Unit 1: WHOLE NUMBERS

1.1.- DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM. PLACE VALUE

In our decimal number system, the value of each digit depends on its place in
the number. Each place is 10 times the value of the next place to its right.

Hundreds

Ones

Tens

Hundreds
9

Each period contains 3 digits.

The 4 in 74 is in the ones

place. Its value is 4 ones, or 4.
Ones

Ones
Period

Tens

Thousands
Period

Ones

Tens

Hundreds

Millions
Period

The 4 in 741 is in the tens

place. Its value is 4 tens, or 40.
The 4 in 7415 is in the hundreds
place. Its value is 4 hundreds, or 400.

1.2.- NATURAL NUMBERS. WHOLE NUMBERS

Natural numbers are counting numbers from one to infinity.
We use the letter to refer to the set of all natural numbers.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10, 11, ...}

Whole numbers are counting numbers from zero to infinity.

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10, 11, ...}

To compare and order whole numbers:

Align the digits by place value.

Compare the digits in each place, starting with the greatest place.
39,630
19,578
130,434
36,415

39,630
19,578
130,434
36,415

There are no hundred

thousands in the other
numbers. 130,434 is
greatest.

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3 = 3 and 1 < 3
19,578 is least.
6<9

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In order from greatest to least, the numbers are:

130,434; 39,639; 36,415; 19,578.

Exercise 1:
Name the period of the underlined digits.
a) 963,862

b) 802,400,253

c) 603,411,218

d) 9,527,000

Exercise 2:
Write the place of the underlined digit. Then write its value.
a) 73

b) 6,423,728

c) 36,250

d) 24,983,402

Exercise 3:
Write in order from greatest to least.
a) 9996; 999; 10,000; 9997

b) 32,423; 38,972; 36,401; 31,276

Exercise 4
Find the number from these hints:

it
it
it
it

has more than 164 hundreds

has fewer than 17 thousands
contains the digits 6, 1, 9, 2, 5
has an even number of tens.

1.3.- ROUND WHOLE NUMBERS

The population of Marshton is 27,654.
Since populations change frequently, we
use a rounded number instead of the exact
number.
It is better to round up and say 28,000.

To round a number to a given place:

Find the place you are rounding to.

Look at the digit to its right.
If the digit is less than 5, round down.
If the digit is 5 or greater, round up.

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Round 83,524 to the nearest ten.

83,524
83,520

The digit to the right is 4.

4<5
Round down to 83,520

Round 83,524 to the nearest hundred.

83,524
83,500

The digit to the right is 2.

2<5
Round down to 83,500

Round 83,524 to the nearest thousand.

83,524
84,000

The digit to the right is 5.

5=5
Round up to 84,000

Exercise 5
Round each number to the nearest ten, hundred, and thousand.
a) 6709

b) 1256

c) 7893

d) 5649

e) 42,314

f) 11,987

g) 49,678

h) 76,432

i) 148,786

j) 940,067

1.4.- INVERSE OPERATIONS

Inverse operations are mathematical operations that undo each other.

Addition and subtraction are inverse operations.
Let a, b, and c be any numbers.
If a + b = c , then c b = a .
Subtraction undoes addition.

If c b = a , then a + b = c .
Addition undoes subtraction.

Find the missing number.

Find the missing number.

Think

x + 5 = 12
x = 12 5
x=7

Think

x 9 = 15

7 + 5 = 12 and
12 5 = 7 are
related sentences.

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x = 15 + 9
x = 24

24 9 = 15 and
15 + 9 = 24 are
related sentences.

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Multiplication and division are inverse operations.

Let a, b, and c be any numbers.
If a b = c , then c b = a .
Division undoes multiplication.

If c b = a , then a b = c .
Multiplication undoes division.

Find the missing number.

Find the missing number.

Think

y 4 = 12
y = 12 4
y=3

Think

y 6 = 18

3 4 = 12 and
12 4 = 3 are
related sentences.

y = 18 6
y = 108

108 6 = 18 and
18 6 = 108 are
related sentences.

Exercise 6
Find the missing number using inverse operations.
a) 8 + a = 12

b) 36 b = 9

c) 19 d = 418

d) y 3 = 233

e) 23 c = $115

f) 99, 999 f = 9898

1.5.- PROPERTIES OF ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION

The following properties of addition and multiplication are true for any numbers
a, b, and c.

Commutative Property of Addition

Commutative Property of Multiplication

Changing the order of the addends

does not change the sum.

a+b =b+a
5+9=9+5

Changing the order of the factors

does not change the product.

a b = b a

Think

38 = 83

order

14 = 14

24 = 24

Associative Property of Addition

Associative Property of Multiplication

Changing the grouping of the addends

does not change the sum.

( a + b ) + c = a + (b + c )
(1 + 4 ) + 7 = 1 + ( 4 + 7 )

Changing the grouping of the factors

does not change the product.

