SlopeDeflection Method

Theory of StructuresII
M Shahid Mehmood
Department of Civil Engineering
Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt

SlopeDeflection Method
Previously we have discussed Force/Flexibility methods
of analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
In force method, the unknown redundant forces are
determined first by solving the structures compatibility
equations;
ti
th
then
other
th response characteristics
h
t i ti off the
th
structure are evaluated by equilibrium equations or
superposition.
superposition
An alternative approach can be used for analyzing is
termed the displacement or stiffness method.
2

SlopeDeflection Method
In displacement method, the unknown displacements are
determined first by solving the structures equilibrium
equations; then the other response characteristics are
evaluated through compatibility considerations and
member forcedeformation relationships.
The displacement methods includes SlopeDeflection
Method and Moment
MomentDistribution
Distribution Method.
Method
The slopedeflection method was introduced by George
A. Maney in 1915.
3

SlopeDeflection Method
This method takes into account only the bending
deformations.
This method gives an understanding of the Matrix
Stiffness Method, which forms the basis of most
computer
t software
ft
currently
tl used
d for
f structural
t t l analysis.
l i

SlopeDeflection Equations
When a continuous beam or a frame is subjected to external loads,
internal moments generally develop at the ends of its individual
members.
The slopedeflection equations relate the moments at the ends of
the member to the rotations and displacements of its end and the
external loads applied to the member.
member
Let us consider an arbitraryy member AB of the continuous beam.

B
5

 When the beam is subjected to external loads and support

settlements the member AB deforms as shown (exaggerated),
settlements,
(exaggerated) and
internal moments are induced at its ends.
Undeformed position

P
w

B
A

Deformed position
(elastic curve)

P
w
MBA

MAB
A

B
L
EI= constant

P
w

MBA

MAB
A

Doublesubscript
p notation is used for member end moments,, with
the first subscript identifying the member end at which the
moment acts and the second subscript indicating the other end of
the member.
member
MAB denotes the moment at end A of the member AB.
MBA denotes the moment at end B of the member AB.
7

MBA

MAB
A

Tangent at A

Undeformed position

A
Elastic curve

B
A

A
Tangent at B

A & B denote, respectively, the rotations of end A and B with

respect to the undeformed (horizontal) position of the member.
8

MBA

MAB
A

Tangent at A

Undeformed position

A
Elastic curve

B
A

Tangent at B

denotes the relative translation between the two ends of the

member in the direction perpendicular to the undeformed axis of
the member.
9

MBA

MAB
A

Tangent at A

Undeformed position

A
Elastic curve

A
A

B
B

Cord
Tangent at B

denotes the rotation of the member

memberss chord (straight line
connecting the deformed positions of the member ends) due to
the relative translation .
10

MBA

MAB
A

Tangent at A

Undeformed position

A
Elastic curve

A
A

B
B

Cord
Tangent at B

Since the deformations are assumed to be small, the chord

rotation can be expressed as

(1)

11

 The
Th sign
i convention
ti used
d in
i this
thi chapter
h t is
i as follows:
f ll

The
Th member
b end
d moments, end
d rotations,
i
and
d chord
h d rotation
i are
positive when counterclockwise.
Note that all the moments and rotations are shown in positive
sense in figure on previous slide.
The slope deflection equations can be derived by relating the
member end moments to the end rotations and chord rotation by
applying the second momentarea theorem.

12

MBA

MAB
A

Tangent at A

Undeformed position

BA

Elastic curve

A
A

B
B

Cord
Tangent at B

AB

From figure we can see that

BA +
A =
L

AB +
B =
L

(2)
13

 By substituting /L= into the preceding equation we have,

BA
A =
L

AB
B =
L

( )
(3)

BA is tangential deviation of end B from the tangent to the elastic

curve at end A and AB is the tangential deviation of end A from
the tangent to the elastic curve at end B.
B
A
According
di to
t the
th secondmoment
d
t area theorem,
th
th expressions
the
i
for the tangential deviations AB and BA can be obtained by
summing the moments about the ends A and B, respectively, of the
area under M/EI diagram between the two ends.
14

 The bending moment diagrams for the member is constructed in

parts by applying MAB, MBA, and the external loading separately on
the member with simply supported ends.
The three simple
simplebeam
beam bending moment diagrams thus obtained
are shown in Figure.
ML diagram (simple beam
bending moment diagram
due to external loads)

MBA

3
2
A

MAB
Bending Moment Diagram
15

 Assuming that the member is prismatic (EI is constant along the

length of the member) we sum the moments of the area under the
M/EI diagram about the ends B and A, respectively, to determine
the tangential deviations.

