Palestra 7

Estruturas Tubulares para o Sculo XXI

Palestrante: Prof. Dr. Jeffrey A. Packer
Universidade de Toronto - Canad

TUBULAR STEEL STRUCTURES

FOR THE 21st. CENTURY
Jeffrey A. Packer

Bahen-Tanenbaum Professor of Civil Engineering

University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Construmental 2010

Origins in the 19th Century: Firth of Forth Bridge, Scotland

The 1889 Firth of Forth Bridge, designed with circular hollow sections
composed of newly developed rolled flat steel plates, riveted together at site.
The technique evolved from building ships and steam engines.

The 20th Century Experience of Offshore Structures

The Bullwinkle Offshore Platform is the worlds highest steel jacket structure at a
total height of 492 m. Located in the Gulf of Mexico, south west of New Orleans, USA.

Offshore Structures developed Complex Joint Technology

Giant, complex welded connections with multiple multi-planar braces at a node

The Synergy of Tubular Structures

The synergy
between
Architectural,
Structural and
Industrial
Design

Kansai Airport, Osaka, Japan, by Renzo Piano,

displaying curved triangular space trusses

A pavilion in Seville, Spain, that integrates

architectural, structural and industrial design
and even approaches sculpture

Iconic Pedestrian Bridges

The Leaning Arch bridge concept by

Calatrava, in Bilbao, Spain (and many
other places)

Other Arch Pedestrian Bridges

Humber River
Tied Arch Bridge,
Toronto, Canada

Tied Arch Bridge

in St. Jan, The
Netherlands

Conventional Pedestrian Bridges

Traditional Covered
Warren Truss

The ubiquitous Pony

Truss or U-Frame or
Through Truss
Bridge

Railway Bridges
Viaduc de lArc TGV Bridge, Provence, France

Sports Stadia

Stadium Australia, Sydney, for

the 2000 Summer Olympic Games

Sports Stadia
Structures for the 2004 Summer
Olympic Games, Athens, Greece

Sports Stadia

Main stadium for the 2008

Summer Olympic Games,
Beijing, China

The Birds Nest, by Swiss

architects Herzog and de Meuron:
saddle-shaped in 3D and elliptical
in plan, 333 metres long, with 42 000
tonnes of structural steel.

Sports Stadia
Main stadium
for the 2010
FIFA World
Cup, South
Africa

Soccer City, Johannesburg, by architects Boogertman Urban Edge & Partners in association with
HOK Sport. Consulting Engineers Schlaich Bergermann und Partner.
A 90 000-seat stadium, utilizing 7 500 tonnes of structural steel, in a calabash African pot design.

Exhibition Halls and Pavilions

Exhibition Hall in Leipzig,

Germany, by Gerkan and Marg;
the largest glass envelope in
Europe.
The glazing is supported
directly from the main
steelwork, and the glass is on
the inside of the steelwork.

Exhibition Halls and Pavilions

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame,

Cleveland, USA.

Directly-welded 3D tube
arrangements offer modern,
clean lines and resist multidirectional loads.

Exhibition Halls and Pavilions

Federation Square, Melbourne, Australia

A Dramatic jumble of
exposed rectangular
hollow sections, behind
glass.
Free-form architecture
in 3D is now a reality,
particularly with tubes.

Glazed Pavilions
Bright,
White,
Circular

Opryland Hotel, Nashville,

Tennessee, USA

Butterfly House,
Brisbane, Australia

Tourist Attractions
The 1st generation
British Airways
London Eye, or
Millenium Wheel,
UK

The 2nd generation

Singapore Flyer

Amusement Rides

Roller Coasters and other Amusement Rides

Rack Structures

Automated Storage and

Retrieval System for Pallets,
Toronto, Canada.

Goods are stored directly on

the main structural framing.

Vierendeel Frameworks
Scotiabank, Toronto, Canada

An absence of truss diagonals creates an open

appearance and a point of architectural interest

Sculptural Applications

Honda Exhibit, Festival of Speed 2005,

Goodwood, Sussex, UK
Architect: Gerry Judah
Engineer: NRM Bobrowski

Sculptural Applications

Honda Central Exhibit of 6 F1 Cars,

Festival of Speed 2005, Goodwood, UK
Curved tube supports 6 x 55m long tubular
swinging arms, acting as a mobile
Architect: Gerry Judah
Engineer: NRM Bobrowski

Sculptural Applications
Wall of Nations, 2004 Summer
Olympic Games, Athens, Greece,
using square hollow sections

