be found a l l over India and they belong bo the

warrior t h a t i s "Kshattriya" caste.

They looked upon war and p o l i t i c s

as t h e i r own sphere of influence. Many of the r u l e r s i.n India belonged

I

to the Rajput caste.

The "Marattas" a r e the military caste of the Maharatta country.

Their

position in the Hindu caste system i s not a very high one compared to
a l l warrior castes and not exactly the same as the Rajputs.

From my discussion on caste, i t i s clear t h a t caste i s e s s e n t i a l l y a

pan-Hindu phenomenon.

Yet we find t h a t in the shipping l i s t p l t h e r e

appears under the heading of caste two other groups, "Musselman" (Muslims)

49. T r u s t e e s of t h e Andhra Maha Sabha o f South Africa and t h e Tamil

5G. Association of South A f r i c a were consulted on t h i s a s p e c t .
E . T h r s t o n : - C a s t e s and T r i b e s of South India, p. 280.
5 1. See Appendix A X

and " C h r i s t i a n " .

These a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t castes, and i t s i n c l u s i o n w i t h

t h e o t h e r groups was probably f o r t h e sake of convenience.

But i n t e r e s t i n g l y enough, t h e C h r i s t t a n s and "Musselman" (Musl ims) a r e
d i v i d e d amongst themselves.

The Muslims f a l l i n t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f

Ashraf, t h e nobles, symbol i s e d by t h e

h o n o r i f i c names "Saiyad" and

"Shaikh", then t h e w a r r i o r s , "Pathans" and "Mughals", and l a s t l y t h e

I

descendants o f Hindu converts t o I s l a m and "Moplas",

Malayalam converts t o I s 1 am.

t h e descendents o f

The 1 a t t e r group comprises hard-working,

uneducated f r u g a l peopl e.
I n I n d i a though t h e C h r i s t i a n s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o Roman C a t h o l i c and
v a r i o u s P r o t e s t a n t s e c t s t h e r e does seem t o be, according

t o L. Dumont

some d i s t i n c t i o n between " t h e Churches f o r t h e untouchables and those

52
f o r C h r i s t i a n converts o f t h e h i g h e r castes".
I t l r ~ u s thowever be remembered t h a t w h i l e these d i v i s i o n s do occur amongst

t h e Muslims and C h r i s t i a n s , these a r e n o t castes as such and these two

r e l i g i o n s u n l i k e Hinduism a r e t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t o
d i f f e r e n t groups and d i s p e r s e d through t h e a c t u a l s o c i a l l a d d e r .

Furthermore i t does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e n t a i l t h e t e n s i o n t h a t p r e v a i 1s i n
t h e Hindu caste system and i n t h i s way i t stands a p a r t from caste and
53
Hinduism.
F i n a l l y i t seems a p p r o p r i a t e f o r me t o g i v e an o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s o f my
two s h i p p i n g 1 i s t s , L o r d George Bentinck 54 and ~ ~ b ' u r n i a ~ ~ .
To b e g i n w i t h I have devised f o u r t a b l e s c o n t a i n i n g a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
I was a b l e t o e x t r a c t from my s h i p p i n g 1 is t s .

52

These i n c l u d e t a b l e s

L. Dumont : Homo Hierarchians; The Caske .System and i t s implications,

w . 20
.3
-

53

The
and
54. See
55. See

~ o l o n i a agents
f
Uere therefore wmng i n including the Christians
Muslims under the heading o f 'caste ' i n the shipping l i s t s .
Appendix A
Appendix B

showing r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f mi g r a n t s , sex

d i s t r i b u t i o n , age

d i s t r i b u t i o n and c a s t e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
56
Table 2 on r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n I found t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t

From

number o f emigrants came f r o m Madras C i t y 74,21%, w h i l e t h e s m a l l e s t

numbers came from t h e s t a t e s each c o n s i s t i n g o f ,16% o f Hindustan,
Cuddapah , J a l nah, Goa, Pal uimetah , Coimbatore, Puchi nopoly ,
K i stnayurum, Bor~ibayand Rajput.

O u t s i d e Madras Presidency t h e s t a t e s

o f Mysore 15,31% and Cochin, 47%.

The most numerous castes i n T a b l e 4%ere

t h e Malabar 54.53 and Gentoo

32,96%. Together these two castes f a l l under t h e Hindu r e l i g i o n which

makes t h e percentage o f Hindus 87,49%.

T h i s was f o l l o w e d b y Muslims,

7,34%, C h r i s t i a n s 4,38%, Rajputs ,63% and M(aratta ,16%.

d f t h e sexes, T a b l e f a h e
females 28.44%.
t h e 20

g r e a t e s t number c o n s i s t e d o f males 71.56% and

The most common age,Table !??for

emigrants was between

30 age group which had a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h percentage o f 46,56%

T h i s was f o l l o w e d b y youngsters who c o u l d p o s s i b l y have shown a s p i r i t

f o r adventure and i n t h e i r age group 10

20 c o n s i s t e d o f 22,66%.

I n f a n t s and c h i l d r e n who would have accompanied t h e i r parents

c o n s i s t e d o f 11,09% much more numerous t h a n those i n m i d d l e age ,16%
and o v e r 50 age group 1.09%.

56 See
57See
58See
59.see

Table
Table
Table
Table

2, p
4, F .
3, p..
5, F .

11 f a )
1 2 fa)
16 fa)

1 7 fa)

CONCLUSION
I n c o n c l u s i o n I would l i k e t o say t h a t whatever t h e s i t u a t i o n on I n d i a n
s o i l , c a s t e r e s t r i c t i o n s and r u l e s d i d n o t s u r v i v e t h e journey from
I n d i a t o South A f r i c a .

I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e t h o s e o f t h e h i g h e r c a s t e s were

d e f i l e d by c r o s s i n g t h e ocean.

T h i s a c t p u t them o u t o f t h e i r c a s t e

groups, t o whose punishments t h e y would have had t o submit were t h e y

t o have r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r v i l l a g e s .

