CH04

Chapter 4
Series Circuits
The current must be the same at all points between A
and B because the it has only one path no matter how
many resistors.
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pictorial Vs Schematic
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You could hook up an ammeter at any point in the circuit and the current would
be the same
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Total resistance increases with each additional series resistor.
RT
RT
RT
Resistance is Added in Series:

RT= R1+R2+R3+ . . .Rn
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Ohms Law
Entire Circuit
IT = VS/RT
VS = RT IT
RT = VS/IT
Individual Resistors
VRX = RX IT
IRX= VRX/RX
Circuit Analysis Steps:

1. Determine RT
2. Determine IT
3. Determine Individual Voltage Drops
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law: The sum of the voltage drops around a single closed path equals the
source voltage in that closed path.
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VS = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . VN

Sum of n voltage drops equals the source voltage
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3+ Vn
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Illustration of a verification of Kirchhoffs voltage law.
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10V = 5.5V + 4.5V

Question:
Which Resistors will have the
Largest and Smallest Volage Drops?
Determine:
RT
IT
Individual Voltage Drops
If Kirchhoff was Right
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FIGURE 4-18
RT = R1+R2+R3+ R4 => 125 Ohms

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FIGURE 4-18
IT = 25V/125Ohms => 200mA

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Note:
R1 has the Largest Voltage Drop
R4 has the Smallest Voltage Drop
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VR1 = (82 Ohms) (200ma) =>16.4V

VR2 = (18 Ohms) (200ma) =>3.6V
VR3 = (15 Ohms) (200ma) =>3V
VR4 = (10 Ohms) (200ma) =>2V
Total 25V
Kirchhoff
FIGURE 4-38
Example of a two-resistor voltage divider.
Voltage Divider Formula

No Need to Determine/Measure Total Current
Still Need to Determine RT
Learn to Recognize the Resistor Value Ratios to Estimate Voltage Drops
Voltage Divider Formula => VX = (RX/RT)VS

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VR1 = (82 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.656)(25V) => 16.4V

VR2 = (18 Ohms)/(125 Ohms) (25V) = > (.144)(25V) => 3.6V
VR3 = (15 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.120)(25V) => 3V
VR4 = (10 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.080)(25V) => 2V
Total 25V
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Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground

Voltages in Electric Circuits are most Commonly Measured From Points in the
Circuit Referenced to Ground
Multisim Example Measuring Individual Voltage Drops with Multimeter
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Multisim Example Showing Voltage Measured to Ground with Multimeter
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Multisim Example Showing Voltage Measured to Ground with Probes which Also Shows Current at Each Point
Note that the Probes had to be connected in series with the resistors (Not at Point A, B or C) in order to read the
current
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The potentiometer as a voltage divider.
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The potentiometer as a voltage divider.
(b) Wiper Almost at Terminal 1:

Terminal 3 gets most of the voltage developed across the resistor
Almost total VS at Terminal 3
(a) Wiper Centered:

of the voltage drop developed at Terminal 3
VS at Terminal 3
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(c) Wiper Almost at Terminal 2:

Terminal 3 Gets almost none of the voltage
developed across the resistor
Very little VS at Terminal 3

A voltage divider used for volume control Audio Signal
Volume Control Application

The Higher the Wiper, the Louder the Volume
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A potentiometer voltage divider used as an automotive fuel-level sensor.
Fuel Level Sensor Application

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The voltage divider as a bias circuit for a transistor amplifier.
Transistor Biasing Application

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Power in a Series Circuit
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Power in a Series Circuit

Total Circuit Power
PT = VS IT
PT = I2 RT
PT = VS2 /RT
Individual Resistor
PRX= VRX IT
PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + . . . + PRn
Determine:
PT
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PT = (25V) (200ma) = 5W
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PR1 = (16.4V) (200ma) => 3.28W

PR2 = (3.6V) (200ma) => 720mW
PR3 = (3V) (200ma) => 600mW
PR4 = (2V) (200ma) => 400mW
Total
5W

Example of series-aiding voltage sources.
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Example of series-aiding voltage sources.
Vs = 18V
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When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract.
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When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract.
Vs = 10V
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Troubleshooting
Open Series Circuit
Total Current = Zero

Source Voltage Appears Across the Open
Component
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Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting using the half-splitting technique

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Troubleshooting
Shorted Series Circuit
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Current Too High

Total Resistance Down
Zero Voltage Drop Across Shorted Components
Troubleshooting
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Chapter 4

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Total resistance increases with each additional series resistor.

Resistance is Added in Series:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuit Analysis Steps:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Sum of n voltage drops equals the source voltage

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Illustration of a verification of Kirchhoffs voltage law.

10V = 5.5V + 4.5V

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

RT = R1+R2+R3+ R4 => 125 Ohms

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

IT = 25V/125Ohms => 200mA

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

VR1 = (82 Ohms) (200ma) =>16.4V

Example of a two-resistor voltage divider.

Voltage Divider Formula

Voltage Divider Formula => VX = (RX/RT)VS

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

VR1 = (82 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.656)(25V) => 16.4V

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The potentiometer as a voltage divider.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The potentiometer as a voltage divider.

(b) Wiper Almost at Terminal 1:

(a) Wiper Centered:

(c) Wiper Almost at Terminal 2:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A voltage divider used for volume control Audio Signal

Volume Control Application

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A potentiometer voltage divider used as an automotive fuel-level sensor.

Fuel Level Sensor Application

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The voltage divider as a bias circuit for a transistor amplifier.

Transistor Biasing Application

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Power in a Series Circuit

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Power in a Series Circuit

PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + . . . + PRn

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

PR1 = (16.4V) (200ma) => 3.28W

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Example of series-aiding voltage sources.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Example of series-aiding voltage sources.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Total Current = Zero