M AB L 2 L M BA L L

2 3 2 3 g B

BA

1
=
EI

BA

M AB L2 M BA L2 g B
=

3EI
6 EI
EI

AB

1
=
EI

AB

M AB L2 M BA L2 g A
=
+
+
6 EI
3EI
EI

(4a)

M AB L L M BA L 2 L

2 3 + 2 3 + g A

(4b)
16

 In which gB and gA are the moments about the ends B and A,

respectively, of the area under the simplebeam bending moment
diagram due to external loading (ML diagram).
The three terms in equations (4.a
(4 a & 4.b)
4 b) represent the tangential
deviations due to MAB, MBA, and the external loading, acting
separately on the member, with a negative term indicating that the
corresponding
di tangential
i l deviation
d i i is
i in
i the
h direction
di
i opposite
i to
that shown on the elastic curve of the member.
M AB L2
6 EI

M AB L2
3EI

MAB
A

Tangential deviation due to MAB

17

B
MBA

M BA L2
3EI

M BA L2
6EI
Tangential deviation due to MBA

P
B

gB
EI

gA
EI
Tangential deviation due to External Loading

18

 By substituting the expressions for BA and AB into Eq. 3, we have

M AB L M BA L g B
A =
3EI
6 EI EIL
M AB L M BA L g A
B =
+
+
6 EI
3EI
EIL

(5a )
(5b)

To express the member end moments in terms of the end

rotations, the chord rotation, and the external loading, we solve
Eq. 5 simultaneously for MAB and MBA. Rewriting Eq. 5a as

M BA L 2 M AB L 2 g B
=

2( A )
3EI
3EI
EIL
19

 By substituting this equation into Eq. 5b and solving the resulting

equation for MAB, we have

M AB

2 EI
2
(2 A + B 3 ) + 2 (2 g B g A )
=
L
L

(6a )

and by substituting Eq. 6a into either Eq. 5a or 5b, we have

M BA

2 EI
2
( A + 2 B 3 ) + 2 (g B 2 g A )
=
L
L

(6b )

It indicates that the moments develop at the ends of a member

depend on the rotations and translations of members ends as well
as on the external loading applied between the ends.
ends
20

 Now, suppose that the member under consideration, instead being

a part of a larger structure, was an isolated beam with both ends
completely fixed against rotations and translations, as shown.
A

FEMBA

P
w

A = B = = 0
FixedEnd
Fixed
End Moments

FEMBA

The moments that would develop at the ends of such a fixed beam
are referred to as fixed
fixedend
end moments and their expression can be
obtained by setting A = B = = 0; that is,
2
FEM AB = 2 (2 g B g A )
L
2
FEM BA = 2 ( g B 2 g A )
L

(7a )
(7b )

21

 By comparing Eqs. 6 & 7, we find that the second terms on the

right sides of Eqs. 6 are equal to the fixedend moments.

M AB

2 EI
(2 A + B 3 ) + FEM AB
=
L

(8a )

M BA

2 EI
( A + 2 B 3 ) + FEM BA
=
L

(8b )

Equations (8a &8b), which express the moments at the ends of a

member in terms of its end rotations and translations for a
specified external loading, are called slope
slopedeflections
deflections equations.
These equations are valid for prismatic members, composed of
linearly elastic material and subjected to small deformations.
The deformations due to axial and shear forces are neglected.
22

 The two slopedeflection equations have the same form and either
end of equations can be obtained from the other simply by
switching the subscript A and B.

M nff

2 EI
(2 n + f 3 ) + FEM nff
=
L

(9)

in which the subscript n refers to the near end of the member

where moment Mnf acts and the subscript f identifies the far
(other) end of the member.

23

Members with One End Hinged

The slope deflection equations derived previously are based on the
condition that the member is rigidly
g y connected to jjoints at both
ends, so that the member end rotations A and B are equal to the
rotations of the adjacent joints.
When one of the members ends is connected to the adjacent joint
by a hinged connection, the moment at the hinged end must be
zero.
The slopedeflections equations can be easily modified to reflect
this condition.

24

 With reference
f
t the
to
th previous
i
Fi
Figure
off member
b AB,
AB if the
th end
dB
of the member AB is hinged, then the moment at B must be zero.
By substituting MBA = 0 into Equation (8), we write

M AB

2 EI
(2 A + B 3 ) + FEM AB
=
L

(10a )

M BA

2 EI
( A + 2 B 3 ) + FEM BA
=0=
L

(10b )

Solving Eq.
Eq (10) for B, we obtain

3
L
(FEM BA )
B = +
2 2
4 EI

(11)
25

 TTo determine
d t
i B from
f
th slope
the
l
d fl ti equations,
deflection
ti
we substitute
b tit t
Eq. (11) into Eq. (10a), thus obtaining the modified slopedeflection
equations for member AB with a hinge at end B.

M AB

3EI
FEM BA

( A ) + FEM AB
=

L
2

M BA = 0

(12a )

(12b )

Similarly, it can be shown that for a member AB with a hinge at end

A,, the rotation of the hinged
g end is ggiven byy

3
L
(FEM AB )
A = +
2 2
4 EI

(13)
26

 And
A d the
th modified
difi d slopedeflection
l
d fl ti equations
ti
can be
b expressed
d as

M BA

3EI
FEM AB

( B ) + FEM BA
=
L
2

M AB = 0

(14a )

(14b )

Because the modified slopedeflection equations given by Eqs. (12)

and (14) are similar in form, they can be conveniently summarized
as

FEM hr
3EI

( r ) + FEM rh
M rh =

L
2

M hr = 0

(15a )