Secondly l i f e on board t h e immigrant ships was i k o n s i s t e n t w i t h caste

rules.

There c o u l d be no r i g i d s p a t i a l segregation i n t h e holds o f such

vessels and people who had l o s t c a s t e by coming abroad were l e s s i n c l i n e d

t o stick t o their rules o f diet.

Furthermore t h e emigrants c o u l d n o t

reproduce t h e s o c i a l system o f c a s t e because t h e y were a m i n o r i t y i n

a l a r g e non-Hindu p o p u l a t i o n i n South A f r i c a and a l s o because they
themselves came from w i d e l y dispersed d i s t r i c t s i n I n d i a .

On a r r i v a l i n South A f r i c a , a l l t h e i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r e r s worked on t h e
sugar e s t a t e s .

T h i s e v e n t u a l l y destroyed s t a t u s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n on t h e

b a s i s o f occupation and interdependence o f one c a s t e on another f o r

services.

Since cooking and a g r i c u l t u r a l vessels were bought i n South

A f r i c a , t h e r e was no need f o r p o t t e r s and carpenters.

The i n d e n t u r e d

l a b o u r e r s g o t used t o t h e i d e a o f doing t h e i r own j o b s .

I

Immigration a l s o changed t h e n o t i o n t h a t a man's c a s t e was g i v e n t o him

by b i r t h and c o u l d t h e r e f o r e n o t be changed.
i n an e a r l i e r chapter t h a t

I t had been mentioned

many o f t h e h i g h e r castes came under a

g r e a t deal o f f a l s i f i c a t i o n and i n t h i s way t h e y had t a k e n on a new

caste status.

I m m i g r a t i o n a l s o made i t e a s i e r f o r t h e lower castes t o

assume a c a s t e s t a t u s which had n o t been t h e i r s by b i r t h .

T h i s was

l a r g e l y due t o t h e ignorance o f t h e r e c r u i t i n g a g e n t , e s p e c i a l l y o f
c a s t e and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s .

Furthermore t h e r e was no c o u n c i l formed among t h e emigrants t o p e n a l i s e

people who broke r u l e s o f e a t i n g and smoking.

Most o f t h e immigrants

were young men and women and t h e r e were few e l d e r s on whose shoulders
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f c a s t e c o u n c i l s had t r a d i t i o n a l l y f a l l e n and who would
have been qua1 i f i e d enough t o r e s t a r t them.

Even marriage i n c e r t a i n instances f a i l e d t o be endogamous as t h e r u l e s

o f i n t e r - m a r r i a g e were n o t s t r i c t l y adhered t o .

T h i s was due t o t h e i n -

s u f f i c i e n t number o f h i g h e r c a s t e i n d i v i d u a l s among t h e immigrants so

t h a t m a r r i a g e i n South A f r i c a , was l a r g e l y hypergamous, t h a t i s i t
i n v o l v e d marriages o f h i g h e r c a s t e men w i t h lower c a s t e women.
l a t t e r were t h e o n l y women i n South A f r i c a

The

t h e y c o u l d have m a r r i e d .

The f a i l u r e o f t h e Hindu re1 i g i o n i n South A f r i c a t o develop a c a s t e

system meant t h a t a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c r e l i g i o n connected w i t h t h e
system f a i l e d t o develop.

Nevertheless r e 1 i g i o u s

c u l t s and s e c t s were

t r a n s p l a n t e d i n South A f r i c a and a l l i e d w i t h one another i n community

bodies l i k e t h e Andhra Maha Sabha o f South A f r i c a and Tamil A s s o c i a t i o n
which were s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r o n g t o m a i n t a i n a c t i v i t i e s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e
s o c i a l and economic value.

FATHER'S
NE4E

REG.

NO.:

A1 1aghery

Lutchie
Coopen

Moonien

Adeenee

Chenchoo

Mariaman

Mi niadoo

Marian

Marian

Painee

Chinapen

Vee ras amy

Ramasaumy

Lutchmoo

Minien

Valen

Cunden

Painee

Moothoosaumy

Umco

Valen

Rangien

Vurdapen

Painen

Sadi en

Mu1l e e

Vileu

Ellapen

Painen

Irsen

Rama Reddy

Suryanee

Ramasaumy

Anapa Reddy
Ramas aumy

Lutchme

AGE

SEX

20
14
34
18
23
22
23
20
32
30
3
20
35
28
5
1
32
35
29

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Malabar

Madras

Madras

LLC VAFP

Malabar

Madras

Madras

R. I. Catarqui 18/11/1861

Malabar

Madras

Madras

R. I. Umvoti 7/3/1874

Malabar

Madras

Madras

LLC VAFP

Madras

Ma1abar

Madras

Ma! abar

Madras

Madras

Ma1abar

Madras

Madras

D F

Ma1abar

Chittoor

Chittoor

R.I.

Umvoti 11/2/1876

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Malabar

Chittoor

Chittoor

Malabar

Mysore

Mysore

Malabar

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Malabar

Mysore

Mysore

Malabar

Mysore

Mysore

Ma1abar

Mysore

Mysore
Chi t t o o r

Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

Gen too

Chi t t o o r

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Gen t o o

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

23
28
17
29
78

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

R.I.

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

LLC VAFP

Gentoo

Hydrabad

Hydrabad

D F

1873

n o t a1 l o c a t e d

732

Chengel royen

Ni r i s i m l o o

Thanamay

Venceataramen

Madoor?y

Holapen

Veerasaumy

Saumy

Ellamah

Vencatachell um

Gen too

Bangalore

Mysore

Moonesaumy

Vee ras aumy

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

LLC

VAFP

Sabapathee

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

LLC

VAFP

Painapen

D
0

Moonesaymy

Uinidavalian

Chillen

Soobryen

Miniapen

Moon ien

Marrien

1 mth.
30
19
22
16

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Rungasaun~y

Umavasee

19

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Moothoosaumy

Thooloocanum

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Lutchme

Coomen

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Moorghen

Chengelnyen

32
28
22

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

1873

1973

R.I. Regina 15/3/1865

R.I.

Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

..,

REG.

FATHER'S
NAME

NAME

NO.

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

REMARKS

Sholapoor

Nunjapah

18

Madras

Madras

Sunee

Busvanah

18

Female Gentoo

Vi zagapatal.:

Vizagapahm

.
,

Moonee

Ramanjoo

34

Vizagapatim

Vi zagapatam

'

Moonegadoo

Neelee

Gentoo

Hydrabad

Hydrabad

Gentoo

'

Thunadoo

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Mungathayee

Moothal oo

26

Gen t o o

Madras

Madras

R. I. Umvoti 9/9/1876

Lutchmanah

Ramas aumy

14

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

R. I. Umvoti 9/9/ 1876

R.I.

h v o t i 9/9/1876
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

Moon i o i ah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Jumnah Bhoyee

Unnueun

Raj p u t

Madras

Madras

Moonesaumy

Chi nyamah

Gen too

Madras

Madras

R.I.

Varasaumy

Chettiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

P. I.h v o t i 24/4/ 1871

E l lamah

Veeramah

Mysore

R.I.

Moothasaumy

Gentoo
Gentoo

Mysore

A l l amaloo

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

R. I. lknvoti 10/1/1883

Daniel

Sol eman

Christian

Mysore

Chittoor

R.I.

Jacoob

Soleman

Christian

Mysore

Chittoor

R. I. Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

Umvoti 14/4/1871
Umvoti 23/7/1874

n o t a1 l o c a t e d
Rungasamny

Vencatasammy

Ma1 abar

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Moothosammy

Moothien

Malabar

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Moonghen

Valen

Ma1 abar

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Ramanjooloo

Venca tasumaloo

Gentoo

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Neetheayee

Coinel 1 i

Malabar

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Samuel

Ma1 abar

Mysore

Chi t t o o r

Rungasmy

Vuraiah

Gen too

Mysore

Chittoor

Lutchmee

Narrainsamny

Gentoo

so;

Chittoor

Munien

Moothen

Malabar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

R.I.

Umvoti 3/1877

Bangalore

Mysore

R.I.

l h v o t i 3/1877

Bangalore

Mysore

R.I.

h v o t i 3/1877

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Apinachel 1urn

Ma1abar

Mysore

Mysore

Dunnien

Ma1 abar

Chingleput

Chingleput

D.F.

Ramdoo

Gen too

Nel l o r e

Nellore

R.I.

Red R i d i n g tiood 13/2/1872

LLC

VAFP

Coopoosamny

Soobvyen

Malabar

Karramu

Muniegadoo

Ma1abar

Veeramah

~oo~oosamin~

Aurimui tho0
Thooloocanun
Vencatasamny

86 3

Thutchanamoothee

Patchamootoo

19

Malabar

Cuddal o r e

Cuddal ore

864

Chengelroyen

Goonyapen

30

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

R.I.

l h v o t i 11/2/1876

1873

...

REG.
!YO.:

FATHER'S
NAME

NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

REMARKS

R. I. Umvoti 9 / 9 / 1 8 7 6

Lu tchn~ee

Soosiah

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Iylandum

Vencatasammy

Gentoo

Chittoor

Chi t t o o r

Vejianayaven

Padavation

Ma1 a b a r

Chittoor

Chi t t o o r

Purinal i y u n ~

Cundasammy

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Kotiah

Pakeeree

Ma1 a b a r

Vizagapatar

Vizagapatam

Vencatasammy

Ramen

Malabar

C h i n g l eput

Chingleput

Hoossain S a i o

Abuool Rhymen

~ l u s s elaan
l

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

LLC

Caroomben

N a r r a i nen

Ma1 a b a r

Chittoor

Chittoor

DF

An tnonee

Goothee

Christian

Ganj am

Ganj am

Cundasammy

Chinasammy

Malabar

Madras

Madras

V e n c a t a c h e l l um

Malabar

Madras

Madras

LLC VAFP l b 7 4

VAFP

not allocated
not allocated
Chooremootoo

Anthonee

Christian

Madras

Madras

R. I . Umvoti 23/ 7/ 1874

Philip

Joseph

Christian

Coiratore

Coinatore

R.I.

Regina 1 5 / 3 / 1 d 6 5

Munien

Armoogum

Malabar

Madras

Madras

R.I.

Umvoti 2 3 / 7 / 1 8 7 4

LLC

VAFP

LLC

1867

Moothie

Kol en

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Chalathah

Munien

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maaras

Putchay

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Mun iamah

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Chinien

Vee r a s a m y

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Veeren

Veeren

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maaras

Moo toocoodee

Chel 1en

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maaras

Mooni amah

Veeren

Malabar

Nadras

Madras

Dajagopaul

~Narrainsammy

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Varamah

Veeren

Malabar

Vi zagapatan~

Vizagapatan

Canniah

Gengadoo

Gentoo

Chi c o c o l e

Chicocole

~Yagnee

Sau~ny

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Lutchmiah

Rungi ah

Gentoo

Salem

Cnittoor

Ester

John

Christian

Bangal o r e

Yysore

Moses

Joseph Joshua

Christian

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Elizabeth

Joseph Joshua

Christian

Bangalore

Mysore

Joseph

Joseph Joshuan

Christian

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Jerieamah

Christian

Rajamundry

Rajamundry

Rachael

Joseph Joshuah

Christian

Ganjar

1973

REG.

AGE

NO.:

SEX

CASTE

ZILLAH

?abekan

Mootnien

Christian

Ganj am

Ganjam

C31111ia030

ayradoc

Gen t o o

Yussil ioa:m

Yuss:i'patum

2.

Gentoo

Rajanmundrg

Rajamuncry

.A;

:eemee

Sencategacoo

Doiapan

Gentoo

T r i chino:oiy

T r i cninopoly

b10o:hcosinrny

Veerapen

Malabar

Madras

Hadras

I4oosaoan

Malabai-

Madras

Bhoyee

Ma1 a b a r

:4adras

i4adras

Vencatacne: l ~ n

Malaoar

Madras

i4adras

':encatapa?