Note to engineers:
Many tubular members are
oversized or ornamental, so
design welds for the
appropriate loads
avoid over-welding

Cast Steel Nodes in Tubular Structures

TGV Station,
Aix-en-Provence,
France

An excellent way to transition between

two different structural materials

Cast Steel Nodes in Tubular Structures

Tree-like
construction

Stuttgart Airport, Germany (1991)

University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (2006)

Cast Steel Nodes in Tubular Structures

Conceptual Design
(e.g. in Solidworks)

Finite Element
Stress Analysis and
optimization

Fabrication and
site erection

Casting simulation:
Filling and solidification

Manufacturing

www.castconnex.com

Cast Steel Nodes in Tubular Structures

Ripshorst
pedestrian bridge,
Oberhausen,
Germany (1997)

Humboldthafen Railway Bridge, Berlin, Germany (2000)

Tube Profiling versus Using Connection Plates

Easy to perform nowadays,

and elegant

Low aesthetic appeal

Exposed tubing in Hotel Atrium (left) and Convention Centre (right), Toronto, Canada

Tube Flattening and Slotted Tube Connections

Slotting of the tube ends to avoid

profiling and to avoid complex
intersections

Triangular Trusses for Long Spans

S.A. Brewery, Port Elizabeth,
South Africa
Note the flattened ends of the
circular branches very popular pre
2000

Profiling Equipment Aids Direct Joining of Tubes

Free-form architecture with hollow sections has now been liberated by the
availability of profiling and cutting machinery

CNC tube-and-pipe-profiling machines can produce

clean, accurate cuts with correct bevels on the
edges, which makes fabrication easy, efficient and
accurate
Cutting by laser or plasma torch

Contemporary Design Guides Are Based On

Extensive International Research

University of Toronto, Canada

So many possibilities
Anyone
can make beautiful designs with steel hollow sections

An undergraduate Steel Design Project, University of Toronto

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
and
CONCRETE-FILLED COLUMNS
and
FIRE RESISTANCE

Big Box Store Construction in North America

Square RHS are the typical

choice for columns
the economical choice
+ easy to attach to

Roof is usually supported by Ishape beam in one direction &

OWSJ in the orthogonal
direction

Hollow Sections are thus the OPTIMUM Columns

Simple Low-Rise Construction is cheaper with hollow sections

50% of Truss Members are Compression Members too

Compression member effective lengths < 1,0 are permitted,

making hollow section compression members extremely
efficient and cost-effective
Hollow sections are lighter easy to transport, easy to erect

Reminder The main virtues of hollow sections

Concrete-Filling of Hollow Sections

Preparing hollow section columns

for concrete-filling from above.

Filling hollow section columns on

site from a hopper.

Suitable for small columns which must be vibrated.

Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Columns

Toronto
Airport,
Canada

Concrete-Filling
Increases column capacity
Increases fire resistance
May increase connection
strength
Increases stiffness

Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Columns

The Dsseldorf Stadttor, Germany

Twin 19-storey office towers with
exposed, tubular (914 mm or 36 diam.)
trussed columns
Columns filled with high-grade
concrete, for both composite strength
and fire protection

Confinement Effect for CHS Concrete-Filled Columns

For non-slender

sconcrete

ssteel
sradial
t0

sradial

shoop

columns there is
a significant
increase in the
concrete
strength due to
3-dimensional
confinement

Confinement

sconcrete
d0

ssteel

effect / may only

be utilized for
CHS columns
with L/d 25
and eccentricity
of axial force
d/10.

Relative Advantage of Concrete-Filling

Hollow Section Columns
14000

Circular 508 x 16, (C) or (H),

+ Concrete-filled

Column Resistance (kN)

12000

Square 406 x 406 x 16, (C) or (H),

+ Concrete-filled

10000
8000
6000

Circular 508 x 16, ColdFormed (C)

4000

Square 406 x 406 x 16, Cold-Formed (C)

2000
0
0

6
8
Effective Length KL (m)

10

12

14

Axial LoadMoment Interaction for BeamColumns

Load Transfer by Shear Connectors for Very Large CHS

Shear connectors in composite tubular columns

Millennium Tower, Vienna, Austria

Simple (Shear) Connections to Hollow Section Columns

Recommended Method for

introducing Beam Shear
Reactions to Concrete-Filled
Hollow Section Columns:
At the Roof
At Intermediate Floor Levels

Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Connections

Unfilled

K-connection test
University of Toronto

Concrete-filled
Some failure modes are eliminated

Composite Column Design for Seismic Conditions

In Europe, requirements are given by Eurocode No. 8

"Structures in Seismic Regions, Design - Part 1.1: General and Building",
1988.

