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TABLA DE CONTENIDO
PROLOGO........................................................................................................................ 3
AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................... 4
TABLA DE CONTENIDO............................................................................................... 5
ABREVIACIONES .......................................................................................................... 9
1 INTRODUCCION .................................................................................................... 12
1.1
Antecedentes.............................................................................................. 12
1.2
El propsito de la Gua Centroamericana de Financiamiento de Carbono 13
1.3
Estructura de la Gua.................................................................................. 13
1.4
CMNUCC y el Protocolo de Kyoto........................................................... 14
2 PROYECTOS MDL ................................................................................................. 16
2.1
Qu es MDL? ........................................................................................... 16
2.2
Definicin de Proyectos MDL a Pequea-Escala...................................... 17
2.3
Requisitos de Participacin para Proyectos MDL ..................................... 18
2.4
Ciclo de Proyectos MDL ........................................................................... 19
2.5
Preparacin, Validacin y Registro de Proyecto ....................................... 20
2.5.1 Preparacin de Proyecto y Aprobacin de Pas Anfitrin ...................... 20
2.5.2 Documento de Diseo de Proyecto (PDD) ............................................. 22
2.5.3 Methdologa de Lnea Base .................................................................... 22
2.5.4 Adicionalidad.......................................................................................... 26
2.5.5 Perodo de Acreditacin y Duracin del Proyecto.................................. 27
2.5.6 Plan y Metodologa de Monitoreo .......................................................... 28
2.5.7 Impactos Ambientales............................................................................. 29
2.5.8 Comentarios de los Stakeholderes .......................................................... 29
2.5.9 Validacin y Registro del Proyecto ........................................................ 29
2.6
Fase de Implementacin del Proyecto....................................................... 32
2.6.1 Monitoreo................................................................................................ 32
2.6.2 Verificacin y Certificacin.................................................................... 33
2.6.3 Emisin de Reduccin de Emisiones Certificadas ................................. 33
2.7
Venta de la Reduccin de Emisiones......................................................... 34
2.7.1 Precios y Riesgos .................................................................................... 34
2.8
Costos Relacionados al Ciclo de Proyecto ................................................ 36
3 FINANCIANDO PROYECTOS DE ENERGIA RENOVABLE A PEQUEAESCALA ................................................................................................................... 38
3.1
Introduccin .............................................................................................. 38
3.2
Impactos del Financiamiento de Carbono para Financiar un Proyecto..... 38
3.3
Financiamiento de Proyecto ...................................................................... 39
3.4
Tipos de Capital ........................................................................................ 40
3.4.1 Capital Patrimonial ................................................................................. 41
3.4.2 Capital por Deuda ................................................................................... 41
3.4.3 Deuda Subordinada................................................................................. 41
3.5
Ciclo Financiero del Proyecto ................................................................... 42
3.5.1 Estudios de Prefactibilidad ..................................................................... 42
3.5.2 Estudio de Factibilidad y Plan de Negocios ........................................... 44
3.5.3 Plan financiero ........................................................................................ 46
3.5.4 Valoracin financiera y negociaciones ................................................... 50
3.5.5 Paquete financiero y documentos para el cierre financiero .................... 52
5
Lista de Tablas
Tabla 1. Los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) cubiertos por el Protocolo de Kyoto...13
Tabla 2. Metas de reduccin de GEI en el Anexo B del Protocolo de Kyoto ..............14