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

LLC

YAFP

LLC

CAFP

187:

R. I . Red g i a i n g Yooa 1 3 / 2 / 1 8 7 2

Ged?acoo

Gentoo

Vadras

Boyadoo

Gentoo

:4adras

Yenge t e ~ a o -

Gentoo

Madras

Mar; inian

Gentoo

Nadras

Ilaaras

Gooroo~ncothee

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

R.!.

Somasoonorurn

Malabar

Madras

Maoras

DF

7.

InunSYm

bloonesaniny

Ma1 a b a r

lladras

Madras

LLC

'IAFP

1972

Yungatnatu

Cunoasanmy

Malabar

Madras

Madras

'LLC

VAFP

1673

Malabar

Madras

Mailrai

LLC f c r ..IAUR:TIUS
R.I.

:.loonusaumrny

MoonesaL:cm;/

R.1.

Murgusayagen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Za~nasanlrg

Ma1 a b a r

Salem

Salei

Bramasee

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Padlen

Gentoo

K i s tnayurcm

Mysore

Soobranan-en

Ma1 a o a r

Pa1a~co::an

?a1 a n c o t t a h

Mocsekeen

Malaoar

Goa

Coa

Tirinalay

Malabar

Bangal o r ?

Mysore

3 a r r a i nsaurny

iyasaurr!

Ma1 a b a r

Maoras

fladras

Vai oyden

Veerapen

Malabar

Madura

flads.t-a

Veeraput~ren

Vyahpooree

Malabar

Tanjore

Tanjore

Mat.:

:parcil

Malabar

Tanjore

Tan j o r e

Chi r, 3s auqly

?aseeree

Gentoo

:4adras

I!adras

;laucee

Irea:arir:w

Gentoo

Nysore

:.ljiso r e

33 1

Paupa,!oo

Yaciadco

332

da: a k i s t z n e n

Yerlcaraien

kuq

14

Gen t o o

,,lagilra

;<atbra

32

Gentoo

Yadura

"lacara

Red R i c i n g d o o d 1 3 / 2 / 1 9 7 2

U n v o t i 2/1677
1873

Red g i d i n g Xooc 13/2/1872

R . I. Rsd Z i c i n g tiood 13/2/1875

REG.
AO. :

FATdER'S
NAME

NAi4i

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

REMARKS

Danacodee

N i r s i o t l oo

24

Gentoo

Madura

Madura

DF

Syed Ebrani

S h e i k Hoossain

30

Musselman

V i zagapatam

V i zagapatam

R.I.

Apaooo

Samiah

16

Gentoo

V i zagapatam

Vizagapatam

Ramdoo

Soyadoo

32

Gentoo

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

Yeeradoo

Chinian

30

~l

Gentoo

V i zagapatam

Vizagapatam

Somaooo

D00t-gad00

26

Gentoo

Vizaqapatarn

V i zagapatam
V i zagapatam

Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

R.i. Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

Cuniah

Veerasoo

30

14

Gentoo

V i zagapatam

Anoonlen

Pakeerah

22

Gentoo

V i zagapatam

Vizagapatam

R. I . Umvoti 23/7/1374

Syed Abdool

Syed Abdool A1 l e e

25

Musselman

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

R.I.

Yeddapan

Pedoo

27

Gentoo

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

P o t h i ah

Sumath r e e

40

Gentoo

Vizagapatam

Vizagaparam

R. I . C a t a r q u i

Paupee

Api an

30

Gentoo

Vizagapatam

V i zagapatam

R.1

Yoorvee

P o t h i ah

14

Gentoo

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

R. 1. C a t a r q u i

Ramcoo

Gentoo

Vizagapatarn

Vizagapatam

R.I.

Ye1 l a d o o

Male

Gent oo

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

R. I. C a t a r q u i

. Catarqui
Catarqui

Rarnasaumy

Sonni an

25

Gen t o o

Vizagapatam

Vizagapatam

R. I. C a t a r q u i

Paupee Pentah

Nundean

26

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

R. I. C a t a r q u i

Geddi yadoo

Pathiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

R. I.C a t a r q u i

Valanganee

John

26

Christian

Mysore

Mysore

Christian

Bangalore

Mysore

D i e d 1861 o n S t a t e

18

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maoras

R.I.

Madras

I.ladras

Mausel amoney

Josepn

~qoonesaurny

Unknown

Urnlazi 28/9/1899

Ramakistna 2eddy

Veeras aumy

23

Ma1 a b a r

Busnen

Nunjen

28

irl

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Permall
N o t A1 1 oca t e d

Mundavalian

2032

M
M

Malabar

Madras

~ladras

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Nadras

R. I. Umvoti 2 3 / 7 / 1874

~ l o o nghan
i

Sonnah

32

Malabar

Maaras

Madras

D. F.

Bhader

Jeemi

30

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

i4adras

Dhal apah

Boosaroo

30

Male

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Sunpiah

Giriahcherry

14

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

S h e i k Ahneo

Abdool

24

Musselman

Madras

Madras

LLC VAFP

R . I . Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872

P a r i an

P u r s a l oo

30

Male

Sheik Hoossain

22

Gentoo
Musselman

Madras
Madras

i-ladras
Madras

R. I. C a t a r q u i 13/11/1861

Shan S a l a l l
I y 1andum

Perunall

22

Malabar

Madras

Maaras

R. I . Reo R i d i n g tlood 13/2/1672

....

