Computer Network (EC-354)

Computer network: computers interconnected by some transmission lines.

There may be some intermediate devices like Hub, Switch, Router etc.
Audio, Video and Data services are conversing and supported by computer
network these days.
Distributed systems: Railway Ticket Reservation Systems, Banking system

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Networking Evolution
First satellite Launched by then Soviet Union in 1957
Seen as a defeat by the US
Spurred on by President Kennedy and his vision to put man on
the moon by the end of the decade, two new agencies were
formed NASA and ARPA in the DoD (Department of Defense)

SPUTNIK

ARPA was the founding agency of ARPANET which eventually

led to the Internet
In 1969 four computers of four US universities were connected
using ARPANET
IBM developed SNA
TIME SHARE developed TIMENET
ISO gave OSI reference model

Networking Evolution
1972 Ethernet specification formulated by Matcalfe.
1983 TCP/IP became official protocol on ARPANET
1991 WWW application was invented by CERN Physicists
Tim-Berner-Lee
1992 MOSAIC released first GUI browser

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A Communications Model

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Data Communications Model

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Types of Communication networks

Analog (AM/FM)
Digital (GSM/CDMA etc.)
Backbone/ Backhaul (Optical Fiber Network)
Access (GSM, WiFi, LAN etc.)
Broadcast (TV, FM, AM radio, one to many)
Multicast (Selected group only)
Unicast (one to one)
Computer network (LAN & WLAN)
Internet
Circuit switched (Conventional Telephone networks/PSTN)
Packet switched (Internet)
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a

distance.

The word data refers to information presented in

whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such as
a wire cable.

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Components of a data communication system

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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links.
A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium
which can transport a signal carrying information.

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Network Evaluation Criteria

Performance
Depends on Network Elements/devices
Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput

Reliability
Failure rate of network components
Measured in terms of availability/robustness

Security
Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
Errors
Malicious users

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Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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Types of network topologies

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A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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A star topology connecting four stations

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A bus topology connecting three stations

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A ring topology connecting six stations

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A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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Comparative analysis of the network topologies

Mesh

Star

Bus

Ring

Installation cost

high

medium

low

medium

Network Efficiency

high

high

low

low

Network Reliability

high

high

low

low

Fault isolation in link

yes

yes

no

no

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Categories of Networks (based on coverage area)

Local Area Networks (LANs)
Short distances
Designed to provide wired local interconnectivity

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Provides wireless connectivity over small area, Ex. WiFi

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Long distances
Provide connectivity over large areas

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Provides connectivity over very small area, Ex. Bluetooth
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An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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Transmission Media
Twisted pair
STP: shielded twisted pair
UTP: unshielded twisted pair
(e.g. Telephone cable, Ethernet 10BaseT (RJ45))
Coaxial cable
Thin (similar to TV cable)
Thick (e.g., 10Base5, ThickNet)

Optical Fiber (preferred for backbone network)

Wireless (Connectionless/ connection oriented)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Broadband Network
Provides multimedia integrated services (Transportation through
same medium)
Voice
Video
Data

Transports very high data rate signals

Examples :- B-ISDN, WiMAX, Optical transmission lines, Leased lines etc.

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Broadband Network (Cont.)

Broadband networks can be classified as
Wide Area Network (WAN) (Transports signals over long
distances)

Optical fiber backbone network

Lease lines
Satellites Communication
Telecommunication networks (BS to BS or backbone network)

Access network (BS or local exchange to customer)

Cable modem , DSL & ADSL
Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
WiMAX

Telecommunication Networks from BS to MS (3G networks like

UMTS/CDMA 2000)
BS=Base Station
MS= Mobile Station

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Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Technologies

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WiMAX forum is a non-profitable group

WiMAX forum ensures the interoperability of devices developed by various

vendors using IEEE 802.16 specifications

WiMAX forum Promote the development and deployment of WiMAX

systems

LTE (Long Term Evolution) rival technology to WiMAX, developed by

Ericsson company.

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Types of Services based on data rate & delay

CBR (constant bit rate): Ex. Audio call 64 Kbps

VBR(Variable bit rate): Ex. Real time Video transmission
ABR (Available bit rate:-minimum guarantee rate): file transfer
UBR (Unspecified bit rate: Traffic is allocated to all, no guarantee of
minimum bit rate), Ex. Web browsing

Services based on type of QoS (Quality of Service)

UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service):Ex. Audio without silent suppression

ertps (extended real time polling service):Ex. Audio with silent suppression
rtps (real tile polling service):Ex. Real time Video
nrtps (non real time polling service):Ex. non-real time video
BE (Best Effort service):Ex. Web services
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Computer Network Devices

Hub
Device that acts as a central point for LAN cables
Takes incoming data from one port & sends to all other ports
Not preferred due to congestion in network by broadcast nature of the
device
Switch
Moves data from input to output port, preferred over Hub.
Analyzes packet to determine destination port and makes a virtual
connection between the ports.
Repeater/ Regenerator
Regenerates data passing through it
Bridge
Connects two LANs or two segments of a LAN
Connection at data link layer (layer 2)
Router
Determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded
Connects different types of local and wide area networks at network layer
(layer 3)
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OSI reference model

Developed by ISO (International Standard Organization)
OSI (Open System InterConnection)

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OSI cont.
Application Layer: provides a means for similar or dissimilar
application processes to exchange information.
Presentation Layer: presentation of information in a way that is
meaningful to the network devices.
Session Layer: organize and synchronize a given dialog
occurring between devices and to manage the data exchange.
Transport Layer: responsible for providing data transfer
between two users at an agreed-upon level of quality.
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OSI cont.
Network Layer: responsible for establishing, maintaining and
terminating the network connection, routing data from one
network device to another.
Data Link Layer: responsible for providing reliable data
transmission.

Physical layer: responsible for the transmission of bit streams

across a transmission channel.

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TCP/IP (Internet) Reference model

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TCP/IP ref. model

The functions of session and presentation layers clubbed with
application layer
Functions of transport layer are same in the OSI ref. model
Internet layer uses IP addresses for routing and destination
device identification.

Host to network layer combines functions of physical and data

link layers

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Packet Encapsulation
The data is sent down the protocol stack at transmitter
Each layer adds header to SDU (Service Datagram Unit) passed from upper layer
At receiver the headers are removed in reverse order

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

46 OPM
to 1500 Bytes

4Bytes

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