Tabla 3. Estatus de la Ratificacin del Protocolo de Kyoto............................................. 18
Tabla 4. Categoras para lneas base simplificadas para proyectos MDL........................ 23
Tabla 5. Factores de emisin utilizados en la determinacin de lneas base.....................24
Tabla 6. Informacin de monitoreo a ser proporcionada el PDD............ 28
Tabla 7. Proyectos de MDL de energa renovable a pequea-escala............................... 30
Tabla 8. Tasa de registro para proyectos MDL.................................................................36
Tabla 9. Esquema de Plan de Negocios para proyectos....................................................45
Tabla 10. Costos del proyecto y estrategia comercial.......................................................46
Tabla 11. Estructura financiera propuesta Fuentes de financiamiento identificadas.....47
Tabla 12. Clasificacin de riesgo OCDE para pases de Centroamrica..........................47
Tabla 13. Clasificacin de crdito de pas anfitrin y compaa......................................48
Tabla 14. Resultados clave de un anlisis financiero........................................................48
Tabla 15. Due diligence financiera....................................................................................51
Tabla 16. Ej. de instituciones de crdito de exportacin comerciales y nacionales..54
Tabla 17. Indicadores sociales y econmicos de Centroamrica .................................55
Tabla 18. Capacidad instalada en Centroamrica, 2003 ..................................................55
Tabla 19. Generacin de electricidad en Centroamrica, 2002........................................56
Tabla 20. Estimaciones del nmero de viviendas sin electricidad en Centroamrica..57
Tabla 21. Potencial tcnico estimado de las fuentes de energa renovable (en MW)......57
Tabla 22. Lista de Contactos en Belize............................................................................62
Tabla 23. Distribucin de energa elctrica en Costa Rica..............................................64
Tabla 24. Proyectos de implementacin conjunta en el sector energa, Costa Rica .......68
Tabla 25. Lista de contactos en energa renovable en Costa Rica ..................................72
Tabla 26. Participantes en el mercado mayorista de El Salvador, 2002..........................75
Tabla 27. Lista de contactos en energa renovable en El Salvador..................................82
Tabla 28. Lista de proyectos de energa renovable privados...........................................92
Tabla 29. Proyectos presentados bajo el MDL en el sector energa ...............................97
Tabla 30. Proyectos presentados bajo el MDL en Honduras ..................................98
Tabla 31. Lista de contactos en energa renovable en Honduras. .................................100
Tabla 32. Lista de Contactos en Nicaragua. ............................................. 111
Tabla 33. Proyectos bajo el MDL en el sector energa, Panam. ..................................116
Tabla 34. Lista de contactos en energa renovable en Panam......................................119
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14
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Nota Introductoria
1.
Se presenta aqu el documento de proyecto para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del
Mecanismo para un Desarrollo Limpio (DP-APE). En l se ampla la informacin esbozada en el
apndice B (Documento de proyecto) de las modalidades y procedimientos del MDL (anexo de la
decisin 17/CP.7, documento FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2) y se recogen las modalidades y
procedimientos simplificados (en adelante "los MP simplificados") para actividades de proyectos
del MDL en pequea escala (anexo II de la decisin 21/CP.8, documento FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.3).
2.
La Junta Ejecutiva puede revisar el DP-APE de ser necesario. Las revisiones no afectarn a las
actividades de proyectos del MDL en pequea escala validadas antes de la fecha en la que entre en
vigor la nueva versin revisada del DP-APE. Las versiones posteriores del DP-APE se fecharn y
numerarn consecutivamente. El DP-APE podr posteriores del DP-APE se fecharn y
5. De conformidad con las modalidades y procedimientos del MDL, el idioma de trabajo de la Junta
ser el ingls. Por consiguiente, los DP-APE completados debern presentarse a la Junta Ejecutiva
en ese idioma.
6. Cuando se trate de actividades en pequea escala que se presenten agrupadas, de conformidad con
el apartado a) del prrafo 9 y el prrafo 19 de los MP simplificados para las actividades de
proyectos del MDL en pequea escala, podr presentarse un solo DP-APE siempre que se
proporcione la informacin relativa a las secciones A.3 (Participantes en el proyecto) y A.4.1
(Ubicacin de la actividad de proyecto) respecto de cada actividad de proyecto, y que en el
apartado D se exponga un plan general de vigilancia.