TYBUR;:IA

REG.
NO.:

FATHER'S
NAME

>VAME

AGE

MADRAS

SEX

MARCH

20

CASTE

1861 (1223

VILLAGE

1599

ZlLLAii
Cuddalore

Sabaputnee

Soobramany

Malabar

Salem

Moothen

Poinen

Malabar

Salem

Cudda 1o r e

Cnel 1tin

Rarl~asauny

Malabar

Salem

Cuaaalore

Soobian

Soobiah

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

naugoo

Vencatacoo

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Lutcnugaaoo

Gengadra

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Gengaooo

Vencatasoo

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Goo1 am

H y a e r 3ux

Musselman

Bangalore

Mysore

Cader Bee

Mahomed A1 l y

Musselman

Bangalore

Mysore

Moonesaumy

Veerasaumy

Malabar

Chingleput

Chingleput
Madura

Thayee

Permall

Malabar

Nadura

Veerasaumy

Narrainsaumy

Ma1 a b a r

Chingl eput

Chingleput

Ragavadoo

Vencatarsunghen

Gentoo

N e l 1o r e

Nellore

Parthasarudee

Keistapen

Ma1 a b a r

Cuddalore

Cuddalore

Minien

Lutcnmanen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Lutchmanen

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maaras

L d t chrradoo

Changeel ee

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Nellore

Lutcnmaoo

Nursiah

Gentoo

Chingleput

Chingleput

Ramu

Sooben

Gentoo

Madras

Maaras

Titmaiay

Poinee

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

riadras

Mungay

Vencatasen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Poinee

Trimalay

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Chinapen

REMARKS

Malabar

Madras

Hadras

Sapatnie

Veerapen

!lalabe:-

Madras

Maaras

Batcneo

Somiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madars

Cader Saib

Ebram S a i b

Musselman

Madras

Madras

Pursooramin

Mooniapen

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Mooniesaumy

Pursooramen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Raini an

Neerejendah

Gentoo

Madras

Maaras

Cni nee

Soonikannah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Vencatasaumy

Thimiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Rdnghu

Vencatapen

Gen t o o

Madras

Madras

Manaju

Raaasaumy

Maratta

Madras

Maoras

Thy 1 amay

Moo100

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Maaras

H e y a l l Khan

Labb Khan

Musselman

Madras

blauras

Jamsvah Bhoyoo

Pavan Pavanajee

Rajput

Madras

Maaras

VAFP

LLC

1875

VAFP

LLC

1876

FATHER'S
NAI4E

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

Z l LLAH

Mahon~euHoossn~an

M a h ~ m e dJaman

Mussel nian

Madras

La11 aee

Hoossman Khan

Musselman

Madras

Maoras
Maaras

Cinano Bee

Manomea lioasinan

Musselman

Madras

i4aaras

J a n ~ i e QS a i b

Mahomed Hoosman

Musselman

Madras

Madras

Vadachel 1em

Ramasaun;y

Malabar

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

Churpuryee

Veerapen

I4alabar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Val leamay

Vadachel l u m

Malaoar

Bangalore

Mysore

i4oorgayee

V a d a c h e l l um

Malaoar

Bangalore

Mysore

'la iay aen

Vaaacnel 1um

Malabar

Banga:ore

Mysore

Sapaparhee

Appasauri~y

Mai a b a r

Nel l o r e

Chittoor

k o l apen

V e n c a t a c h e l ldm

Malabar

Salem

Sale3
Mysore

Lutcnmoo

Parean

Malaoar

Bangal o r e

hanu

Sabapathee

Malaoar

Bangal o r e

Myscre

Moonesaumy

Sabapathe?

Malabar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Abdool Cader

Jamal Ahmea

Musselman

Madras

Macras

Ramasaumy

Veeragons?

iblalabar

Madras

Nadrzs

Mahomed Knan

Canam Lhan

Musselroan

Salem

Saien

Meerasagmy

Veeraragaven

Ma1 abar

Salem

Saiz

Chinien

Nellan

Malabar

Salem

Sale?

Veeraragoo

Veera

Malabar

Salerii

Sal??

Anarila 1ay

Veera

Malabar

Sal e n

Sale?

Pani: en

Caopen

Ma1 a b a r

Salem

Salei
Sale71

Pursooranen

Cool ler,

Malabar

Saleq

Vaden

;Aarhain

Malaoar

Salem

Sale3

damasa~riiy

Cundapan

Ma1 aoar

Salern

Salem

Permall

Soondr~dm

i4alaozr

Sa 1em

Saiel

Unyamah

Rarnasaumy

Ma1 a o a r

Sa?ern

Sale7

Salern

S a l f-

Lutcnmee

Penal1

Malacar

(Dlrrnb)

Chinapen

Malabar

Salem

Sa 1 erli

earnasauniy

Bomen

Ma1 a n a r

Salern

Sa 1e~

Ran~asah,;:/

Mootialoo

Gen~oo

Chi n g l e p ~ ~ t

Chi~??eput

Canaita!i

Ramdoo

Gentoo

Chingleput

Chin~'epur

?Iooneadoo

damasauny

Gen t o o

Chingleprit

ChinSeput

Moon ier,

Talanarcham

Malaoar

Nel 1 o r e

Cni t ~ o o r

~ I c t!:en
o

Veeraoen

Malatiar

Madras

Madrds

REG.

NAME

NO.:

FATHER'S
NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

REMARKS

VILLAGE

Poi nee

An anla 1ay

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Anthachee

Anthonee

Christian

Madras

Madras

P o i nadoo

Vencatadoo

Gentoo

i4adras

Ilaoras

Ldtchmi ah

Dassee

Gentoo

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

~lanyoo

N a r r a i nen

Gentoo

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

Veerasaumy

Lutchmiah

Gentoo

T r i c h i nopoly

Trichinopoly

Permal amah

Lutchmiah

Gentoo

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

Ba 1 1amah

Lutchmiah

Gentoo

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

Dassee

Lutchmiah

Gentoo

Trichinopoly

T r i chinopoly

Infant

Lutchmiah

Gentoo

T r i chinopoly

Trichinopoly

Pavanday

Thondrayan

Gentoo

Cuddalore

Cuddalore

Ramas aumy

Chenyapen

Gentoo

Madras

i4adras

Valen

Anamalay

Gentoo

Sal em

Salem

doonean

Poosaren

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Gouree

Goinden

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Ellamah

Unknown

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Rani Dhevi

Galpasuh

Gen t o o

Rajput

Rajput

Mooni esaumy

Seeneevasen

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Moones aumy

Halapen

Salem

Vurdapen

Malabar
Malabar

Salem

Soobamah

Madura

Madura

Annasaumy

Narrainen

Ma1 a b a r

Madura

Madura

Moonee

Mooneesaumy

Ma1 a b a r

Madura

Madura

I y a h Cunnoo-

Veerasaumy

Ma1 a b a r

Madura

Madu r a

Soob roye n

Ramas aumy

Ma1 a b a r

Ganjam

Ganj am

Chellen

Mootoo

Malabar

Chingleput

Chingleput

Chonnee

Aurokium

Christian

Bangal o r e

14ysore
Anachary

Ramas aumy

Curpanen

Malabar

Anachary

Lutchma

Curpanen

Ma1 a b a r

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Syed Booden

Syed Ahmed

Musselman

Madras

Madras

Nunoo Bee

S h e i k Haveed

Musselman

Trichinopoly

Trichinopoly

Lazoo Bee

Syed Borden

Musselman

Naghery

Mysore

Abdool Cunee

Syed Borden

Musselman

Chingleput

Chingleput

Kuniur A1 l e e

Mahomed A l l e e

Musselman

Chingleput

Chingl e p u t

Maurumortoo

Chinnien

rlal abar

Chingleput.

Chingleput

Sheik iiorden

Sheik lloossain

Musselman

Naghery

Mysore

Cal l e e

Mooneapen

Ma1 a b a r

LLC DF 1873
D i e d 3/9/1887

REG.
140.:

NAME

FATHER'S
NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

Hoolsdm Bee

Ghool am Mai dun

Musselinan

Naghery

Sheik Abdoolah

Sheik Hyder

Mussel man

Maghery

My sore

Sheik Mahomed

Sheik Hyder

Mussel man

Naghery

Mysore

Moothoo A l l

A1 1 aghen

Ma1 abar

Naghery

Mysore

Woonamal ay

Aanachel lum

Malabar

Masulipatam

Masul ipatam

Moothen

Moo tho0

Malabar

Bangalore

My so r e

Coopachee

Moothoo

Ma1abar

Bangalore

My so r e

Tunchen

Tiramalay

Ma1abar

Bangalore

Mysore

Minchee

Coopen

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Anamal ay

Vengnan

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Minchee

Venchan

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Chinnamoonee

Jal loo

Ma1abar

Salem

Salem

Bordum

Moonen

Ma1abar

Salem

Salem

Annamalay

Coopandee

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Genghee

Genghan

Ma1abar

Salem

Salem

N e l l an

Moothen

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Woonamal ay

Moothen

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Infant

Moothen

Mdl abar

Salem

Salem

Sanevasen

Rungasaumy

Ma1abar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Rungasaumy

Ramasaumy

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Poongavanen

Ramas aumy

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Veeren

Chel l e n

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Coothen

Moon ien

Ma1abar

Salem

Salem

Umiah

Malabar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Lutchmrdoo

Soobiah

Ma1 abar

Chittoor

Chi t t o o r

Ashusb Saib

Hoossain Saib

Musselman

Nel l o r e

N e l l ore

La1 l a h Meyah

Sheik Rustoom

Musselman

Chittoor

Chi t t o o r

Doorghee

Moonsi ng

Rajput

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Cunden

E l l apen

Ma1abar

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Moonchee

Canden

Malabar

Chi t t o o r

C'ni t t o o r

Soomdrum

Madooranai gam

Ma1 abar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Anasaumy

Radooranai gam

Ma1 abar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Ramas aumy

Veeraragaven

Malabar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Honen

Vencatapah

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Thathen

Payen

Ma1abar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Moonegadoo

Thimadoo

14alabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Sorbiah

REMARKS

Mysore
R.I. Quathlamba 20/5/1887

VAFP

LLC

1876

REG.
NO. :

FATHER'S
NAME

NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

Cunden

Punjen

28

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Ansomien

26

26

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Moonien

Moonien

17

Ma1 a b a r

Salem

Salem

Moonchee

Thathen

24

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Pariacallee

Thathen

30

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Padavattah

Thathen

22

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Chinacallie

Curthen

21

Malabar

Salem

Sal em

Mooloosaumy

Sevanden

46

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Seecunder

Seecunder Rawter

32

Musselman

Salem

Salem

Runghen

Ramen

36

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Vurdapen

Veerasaumy

30

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Vencatasaumy

Goorvapah

27

Gentoo

Sal em

Salem

Moothen

Iyahsawmy

32

Ma1 a b a r

Salem

Salem

Doorgiah

Goindarajoo

24

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Lutchmee

Vencapah

20

Gentoo

Salem

Salem

Mooneesaumy

Painasaumy

23

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Mooneesaumy

Moonesaumy

19

Malabar

Salem

Salem

A1 l e n

Ramen

30

Malabar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Ramasaumy

Goinden

25

Ma1 abar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

E l 1apen

Mauree

30

Malabar

Ganj am

Ganjam

Nynamah

Poinen

19

Ma1 abar

Ganjam

Ganj am

Paupen

Vencatapen

34

Ma1 abar

Ganj am

Ganj am

Vencatapen

30

Ma1 abar

Ganj am

Ganj am

Chi nadoo

Vencatapen

19

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Vencatapen

Vencatapen

17

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Thimadoo

Gengapah

26

Gentoo

Ganjam

Genj am

Busvanah

Yeramah

30

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Goorvaaoo

Nagapah

30

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Gengaaoo

Sunkapah

24

Gentoo

Ganjam

Genjam

Kuriamah

Cavangapan

24

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Chinnamah

Soondren

14

Ma1 abar

Gan j am

Ganj am

Soondrem

Soondrem

Ma1 abar

Salen~

Salem

Veeraragaven

Tholsie

22

Ma1 abar

Salem

Salem

Vencatie

n o t a1 l o c a t e d

n o t a1 l o c a t e d

VAFP a p p l i e d f o r l a n d i n 1
of p a s s a ~ e- 8/3/71

Died

19/7/ 1886

REG.

