Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Useless valves...
No need for process
Never used (hope!)
High up, forgotten
Flow Sizing
flow area A
Gases :
W = CKA
K A P1 K b
Liquids :
M
T1Z
W =K
A K W K V (P1 P2 )
KA
(, need some factors depending on units used)
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
The KA Factor
KA Factor
Long ago
Certified capacity = actual capacity
API Std 526 reflected actual valve values
KA Factor
During certification
A is measured
Smallest section in
the flow path (throat)
Actual flow is compared
to theoretical flow
through perfect nozzle
(K=1)
Wactual/Wtheor= Kactual
K=0.9 x Kactual
KA Factor
Overstated K
Understated A
Certified K
KA
Diff
Crosby JOS
12.47
0.865
10.79
+0.2%
AG POSV
18.29
0.627
11.47
+6.5%
12.85
0.855
10.99
+2%
12.26
0.878
10.76
0%
Preliminary sizing
API RP 520 part 1, clause 5.2.1:
PRVs may be initially sized [using] effective coefficients of discharge and effective areas which are
independent of any specific valve design. In this way,
the designer can determine a preliminary PRV size.
Effective areas API Std 526, D through T
Effective coefficients API RP 520
Gases, K=0.975
Liquids, K=0.650
2-phase, K=0.850
10
www.nationalboard.org
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
11
All data on each and every valve (& RD) certified per
ASME codes (I, III & VIII)
K=Kd x 0.90
Actual
Areas
12
13
Reaction Force
Force
Flow
Fd=c2.W
Fs=(P2-Patm).A2
14
Reaction Force
W, flow, kg/hr
T1, inlet temp, K
k, ratio specif. heats
M, molar mass
p2, outlet pressure,
barg
A2, outlet section,
cm2
G, relative density
v1, specif volume,
m3/kg
P1, relieving
pressure, barA
1= Inlet, stagnation conditions
2= Outlet conditions
Reaction Force
Capacity W to consider:
16
Discharge Bracing
17
Tailpipe to Atmosphere
Bending moment on
riser between
equipment and safety
valve
Flow
FORCE
18
Tailpipe to Atmosphere
Minimises bending
moment at base of inlet
riser
Flow
FORCE
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
19
Do and Dont?
20
Reaction Force
21
22
Double exhaust
23
24
Pipe Strains
25
SV are noisy
26
Inlet
Piping
P1
Nozzle
Body
Bowl
Outlet
Piping
PC
VC
27
30 m of tip
Open outlet
c = 91.2
kT
M
L, dB
60
d
)
L (d ) = L (30 ) 20 Log(30
50
40
30
20
1.5
7 8 9
P2/P1
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
28
29
A Dual Answer
Exhaust to
atmosphere: angle-cut
tail pipe
Reduced noise
Reduced reaction force
Aexit cexit Fd
and noise
30
Back Pressure
(back pressure)
Inlet
THE PRESSURE AT THE OUTLET
OF A PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE.
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
31
Built-Up BP is
caused by
pressure drop
in discharge
piping
In
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
Discharge
BPBU
BU
32
100%
90%
80%
70%
Conventional
Spring Valve
60%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
33
100%
90%
80%
70%
Balanced
Spring Valve
Conventional
Spring Valve
60%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
34
100%
Pilot Operated
Safety Valve
90%
80%
70%
Balanced
Spring Valve
Conventional
Spring Valve
60%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
35
To Flare,
Recovery
System, or
Atmosphere
Discharge
Header System
PRV
(Closed)
Protected
System
Constant Purge?
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
36
Constant Back-Pressure
Constant BackPressure
Always superimposed
37
Variable Superimposed BP
Variable SuperImposed
Closed
Opened &
Flowing
38
Superimposed Backpressure
39
Conventional Valve
Downwards spring
force (constant)
Fd = K / L
Set : Fd = Fu
P
40
Conventional Valve
Superimposed BP
adds itself to the
spring force:
Fd = K / L + BPxA
Set : Fd = Fu
(Fu = P x A)
Actual Set:
Spring set + BP
P
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
41
Superimposed Variable BP
Effects
Desired set pressure = 10 barg
Superimposed variable BP = 0.5 to 2.0 barg
Cold Set Pressure = ???
The valve will open between 10.5 to 12.0 barg
Safety valve shall not open at a pressure higher
than the MAP or PS ( design pressure)
If MAP < Cold Set + BP
Conventional
42
Any backpressure up to
50% of set
, absolute value of BP
, Reduced capacity
Check with
manufacturer
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved
43
Theoretically no limit on
backpressure
44
Back-Flow Preventer
If BP > PS
back-flow may occur
BP
Flare system:
start-up of
installation
valves with different
sets
vacuum in process
PS
45
Back-Flow Preventer
If BP > PS
back-flow may occur
BP
Flare system:
start-up of
installation
valves with different
sets
vacuum in process
PS
46
P2 > P1
P22
P1
47
48