3;
7. Cuando se trate de una actividad de proyecto en pequea escala con distintos componentes que
pueda proponerse1 como actividad de proyecto en pequea escala del MDL podr presentarse un
DP-APE, siempre que la informacin relativa a las subsecciones A.4.2 (Tipo y categora(s) y
tecnologa de la actividad de proyecto) y A.4.3 (Breve explicacin del modo en que se prev
reducir las emisiones andropgenas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por las fuentes mediante
la actividad de proyecto del MDL propuesta) y los apartados B (Metodologa de la base de
referencia) y E (Clculo de las emisiones de GEI por las fuentes) se facilite por separado en
relacin con cada componente de la actividad de proyecto.
CONTENIDO
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Repercusiones ambientales
G.
Anexos
1.
2.
En el prrafo 7 de los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos del MDL en pequea escala, relativo a las aclaraciones de la Junta Ejecutiva
sobre las actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL, la Junta acord que cuando se tratase de una actividad de proyecto con las de un
componente en el que se aplicasen las modalidades y procedimientos simplificados del MDL, cada componente debera cumplir el criterio mnimo
para cada tipo aplicable, por ejemplo, si se trataba de un proyecto con componentes de energa renovable y eficiencia energtica, el componente de
energa renovable debera satisfacer el criterio de "energa renovable" y el componente de eficiencia energtica el de "eficiencia energtica".
8/
A.
A.1
A.2
A.3
Participantes en el proyecto:
(Enumrense las Partes y entidades pblicas y/o privadas que participen en la actividad de
proyecto e indquense sus seas en el anexo 1 del presente documento.)
(Debe designarse a una de las entidades mencionadas para que acte como contacto para
tratar de la actividad de proyecto del MDL.)
A.4
(En esta seccin debe incluirse una descripcin sobre el modo en que se transferirn
la tecnologa y los conocimientos ecolgicamente inocuos a la Parte de acogida si la
transferencia es parte del proyecto.)
A.4.3 Breve explicacin del modo en que se prev reducir las emisiones antropogenias de
gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por las fuentes mediante la actividad de proyecto
del MDL propuesta
(Explquese brevemente de qu forma se prev lograr la reduccin de las emisiones
antropognicas de gases de efecto invernadero (se darn ms detalles en la seccin B) e
indquese la estimacin total de las reducciones que se espera lograr en toneladas de CO2
equivalente como se determina en la seccin E.)
A.4.4 Financiacin pblica del proyecto
(Indquese si se cuenta con fondos pblicos de Partes includas en el Anexo I para la
actividad de proyecto propuesta. Si se cuenta con fondos pblicos de una o ms Partes
includas en el Anexo I, proporcinese informacin sobre las fuentes de financiacin
pblica para el proyecto en el Anexo 2, incluida la declaracin de que esa financiacin
no ocasionar la desviacin de recursos de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo y ser
independiente y no contar a efecto de cumplir las obligaciones financieras de esas
Partes.)
A.4.5 Confirmacin de que la actividad de proyecto en pequea escala no es un
componente desagrupado de una actividad de proyecto mayor
(Consltense en el apndice C de los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos en
pequea escala del MDL las instrucciones sobre la forma de determinar si la actividad de
proyecto propuesta no es un componente desagrupado de una actividad de proyecto
mayor.)
B.
B.1
B.2
B.3
Descripcin de la forma en que las emisiones antropognicas de GEI por las fuentes se
reducen respecto de las que se produciran en la ausencia de la actividad de proyecto
83
del MDL propuesta (es decir, explicacin de que esta actividad de proyecto es adicional y
por consiguiente no idntica al escenario de referencia)
(Justifquese que la actividad de proyecto propuesta cumple los requisitos para usar
metodologas simplificadas y que es adicional, usando para ello el Anexo A del apndice B
de los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL.)
(Debern resumirse tambin en esta seccin las polticas y circunstancias nacionales
pertinentes a la base de referencia de la actividad de proyecto propuesta.)
B.4
B.5
C.1
C.2
88
86
D.1
D.2
8+
D.4.