(15b )
27

IIn which
hi h the
th subscript
b i t r refers
f
t the
to
th rigidly
i idl connected
t d end
d off the
th
member where the moment Mrh acts and the subscript h identifies
the hinged end of the member.
The rotation of the hinged end can now be written as

3
L
(FEM hr )
h = +
2 2
4 EI

(16)

28

Basic Concept of the SlopeDeflection Method

To illustrate the basic concept of the slopedeflection method,
consider the three
threespan
span continuous beam shown in Figure below.
below
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A

D
20 ft

10 ft

10 ft

EI = constant
E = 29,000 ksi
I = 500 in4

15 ft

Although
Al
h
h the
h structure actually
ll consists
i
off a single
i l continuous
i
beam between the fixed supports A and D, for the purpose of
analysis it is considered to be composed of three members, AB, BC,
and CD, rigidly connected at joints A, B, C, and D located at the
supports of the structure.
29

Degrees of Freedom
Id tif the
Identify
th unknown
k
i d
independent
d t displacements
di l
t (translations
(t
l ti
and
d
rotations) of the joints of the structure. These unknown joint
displacements are referred to as the degrees of freedom of the
structure.
From the qualitative deflected shape of the continuous beam
shown in Figure below,
below we can see that none of its joints can
translate.
30 k
1.5 k/ft
/
C

A
20 ft

10 ft

C C
10 ft

15 ft

The fixed
Th
fi d joints
j i t A and
d D cannott rotate,
t t whereas
h
j i t B and
joints
d C are
free to rotate.
30

Degrees of Freedom
30 k
1.5 k/ft
C

A
20 ft

10 ft

C C
10 ft

15 ft

This beam has two degrees of freedom, B and C, which represent

the unknown rotations of joints B and C, respectively.
The number of degrees of freedom is sometimes called the degree
of kinematic indeterminacy of the structure.
structure This beam is
kinematically indeterminate to the second degree.
A structure without any degrees of freedom is termed
kinematically determinate.
31

Equations of Equilibrium
Th unknown
The
k
j i t rotations
joint
t ti
are determined
d t
i d by
b solving
l i
th
the
equations of equilibrium of the joints that are free to rotate. The
free body diagrams of the members and joints B and C of the
continuous beam are shown.
30 k
1.5 k/ft
C

B
A
20 ft

10 ft

C C
10 ft

15 ft

30 k

1.5 k/ft

MAB

MBA

MCD

MCB

B
B

MBC

MDC
C

C
32

Equations of Equilibrium
I addition
In
dditi to
t the
th external
t
l loads,
l d each
h member
b is
i subjected
bj t d to
t an
internal moment at each of its ends.
The correct senses of the member end moments are not yet
known, it is assumed that the moments at the ends of all the
members are positive (counterclockwise).
The free body diagrams of the joints show the member end
moments acting in an opposite (clockwise) direction in accordance
with Newton
Newtonss law of action and reaction.
reaction
30 k

1.5 k/ft

MAB

MBA

MCD

MCB

B
B

MBC

MDC
C

C
33

Equations of Equilibrium
B
Because
th entire
the
ti structure
t t
i in
is
i equilibrium,
ilib i
each
h off its
it members
b
and joints must also be in equilibrium. By applying the moment
equilibrium equations MB = 0 and MC = 0, respectively, to the
free bodies of joints B and C, we obtain the equilibrium equations

1.5 k/ft

MAB

M BA + M BC = 0

(17a)

M CB + M CD = 0

(17b)

30 k
MBA

MCD

MCB

B M
BA
B

MBC
MBC

C M
CB

MDC
C

C
MCD
34

SlopeDeflection Equations
Th equilibrium
The
ilib i
equations
ti
E (17) can be
Eqs.
b expressed
d in
i terms
t
off
the unknown joint rotations, B and C, by using slopedeflection
equations that relate member end moments to the unknown joint
rotations.
Before we can write the slopedeflection equations, we need to
compute the
h fixedend
fi d d moments due
d to the
h externall loads
l d acting
i
on the members of the continuous beam.
To calculate the fixedend
fixed end moments,
moments we apply imaginary clamps at
joints B and C to prevent them from rotating.
Or we generally provide fixed
fixedsupports
supports at the ends of each
member to prevent the joint rotations as shown.

35

SlopeDeflection Equations
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A

D
FEMAB

FEMBA B FEMBC

FEMCB C

OR
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A
FEMAB

B
FEMBA

B
FEMBC

C
FEMCB

C
FEMCD

D
FEMDC

The fixedend moments that develop at the ends of the members

of this fully restrained or kinematically determinate structure can
easily
il be
b evaluated
l t d by
b using
i the
th fixedend
fi d d momentt expressions
i
given inside the back cover of book.
36

SlopeDeflection Equations
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A

D
50 kft B FEMBC

50 kft

FEMCB C

OR
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A
50 kft

50 kft

For member AB:

