BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT:

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY

GUNN
DIODE

ISOLATOR

PIN
MODULATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

SLOTTED
SECTION

MATCHED
TERMINATION

MILLI
AMMETER

WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To determine the guide wavelength and frequency of rectangular wave guide in a dominant mode propagation.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn power supply
2. Gunn diode
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Pin Modulator
6. Slotted section
6. Matched Termination
7. Milli-ammeter (or) CRO

FORMULA:
Guide wavelength g = 2(d2 d1)
Where (d2 d1) is the difference between two successive minimums
(or) maximum.
_1_ 2
_1_ 2
2. The operating frequency of the wave is f = c
g
+ 2a
1.

TABULATION:
First
d1(cm)

Maxima Second
d2(cm)

CALCULATION:

Maxima g = 2(d2 d1)

Where a = 2 . 3 cms for X band.

3. The guide wavelength (g) is related to free space wavelength (o) by
o
2
g =
Where c =
_o_ 2
_m
2
_n_
1c
a
+
b

THEORY:
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide o, g and c are related as
1/ o2 = (1/ g2 + 1/ c2)
Where g -guide wave length, o -free space wave length
c -Cutoff wave length and its formula is given below as c = 2ab/ (m2b2 +n2a2)
For TE10 mode m=1 and n=0 therefore cutoff wavelength will be c = 2a where is a broader dimension of
waveguide.
Frequency is measured by using formula
f= c/ o
Wavelength of a wave guide can be calculated by formula
g = o/ (1-(o/ c)2).
The above formula shows that guide wavelength is greater than the free space wavelength. At the cutoff wave length no field
variations occur along the waveguide i.e. no energy is propagated. Other parameters i.e. Phase velocity, phase constant,
intrinsic impedance group velocity can be calculated by using below formulas
p = / = c/ (1- [fc/f]2) where c-velocity of light = 3x 108 m/sec
g p= c2
ZTE = / (1- [fc/f]2) where -intrinsic impedance of free space =120 or 377

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
2. Switch on the microwave source and adjust the attenuator, frequency meter, etc to get maximum power.
3. Move the carriage probe in the slotted section in particular direction until there is a minimum deflection in the indicating
meter is obtained note this distance as d1.
4. Once again move the carriage probe from its position d1 in particular direction in order to get minimum deflection on the
indication meter. Note this distance as d2.
5. Calculate the guide wave length using formula 1, also find frequency of the wave using formula 2 and verify it with
frequency meter.

RESULT:
Thus the wavelength & frequency of the wave is determined.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF VI CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE:

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY

GUNN
DIODE

ISOLATOR

PIN
MODULATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

MATCHED
TERMINATION

MILLI
AMMETER

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To determine the characteristics of Gunn Diode.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn Diode Power Supply
2. Gunn Diode
3. Pin Modulator
4. Isolator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Matched Terminator
7. Milli Ammeter

THEORY:
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk. Semiconductor, which has two
conduction, bands minima separated by an energy gap (greater agitational energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise
to high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and
another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to
travels from cathode to anode (Transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the oscillator frequency is determined by
cavity dimension than by diode itself.

TABULATION:

S.No.

GUNN BIAS
VOLTAGE
(V in Volts)

OUTPUT
CURRENT
(I in mA)

MODEL GRAPH:
Threshold Voltage
I in mA
I
V
V in Volts

R= V/ I

Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage, we have used separate pin modulator through
pin diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth (i.e.) the output ratio between ON and OFF
state.

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
2. Switch on the gunn power supply.
3. Initially give some gunn bias voltage, fix the attenuation and adjust the frequency meter to give maximum output.
4. Now keep the gunn bias in minimum position around 0.5V and increase it slowly.
5. For difference values of voltage measure the gunn diode current.
6. From the tabulation observed, plot the V-I characteristics

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode was found and verified and graph was plotted.