Tipo
de dato
Variable
Unidad
Obtenido por
medicin (m),
clculo (c) o
estimacin (e)
Proporcin
de los
datos por
supervisar
Medio de
archivo
de los datos
(electrnico/
papel)
Cunto tiempo se
guardarn los datos
archivados?
Comentario
8:
Nmero de
identificacin
Frecuencia
del registro
de los datos
(En el cuadro siguiente se indica la informacin mnima que debe proporcionarse en relacin con los datos supervisados.
Compltese el cuadro correspondiente a la metodologa de vigilancia elegida de entre las metodologas simplificadas que figuran en el
apndice B de los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL.
Obsrvese que al usar ciertas categoras de proyectos puede ser necesario supervisar la aplicacin de la actividad de proyecto y/o los
niveles de actividad para el clculo de las reducciones de emisiones logradas.
D.3.
E.
E.1
Frmulas utilizadas
(Srvase exponer en el apartado E.1.1 las frmulas utilizadas para calcular las reducciones
de emisiones de GEI por las fuentes con arreglo a la categora aplicable del apndice B de
los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL. En caso
de que la categora del apndice B no indique una frmula concreta para calcular las
reducciones de emisiones de GEI por las fuentes, compltese el apartado E.1.2.)
E.1.1 Algunas frmulas del apndice B
(Descrbase el clculo de las reducciones de emisiones de GEI con arreglo a la frmula
especificada para la categora aplicable del apndice B de los MP simplificados para
actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL.)
E.1.2 Descripcin de las frmulas que no figuren en el apndice B:
E.1.2.1 Descrbanse las frmulas utilizadas para estimar las emisiones
antropognicas por las fuentes de GEI debidas a la actividad de proyecto dentro del
mbito del proyecto (respecto de cada gas, fuente, frmula/algoritmo, emisiones en
unidades de CO2 equivalente).
E.1.2.2 Descrbanse las frmulas utilizadas para estimar las fugas debidas a la
actividad de proyecto, cuando proceda, para la categora aplicable de proyecto del
apndice B de los MP simplificados para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala
del MDL (respecto de cada gas, fuente, frmula/algoritmo, emisiones en unidades
de CO2 equivalente).
E.1.2.3 La suma de E.1.2.1 y E.1.2.2 representa las emisiones de la actividad de
proyecto.
E.1.2.4 Descrbanse las frmulas utilizadas para estimar las emisiones
antropognicas por las fuentes de GEI en la base de referencia usando la
metodologa correspondiente a la categora aplicable del apndice B de los MP
simplificados para actividades de proyectos en pequea escala del MDL (respecto de
cada gas, fuente, frmula/algoritmo, emisiones en unidades de CO2 equivalente).
E.1.2.5 La diferencia entre E.1.2.4 y E.1.2.3 representa las reducciones de emisiones
debidas a la actividad de proyecto durante un perodo concreto.
E.2.
Cuadro con los valores obtenidos al aplicar las frmulas arriba mencionadas
F.
Repercusiones ambientales
F.1
8B
G.
G.1
Breve descripcin del procedimiento que se haya seguido para solicitar y recopilar los
comentarios de los interesados locales
G.2
G.3
Informe sobre la forma en que se han tenido en cuenta los comentarios recibidos
8@
Anexo 1
INFORMACIN SOBRE LOS PARTICIPANTES EN LA ACTIVIDAD DE PROYECTO
(Srvase copiar y pegar el cuadro las veces que sea necesario)
Organizacin:
Calle/apartado de
correos:
Edificio:
Ciudad:
Regin/Estado:
Cdigo postal:
Pas:
Telfono:
Fax:
Correo electrnico:
URL (sitio web):
Representada por:
Cargo:
(Sr./Sra./...):
Apellido:
Nombre:
Departamento/seccin:
Telfono mvil/celular:
Fax directo:
Telfono directo:
Correo electrnico
personal:
Organizacin:
Anexo 2
INFORMACIN SOBRE LA FINANCIACIN PBLICA
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