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Hydraulics

BE8203 Hydraulics

CHAPTER 1 - HYDRAULICS
This chapter introduces some very important and fundamental properties of fluids such as pressure,
force, weight, mass density, relative density etc.
1.1 Fluid Properties:
Mass Density, - mass of substance per unit volume (kg/m3)
3

Weight Density, w - weight of substance per unit volume (N/m )


Relative Density or Specific Gravity r.d. - the ratio of the mass density of a substance to that of
water (dimensionless)
Dynamic Viscosity - shear force per unit area required to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity
passes another layer an unit distance away from it (kg/m.s)
Kinematic Viscosity - the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density (m2 /s)
1.2 Pressure:
The pressure or the intensity of pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the fluid any location
i.e.
p =F/A (unit: N/m2 )
In a region like outer space which is devoid of gases, the pressure is zero which is called
__________________________________.
On the surface of the earth, pressure is exerted by the mass of gases above the earth which is known
as __________________________________.
Gauge pressure is the pressure measured taking atmospheric pressure as _______. The gauge
pressure can be positive or negative. Positive gauge pressure means the pressure is __________
than atmospheric pressure and negative gauge pressure means that the pressure is __________
than atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure = _______________________ + _________________________

A typical
pressure
Gauge
Pressure
Atmospheric
pressure
Vacuum or negative
gauge pressure

Another typical
pressure
Absolute
pressure

Absolute
zero

Fig 1: Pressure Scale


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Diploma in Civil Engineering with Business

Hydraulics

BE8203 Hydraulics

Pressure exerted by fluids at rest:


Pressure increases with increasing depth.

P = gh
where

h = depth (m) (depth is always measured vertically)


= density of water (kg/m3 )
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2 )
2

(Pressure unit: N/m or Pa)

h=0
Therefore P = 0 Pa
5m
h=5m
Therefore P = 1000 x 9.81 x 5
= 49050 Pa

Fig 2: Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution / Profile

Some facts about hydrostatic pressure:


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

The pressure depends only on the depth of water above the point.
The pressure increases in direct proportion to the depth.
It acts at _______________ to any surface in contact with the fluid.
Pressure at any point is the same in all directions.
Pressure is _______________ at a horizontal level in a continuous fluid mass.

1.3 Pressure Head:


Pressure head (in m) is a convenient engineering term commonly used in practice. The pressure head
expresses the pressure in term of the height of the column of liquid causing the pressure.

P = gh
h=

1.4 Manometry:
Manometry is the technique of using vertical columns of fluid for the measurement of pressure.
Manometry can be very accurate and convenient.
At the tapping point, the manometer tube must enter at right angle to the flow.
1.4.1 Piezometer:
Open top transparent tube
Attached directly to the point where pressure is measured
School of Architecture & the Built Environment
Diploma in Civil Engineering with Business

Hydraulics

BE8203 Hydraulics

Filled with same liquid


P1 - P2 = gH N/m2
H
H1
H2
1

Fig 3: Piezometers
1.4.2 U-tube Manometer:
The U-tube manometer is essentially a piezometer with its tube bent into a U - shape.
It enables the use of another fluid (often denser such as mercury) to widen the scope of
measurement.
It may be used for gases, which is trapped by the liquid in the U bend. The U-tube manometer is used
to measure the pressure difference between two points i.e. (PA - PB ).
If one of the arms is open to the atmosphere, then the guage pressure at the tapping can be
measured.

2
P1-P2 = gh (2-1) N/m

2
Fig 4: U-tube Manometer

1.4.3 Inverted U-tube Manometer:


An inverted U-tube manometer is essentially a U-tube manometer in an inverted position. It has either
no manometer fluid or the manometer fluid has a lighter density than the fluid being measured.

P1-P2 = gH N/m

()

Fig 5: Inverted U-tube Manometer


School of Architecture & the Built Environment
Diploma in Civil Engineering with Business

Hydraulics

BE8203 Hydraulics

Example 1
A U-tube manometer connects two pipes A and B as shown in Fig 6. If both pipes are carrying water,
calculate the pressure difference between pipes A and B.

Water

A
150 mm

B
a
h
Mercury, r.d = 13.6

Fig 6

Example 2
A Hydraulic Press is shown in Fig 7 which uses oil of r.d.= 0.86 as its transmission fluid. The smaller
piston under W1 has a diameter of 250 mm. The larger piston under W2 has an area of 3.0 mx1.0 m.
If the force W1=500 N, calculate the force W2 acting on the larger piston.
W1

1.8 m
W2

Fig 7

Updated by Elizabeth Chow


May 05
Mar 06
Mar 07

Mar 09

Updated by Tracy Law


Sep 09
Apr 10

Apr 11

Sep 10

School of Architecture & the Built Environment


Diploma in Civil Engineering with Business

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