SET UP DIAGRAM OF LED CHARACTERISTICS:

FORWARD BIAS:

R
K

600
+

A
V

(0-10)mA

_
(0-5)v
(0-30)V
+

REVERSE BIAS:
R
600
+
(0-500A)

A
-

(0-5)V

(0-30)V

Expt.No:
Date:

LED CHARACTERISTICS
Page No:

AIM:
To find the VI characteristics of given LED.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. LED
2. Resistor 600
3. Ammeter (0-10mA)
4. Ammeter (0-500A)
5. Voltmeter (0-5)V

THOERY:
LEDs and laser diodes are the commonly used sources in optical
communication systems, whether the system transmits digital or analogue signals.
In the case of analogue transmission, direct intensity modulation of the optical
source is possible, provided the optical output from the source can be varied
linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a
linear optical output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of
operation. It may be mentioned that in many low-cost, short-haul and small
bandwidth applications, LEDs at 660 nm, 850 nm and 1300nm are popular. While
direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by
fm modulating the base-band signal prior to intensity modulation.
The relationship between an LED optical output Po and the LED forward current
IF is given by Po = K.IF (over a limited range), where K is a constant.

TABULATION:

FORWRAD BIAS
REVERSE BIAS
VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(mA) VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(mA)

MODEL GRAPH:
I(mA)
Forward bias

Voltage(V)

Voltage(V)
Reverse Bias

I(A)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give different voltages & change the voltage and measure the
corresponding current value.
3. Proceed it for forward & reverse bias
4. Plot the graph between the current & voltage.

RESULT:

SET UP DIAGRAM OF PIN PHOTODIODE CHARACTERISTICS:

Bulb
R
600
+
(0-500A)

A
-

(0-5)V

+
(0-30)V

TABULATION:

Distance(cm) Current(A) Voltage(V)

Expt.No:
Date:

CHARACTERISTICS
PHOTODIODE

OF

PIN
Page No:

AIM:
To find the VI characteristics of given Pin Photodiode.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Pin Photodiode
2. Resistor 600
3. RPS (0-30)V
4. Ammeter (0-500A)
5. Voltmeter (0-5)V
6. Bulb
THEORY:
A pin photodiode, also called PIN photodiode, is a photodiode with an
intrinsic (i) (i.e., undoped) region in between the n- and p-doped regions. Most of
the photons are absorbed in the intrinsic region, and carriers generated therein
can efficiently contribute to the photocurrent. In Figure 1, the electrodes are
shown in black: the cathode is a flat electrode, whereas the anode has the form of
a ring (of which two opposite parts are seen in the shown cross section). The
positive pole of the (reverse) bias voltage is connected to the cathode. On top of
the p region, there is an anti-reflection coating.
Compared with an ordinary pn photodiode, a pin photodiode has a thicker
depletion region, which allows a more efficient collection of the carriers and thus
a larger quantum efficiency, and also leads to a lower capacitance and thus to
higher detection bandwidth.
The most common pin diodes are based on silicon. They are sensitive
throughout the visible spectral region and in the near infrared up to 1 m. At

longer wavelengths, the absorption efficiency and thus the responsivity drops
sharply, but the parameters of this cut-off depend on the thickness of the i region.
MODEL GRAPH:

Current vs Distance
Current (A)

Distance (cm)
Voltage vs Distance
Voltage (V)

Distance (cm)
Current vs Voltage
Current (A)

Voltage (V)

For longer wavelengths up to 1.7 m (or with extended spectral response up to

2.6 m), InGaAs pin diodes are available, although at significantly higher
prices (particularly for large active areas). Germanium pin diodes can be an
alternative.
The fastest pin photodiodes have bandwidths of the order of tens of gigahertz.
Their active areas typically have a diameter of only a few hundred microns. Some
of them are available in fiber-coupled form and can be applied e.g. in receivers for
optical fiber communications.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give sufficient voltage for the pin photodiode.
3. Varying the current level by using the distance of bulb.
4. Notedown the current & voltage across pin photodiode.