B
FEMBC

C
FEMCB

C
FEMCD

wL2 1.5(20 )
FEM AB =
=
= 50k ft
12
12
2
wL2 1.5(20 )
FEM BA =
=
= 50k ft
12
12

D
FEMDC

37

SlopeDeflection Equations
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A

D
k ft
50 kft B 75 kft

50 kft

75 kft
k ft C

OR
30 k

1.5 k/ft
A
50 kft

B
50 kft 75 kft

For member BC:

75 kft

PL 30(20 )
=
= 75k ft
8
8
PL 30(20 )
=
=
= 75k ft
8
8

FEM BC =
FEM CB

38

SlopeDeflection Equations
Th slopedeflection
The
l
d fl ti
equations
ti
f the
for
th three
th
members
b
off the
th
continuous beam can now be written by using Eq. (9).
Since none of the supports of the continuous beam translates,
translates the
chord rotations of the three members are zero (AB = BC = CD
=0).
Also, supports A and D are fixed, the rotations A = D = 0. By
applying Eq. (9) for member AB, with A as the near end and B as
the far end,
end we obtain the slopedeflection
slope deflection equation

M AB

2 EI
(0 + B 0) + 50 = 0.1EI B + 50
=
20

(18a )

Next, by considering B as the near end and A as the far end, we

write

M BA

2 EI
(2 B + 0 0) 50 = 0.2 EI B 50
=
20

(18b )
39

SlopeDeflection Equations
Si il l by
Similarly,
b applying
l i Eq.
E (9) for
f member
b BC,
BC we obtain
bt i

M BC

2 EI
(2 B + C ) + 75 = 0.2 EI B + 0.1EI C + 75
=
20

(18c )

M CB

2 EI
(2 C + B ) 75 = 0.2 EI C + 0.1EI B 75
=
20

(18d )

and for member CD,

M CD

2 EI
(2 C ) = 0.267 EI C
=
15

(18e)

M DC

2 EI
( C ) = 0.133EI C
=
15

(18 f )
40

Joint Rotations
T determine
To
d t
i the
th unknown
k
j i t rotations
joint
t ti
B & C, we substitute
b tit t
the slopedeflection equations Eqs. (18) into the joint equilibrium
equations Eqs. (17) and solve the resulting systems of equations
simultaneously for B & C. By substituting Eqs. (18b) and (18c) into
Eq. (17a), we obtain

(0.2 EIB 50) + (0.2 EIB + 0.1EIC + 75) = 0

or

0.4 EI B + 0.1EIC = 25

(19a )

and by substituting Eqs. (18d) and (18e) into Eq. (17b), we get

(0.2 EIC + 0.1EIB 75) + 0.267 EIC = 0

or

0.1EI B + 0.467 EIC = 75

(19b )
41

Joint Rotations
S l i Eqs.
Solving
E
(19 ) & (19b) simultaneously
(19a)
i lt
l for
f EIB and
d EIC, we
obtain

EI B = 108.46 k ft 2
EIC = 183.82 k ft 2
By substituting the numerical values of E = 29,000 ksi = 29,000(12)2
ksf and I = 500 in.
in 4, we determine the rotations of joints B and C to
be

B = 0.011 radd

or

0 011 rad
0.011
d

C = 0.0018 rad
42

Member End Moments

Th moments
The
t att the
th ends
d off the
th three
th
members
b off the
th continuous
ti
beam can now be determined by substituting the numerical values
of EIB and EIC into the slopedeflection equations (Eqs. 18).

M AB = 0.1( 108.46 ) + 50 = 39.2 k-ft

M BA = 0.2( 108.46 ) 50 = 71.7 k-ft or 71.7 k-ft

M BC = 0.2( 108.46 ) + 0.1(183.82 ) + 75 = 71.7 k-ft

M CB = 0.2(183.82 ) + 0.1( 108.46 ) 75 = 49.1 k-ft or 49.1 k-ft

M CD = 0.267(183.82 ) = 49.1 k-ft

M DC = 0.133(183.82 ) = 24.4 k-ft

43

Member End Moments

T check
To
h k that
th t the
th solution
l ti off simultaneous
i lt
equations
ti
(E 19) has
(Eqs.
h
been carried out correctly, the numerical values of member end
moments should be substituted into the joint equilibrium
equations (Eqs. 17). If the solution is correct, then the equilibrium
equations should be satisfied.

M BA + M BC = 71.7 + 71.7 = 0

Checks

M CB + M CD = 49.1 + 49.1 = 0

Checks

The member end moments just computed are shown on the free
b d diagrams
body
di
off the
th members
b and
d joints
j i t in
i Figure
Fi
on nextt slide.
lid

44

Member End Moments

30 k

1.5 k/ft
A
39.2
39
2
SAB = 13.38 k

71.7
B
SBA

By

B
71.7
71
7
SBC

C
SCB

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
C

SCD

D
SDC

Cy

Member End Shears

The shear forces at the ends of members can now be determined
by applying the equations of equilibrium to the free bodies of
members For member AB,
members.
AB