FATHER'S
NAME

NAME

NO.:

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

REMARKS

Vencatadoo

Cavareapah

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Moonaswamy

S ido01 oo

Gentoo

Bangalore

Mysore

Lutchrnee

Saben

Gent o o

Chingl e p u t

Chingleput

Latchrnanen
Vencataswarny

Linghen

Malabar

Cuddal o r e

Cuddal o r e

Veerapen

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Vencatararnen

Chendrapah

Gentoo

Bangalore

Mysore

Moothee

Vencatapah

Gent o o

Bangalore

Mysore

Moonean

Thathen

Malabar

Salem

Salem

Mu1 1ornah

Vencataramadoo

Ma1 a b a r

Salem

Salem

Chinalay

Saiboo

Malabar

Tanjore

Runghen

Vencataswamy

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras
Chittoor

n o t a1 1o c a t e d
Col undaval oo

Chel 1apen

Malabar

Chittoor

Sevabaigurn

Goinden

Malabar

Chittoor

Chittoor

Vencataswarny

Mootooswarny

Malabar

Nel l o r e

Nel l o r e

Sumshoodeen

A l e e Khan

Musselman

Madras

Madras

Lazer

Daveed

Christian

Cuddalore

Cuddal o r e

Cundaswamy

Appal swarny

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Mootooswamy

N a r r a i nen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Moo tharnah

Pursooramen

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Soobrarnanean

Terauangadur

Malabar

Madras

Madras

A1 lamaloo

Mundrum

Ma1 a b a r

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Nacheapen

Ma1 a b a r

Chittoor

Chittoor

Ramasawmy

Veeraragaven

Malabar

Chi t t o o r

Chittoor

Maunee

Ragaven

Malabar

Chingl e p u t

Chingleput

Pyanee

Soobrayan

Ma1 a b a r

Chingl e p u t

Chingleput

Vee rasamny

K i s tnasamny

Ma1 a b a r

Madras

Madras

Veerasamrny

Moonesamrny

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Moonien

Thirnen

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Pem~all

Beernen

Ma1 a b a r

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Comatchee

Woothendee

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Callee

Vencataramen

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Chinaman

Meyen

Ma1 a b a r

Bangalore

Mysore

Ramasamny

V e n c a t a c h e l l um

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Parvathee

Miniapen

Malabar
Yalabar

aangal o r e

Mysore

Tnimjee

V e n c a t a c h e l l urn

Malabar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Cundaswamy

LLC DF 1876

R.I. H e l e n M a l l a c e

J u l y 1686

REG.
NO.:

NAME

FATHER 'S
NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

Z I LLAH

Mysore

Moodool i n g m

Moodool ingum

Ma1 abar

Bangalore

Moonien

Vencatachel lum

Ma1 abar

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Moonien

Vencatachel lum

Malabar

Bangalore

Mysore

Minchee

Vencatashel lum

Malabar

Mangalore

Mysore

Goorven

Veeraragaven

Gentoo

Bangalore

Mysore

Mooneesammy

Moonien

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Nellore

Soondroydoo

Bal aramdoo

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Enkiah

Caumi ah

Ma1 aba r

Madras

Madras
Madras

Paupiah

Gengool oo

Gen too

Madras

Chiniah

Coormiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Ramiah

Thumiah

Gentoo

T r i c h i nopol y

Trichinopoly

Lutchmiah

Ramiah

Gentoo

Cuddal o r e

Cuddalore

Cunnian

Purriah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Gooriah

Goorvoo

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Rajoo

Ramiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Ramiah

T i rpathee

Gentoo

Bangalore

Mys o r e

Sarathee

Gendaloo

Gentoo

Bangalore

Mysore

Chiniah

Kis tnamah

Gentoo

Bangal o r e

Mysore

Joghee

Sarathee

Gentoo

Bangalore

Bangalore

Rajiah

Camdoo

Gentoo

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t w r

Chiniah

Cami ah

Gentoo

Cuddalore

Cuddalore

Sarathee

Ma1abar

Madras

Madras

Pool 00

Ma1 abar

Ganjam

Ganj am

Vencadoo

Goo roo

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

P o l iah

Thumi ah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

Ramiah

Sapadoo

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Rajiah

Yenkiah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Yendoo

Naydoo

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Enkool oo

Appi ah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Thasoo

Nirsimloo

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Uppiah

Yagathasen

Gen too

Ganj am

Ganjam

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

Appiah
Sarathee

REMARKS

Gengiah

Juggi ah

Canacal l e e

Camdoo

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Thatiah

Sarathee

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Sarathee

Paupiah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Rajiah

Dal 1apah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

LLC DF 1873

Murdered

1890

REG.
NO. :