RESULT:

NUMERICAL APERTURE SETUP

Expt.No:
Date:

MEASUREMENT
APERTURE

OF

NUMERICAL
Page No:

AIM:
To estimate the numerical aperture of the 1mm diameter plastic fiber at
650nm

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Optical Fibre Trainer Kit
2.Numerical Aperture Measurement Kit
Numerical aperture of the fiber is a measure of the acceptance
angle of light in the fiber. Light which is launched at angles greater
than this maximum acceptable angle does not get coupled to
propagating modes in the fiber, and therefore does not reach the
receiver at other end of the fiber. The NA is useful in the computation
of optical power coupled from an optical source to the fiber, from fiber
to a photo detector, and between two fibers.

THEORY:

1. The interfaces used in the experiment are summarized in Table.

Identify them on
OFT kit with the layout diagram. The block diagram is shown in fig.
ensure that the
shorting plugs of Tx data shorting link S4, coded data shorting link
S6, and Tx clock
shorting link S5 in the Manchester coder block are in position. Also
ensure that the
shorting plug of clock select jumper JP1 is across the posts B&A1. A
TTL signal
from the multiplexer should now be driving LED2 in optical Tx2
block. This
experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.
2. Ensure that the cut planes of the 1m plastic fiber are perpendicular
to the axis of the
fiber. If required, prepare 1m of plastic fiber as per the instructions
in appendix A.
3. Insert one end of fiber in to NA measurement unit as shown in
figure. adjust the fiber
such that its tip is 10mm from the screen.
4. Gently tighten the screw to hold the fiber firmly in place.
5. Connect the other end of the fiber to LED2 through the simplex
connector. The fiber
will project a circular patch of red light on to the screen. Now
measure the diameter of
the circular patch of red light in two perpendicular directions (BC
and DE in Fig).

PROCEDURE:

NUMERICAL APERTURE SETUP

FORMULA:
Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light
can be collected by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of
the incident medium and the sine of the maximum ray angle.
NA = ni.sinmax; ni for air is 1, hence NA = sinmax
For a step-index fibre, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by
N=(Ncore2 ncladding2)1/2
For very small differences in refractive indices the equation reduces to
NA = ncore (2)1/2,
where is the fractional difference in refractive indices. I and record the
manufactures NA, ncladding and ncore, and .

TABULATION:
Distance
(cm)

Distance
(cm)

DE (cm)

DE (cm)

BC(cm)

BC(cm)

X=(DE+BC)/4 NA=Sin0
=Sin-1 (x/
(cm)
(x/ (d2+x2)) (d2+x2))

X=(DE+BC)/4 NA=Sin0
(cm)
(x/ (d2+x2))

=Sin-1 (x/
(d2+x2))

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

BENCH
SETUP
DIAGRAM
CHARACTERISTICS:

OF

DIRECTIONAL

SLOTTED
SECTION

COUPLER
MATCHED
TERMINATI
ON
(or)
DETECTOR

DETECTOR
MOUNT

MULTI
METER

DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER

MATCHED
TERMINATION

Expt.No:
Date:

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
CHARACTERISTICS
Page No:

AIM:
To find the characteristics of given directional coupler.
1. Insertion Loss
2. Coupling Factor
3. Isolation
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn Power Supply
2. Gunn Diode
3. Isolator
4. Pin Modulator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Directional coupler
8. Detector Mount
9. Matched termination
10. Multimeter ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
1. Coupling factor of directional coupler C = 10 log (P1 / P3)
2. Insertion Loss of directional coupler D = 10 log (P1 / P2)
3. Isolation of directional coupler

I = 10 log (P2 / P3)

TABULATION:

Power at P1(W)

CALCULATION:

Power at P2(W)

Power at P3(W)

SCATTERING MATRIX:

S=

S12

S14

S12

S23

S23

S34

S14

S34

THEORY:
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the
incident and reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines, the main
arm and the auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other
The power entering in the main arm gets divided between ports 2 and 3 and almost no
power in port 4. Power entering at port 2 is divided between port1 and 4. directional
coupler parameters are determined by using
Coupling Factor C (dB)= 10 log 10 [P1/P3] when port 2 is terminated.
Isolation I (dB) = 10 log 10 [P2/P3] when port 1 is terminated.
With built-in termination and power entering at port 1, the directivity of
coupler is a measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave.
Directivity is measured indirectly as follows:
Directivity (dB) = I-C=10 log 10 [P2/P1]
Main line VSWR is measured, looking into the main-line input terminal
when the matched loads are placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is measured in the auxiliary line looking into the
output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.

Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by
insertion loss of coupler, is defined as
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log 10 [P1/P2]
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup without connecting directional coupler
and measure the input power.
2. Now connect the directional coupler and note down the output
power at port 2, port 3 & port 4.
3. Using the measured value find the characteristics of given
directional coupler.

RESULT:

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF MAGIC TEE

MATCHED
TERMINATI
ON
(or)
DETECTOR
MATCHED
TERMINATION

SLOTTED
SECTION

MAGIC TEE

MATCHED
TERMINATION

DETECTOR
MOUNT

MULTI
METER

Expt.No:
Date:

MAGIC TEE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

To find the characteristics of given Magic Tee.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn Power Supply
2. Gunn Diode
3. Isolator
4. Pin Modulator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Magic Tee
8. Detector Mount
9. Matched termination
10. Multimeter ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
SCATTERING MATRIX:

S=

S13

S14

S23

S24

S31

S32

S41

S42

Page No:

TABULATION:

Port

I1(mA)

CALCULATION:

Where

V1(v)

I2(mA)

V2(v)

I3(mA)

V3(v)

I4(mA)

V4(v)

Sij = Pr/Pt
Pt=V(i)I(i)
Pr=V(j)I(j)
THEORY:
A magic T is a combination of an E plane tee and an H plane
tee. It acts as a 4 port hybrid circuit, which in general form is shown in
fig 1.
The characteristic of the hybrid circuit are such that if power enter
the circuit through arm A or C; the power is delivered entirely to arms B
& D, with no power transmission from port A to port C or C to A. Also
power entering through arm B or arm D is entirely to arms A & C, with
no direct transfer from B to D.
Fig 2 show a magic T with a combination of an E plane and an
H plane. The collinear arms are called the side arms implying that it is
usually one of the other two arms which face the viewer. The arm which
makes on H plane tee which side arm is called H arm or shunt arm.
The forth arm makes an E plane tee with the side arm and is called as
E arm. The shunt and series arms are cross polarized that is the voltage
vectors in these two arms are perpendicular to each other. Therefore as
long as there is nothing within the junction to the polarization, there can
be no coupling between these two arms. The E & H arms are matched
by employing posts & irises to minimize the reflections from these two
ports.
The magic T associated with hybrid junction is the way in which the
power divides in the various arms. The signal fed into the shunt or H
arm divides itself equally and in phase in the two side arms with no
coupling in the E arm.When the signal is

fed

into

series or E arm it also divides itself equally in the two arms but this

time the two halves are

180oout of phase and there is no coupling to

the H arm. If the power fed into one of the side arms, it divides equally
into the shunt & the series arms and there is no combine in phase o/p at
in the H arm & 180o out of phase in the Earm

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup without connecting magic tee and measure the
input power.
2. Now connect the magic tee and note down the output power at port 2,
port 3 & port 4.
3. Substitute the value of the port currents to obtain the scattering parameters
of given magic tee.
4. For various values of input power find the scattering matrix.

RESULT:

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF ISOLATOR

MATCHED
TERMINATI
ON
(or)
DETECTOR

ISOLATOR

DETECTOR
MOUNT

MULTIMETER

Expt.No:
Date:

PERFORMANCE OF ISOLATOR

AIM:
To determine the S-matrix of an isolator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn Power Supply
2. Gunn Diode
3. Isolator
4. Pin Modulator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Isolator
8. Detector Mount
9. Multimeter ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
SCATTERING MATRIX:

S=

S21

Where
Sij = Pr/Pt
Pt=V(i)I(i)
Pr=V(j)I(j)
.

Page No:

TABULATION:

Port

CALCULATION:

V1R1=P1

V2R2=P2

THEORY:
An isolator is a two-port device that transmits microwave or radio frequency
power in one direction only. It is used to shield equipment on its input side, from the
effects of conditions on its output side; for example, to prevent a microwave source
being detuned by a mismatched load. By terminating one port, a circulator becomes an
isolator, which has the property that energy flows on one direction only. This is an
extremely useful device for "isolating" components in a chain, so that bad VSWRs don't
contribute to gain ripple, or lead to instabilities (unwanted oscillations).
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig.
2. Apply the input signal at port 1.
3. Measure the output signal at port 2.
4. Again keep port 2 as input port.
5. Measure the output signal at port 1.
6. From the output verify isolator operation and form the S-matrix
using the formula.

RESULT:

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT:

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

VARIABLE

ISOLATOR

ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

DUT

DETECTOR

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

FERRITE DEVICES
AIM:
To find the characteristics of ferrite device circulator.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. Circulator
7. Power Detector
8. Matched termination ----- 1 No

FORMULA:
1. The S matrix of 3 port circulator is

S=

Where

S11 = s22 = s33 = 0

S12 = s23 = s31 = 0
S21 = 20log (V2 / V1)
S13 = 20log (V1 / V3)
2. Insertion loss = 10 log (p1/p2)
3. Isolation

= 10 log (p1/p3)

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting circulator
and measure the input power.
2. Now connect the circulator and note down the output

power at port 2 & port 3.

3. Substitute the values to estimate the S matrix of
circulator.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given 3 port circulator was obtained and
verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF FERRITE DEVICES:

1
MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

2
CIRCULATO
R

DETECTOR
(or)
MATCHED
TERMINATION

3
MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

MAGIC TEE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To find the characteristics of given Magic Tee.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source(klystron power supply)
2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. Magic Tee
7. Power Detector
8. Matched termination ----- 2 Nos

FORMULA:

The S matrix of the magic tee is

Where

S =1/ 2

S13 =

V1/V3

S14 =

V1/V4

S23 =

V2/V3

S24 =

V2/V4

-1

-1

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting magic tee and
measure the input power.
2. Now connect the magic tee and note down the output power
at port 2, port 3 & port 4.
3. Substitute the value of the port currents to obtain the scattering
parameters of given magic tee.
4. For various values of input power find the scattering matrix.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given Magic Tee was found and verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF MAGIC TEE CHARACTERISTICS:

MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR

3
MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

MAGIC
TEE

DETECTOR
(or)
MATCHED
TERMINATION

4
MATCHED
TERMINATION
(or)
DETECTOR

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT THROUGH

OPTICAL FIBRE
AIM:
To study the following characteristics of an intensity modulation of
LASER output through optical fibre.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Laser diode set
2. Fibre optic cable
3. Power supply for laser diode set
4. Function Generator
5. C R O

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the fibre optic cable to TX unit and couple the laser light to the power
meter on the RX unit. Select ACC mode of operation.
2. Take output from Function Generator (FG) and connect to the input of TX unit
as well as to CH 2 of CRO.
3. Connect the output from RX unit to CH 1 of CRO.
4. Both the TX & RX knobs are kept in maximum position and vary the frequency
from FG .
5. Take outputs from both CHS of Amplitudes i.e. Vi & Vo.
6. Plot the graph between Vi & Vo.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of an intensity modulation of LASER output
through optical fibre was found and graph was plotted.

SEP UP DIAGRAM OF INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER

OUTPUT THROUGH OPTICAL FIBER:

FG

CRO

TX UNIT

RX
UNIT

OFC
CABL
E

ACC MODE
APC MODE

SET UP FOR ACC MODE

TABULAR COLUMN:
INPUT VOLTAGE
Vi in Volts

S.No.