+ MB = 0

39.2 S AB (20 ) + 1.5(20 )(10 ) 71.7 = 0

S AB = 13.38 k
45

Member End Shears

30 k

1.5 k/ft

39 2
39.2

71.7
B

SBA = 16.62 k
SAB = 13.38 k

By

B
71.7
71
7
SBC

C
SCB

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
C

SCD

D
SDC

Cy

For member AB,

+ Fy = 0

13.38 1.5(20 ) + S BA = 0
S BA = 16.62 k

46

Member End Shears

30 k

1.5 k/ft

39 2
39.2

71.7
B

SBA = 16.62 k
SAB = 13.38 k

71 7
71.7
B

By

SCB = 13.87 k
SBC = 16.13 k

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
C

SCD

D
SDC

Cy

For member BC,

+ MC = 0

71.7 S BC (20 ) + 30(10 ) 49.1 = 0

S BC = 16.13 k

+ Fy = 0

16.13 30 + SCB = 0
SCB = 13.87 k
47

Member End Shears

30 k

1.5 k/ft

39 2
39.2

71.7
B

SBA = 16.62 k
SAB = 13.38 k

71 7
71.7
B

By

SCB = 13.87 k
SBC = 16.13 k

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
C

SCD = 4.9 k

D
SDC = 4.9 k

Cy

For member CD,

+ MD = 0

49.1 SCD (15) + 24.4 = 0

SCD = 4.9 k

+ Fy = 0

4.9 + S DC = 0
S DC = 4.9 k
48

Support Reactions
30 k

1.5 k/ft

39 2
39.2

71.7
B

SBA = 16.62 k
SAB = 13.38 k

16 62 k16.13 k71.7
16.62
71 7

By = 32.75 k

SCB = 13.87 k
SBC = 16.13 k

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
C

SCD = 4.9 k

D
SDC = 4.9 k

Cy

From the free body diagram of joint B, we can see that the vertical
reaction at the roller support B is equal to the sum of the shears at
ends B of member AB and BC; that is

B y = S BA + S BC = 16.62 + 16.13 = 32.75 k

49

Support Reactions
30 k

1.5 k/ft

39 2
39.2

71.7
B

SBA = 16.62 k
SAB = 13.38 k

16 62 k16.13 k71.7
16.62
71 7

By = 32.75 k

13 87 k 4.9 k
13.87

SCB = 13.87 k
SBC = 16.13 k

24.4

49.1

49.1

C
SCD = 4.9 k

D
SDC = 4.9 k

Cy = 18.77 k

The vertical reaction at the roller support C equals the sum of

shears at ends C of members BC and CD.

C y = SCB + SCD = 13.87 + 4.9 = 18.77 k

50

Support Reactions

1 5 k/ft
1.5

30 k

D
B
32.75 k

C
18.77 k

51

Support Reactions
1.5 k/ft

30 k

A
39 2 kkft
39.2
f
13.38 k

D
B
32.75 k

C
18.77 k

The reactions at the fixed support A are equal to the shear and
moment at the end A of member AB.

Ay = S AB = 13.38 k
M A = M AB = 39.2 k ft
52

Support Reactions
1.5 k/ft

30 k
24.4 kft

A
39 2 kkft
39.2
f
13.38 k

D
B
32.75 k

C
18.77 k

4.9 k

The reactions at the fixed support D equal the shear and moment
at end D of the member CD.

D y = S DC = 4.9 k
M D = M DC = 24.4 k ft
53

Equilibrium Check
1.5 k/ft

30 k
24.4 kft

A
39 2 kkft
39.2
f
13.38 k

D
B
32.75 k

C
18.77 k

4.9 k

To check out computations of member end shears and support

reactions, we apply the equations of equilibrium to the free body
off th
the entire
ti structure.
t t
+ Fy = 0
13.38 1.5(20) + 32.75 30 + 18.77 4.9 = 0

Checks

+ MD = 0

39.2 13.38(55) + 1.5(20 )(45) 32.75(35) + 30(25)

18.77(15) + 24.4 = 0.1 0

Checks

54

Shear Diagram
30 k

1.5 k/ft

24.4 kft

39 2 kkft
39.2
f

32.75 k

13.38 k

18.77 k

4.9 k

Using General sign conventions

16.13

13.38

4.9
F

8.92 ft

13 87
13.87
16.62
55

Moment Diagram
30 k

1.5 k/ft

24.4 kft

39 2 kkft
39.2
f

32.75 k

13.38 k

18.77 k

4.9 k

Using General sign conventions

89.7
20.5
A

B
F

24.4
D

39
39.2
2

49.1
1
49
71.7
56

30 k

1.5 k/ft

24.4 kft

39.2 kft

32.75 k
16.13

13.38 k
13.38

18.77 k

4.9 k

4.9
F

8 92 ft
8.92

13.87
16.62

89.7

20.5
A

B
F

24.4
D

39.2

49.1
71.7

57

Analysis of Continuous Beam

Based
B
d on the
th discussion
di
i above,
b
th procedure
the
d
f the
for
th analysis
l i off
continuous beams can be summarized as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Identify the degrees of freedom of structure.