Think

grouping

12 = 12

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( a b ) c = a (b c )
( 6 5 ) 2 = 6 ( 5 2)
60 = 60

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Identity Property of Addition

Identity Property of Multiplication

The sum of zero and a number is

that number.

The product of one and a number is

that number.
Think

a+0=a
89 + 0 = 89

a 1 = a
8 1 = 8

same

Zero Property of Multiplication

The product of zero and a number
is zero.
Think

a0 = 0
33 0 = 0

0 product

Exercise 7
Name the property of addition or multiplication used.
a) 67 + 36 + 21 = 21 + 67 + 36

b) (17 5 ) 4 = 17 ( 5 4 )

c) ( 48 + 9 ) + 6 = 48 + ( 9 + 6)

d) 90 + 0 = 90

e) 82 0 = 0
g) 2 (30 8 ) = (2 30 ) 8

f) 11 12 = 12 11
h) 59 + 78 = 78 + 59

i) 23 10 = 10 23
k) 0 46 = 0

j) 84 21 56 = 21 84 56
l) 0 + 74 = 74

1.6.- ORDER OF OPERATIONS WITH WHOLE NUMBERS

Look at these expressions:

(6 + 2) 4

6+24

Although they have the same numbers and the same operations, their values are
different:
6 + 2 4 = 6 + 8 = 14
6 + 2 4 = 8 4 = 32

Remember the order of operations with whole numbers:

1. Brackets. ( ) before [ ]
2. Division or Multiplication (left to right)
3. Addition or Subtraction (left to right)

Examples: a) 8 ( 9 + 6) : 3 = 8 15 : 3 = 8 5 = 3

b) 8 9 2 12 : 4 5 = 8 7 3 5 = 56 15 = 41

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Exercise 8
Compute:

b) 3 8 8 : 4 4 5 =

a) 6 4 2 12 7 =

c) 21 : 3 + 4 + 6 =

f) 30 : 6 + 12 5 3 =

e) 14 + 12 : 2 4 3 =

d) 26 5 2 + 3 + 6 =

( )
i) 29 5 (12 9 ) 8 =

g) 2 6 + 4 3 5 2 =

h) 30 6 13 4 2 =
j) 3 13 3 5 2 =

Exercise 9
Copy each calculation and put brackets in to give the answer shown.
a)
c)
e)
g)

5 + 9 4 2 = 39
5 + 9 4 2 = 54
7 + 12 4 3 + 1 = 32
15 5 3 + 7 = 37

b)
d)
f)
h)

5 + 9 4 2 = 23
7 + 12 4 3 + 1 = 46
24 : 8 5 8 = 0
15 5 3 + 7 = 135

1.7.- NATURAL NUMBER PROBLEMS

Example:
Peter and William compete in an archery
contest. Look at their scores.
Who has won the contest and by how
many points?

Solution:
Peters score: 2 30 + 15 + 6 = 60 + 15 + 6 = 81
Williams score: 50 + 15 + 2 6 = 50 + 15 + 12 = 77
Peter has won the contest by 4 points.

Exercise 10
There are 1000 grams in a kilogram. How many kilograns are in:
a) 14 200 000 grams

b) 230 000 grams

c) 4 million grams ?

Exercise 11
On a 16 day cycle tour Sally plans to cycle 50 miles per day. How far will she
cycle altogether?

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Exercise 12
The Sun is 93 000 000 miles from us. Manchester to London is 200 miles. How
many times further is the Sun from us than Manchester is from London?

Exercise 13
On a farm, 547 eggs are collected and put into
cartons of one dozen. How many cartons are filled?
How many eggs are left over?

Exercise 14
The table below shows how many vehicles used a ferry on each day of an Easter
holiday period.

Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Cars
50
40
60
50
30

Vans
20
15
15
10
5

Motorcycles
20
15
25
30
15

How many vans used the ferry on Monday?

On which day were the greatest number of motorcycles carried?
On which day were the greatest number of vehicles carried?
On which day were the least number of vehicles carried?
How many cars were carried during the holiday?
How many vehicles where carried during the holiday?

Exercise 15
A school relay team complete a 4 by 100 metres
run in 51 seconds.
If the first, second and third runners
complete their sprints in 12, 14 and 13 seconds
respectively, what is the last runners time?

Exercise 16
A butcher sells 58 kilos of beef at 13 per kilo and 63 kilos of pork at 7 per
kilo. How much money does he get in total?

Exercise 17
Find three consecutive numbers whose product is 6840.

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Exercise 18
Which is the shortest way from Liverpool to Manchester and by how many
kilometres?

Exercise 19
Jacks birthday is 133 days after Aishas. How many weeks are there between
their birthdays?

Exercise 20
A van weighs 2000 kg when unloaded and 2360 when loaded with 8 bags of coal.
What is the weight of each bag?

Exercise 21
I think of a number. My number is greater than 83 000 200 but less than
14 30 . Write down the number I could be thinking of.

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Mathematics 1 ESO