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

MODEL GRAPH:
Vo in
Volts

Vi in Volts

Vo in Volts

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To study the characteristics of Gunn Diode.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
8. Gunn Diode Power Supply
9. Gunn Diode
10.Pin Modulator
11.Isolator
12.Variable Attenuator
13.Frequency meter
14.Power Detector

PROCEDURE:
7. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
8. Switch on the gunn power supply.
9. Initially give some gunn bias voltage, fix the attenuation and adjust the
frequency meter to give maximum output.
10.Now keep the gunn bias in minimum position around 0.5V and increase it
slowly.
11.For difference values of voltage measure the gunn diode current.
12.From the tabulation observed, plot the V-I characteristics.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode was found and verified and graph
was plotted.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No.

GUNN BIAS VOLTAGE

(V in Volts)

OUTPUT CURRENT
(I in mA)

MODEL GRAPH:
I in mA

V in Volts

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS:

GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY

GUNN
DIODE

PIN
MODULATOR

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

POWER
DETECTOR

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

FIBRE OPTIC DIGITAL LINK

AIM:
To study the fibre optic digital link.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Digital trainer kit
2. Fibre cable
3. Dual trace CRO
4. Function Generator

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the jumper settings as shown in figure.
2. Insert the fibre into IR LED SRH 450v loop.
3. Now short the jumpers JP15, JP16, JP17 & JP20.
4. Connect the power cord to the kit and switch on the power supply.
5. Feed the power end to function generator to connector labeled as
Ext TTL using connecting cables provided with kit.
6. Connect the circuit and observe the received signal.
7. Vary the frequency of the signal and observe the output.

RESULT:
Thus the fibre optic digital link was studied.

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR DIGITAL FIBRE CABLE:

ENCODER

DIGITAL
INFORMATION
SOURCE

LASER
DRIVE
CIRCUIT

OPTICAL FIBRE
CABLE

AMPLIFIER

LASER
DIODE

AVALANCHE
PHOTE DIODE

DECODER

ORIGINAL
DIGITAL
FORM

SEP UP DIAGRAM OF FIBRE OPTIC DIGITAL LINK:

Pr 10
Terminal

Emitter
of Q2

JP 18

Ground
Amp
Output

Base
of Q1

JP 20

Digital
buffer output

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

MAGIC TEE AS MIXER

AIM:
To construct a Mixer using Magic - Tee.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source ------ 2 Nos
2. Klystron Mount ---------- 2 Nos
3. Isolator -------------------- 2 Nos
4. Variable Attenuator ----- 2 Nos
5. Magic Tee -------------- 1 No
6. Matched termination ----- 1 No

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig.
2. Apply the signal 1 at port 4, signal 2 at port 3 of the
Magic Tee.
3. Measure the output signal at port 2.
4. From the output verify the Mixer operation.

RESULT:
Thus Mixer using Magic Tee was constructed and verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF MIXER:

Signal 1
VARIABLE

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE 1

ISOLATOR

ATTENUATOR
S1

4
E ARM

MATCHED
TERMINATION

2
MAGI
C TEE

H ARM
VARIABLE

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE 2

ISOLATOR

Signal 2

ATTENUATOR

S2

MIXED
OUTPUT
SIGNAL

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT. OF ECE

CIRCULATOR AS MIXER
AIM:
To construct a Mixer using Circulator.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source ------ 2 Nos
2. Klystron Mount ---------- 2 Nos
3. Isolator -------------------- 2 Nos
4. Variable Attenuator ----- 2 Nos
5. Circulator ----------------- 1 No
6. Power Detector ---------- 1 Nos

PROCEDURE:
7. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig.
8. Apply the signal 1 at port 1 and signal 2 at port 3 of the
circulator.
9. Measure the output signal at port 2.
10.From the output verify the Mixer operation.

RESULT:
Thus Mixer using Circulator was constructed and verified.

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF CIRCULATOR AS DUPLEXER:

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE 1

ISOLATOR
1

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
1

Signal 1

2
CIRCULATOR

MICRO
WAVE
SOURCE 2

ISOLATOR
2

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
2

Signal 2

DETECTOR