ANIMAL TISSUES

Types of Animal Tissues

Epithelial

Muscular

Vascular

Supporting
and
Connective

Nervous

Epithelial tissue

Forms the outer coverings and inner linings of

the body surfaces
Has tightly packed cells with very little
intercellular material
For protection, selective absorption, and
secretion

Epithelial Groups
covering and lining epithelial membranes

squamous epithelium -- tile-like cells

- epidermis, inner cheek cells

cuboidal epithelium -- dice-shaped cells, specialized

for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney
tubules and many glands
- thyroid gland and salivary glands

columnar epithelium found in the linings of the

digestive tract, cells are longer than they are wide
ciliated epithelium line the upper respiratory tract
so that mucus and dust particles can be moved
along their surfaces

Epithelial Groups
glandular epithelium-specialized for

production of secretory substances

- unicellular glands goblet cells lining the
intestine
- multicellular glands-when large amts of
secretions are reqd, the surface epithelia
grow inward or become infolded
exocrine (with ducts carry secreted substances onto body
surfaces or into body cavities) salivary glands
endocrine (ductless) gastric glands

Muscular Tissue

specialized for movement

muscle cells are called muscle fibers long,
spindle-shaped thread-like structures
movement is thru contraction of muscle fibers

Types of Muscular Tissue

1. Nonstriated (Smooth) muscles
- involuntary
- found in the visceral organs except the heart; in the
outer wall of intestine and stomach and blood vessels
-parts: sarcoplasm,myofibrils(contractile elements of the
muscle cell-cant be seen in slide), sarcolemma-cell
membrane
2. Striated muscles
- characterized by the presence of dark bands
(anisotropic or A-discs) and light bands (isotropic or Idiscs)
- myofilaments finer filaments w/in the myofibrils
arrangement of myosin and actin filaments gives rise
to dark and light bands

Types of Muscular Tissue

Multinucleated condition or Syncytium in striated muscular
tissues
- achieved by fusion of myoblasts (immature nucleated
muscle cells) into muscle fibers in adult organisms, when
embryonic myoblasts no longer divide. Addl nuclei are also
contributed by integration of peripheral muscle satellite
cells; numerous mitoses but no cytokinesis
2.1 skeletal - muscles that are attached to the bones, voluntary
(under control of will)
2.2 cardiac or heart muscles
- involuntary
- is a functional syncytium
plasma membranes of adjacent cells interlock at specialized regions called
intecalated discs, where gap junctions provide direct electrical coupling
between the cells. Thus, the action potential generated by specialized cells
in one part of the heart spreads to all other cardiac muscle cells, causing the
whole heart to contract.

Supporting and Connective Tissue

Characterized by the presence of a large

amount of intercellular material (as contrasted

with epithelial tissue) and paucity of cells
Connective tissue cells - fibrocytes
Functions:
To attach or connect parts
To support or bear weight
To provide a medium thru which nutrients and wastes

may diffuse

Types of
Supporting and Connective Tissue
Fibrous connective tissue white or

collagenous fibers fine, wavy fibers occurring in

bundles in the dermis of the skin
Cartilage-intercellular subs not calcified
cartilage cells - chondrocytes - located in the
lacunae surr by intercellullar subs/matrix (less
diff-flattened; fully diff big & round)
Hyaline-nose, ventral rings of trachea,
endoskel of adult sharks
Elastic-external ear of mammals (pinna),
Eustachian tube
Fibro-cartilage- joints, intervertebral disc in
b/w vertebrae

Types of
Supporting and Connective Tissue
Bone intercellular subs is calcified
Osteocytes
bone matrix is laid down in rings called lamellae
interconnected by means of Volkmanns canal
* Bone prepared via grinding wont show the osteocytes but only the
lacunae since they have been displaced by grinding

Vascular (blood) Tissue

Made up of liquid
component, plasma and
blood cells/formed
elements
Also considered as a
mobile connective tissue

since it transfers nutrients

and wastes from tissue to
tissue in an organism
Origins of blood cells traced

to conn tish hemapoietic

tissue of the marrow

Types of Vascular (Blood) Tissue

1. Erythrocytes/Red blood corpuscles

contains hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen and CO2 transport to

and from the lungs and other tissues
Frog-oval, nuc; human-biconcave, enuc

2. Leucocytes/White blood corpuscles

Soldiers of the body, engulf pathogens and facilitate immune

response. Frog-smaller & fewer than rbcs; humans-larger and
fewer
A.Polymorphonuclear leucocytes-irreg nuclei
Neutrophils

nuclei is made up of 2 to 5 or more thin lobes connected by slender

chromatin thread

granules are fine and does not stain well at neutral pH

Eosinophils

nuclei are made up of 2 oval lobes linked by thread like chromatin

granules are coarse and stain pinkish red with acid stains
Basophils
nuclei stain very faintly
has coarse cytoplasmic granules that stain blue with basic dye

B. Lymphocytes

nuclei are large, somewhat spherical; there is only narrow rim

of cytoplasm around the nucleus

C. Monocytes

nuclei vary from slightly indented ovals to horseshoe-shaped

structures
have larger amounts of cytoplasm than lymphocytes

Frog Blood

Nervous Tissue
nerve cell neuron
cytoplasm is drawn out into long nerve fibers, the

dendrites and the axon

dendrites carry impulse toward the cell body

axon carries impulse away from the cell body

nerve a bundle of nerve fibers bound by connective

tissues :

epineurium is the loose connective tissue covering

inside a nerve are fascicles or nerve bundles
each fascicle is covered by a perineurium - a dense connective
tissue
endoneurium encloses individual nerve bundles