Compute fixedend moments.
In case of support settlements, determine the chord rotations .
Write slope deflection equations.
Write equilibrium equations for each joint.
Determine the unknown jjoint rotations.
Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint
rotations determined in step 6 into the slope deflection equations.
8. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for joints in step 5.
9. Compute member end shears.
10. Determine the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of joints.
11. Satisfyy the equilibrium
q
equations
q
for end shears and support
pp reactions.
12. Draw shear and bending moment diagrams using the beam sign convention.
58

Structures with Cantilever Overhangs

Consider a continuous beam with a cantilever overhang, as shown
in the figure.
w
A

D
B

MCD = wa2/2

Actual Beam

a
w

Statically Determinate Cantilever Portion

D
C
SCD = wa
wa

wa2/2
Actual Beam

A
B

59

Example 1
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the two
twospan
span continuous beam shown in Figure.
Figure

18 k
2 k/ft
B

A
10 ft

15 ft

C
30 ft

EI = constant

60

Solution
1. Degree of Freedom
We can see that only joint B of the beam is free to rotate.
rotate Thus,
Thus the
structure has only one degree of freedom, which is the unknown
joint rotation, B.
18 k
2 k/ft
B

B
10 ft

15 ft

30 ft
EI = constant
61

2. FixedEnd Moments
By using the fixedend moment expressions given inside the back
cover of the book,, we evaluate the fixedend moments due to the
external loads for each member.
FEM AB

Pab 2 18(10 )(15)

= 2 =
= 64.8 k ft
2
L
25

or + 64.8 k-ft
k ft

FEM BA

Pa 2b 18(10 ) (15)
= 2 =
= 43.2 k ft
2
L
25

or 64.8 kk-ft
ft

FEM BC

wL2 2(30 )
=
=
= 150 k ft
12
12

FEM CB = 150 k ft

or + 150 k-ft
or 150 k-ft

Counterclockwise FEM are positive, whereas clockwise FEM are negative.

62

3. Chord Rotations
Since no support settlements occur, the chord rotations of both
members are zero;; that is,, AB = BC = 0.
4. SlopeDeflection Equations
To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint rotation,
B, we write
it the
th slope
l
d fl ti equation
deflection
ti for
f the
th two
t members
b off
the structure by applying Eq. (9).

M nf

2 EI
(2 n + f 3 ) + FEM nf
=
L

(9)

since the supports A and C are fixed, the rotations A = C =0.

63

4. SlopeDeflection Equations
SlopeDeflection Equation for Member AB

M AB

2 EI
2EI
( B ) + 64.8 = 0.08EI B + 64.8
=
25

(1)

M BA

2 EI
(2 B ) 43.2 = 0.16 EI B 43.2
=
25

(2)

SlopeDeflection Equation for Member BC

M BC

2 EI
(2 B ) + 150 = 0.133EI B + 150
=
30

(3)

M CB

2 EI
( B ) 150 = 0.0667 EI B 150
=
30

(4)
64

5. Equilibrium Equations
Th free
The
f
b d diagram
body
di
off joint
j i t B is
i shown
h
i Figure.
in
Fi
18 k
2 k/ft
B

18 k
MBA
MAB

MBA

2 k/ft

MCB

B
MBC

MBC

Member
b
end
d moments, which
h h are assumed
d to be
b
in
counterclockwise direction on the ends of members, must be
pp
in ((opposite)
pp
) clockwise direction on the free bodyy of the
applied
joint in accordance with Newtons Third Law.
65

5. Equilibrium Equations
The free body diagram of joint B is shown in Figure.
18 k
MBA
MAB

MBA

2 k/ft

MCB

B
MBC

MBC

By applying the moment equilibrium equation MB = 0 to the free

body of the joint B,
B we obtain

M BA + M BC = 0

(5)
66

6. Joint Rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations, B, substitute the slope
deflection equations
q
((Eqs.
q 2 & 3)) into the equilibrium
q
equation
q
((Eq.
q
5).

(0.16 EI B 43.2) + (0.133EI B + 150) = 0

or
0.293EI B = 106.8
from which
EI B = 364.5 k ft 2

67

7. Member End Moments

The member end moments can now be computed by substituting
the numerical value of EIB back into the slopedeflection
p
equation
q
(Eqs. 1 to 4).
M AB = 0.08( 364.5) + 64.8 = 35.6 k ft
M BA = 0.16( 364.5) 43.2 = 101.5 k ft

or

101.5 k-ft

M BC = 0.133( 364.5) + 150 = 101.5 k ft

M CB = 0.0667( 364.5) 150 = 174.3 k ft

or

174.3 k-ft

Positive answer for an end moment indicates that its sense is

counterclockwise, whereas a negative answer implies a clockwise
sense. As MBA and MBC are equal in magnitude but opposite in
sense, the equilibrium equation MBA + MBC = 0 is satisfied.
68

18 k
2 k/ft
/
B
35.6

101.5

101.5

101.5

101.5

174.3

8. Member End Shears

The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium
of each member, are shown in figure below
18 k
2 k/ft
B
A
35.6
35
6
8.16

101.5
9.84

101.5

101.5

B
101.5
101
5
27.57

174.3
32.43
69

9. Support Reactions
The reactions at the fixed support A and C are equal to the forces
and moments at the ends of the members connected to these
joints. To determine the reaction at roller support B, consider the
equilibrium of the free body of joint B in the vertical direction.