NAME

FATHER 'S
NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

Z I LLAH

Cunnian

Sarathee

Gentoo

Ganj am

Chiniah

dalajee

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

Rajiah

K i s tnamah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Balajee

Rami ah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Venki an

Gengooloo

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Errapah

Kistnamah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

REMARKS

Ganj am

Lutchmiah

Cunni ah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Thumiah

K i stnamah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

Dhaliah

Sariah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

Gosanjee

Cami ah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganj am

Goorapah

Lutchmi ah

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganj am

K i s tnamah

N a r r a i doo

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Balajee

P o t h i ah

Gen t o o

Ganj am

Ganj am

J o g i ah

Mathi ah

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Canee

Vencatasawmy

Gentoo

Ganj am

Ganjam

Jungum

Dhalli a h

Gentoo

Ganjam

Ganjam

Venkiah

Dalliah

Gentoo

Masulipatan

Masulipatam

LLC

2&/4/1866

Dalapah

Uppi ah

Gen t o o

Madras

Madras

LLC

28/4/ 1866

LLC

28/4/1866

K i s tnamah

Thumiah

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Sarathee

Pool00

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Thumiah

Sarathee

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Erregadoo

Sarathee

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Rami ah

Dhalapah

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Dhal apah

Appanah

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Camdoo

Paupiah

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Ch i t t o o r

Balajee

Goorviah

Gentoo

Cuddal o r e

Cuddalore

Uppiah

Thongooloo

Gentoo

Madras

Madras

Sarathee

Paupiah

Gentoo

Nel l o r e

Chi t t o o r

Rajiah

Camdoo

Gentoo

Nel 1o r e

Chittoor

Chenchoo

Ramiah

Gen t o o

Chingleput

Chingleput

Ganah

Vencatasammy

Gentoo

Mysore

Mysore

Vencataroy l o o

Somi an

Gentoo

Chi n g l e p u t l

Chingleput

Ghool arn Mahomed

Syea Cader Sa

Musselman

Chi t t o o r

Chi t t o o r

Gopaloo

Rajiah

Gen t o o

Cuddalore

Cuddalore

Paupen

A r n a c h e l l um

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Goi nden

Poinen

Malabar

Madras

Madras

---..
1545

.
Endegadoo

Ramiah

LU

(.,

"

LLC OF 1873

REG.
NO. :

NAME

FATHER'S
NAME

Chengapen
Coopoo
Meenatchee
Ramas ammy
A1 1amal oo
Moonesanvny
Kempanah
Abdool Cader
Pursooramen
Veeras amny
Cundas amny
Vi rpachee
Putchapen
Putchapeamah
Moonesamny
Soondrum
Moorgasen
Rungasammy
Kis tnapen
Narrainen
Hoossain Saib
Amogum

Narainen
Narainen
Poinapen
Poinapen
Pi tchamoot oo

Lutchmee
Vadachel 1um-

Thondroyen
Armoogum

Moones amny
Moonegadoo
Gengnee
Nagadoo
Maunee

AGE

SEX

CASTE
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Gentoo

VILLAGE
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras

ZI LLAH

Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras

Musselman
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Malabar
Ma1 abar

Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput

Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chengl eput
Chengleput
Chengleput

Nagnee
Poinoosamy
Moonien
Lu tchrnee
Permall
Minachee
Chinniamen

Moorgapen
Vencatapah
Gengapah
Nagadoo
Goorapan
Nagadoo
Peddoo
Thathen
Permall
Moonien
Moonien
Moonien

Ma1 abar
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Mussel man
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Malabar
Mdlabar
Malabar

Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleputl
Madras
Tanjore
Chit toor
Chengl eput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Bangal ore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangal ore
Bangalore
Madras
Salem
Nel 1ore
Nel l o r e
Nel l o r e
Nell ore

Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Tanjore
Chi t t o o r
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r

Endegadoo

Rami ah

Gen too

Gan j am

Ganj am

Somadoo
Pariapah
Alle Saib
Narrainen
Iyasamy
Mootoos ammy
Nagachell an
Rassapen
Vencatashell um
Mootho0
Ramas amny
Arnachel 1urn
Arnachel 1urn
Soobryen
Moothen
Cattvah
Cunden

REMARKS

L L C DF 1876

REG.
NO.:

FATHER'S
NAME

NAME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VILLAGE

ZILLAH

Chi nniatombee

Annarnal ay

Malabar

Cuddal o r e

Cuddalore

Seevagamee

Purseramen

Ma1abar

Cuddal o r e

Cuddalore

Narrainsammy

Mooneapah

Malabar

Chengleput

Chengleput

Mi gale

Francis1

Christian

Chinasamy

Royacoothen

Ma1abar

Moorghen

Chinapen

Malabar

LLC

VAFP

1876

n o t a1 l o c a t e d
Narrainsamny

Ramen

Ma1 abar

Chel 1apen

Vencatapah

Malabar

Goolam Nabee

Sheik Hoossain

Mussel man

bloonesammy

Ramas ammy

Malabar

Andenarrainen

Vurdarajooloo

Malabar
Malabar

Goinden

Ramas amny

Migale

Chowrimooloo

Christian

Mooneesarnmy

Veerasammy

Malabar

N a r r a i nen

Ramen

Ma1abar

Raj oo

Papaurajoo

Malabar

Ettean

Veeraragaven

Ma1 abar

Poinen

Valen

Malabar

Appasammy

Pariatumbee

Mal abar

Moonees amny

Mooneapen

Ma1 abar

Pakeeree

Vencatachellum

Ma1 abar

Veeras anmy

Goindoo

Malabar

Pursoo ramen

Malabar

Goinden

Malabar

Moonien

Soobrayen

R.I.

VAFP

Moorghen

Anoogurn

Malabar

Insen

Armoogum

Malabar

Pyenden

Vencatasen

Malabar

Mungeenee

Soobiah

Malabar

Moon i e n

Appasamy

Malabar

Veeren

Annumden

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Aurokeum

Chinien

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Mooneamah

Veeren

Ma1 abar

Madras

Madras

Ma1 iapen

unknown

Malabar

Madras

Madras

Poi namoonee

Appasammy

Malabar

Madras

bladras

n o t a1 l o c a t e d

Red R i d i n g Hooh 13/2/1871

LLC

1876

REG.
NO. :

HPME

FATHER'S
NPME

AGE

SEX

CASTE

VI LLAGE

ZILLAH

M
M
M

Malabar
Malabar
Malabar

Madras
Madras
Madras

Madras
Madras
Madras

M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M

Malabar
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Malabar

Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Masulipatam
Masulipatam
Chengl e p u t

Malabar
Malabar

Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Masulipatam
Masul ipatam
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengl e p u t

Malabar

Bombay

REMARKS
-

Pal iathan
Moonesammy
Parianaigum
Amah
Lutchmee
Vencatasammy
Mahalutchmee
Motay

Veeras amny
Sokapen
Chinapen
Juganathan
Noydoo
Paupiah

Moorghen
Poinorsamy
Kuner Oheen

Thandmyen
Soobmyen

Vencatasamny
Sooben

Azeezordeen

Chengleput
Chengleput
Bombay

I n v a l i d . R.I. Umvoti 1877

'(OE

t 2 'dd ' t ON ' E l LoA ' ~ 5 6 1

O

ZvuJnop uJaqsaM yqnos)

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