The "Strong Column Weak

Beam" design concept is
well-established. However,
plastic hinges can occur in
the columns at the top floor
of multi-storey buildings or
for one-storey buildings.
Excellent ductility and
extremely good energy
dissipation are displayed
under inelastic cyclic loading
by concrete-filled hollow
section columns.

Cyclic Moment-Rotation Relationship for a

Concrete-Filled 200 x 200 x 6,3 Square Hollow
Section

CIDECT Design Guide

Concrete-Filled Columns: 1995

www.cidect.com

Effect of Concrete-Filling on the Load Capacity and Fire Life

Steam Vent Holes in Concrete-Filled Hollow Sections

Furnace Testing of a Hollow Section Column

Guidance for Fire Protection of Hollow Sections

Canadian Steel
Construction
Council Bulletins:
www.cisc-icca.ca

Plain #21
Bar-reinforced #25
Steel-fibre #26

CIDECT Design Guide No.4

1995/1996 + Software (Potfire)
www.cidect.com

Intumescent Paints for Fire Protection of Hollow Sections

The inclined
supporting
columns were
coated with an
intumescent
paint suitable
for outdoors,
then painted
afterwards on
site

Ontario College of Art and Design extension,

Toronto, Canada, by architect Will Alsop

Water Filling for Fire Protection of Hollow Sections

Water-filled roof
trusses, at Hong Kong
Chek Lap Kok Airport

Building in Germany where the external

columns act like pipes and heat is
transported away from the fire by
convection. Requires a water reservoir.

DESIGN OF TRUSSES

Planar Trusses

Compression member effective lengths < 1,0

Hollow sections are lighter in weight easier to
transport, less crane capacity to erect, torsionally stiff

Planar Trusses

Warren Trusses are a popular way to

minimize the number of members and
connections

Design Procedure for Planar Triangulated Trusses

1. Determine truss layout, span, depth, panel lengths,
truss spacing by usual methods. Span-to-depth ratio
generally ~ 10 to 15, to avoid excessive deflections.
Keep connections to a minimum.
2. Determine loads at connections and on members.
(Simplify these initially to equivalent loads at panel
points if analysis is done manually).
3. Determine axial forces in all members by assuming that
joints are pinned (if done manually), or pin-ended webs
+ continuous chords if done by a frame analysis
program

Truss Design Procedure

4. Determine chord member sizes considering:
Axial load
Corrosion protection (surface area)
Tube wall slenderness
K = 0,9 for compression chord

Truss Design Procedure

5. Determine web member sizes considering:

Axial load

tweb < tchord

K = 0,75 for compression webs
6. Standardize the web member sizes:

To 2?
Same width, different thickness? Inspection problem
Check availability!
7. Layout the connections:

Try gap connections first

Check connection geometry is within validity range
Check member sizes are within validity range
Pay attention to eccentricity limits
Consider fabrication procedure

Truss Design Procedure

8. Check connection efficiencies

(with charts) or resistances (with formulae or tables)

Usually only a few connections need to be checked.

9. If efficiencies or resistances are not adequate, modify the

connection layout (e.g. overlap instead of gap), or

Modify the members;
Recheck connections.

Truss Design Procedure

10. Check effect of primary moments on chord design.

Use proper load positions on members

Determine member bending moments assuming:
Pinned joints everywhere or
Continuous chords with pin-ended webs
For compression chord, also consider noding
eccentricity moment.
Check member (axial and bending) interactions.
11. Check truss deflections under specified loads.
12. Design welded joints.

Fillet welding cheapest

(Note: Weld Design can be left to the fabricator but not connection verification)

Truss Design Procedure

The continuous chord + pin-connected web (branch) members
plane frame model, for computer analysis, gives realistic axial
forces and bending moments:

For most
overlap joints

Extremely stiff
members

Extremely stiff
members

Pin

For most gap

joints

(Note: Make small links at least 10x stiffness of connected members)

Deflections of Trusses

By Virtual Work

Deflections of Trusses

due to members

Virtual
Forces in
Members

due to connections =

Virtual
Forces in
Members

Real Extensions
or Contractions
of Members

Connection Deformation
associated with any web
member, due to real
loads, at both ends of
member

Total = due to members + due to connections

Deflections of Trusses
Check Deflections Under Specified Loads

or

OVERLAP
CONNECTIONS

GAP
CONNECTIONS

Double Chord Trusses

(For heavily-loaded or long-span trusses)

Hamilton, Canada

Model as pin-jointed with same K factors for member design as singlechord trusses. All web (branch) members must have the same width.