B y = S BA + S BC = 9.84 + 27.57 = 37.41 k

ANS

18 k
9.84 27.57

2 k/ft

B
A
35.6
8.16

101.5
9.84

101.5
37.41

101.5

B
101.5
27.57

174.3
32.43
70

9. Support Reactions
The support reactions are shown in figure below.

18 k
2 k/ft
/
B

174 3 kft
174.3

35 6 kkft
35.6
ft
37.41 k
8.16 k

32.43 k

71

10. Equilibrium Check

To check our calculations of member end shears and support
reactions,, we apply
pp y the equations
q
of equilibrium
q
to the free bodyy
of the entire structure.
18 k
2 k/ft
B

C
174.3 kft

35.6 kft
37.41 k
8.16 k

32.43 k

+ Fy = 0
8.16 18 + 37.41 2(30) + 32.43 = 0

Checks
72

10. Equilibrium Check

To check our calculations of member end shears and support
reactions,, we apply
pp y the equations
q
of equilibrium
q
to the free bodyy
of the entire structure.
18 k
2 k/ft
B

C
174.3 kft

35.6 kft
37.41 k
8.16 k
10 ft

32.43 k
15 ft

30 ft

+ MC = 0
35.6 8.16(55) + 18(45) 37.41(30 ) + 2(30 )(15) 174.3 = 0.2 0 Checks
73

11. Shear Force Diagram

18 k
2 k/ft
B

C
174.3 kft

35.6 kft
37.41 k

8.16 k

32.43 k

27.57
8.16
A

16.2 ft

E
9.84
32.43

74

11. Bending Moment Diagram

18 k
2 k/ft
B

C
174.3 kft

35.6 kft
37.41 k

8.16 k

32.43 k

88 7
88.7
46
A

B
D

35.6
101.5

174.3

75

Example 2
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the continuous beam shown in Figure.
Figure

60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B
10 m

C
5m
2I

5m
2I

EI = 200 GPa
I = 700 (106) mm4

76

Solution
From figure we can see that all three joints of the beam are free to
rotate Thus the beam have 3 degrees of freedom,
rotate.
freedom A, B, D.
The end supports
pp
A and D of the beam are simple
p supports
pp
at
which no external moment is applied, the moments at the end A of
the member AB and at the end D of the member BD must be zero.
60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B
MBA

A
MAB = 0

C
MDB = 0
D

B
MBD

77

Solution
The ends A and D can be considered as hinged ends and the
modified slope
slopedeflection
deflection equations can be used.
used
FEM hr
3EI

( r ) + FEM rh
M rh =

L
2

M hr = 0

(15a )
(15b )

The modified SDE do not contain the rotations of the hinged ends,
by using these equations the rotations A, and D of the simple
supports can be eliminated,
eliminated which will then involve only one
unknown joint rotation, B.
60 kN

15 kN/m
A

D
B

78

1. Degree of Freedom
B
2. FixedEnd Moments
15(10)
=
= 125 kN m
12
2

FEM AB

or + 125 kN-m

FEM BA = 125 kN m

or 125 kN-m
kN m

60(10 ) 15(10 )
=
+
= 200 kN m
8
12
2

FEM BD

or + 200 kN-m

FEM DB = 200 kN m

or 200 kN-m
60 kN
15 kN/m

D
B

C
79

3. SlopeDeflection Equations
Si
Since
b th members
both
b
off the
th beam
b
h
have
one end
d hinged,
hi d we use
Eqs. 15 to obtain the slopedeflection equations for both members.

M AB = 0

ANS

M BA

3EI
125

( B ) + 125
=
= 0.3EI B 187.5
10
2

(1)

M BD

3E (2 I )
200

( B ) + 200 +
=
= 0.6 EI B + 300
10
2

(2)

M DB = 0

ANS
60 kN
15 kN/m

D
B

C
80

4. Equilibrium Equations
By considering the moment equilibrium of the free body of joint B,
we obtain the equilibrium
q
equation
q
MBA

B
MBD

M BA + M BD = 0

(3)

5. Joint Rotation
To determine the unknown joint rotation B we substitute the SDE
((Eqs.
q 1 &2)) into the equilibrium
q
equations
q
Eq.
q 3 to obtain
81

6. Joint Rotation

(0.3EI B 187.5) + (0.6 EI B + 300) = 0

or
0.9 EI B = 112.5
from which
EI B = 125 kN m 2
7. Member End Moments
The
h member
b end
d moments can now be
b computed
d by
b substituting
b
the numerical value of EIB into the slopedeflection equations
((Eqs.
q 1 & 2).
)
82

8. Member End Moments

M BA = 0.3( 125) 187.5 = 225 kN m

or

225 kN-m

M BD = 0.6( 125) + 300 = 225 kN m

ANS
ANS

9. Member End Shears and Support reactions

60 kN

97.5 127.5

15 kN/m

15 kN/m

B
A

225
97.5

52.5

225

225

225

127.5

By = 225

82.5

60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B

52.5 kN

C
225 kN

82.5 kN

83

10. Equilibrium Checks

60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B

52.5 kN

C
225 kN

82.5 kN

+ Fy = 0
52.5 15(20 ) + 225 60 + 82.5 = 0

Checks

+ MC = 0
52.5(20 ) + 15(20 )(10 ) 225(10 ) + 60(5) = 0

Checks

84

11. Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B

52.5 kN

C
225 kN

82.5 kN

127.5
52.5
52.5
E

16.2 ft

C
7.5

3.5 m

97.5

82.5
85

11. Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

60 kN
15 kN/m
A

D
B

52.5 kN

C
225 kN

82.5 kN
225

91.88

D
C

225

86

Example 3
Determine the member end moments and reactions for the three
span continuous beam shown,
shown due to the uniformly distributed
load and due to the support settlements of 5/8 in. at B, and 1.5 in.
at C, and in. at D.

2 k/ft
A

D
B
20 ft
f

C
20 ft
f

20 ft

EI = 29,000 ksi
I = 7,800 in.4
87

Solution
1. Degree of Freedom
Four joints of the beam are free to rotate,
rotate we will eliminate the
rotations of simple supports at ends A and D and use the modified
SDE for member AB and CD respectively.
The analysis will involve only two unknown joint rotations, B and
C.
2 k/ft
A

D
B

88

2. Fixed End Moments

2(20 )
=
= 66.7 k ft
12
2

FEM AB = FEM BC = FEM CD

or + 66.7 k-ft

FEM BA = FEM CB = FEM DC = 66.7 k ft

or 66.7 k-ft
k ft

3. Chord Rotations
The specified support settlements are shown on a exaggerated
scale.
2 k/ft
A

D
B
A

C
C

B
AB

5
in.
8

BC

D
3
in.
4

1
1 in.
2

CD
C

D
89

3. Chord Rotations
2 k/ft
A

D
B
20 ft

20 ft

5
in.
8

BC

0.0521
= 0.0026
20

20 ft
C

B
AB

AB =

BC

D
3
in.
4

1
1 in
i .
2

CD

0.0729
=
= 0.00365
20

CD =

1.5 0.75
= 0.00313
(12)20
90

4. Slopedeflection Equations
M AB = 0
M BA =

3EI
( B + 0.0026) 100 = 0.15EI B + 0.00039 EI 100
10

M BC =

2 EI
[2 B + C 3( 0.00365)] + 66.7
20

= 0.2 EI B + 0.1EI C + 0.0011EI + 66.7

M CB

M CD

2 EI
[2 C + B 3( 0.00365)] 66.7
=
20

ANS

(1)

(2)

= 0.1EI B + 0.2 EI C + 0.0011EI 66.7

(3)

3EI
( C 0.00313) + 100 = 0.15EI C 0.00047 EI + 100
=
20

(4)

M DC = 0

ANS
91

5. Equilibrium Equations
MBA

M BA + M BC = 0

B
MBC

MCB

M CB + M CD = 0

(5)
MCD

((6))

6. Joint Rotations
By substituting the slopedeflection equations (Eqs. 1 4) into the
equilibrium equations (Eqs. 5 & 6), we obtain

0.35 EI B + 0.1EI C = 0.00149 EI + 33.3

0 1EI B + 0.35 EI C = 0.00063EI 33.3
0.1
substituting EI = (29,000)(7,800)/(12)2 kkft
ft2 into the right sides of
the above equations yields
92

6. Joint Rotations

0.35 EI B + 0.1EI C = 2,307.24

(7)

0.1EI B + 0.35 EI C = 1,022.93

(8)

By solving Eqs. (7) and (8) simultaneously, we determine the values

of EIB and EIB to be

EI B = 6,268.81 k ft 2
EI C = 1,131.57.81 k ft 2
7. Member End Moments
To compute the member end moments, substitute the numerical
p
equations
q
values of EIB and EIC back into the slopedeflection
(Eqs. 1 4) to obtain
93

7. Member End Moments

M BA = 427.7 k ft

or

427 k-ft

ANS

M BC = 427 k ft

ANS

M CB = 808 k ft

ANS

M CD = 808 k ft

or

808 k-ft

ANS

8. Member End Shears and Support Reactions

81.79

41.38

2 k/ft

B
A
1.38

427.7

41.38

2 k/ft

808
C

427.7

81.79
By = 123.17
123 17

20.4

41.79
808

2 k/ft

C
41.79

Cy = 62.19

20.4

60.4

94

8. Member End Shears and Support Reactions

81.79

41.38

2 k/ft

B
A
1.38

427.7

41.38

20.4

41.79
808

2 k/ft

2 k/ft

808
C

427.7

81.79

41.79

By = 123.17
123 17

Cy = 62.19

20.4

60.4

2 k/ft
k/f
A

1.38 k

D
B

123.17 k

62.19 k

60.4 k

95

9. Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

2 k/ft
A

1.38 k

123.17 k

62.19 k

60.4 k

81.79
41.79
A
1.38

D
B

C
20.4

41.38
60.4

96

9. Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

2 k/ft
A

1.38 k

123.17 k

62.19 k

60.4 k

808.2

D
B

427.6

97