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BE8203 Hydraulics
CHAPTER 1 - HYDRAULICS
This chapter introduces some very important and fundamental properties of fluids such as pressure,
force, weight, mass density, relative density etc.
1.1 Fluid Properties:
Mass Density, - mass of substance per unit volume (kg/m3)
3
A typical
pressure
Gauge
Pressure
Atmospheric
pressure
Vacuum or negative
gauge pressure
Another typical
pressure
Absolute
pressure
Absolute
zero
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P = gh
where
h=0
Therefore P = 0 Pa
5m
h=5m
Therefore P = 1000 x 9.81 x 5
= 49050 Pa
The pressure depends only on the depth of water above the point.
The pressure increases in direct proportion to the depth.
It acts at _______________ to any surface in contact with the fluid.
Pressure at any point is the same in all directions.
Pressure is _______________ at a horizontal level in a continuous fluid mass.
P = gh
h=
1.4 Manometry:
Manometry is the technique of using vertical columns of fluid for the measurement of pressure.
Manometry can be very accurate and convenient.
At the tapping point, the manometer tube must enter at right angle to the flow.
1.4.1 Piezometer:
Open top transparent tube
Attached directly to the point where pressure is measured
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Fig 3: Piezometers
1.4.2 U-tube Manometer:
The U-tube manometer is essentially a piezometer with its tube bent into a U - shape.
It enables the use of another fluid (often denser such as mercury) to widen the scope of
measurement.
It may be used for gases, which is trapped by the liquid in the U bend. The U-tube manometer is used
to measure the pressure difference between two points i.e. (PA - PB ).
If one of the arms is open to the atmosphere, then the guage pressure at the tapping can be
measured.
2
P1-P2 = gh (2-1) N/m
2
Fig 4: U-tube Manometer
P1-P2 = gH N/m
()
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Example 1
A U-tube manometer connects two pipes A and B as shown in Fig 6. If both pipes are carrying water,
calculate the pressure difference between pipes A and B.
Water
A
150 mm
B
a
h
Mercury, r.d = 13.6
Fig 6
Example 2
A Hydraulic Press is shown in Fig 7 which uses oil of r.d.= 0.86 as its transmission fluid. The smaller
piston under W1 has a diameter of 250 mm. The larger piston under W2 has an area of 3.0 mx1.0 m.
If the force W1=500 N, calculate the force W2 acting on the larger piston.
W1
1.8 m
W2
Fig 7
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