Multiplanar (or 3D) Welded Delta Trusses

Model as for planar

trusses.
Check 3D
connections as
planar connections,
but apply a
multiplanar correction
factor

Multiplanar (or 3D) Bolted Delta Trusses

Model as for planar

trusses:
Pin-jointed analysis
would be appropriate

Vierendeel Trusses/Frames

Toronto, Canada

Vierendeels (no diagonals) must be

modelled as moment-resisting frames,
hence using rigid joint analysis.
All members must have equal width +
stocky chords (b0/t0 16) for fully rigid.

DESIGN OF WELDED
TRUSS-TYPE CONNECTIONS

Basic Types of Connections

Connection type is not just

dictated by appearance

Definition of eccentricity

Classification into K-, Y- and X-connections

Classification into K-, Y- and X-connections

Example of an imbalanced K-connection
0.5N sinq

0.5N sinq

=
q

0.5N

0.5N

N
N cosq

q
0.5N cosq

0.5N cosq
0.5N sinq

0.5N sinq

For the tension diagonal:

0.5 N
0.5 N
+
1.0
K-conn. resistance X-conn. resistance

Notation used for CHS and RHS Connections

Potential Failure Modes for Welded

Hollow Section Connections

Mode B: Punching shear

failure of the chord face
Mode A: Plastic failure of
the chord face

Mode C: Tension failure

of the web member

Mode D: Local buckling

of the web member

Potential Failure Modes for Welded

Hollow Section Connections

Mode E: Overall shear

failure of the chord
Mode F: Local buckling
of the chord walls

Mode G: Local buckling

of the chord face

Tabular Appearance of Connection Design Rules

Example
Plate-to-RHS chord connection some chord failure
modes

chord
punching
shear
side wall
yielding

chord face plastification

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Failure Modes
for Welded Hollow Section Connections

Limit State: Column or Chord Wall Plastification

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Prevalent in connections due to

the flexible nature of the
connecting hollow section face

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Failure Modes
for Welded Hollow Section Connections

Limit State: Chord Shear Yielding (Punching Shear)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

May govern for connections

with medium to high branchto-chord width ratios

Failure can occur under a

tension or compression
branch provided it is
physically capable of shearing
through the chord wall

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Failure Modes
for Welded Hollow Section Connections

Limit State: Local Yielding (due to uneven load distribution)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Applies to transverse plates or

transverse walls of a RHS,
under both tension and
compression loading

Common failure mode for

overlapped K-connections

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Failure Modes
for Welded Hollow Section Connections

Limit State: Chord Sidewall Failure (Yielding or Buckling)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Failure of the chord member

side wall

May occur in RHS matched

box connections

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Gapped
versus Overlapped Truss Connections

Design tips to optimize welded hollow section connection design

Select relatively stocky chord
Select relatively thin branch
Consider virtues of gapped K-connections

Overlapped

Gapped

Easier and cheaper to fabricate

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Higher static and fatigue

strength, generally
Produces stiffer truss (reduces
truss deflections)

Some Golden Rules to Avoid Connection Problems

General Tips for Designers

Some Golden Rules to Avoid Connection Problems

Wall Slenderness

Web or Branch Angles

International Design Guides for Practicing Engineers

Guides by CIDECT

1st. Edition: 1991

2nd. Edition: 2008

1st. Edition: 1992

2nd. Edition: 2009

1995
1998

2000
2004

www.cidect.com

1st. Edition: 1992

2nd. Edition: 1997
1997

1999

2010

CIDECT Illustrated Books Second Editions of both in 2010

Tube Architecture

Tube Design
www.cidect.com

HSS_connex

Connection Design Software Available

HSS_connex v1.04
Hollow section connection design is performed to
internationally- accepted design procedures
Scope: covers welded and bolted, planar and multiplanar
truss-type connections
Does Limit States Design (LSD) checks. The user inputs
the forces acting on a Free Body Diagram, plus the
connection geometry
Contains full Canadian and US (ASTM A500) section
databases, but any connection geometry and steel grade
can be input manually by the user the program
calculates the section properties

Connection Design Software Available

HSS_connex
Operates in SI (metric) and U.S. Customary (imperial)
units.
Gives graphical confirmation of connections
Operates under Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7
Has familiar Microsoft features
Not only does complex calculations for connection
resistance, but also checks geometric parameters against
an extensive set of limits of validity.

Available from University of Toronto Tube Group

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto

Obrigado

jeffrey.packer@utoronto.ca
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto