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SPE 28688
Decline Cuwe Analysis Using Type Cuwes--Analysis of Oil Well Production Data Using Material Balance Time:
Application to Field Cases
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BRIEF SUMMARY
This paper presents rigorous methods to analyze and interpret
productionrate and pressuredatafromoil wellsusingtypecurves
to perform decline curve analysis. These methodsare shownto
yield excellent results for both the variable rate and variable
bottomholepressurecases, withoutregardto the structureof the
reservoir (shape and size), or the reservoir drive mechanisms.
Remits of theseanalysesincludethefoilowing:
Reaewoirpmpe!ti~
- Skin factorfornearwelldamageor sdmtdation,s
- Formationpermeability,k
. In-placefluidvolumes:
- Originaloil-in-place,N
- Movableoil at currentconditions,NP,mv
- Reservoirdrainagearea,A
We have thoroughly verified these analyses and interpretation
methodsusing both syntheticdata and numerousfieldexamples.
In addition, we provide illustrativeexamplesto demonstratethe
ease of analysisand interpretation,as well as to orientthe reader
as to what am the benefitsof rigorousdeclinecum analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The importanceof performingaccurateanalysisandinterpretation
of reservoir behavior using only rate and pressure data as a
function of time simply can not be overemphasized. In most
cases, these will be the only data available in any significant
quantity,especiallyforolderwelisandmsrginsilyeconomicwells
where both the quantity and quality of ~ types of data are
iimited. The theoretics applicationof this techniqueis for newer
wells, at pressuresabovethe bubblepoitt~aithoughweshowthat
the methodsdescribedherecan be accuratelyappliedat any time
duringthe depletionhistoryof a psrtictdarweIi.
The developmentof modemdeciinecurveansiysisbeganin 1944
whenA@ pubiisheda comprehensivereviewof previousefforts
for the graphicsi anaiysisof productiondeclinebehavior. In that
work, Arps developeda family of functionalrelationsbasedon
the hyperbolicdeclinemodelforthe analysisof flowrate&ts.
~t) =
Hyperbalk (tkkl)
~t] =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(1)
qi
[l+bD#]l/b
Harmonic: (b=l)
~ieXp(-D#)
g(f) = &
.....................(2)
or in terms of q@
Np(t) = ~[qi-q(t~ ...................(6)
~yperbofic:(*1)
N~t) =
qi [] - (l+bDit)l-l/b].. .(7)
(1-b)Di
or in termsof q(t)
Harmonic (b=l)
N~t) =
~til+D$)
..................(9)
or in tmns of q(r)
$= m-+bP,,
where Ap
.=&
= pi - pwp
~d
............................................................(12)
b,.,=141.2#&(-$-&-]
SPE 2t$bW
N~q ..........................................................(l4)
The analysismethodderivedfrom Eq. 11was observedto work
beat when rate changes were small, that is, when the transients
inducedby rate changesdo not obscurethe boundary-dominated
flowbehaviorfor long periodsof time. Eq. 11wasderivedusing
..
--...1.12
A.
A~ tqm.t
=Ie
C&S, and verified by
me. -,..UmLZKCMML
- s ~4 w, -0..comparison to the Muskatls solution for a bounded circular
reservoirand by the analysisof simulatedwellperformancedata.
Continuing in a chronological fashion, we note that in 1987
Fetkovich,et ap presenteda seriesof fieldcasestudiesevaluated
by declinecurveanalysisusingtypecum%. In additionto several
excellent field examples, the authora also gave commentary
regardingthe analysisand intmpretationof productiondatausing
declinetypecurves.
One of the majorconclusionsof the Fetkovich,et af7 study was
LI=o~p~efi LML
MCantdvsis of transientproduction ddta using
the Arps hyperbolic equatk
~ invalid. Transientflow theory
states that the flow rate profile should be concaveup, and as a
declining function, the Arps stems are concave down--which
clearly poses an inconsistency in both the analysis and
interpretationof transientflow data. A curiousdevelopmentwas
the emergence in the industry of a rule-of-thumbduring the
1970aand 1980swhere it was suggestedthat an Arps stem of
b>l should be used for the analysia of transient flow data.
However, from the previous arguments it is obvious that this
roleis withoutfoundationand will ultimatelyleadto erroneous
resultsas WMas incorrectinterpretations.
Put in a practical sense, transient flow data (productiondata
functionswhichare concaveup) shouldneverbe usedto estimate
resmoir volume. Specifically, Fetkovich, et al suggest that
m.servoirvolumesand volume-relatedflowcharacteristicsshould
not be estimated using declinecurve analysisk.fore boundary~- :-. -~ fIfiw
fidlv exis~q
(nrnductiondata exhibit a concave
uVmAiJaLu
... . .-..=
--.&r...
downwardsbehavior).
In 1991 Blasingame, et ap expanded on the earlier work of
McCray~ to develop a time function that would transform
productiondata for systems exhibitingvariablerate or pressure
dropperformanceintoan quivalent systemproducedat a constant
bottomholepressure. The motivationof this effortwas to create
an equivalent constant pressure analysis formulation for the
anrdyaisof variable-ratehsriablepressuredrop productiondata.
Unfortunately,the solutionprovidedby Blasingame,et al, while
theoreticallyconsistent is somewhatdifficultto applybecausethe
approachappearsto bevety sensitiveto ematicchangesin rateand
pressure.
However,the B1aaingame,et aP study providedboth insightand
motivation for the development of a more robust and less
complicated approach to analyze and interpret variableratehariable pressure drop production data, which ultimately
resultedin our presentefforts.
McCray$proposedthe followingrelationas a definitionforthe
quivalent constantpressuretime:tcp
;=
Exponential: (b=O)
DataUsingMaterialBalanceTime:
. .. .. . ... . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. (13)
q&
NJ)=
d. .......................................... (15)
b~t) /[1
o Add
McCrayprovideda recursive-typetrapezoidalmle formulationto
solve Eq. 5 for tcp In addition, Blaaingame,et aP provideda
seriesof derivativefonmdationsfor computingrcp As WSCtiVf2
as the concept of an equivalent constant pressuremodel is, the
computational aspects of its application are unsatisfactory,
espccirdtyforapplicationto fielddatawitherraticvariationsin the
rateand bottomholepressureprofiles.
The utility of the tc concept is aignificanlgiven the use of the
Fetkovich6Wlquid&OW)and Carter14Js(gas flow) type curves
for analysis of production data, and given tlds potential, we
SPE 28688
m-+bP,,
~=
where Ap = pi
- pwf
~d
Reservoir prOJ)Wtit?S
[m-+
bps]
Rearranging.thisresultgives,
=F&i
bpss
Ap
_4k=-
[1+Dit]
(q/Ap)inr
k
41c+i
....................(19)
%%%
...................................................(20)
q~=FkJ
and
-\ A-
W=(q;:xnt
&
wherethe(q/@)inrtermis definedss
Di = &
bp~~
Skinfactorfornearwelldamageor stimulation,s
. Formationpermeability,k
In-placefluidvolumes
- Origiiai r2i!4n=p!ace,
N
. Movableoil at cunentconditions,Np,tMV
- Reservoirdrainagearea,A
..................................................(23)
.................................................(16)
[W-+ bpss]
DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-Analysisof
OdWellproduction
DataUsingMateriatBalanceTime:
.. ...-.
.An____
Appltcauonto rlela uuses
of ~
Vtititilf%
%%%2
ii~Vt?
.............................. (25)
tm= 0.00633~~
@@ [ln r~ - *]
In a similar fashion, the qm function is given in terms of
dimensionlessvariablesas
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (26)
qDrf=[~rcD-+]~D
..412(L=.
is
tm*
.............................. (29)
d In(m)
where Eq. 29 can be reducedto the followingresultas shownin
AppendixB
qw = qlmi-qDd ............................................... (30)
T. .*tiriitiOn.... we
*.
.7- i~trodu~
.- -- &e dimensionlessrate derivativefunction, q~, whichis definedas
qw=_J!mL=.tw$112
!Ji ...............................(31)
Unfortunately,we do not expectEq. 31 to be of muchuse in the
analysis of productiondata due to the volume of randomemor
found in productiondat&wheretheserandomerrorswfiIordybe
magnifiWbythe differentiationprocess.
In orderto developthe Fetkovich/McCraytypecurve,we require
valuesof the solutionfora wellproducedat a constantbottomhole
pressure, qD as a functionof dimensionlesstime, tD,which are
c~n COnve@ to r~ and qm Using Eqs. 24 and 26 respectively.
Ilmse q~@) valuescanbe obtainedfromtablesin vanEverdingen
and Hurstls or using numerical inversionlg of the Laplace
transform solution developedby Matthewsand Russell.~ fhe
Lrrptacetransformsolutionforconstantrateproductionfor a well
centeredin a boundedcimdar teservoiris givenby Matthewsand
Russell~ as
SPE 28688
2. ~
Our approach in this study is to work with the pressure drop
nor@ized rate function, q/Ap, in order to be completely
.-* me.rneOrygivcit
--- --- -. -:..-.. L..
consMent wtui
uy c
~. 1L
~u. nli.
-v ...o~~~~ V#iii
followthis convenuonthroughoutthe text,includingcaseswhere
continuouslymeasumdbottomholepressuredataarenotavailable,
and we use the initial reservoirpressure,pi, as the normalizing
condition.The pressuredropnormalizedratefunctionis givenby
!q!Ap)= A
~~~d~
.............................................(35)
tjo AP
4h!M!..i4!i!M.
. .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . (36)
(q/Ap)~= - d ~j
di
SPE 28688
(9dMP(@hP=W(q@f
@(h...................
(37)
SolvingEq. 37 for the oil-in-place,N, weobtain
N.di.k!!@k
%
(nAJIP
. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (38)
(9dfP
rateintegralderivativefunction,(q/Ap)~.
=142W%%I
bp,3.& ..................................................(40)
. .
4. ~
The relations given below are used to estimate volumetricattd
flow characteristicsof the reservoir based on the results of the
typecurvematchandtheavaiiablewelldata.
ReservoirDrainageArea:
A = 5.6148 ~
.. . . . .. . ... . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . ... . ... .. . (41)
& (l-~wirr)
ReservoirDrainage Radiux
re =
~=1+p[*]~:&]
....................(44)
IrnxhtcibleWaterSaturation
2. Initialscreeningof fieldproductiondatausingsemilogand
log-logplots
Timeminitializationof theproductiondata
performintegralandintegralderivativedstasmoothing
DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingType--Analysis
of OilWellproductionDataUsingMaterialBshnce Time:
Applicationto Fieldcases
Smctlyrigorousapproach (requiresPWIdI@
Sem--analyticalapproach:
Drainageradius,re
Net pay thickness,h
Porosity,#(fraction)
~ucible watersaturation,Swirr
OngmaInommalwellspacing
Formationpermeability,k
Original-oil-in-place,
N
FluidProperties:
Oit formationvolumefactor,B
Oil viscosity,p
Totalcompressibility,q
SPE 28688
= 744.7 f[
= 10ft
= 0.20
= 0.00
= 40 acres
=lmd
= 564,210STB
= 1.1RB/STB
= l.ocp
= 2O.OX1O-6
psi-l
ProductionParameter
= 4000 psia
InitialmSCrVOir
pESSUrC, pi
Curve~
The semilog and log-log productionplots, togetherwith the rate
functionplots are shownfor the two simulatedcasesin Figs.3-8.
The rate function, (qhp). rate integml function.(@p)i, ad fsE
integralderivativefunction,(qhp)ti are plotted versusmaterial
balancetime,~,on the FetkovichtMcCraytypecurveas shownon
Fig. 9 (constantpressurecase)andFig. 10(variable-rate/pressure
case). The boundary-dominatedportionof the ratefunctionsare
forcematchedon the 6=1 (harmonic)declinestemas dictatedby
theory for the use of materialbalancetime, and the appropriate
match points are taken. The dimensionless drainage radius
matchingparameter,r~, is estimated fromthepositionof thedata
on the transientflowtypecurvestems. me r~ parameteris then
usedto estimateformationpermeabilityandakmfactor.
We obtainedexcellenttype curvematcheson both the transient
stems(forearly-timedata)as well as the depletionstems(forlate
time or boundarydominatedflowdata),as shownon Figs. 9 and
10. The drainage area, total and movable oil volumes,
permeability, and skin factor estimated by type curve analysis
exactly matched the input data to the simulator,verifyingour
approachfor bothcases.
Type Curve Match FetkovichlMcCray Type Curve (Radial
Flowin a BoundedReservoir).
~
ConstantBottomholePressure@lg.9)
MatchingParamettxr~ = 3000(est.)
[tQ.&p = 1.0
[iMP = 1270.6days
[4*P
= 1.0
Cmigbia:-i2Wn-Haee:
N.dhd@d!&
Verkble
pW.with
multipleshut-ins
vukbk
llm.o
15.0
1000
vuiabk
2C0.O
210.0
310.0
410.0
6rn:o
varkbk
23CQ
1300
vukble
2000
700
Varkbti
1000
300
200
100
100
O.olml
520.0
620.0
630.0
720.0
Iwo.o
2m3.o
4000.O
0.0
vukbk
.0.0
vukbk
vukbk
6.0
vukbk
vuiebk
vukbk
verieble
= 0.25 ft
.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (38)
CtMMP (QM)MP
N = (1270.6days)(O.00888STB/D/psi)= Sa Zlo Sm
*
20x 104 psil
Resemoir DrainageArea:
A .5.6148
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . (41)
@l(l%!iwi~)
r~
. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . ..(43)
= 0.2482 ft
FormationPermeability
~=ldl.+~~[~]~:~] ....................(44.
k= 706 (1.0 cp)(l.1 RB/#?B)
(loft)
In
SPE 28688
(4)(1,742,359ft2)
(ow888) = ~~d
(1) 1
][
[ (1.781)(31.62)(0.2482ft)2
SkinFacttx
s = - lj~)
1.u2wL\
s OO.
-t ().25 )
Since most weiis are not iisiialiy prorhdcedat 2 constant
bottomhole pressure indefinitely, we developed our second
verification case with multiple rate and pressure changes
(includingshut-ins). This case morecloselymodelsactualfield
performanceand shouldbeconsideredrepresentativeof the types
of production histories for which our methodologies were
developed.
_
v~~h!e B~ttomho!ehum
with
MultipleShut-ins(Fig. 10)
MatchingParatnetecr~ = 3000(esL)
[t&p
= 1.0
[~p = 1270.6days
[4LnlMP= 1.0 [q/@~p = 0.00888S-fB/D/pal
---
Curve~
Tlten%wdta
forthesecondcasearecalculatedsimilarly
N = 564,210STB
A = 40.0 acres
re = 744.7 ft
rwa = 0.2482 ft
k = l.Omd
s = 0.0
~
(Figs.11-16)
P1OLSof calculatedaveragepressure,~d, normalizeddaiiy rate,
(q/Ap),and daily rate, q, versuscumulativeproduction,NP, were
constructedto estimatethe movableoil volume,NP,mov Extrapolationof theplotteddatato theN axisinterceptyieldsmovable
volumesof between46 and47 M( TB for both verificationcases.
The simulated estimate for movable oil was slightly less
(approximately45 MSTB).
Theseextrapolatedvaluesrepresentthe movableoil volumeat the
time whenall reservoirenergyhas beendepleted.Thesevolumes
are usually alightlyhigherthan the actualfieldvalueof movable
oil due to the practicalandeconomicinabilityto producea wellto
such a low pressurelevel.
Whenbottomholepressuresare available,the~d or (q/Ap) plots
should be used to estimate NP,mow Even without bottomhole
pressure data, the plot of q versusNP has been shown to yield
accurateeatitnatesof NP,moW
Np,mov
=45.0
Np,mov
=46.0
MSTB(simulation)
-47.0 MSTB(movableoil plots)
100) = 8.33%.
Iscw.
Thesimulatedcasesprovidean excellenttest for theutilityof the
typecurveanalysismethod.The resultsof thetypecurveanalysis
and materialbalanceanalysisare essentiallythe sameas the data
inputto the simulator. Ourmethodwasahownto workwellfora
varietyof producingscenariosinvolvingboth variablerates and
variable bottomhole pressures, which gives us confidence in
applyingthesemethodsto fielddatacases.
Field Data Cases
Thisworkincludesfieldcasesfromthe followingareas:
kW2ti9n
&elY&Li.tbJ@
WestTexas
Carbonate(Dolomite)
Carbonate(Chalk)
SouthCentralTexas AustinChalk
WestTexas
Sprdxrry
clastic (TurWtite)
OffshoreQdifornia LowerRepetto Clastic(TttrMdite)
-.1116~-....t:fi,
.-d ~,tsi;w nf nrnductinn data vties for mch of the
Uf WULJ -*U
field cases, and the analysis of each case presents unique
challenges. The types of fieiti production data rivaiiabk for
analysisirklude
Singlewelldailyrateandbottomholepressuredata
~---.,
y--
-----
--
. Singlewelldailyratedatawithsurfacetubhtgandcasing
pltXs~ data
Average monthly production data allocated on a tract
basis~th no boaomholepressuredata
For many of the wells we analyzed,the rock, fluid, and other
pertinent formation properties were unknown and had to be
estimated.lle fluidpropertieswereestimatedusingtheavailable
field data and from cordations providedin the fiuitiproperties
moduleof a commercialsoftwarepackage.n
We suggest that fluid properties be evaluated at an average
preysurewhenthereservoiris betweenthe initialandbubblepoint
pre.saurea,and at a pressurejust abovethe bubblepointwhenthe
reservoirpressureis belowthe bubblepoint. Ourexperiencehas
shownthat these practicesyield the best resultswhenusing this
approach.Due to thedtificuhyin obtainingrepresentativevalues
of certain fluid properties,we suggest reportinga value for the
Ncf product. This approachallows each individualanalyst to
supplytheirownestimatesof fluidpropenies,andto providetheir
owninterpretationof thecalculatedresults.
In addition to difficulties in obtaining representative fluid
f-r O report ~ Witt!2 fO~ the
thicknessproduc~kh, in place of permeabilitybecausewe lack
accurateestimatesof net pay tldcknessfor each of the ~aervoirs
analyzedin this work. However,to be consistent,we do present
penneabilitiesanddrainageatwtabaaedon estimatedvaluesof net
paythicknessforallcases.
The inability to complete all results with a high degree of
confidence is not related to the analysis or interpretation
methodologieswe present,but rather,to a lack of reservoirand
fluiddatawithwhichto completethesecalculations.We use this
opportunityto pointout theimportanceof earlyandcompletedata
collection.
North Robertson Unit (Ch2arfc@, Mm
Cc., TX
The North Robertson(Ckarfork) Field (Fig. 17)was developed
on a nominal 40 acre well spacing beginning in 1956. The
dominant reservoir producing mechanismfor the original 141
wellswassolutiongas drive. The initialreservoirpressurein the
LowerClearfork(LCF)wasestimatedto be 2800psia. As pan of
an infill drillingand waterfloodprojectbegunin 1987,116new
wells were drilled, reducing well spacing to 20 acres, and
resultingin uniform40 acre5-spotpatterns. Original-oil-in-place
was estimated to be approximately230 MMSTE,with primary
po prrte s,
we
a im
fx e k.
~~e ~biiit~-
.
.
Umt ~.
ReservoirPr9pcrties:
Wellboreradms,rW
=
Estimatedgrosspayinterval
=
Estimatednet pay thickness,h
=
Averageporosity,#(fraction)
=
Averageimeduciblewatersaturation,Swim =
Averageformationperrncabfity,k
<
original nominalwellspacing
=
Curnmtnominalwellspacing
=
.
0.31ft
1300ft
250ft
0.08
0.25
l.Omd
4oacr&
20 acres
SPE 28688
~
(Fig.22)
We nowconsiderthe typecurvematchingof the rate, (c@p), rate
integral,(q/@)i, and mte integral derivative,(q/Ap)i~,functions
plottedversusmaterialbalancetime,i, on the Fetkovich/McCray
typecurve. The threemtefunctionsare forcematchedon theArps
6=1 (harmonic)dedne stemas before,and the appropriatematch
pointsare obtained.
To obtainthebest typecurvematch,thedatawasreinitializedat a
timeof 549days. Afterreinitiali=tion,weobtaineda goodmatch
on the depletionstemsand a uniquematchon the transientstems
at an r~ value of 160. From the log-log productionplot (Fig.
20),we notethat the transientflowperiodhad notendedat a time
of 549 days,and the transientmatchshould be valid. Usingthis
dimensionless radius and the time and rate match points, we
calculatevaluesfor in-placeoil, drainagearea, permeability,and
skin.
Type Curve Match Fetkovich/McCmy Type Curve (Radial
Flowin a BoundedReservoir).
MatchingPararnetecr~ = 160
[~p = 3300days
[f*p
= 1.0
[9*P
= 1.0 [q/Apkp = 0.019STB/D/psi
: (Rg.22)
Curve~
Baaedon our estimatedvalues for total compressibilityand net
pay tidcknesswe find
Net = 62.7 STBlpsi
N = 3.13 MMSTB
A = 35.02 SCKeS
re = 696.9 ft
kh = 19.61 md-ft
k =0.08 md
s = -2.6
~
(Fig. 23)
Due to the lack of bottomholepressuredata, it is not possibleto
use ~mlplottedvemusNP to estimatemovableoil. Instead,we
plot the daily oil rate, q, versus NP to find the movable oil
volume. The extrapolationof this line to the NPaxis intercept
y&&d~p~eo~blevolumeat the timewhenall mswoir energyhas
Fluid Propemex
= 1.30RB/sTB
= 1.3ocp
= 12.oxlti psi-l
= 20.oxlo-~psi-i
= 2800psia
Flowingbottomholepressure,pwf
unknown
NRU Well No. 4202
Figure 18 shows the locationof NRU Well 4202 with respectto
its weUpattern and the unit. Tlds well was drilledin 1962,and
completedin both the LowerandUppmClearfork. Thewellwas
stimulatedwith 3,000gallonsof acid,and hydraulicallyfmctured
with 60,000gallonsof fracturingoil and 90,000poundsof 20/40
aand. The well initiallytested at 141 STBO/D. It had produced
approximately207 MSTB as of July 1994. Semilogand log-log
productionplots shownin Figs. 19and 20 indicatethattherewere
no significant rate fluctuationsduring primaryproduction. Itis
interestingto note the decreasein declinerate at approximately
5* days of producingtime. This stabilizingof the production
rate may be a responseto an adjacentwaterfloodprojeetthat was
initiated during the same time period. The responseto the unit
waterfloodcan be seen at approximately9,000days,whenthe oil
rate incmsed sharply.
SPE 28688
the calculated skin factor was -3.7. Both of these values are
consistentwith the valuesobtainedfromour analysis,althoughit
should be noted that the calculations for drainage area,
permeability,and skin factorare adverselyaffectedby thelackof
an accuratevalueforthe netpayinterval.
NRU Well No. 1004
Figure24 shows the locationof NRU Well 1004with respectto
its well pattern and the North Robertson Unit. The wetl was
drilled in 1960,and completedin the Lower,Middle,and Upper
Clearfork. It has producedapproximately135.5MSTBas of July
1994. The semilog and log-logproductionplots shownin Figs.
25 and 26 indicatethat there were severalrate variationsand an
extendedperiodof an apparentlyconstantproductionrateduring
primary depletion. Due to the fact that the productiondata is
allocatedmonthlyon a tractbasis,webelievethattheratebehavior
between5,500 and 10,000days may not representthe wellstrue
depletion behavior. In order to achieve the best estimate of
original oil-in-place, and the correct type curve match, only
productiondata priorto 5300 dayswasusedin ouranalysis.
.
curv~
: (Fig.28)
The p~oductionrate functionsare plottedversusmaterialbalance
time,r,on the Fetkovich/McCraytypecurveandforcematchedon
the b= I (harmonic) decline stem. Upon further review, we
reinitializedthe dataat a timeof 336days at whichpointthewell
achieveda stabledeclinerate. Afterminitialization,we obtaineda
goodmatchon the b=l depletionatcmsas welIas a uniquematch
on the r~800 transientstem. From the log-logproductionplot
@lg.26), VVe
note that the transientflow-periodhadnot yet ended
at 336 days,and thereforethe transienttypecurvematch-isvalid.
TyP Curve Match Fetkovich/McCray Type Curve (Radial
Ftowin a BoundedReservoir).
MatchingParametecr~ = 800
[tap
= 1.0
[JMp = 2000days
[91MlMP= 1.0 [q/@kP = 0.013STB/D/psi
Cmve ~
From our estimatesof totalcompressibilityandnet pay thickness
we fmd
Net = 26.0 STi3ipsi
N = 1.30MMSTB
A = 14.52acres
re = 448.7 ft
kh = 18.41md-ft
k = 0.07 md
s = -0.6
~
~lg. 29)
As with well NRU 4202, we again plot the daily oil production
rate, q, versus NP to estimate the movable oil volume. The
extrapolationof the straightline portionof this datato theNPaxis
interceptyieldsthe movableoil volumeat thetimewhenatl of the
reaetvoirenergyhas beendepleted. Ourresultsindicatethatthere
were approximately105MSTB of primarymovableoil, and 75
h4STBof secondary movable oil (using the averagesecondary
declinefor the unit). The analysisof the secondarydeclinetrend
may be inconclusive due to a lack of secondary production
history, however, we estimate that approximately44 MSTB of
_ fi.,amhla
nil mmdnd
]llly !$)$)4.
WC
.- Q. ..
.... ----ae nf
. .-.
105.0MSTB(primary)
75.0MSTB (secondary)
Recovery Factor = 8.08%(primary)
=5.77% (secondary)
Np.mov
Np,mov
The analysis techniquesused for this well show that the analyst
must be carefulwhenmajorevents,such as longshut-inperiods,
or questionableproductiondataaffecta wellsproducinghistory.
If a goodwell historyis available,the analysisand interpretation
can be accuratelyperformed.The resultsof ourtypecuwe match
as well as our materiatbalanceanalysisindicatethat the well is
draininga verysmall area and may requirestimulation,although
the primaryrecoveryfactorestimatedfromthis anatysisis typical
for wellsin the unit.
Sprayberry Trend, West Texas
This particularSpraberryreservoirwas initially developedon a
nominal80 acre well spacingand additionalout-of-patterninfill
wetlsweresubsequentlydrilledthroughoutthe field. The originat
reservoir producing mechanismwas solution gas drive, but is
presentlygravitydrainageand waterfloodin certainareasof the
fil-lfl
....
The SpraberryTrend in this field consists of two distinctzones
(Upperand Lower)with gross sandintervalsof 150to 600 ft and
330 fq respectively. The averagetotat net sand intervalfor the
wellsin thisfieldis approximately190ft. The averageporosityis
about9 percentandpermeabiliticsareextremelylow(<e 1red).
After approximately30 years of primary production,a limited
waterfloodwas initiatedin certainareasof the field,but has had
limitedsuccessdue to the suspectedpresenceof preferentialflow
paths within this reservoir. While it is probablethat the lack of
waterfloodcontinuityis due to reservoirheterogeneity,it is also
probablethat thereis a low sweepeftlciencydue to communica*A.
fif .h. ydmtjli~
frsc~m~
~tw~n
indtidud
We~S.
-s. .
-s..
---l%e original-oil-in-placefor thii reservoiris estimatedto be 112.8
MMSTB. The estimates for primary and secondary ultimate
recoveriesare 1.9percentand 1.7percent,respectively,although
individualwell primaryrecove~ factorsrangeas highas 7 to 10
percentfor Sprabemymacrvoirsin general Theinitiatpressurein
thismaervoirwasestimatedto be 2650psia.
In this case, only monthly oil production data is availablefor
analysis. In addition,we haveno accuraterock,fluid,or bottom
hole pressure data available for analysis. Since bottomhole
pressuredataare not availablewe assumedpWf= O,whichmeans
thattheratefunctionterm,(q/Ap), was actually (q/Pi).
Pro~
ReservoirPropemk.r
Estimatedwellboteradius,rW
Averagenet paythickness,h
Averageporosity,@(fraction)
EstimatedirreduciblewaterSSL,Sw.~~
Averageformationpermeability,k
Originalnomimdwellspacing
=
=
=
=
<<
=
0.3 ft
190ft
0.09
0.30
1.0md
80acres
FluidProperties:
Averageoil formationvolumefactor,B
Averageoil viscosity,P
Initialtotalcompreaaibitity,cri
Averagetotatcompressibility,c1
=
=
=
=
1.33RB/sTB
0.9Cp
12.4x106psi-l
18.3x10-6psi-l
ProductionParonteters
Initiatteservoirpressute,pi
= 2650psia
Flowingbottomholepressure,p~~
Unknown
Spraberry Well A
Thiswellwasdrilledin 1957and completedin boththeupperand
lower sections of the Spraberry. The well has produced
approximately123 MSTB as of September 1993. The scmilog
and log-log productionplots shown in Figs. 30 and 31 indicate
that the oil rate varied significantly during the later stages of
primarydepletion. llte rate integraland rate integralderivative
functionsreducethe affectsof the datascatterevidenton the rate
functionprofde@lg.32). This smoothingallowsfora bettertype
curvematchevenforratedatawitha highdegreeof scatter.
DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-Anslysisof..
OitWell
. Production DataUsingMaterialBalanceTime:
10
: @lg. 33)
Curve~
The (q/Ap), (q/Ap)i, and-(ghp)id rate functionsare plottedversus
material balance time, f, and then force matched on the b= 1
(harmonic)declinestemas dictatedby theory. Uponobtaininga
matchof the dataand thetypecmvetrends,the appropriatematch
~ va]~e for the
. . ., then
.... .. nht~~n
..
pdlrtt Va:iies are taken. WI=
dimensionlessdrainageradhIsmatchingparameter,r~, which is
used to estimate permeabilityand skin factor. The matchof the
tatc functionson the r#2 transientstemis excellen~
Type Curve Match Fetkovich/McCrayType Curve (Radial
Flowin a BoundedReservoir).
MatchingParametecr~ = 12
[~p = 8500days
[t&p
= 1.0
= 0.0069 STB/D/psi
1.0
[q/ApkP
[qRflMP=
Curve~
Usingour estimatesof totalcompre.ssiiiiiity
andnet pay thickness
we fmd
NC1= 58.65 STB/psi
N = 3.20 MMSTB
A
re
kh
k
= 45.90 acres
= 797.8 ft
= 2.024 md-ft
=0.01 md
= -5.4
(Fig.34)
Since we again lack bottomholepressuredata, we plot daily oil
productionrate, q, versus IVpto estimatethe amountof movable
oil. Theextmpolationof thislineto theNPaxisinterceptindicates
that the total primarymovableoil volumeis 160MSTB,and tit
there were approximately 35 MSTB of primary movable oil
remaining in the wells drainage area as of September 1993.
presently,thereis insuffkientdataavailableforcommentas to the
volumeof secondaryoil thatmaybe produced.
Np,mov = 160.0MSTB
Recovery Factor = 4.99%
The results of the typecurvematchandmaterialbalanceanrdysis
SPE 28688
Estimatedwellboremdius,rW
Estimatednetpaythickness,h
Averagepotosity,# (fmction)
lMhtcxI irreduciblewaterSSt.,Swirl
Avemgeformationpermeabfity,k
= 0.25 ft
= 3ooft
= 0.05
= 0.30
= 0.01 -1.3 md
FluidPropem.eE
Avemgeoil formationvolumefactor,B
= 1.35 RB/sTB
Avemgeoil viscosity,P
= 0.45Cp
Initialtotalcompmssibility,cfi
= 16.4xI0-Spsi-l
Avemgetotalcompressibility,cl
= 21.OXIO-S
psi-l
n-J..--23....-...-.
rrvuudiun
rurumcux
a.
Initi# reservoirp~ure, Pi
= 3326psia
Flowtngsurfacembmgpressure,PWI
= 80 psia(7/94)
Barton Lightsey Well No. 64
This well was drilled and completedin 1991,and has produced
approximately330.5 MSTB of oil as of July 1994. The well
presentlyhas a dailyoil mtc of 102STB/D,a producingGOR of
5275 scf/STB,and a watercut of 9%. The semilogand log-log
productionplots shown in Figs. 35 and 36 indicatethat the oil
productionmte startedout veryhighand thendeclinedrapidly,as
would be expectedfrom a dual porositysystem (fmcturdmatrix
drainage).
Afterapproximately500 daysof production,the wellwasplaced
. meAL&b
l:f% .-A *ha 4+1 nrmhmtinn
mte hw.mav~
0,16$U
WIUu. .. y.**9.....
. ...-. ~~~q)!~ f~~.rn. ~70
STB/D to about 400 STWDbeforeresumingthe initial decline
rote. The mteintegralandrateintegralderivativefunctionsshown
in Fig. 37 wereslightlyaffectedby periodicmtevariationsat early
producingtimes. The availabdityof dailyproductionandsurface
pressure data improvesour chancesof obtaininga unique type
curvematch.
~
(Fig.38)
ASbfom, (q/~p), (q/Ap)i, ad (q/@)idSMplottedversusmaterial
balancetime,Z,andmatchedon theFetkovich/McCraytypecurve.
Fmm Fig. 35, we see that dueto numerousratechangesandshutin periodsearly in the wellslife, it is difficultto obtaina unique
match on the transientflow stems. To improveour chancesfor
obtaininga matchof the transientdata,we minitialti thedatato
SPE28688
[9/APhffp = 031s~~@i
of totalcompressibilityandnet payttdcknesswe
Net = 102.3STB/psi
N = 4.87 MMSTB
A = 80.73acres
re = 1058.0ft
kh = 68.67 md-ft
k = 0.23 md
s = -5.0
~
(Rgs.
39-41)
Plots
Np,mov
360.0MSTB(withgas lift)
11
100.0MSTB
DeclineCurveAnatysisUsingTypeCuwea-Analysisof 011WellProduction
DataUsingMaterialBalanceTime:
Aj@catimiwFiild -
12
SPE 2g688
Wellboreradius, rw
=
Net pay thickness,h
=
Averageporosity,#(fraction)
=
Averageimeduciblewatersaturation,SWim=
Averageformationpermeability,k
<
Originalnominalwellspacing
=
0.146ft
120-150 ft
0.25
0.35
3.0 md
40 acres
FluidProperlleX
Averageoil formationvolumefactor,B
Averageoil viscosity,K
Initialtotalcompressibility,cfi
Averagetotalcompressibility,c1
PamnuterK
Iflitial XWMXVOh P-lWC,
=
=
=
=
1.42RBISTB
2.ocp
10.OX1O6
psi-l
1LOxl@ psi-1
Prd4ction
Welldeviation
pi
= 5900paia
= 50-60
= 1.0
[@PhtP
= o.068 s~~lwi
Using the results of our type curve analysis along with our
estimatesof total compressibilityand net pay thicknesswe have
developedthe followingresults
Net =401.2 STWpsi
N = 36.5 MMSTB
A = 273.82acres
re = 1948.5ft
kh = 17.36 md-ft
k =0.12 md
s = -8.1
~
(Figs.55-57)
In this case,we estimateconsistentvaluesof movableoil fromthe
plots of (q/Ap) and q versus NP,which yield about 1.0MMSTB
total recovery. However, the ~d versus NP plot predicts
approximately1.7MMSTBof movableoil volume, In an attempt
to maolvethis discrepancy,we considerthat the ~d functionis
difficult to interpret relative to the actual pressurelevel in the
reservoir.
13
SPE 28688
. . ..
. . . ..-
Formationand FluidPammeters:
A=
drainagearea,ft2
B=
formationvolumefactor,RB/STB
cl
= totalsystemcompreaaibility,psi-l
C(i
=
=
!=
stir~
k
re
rW
rmu
=
=
=
=
initialtotalsystemcompmsibility,psi-l
porosity,fraction
formationthickness,ft
inducible watersaturation,fraction
formationpermeability,md
reservoirdrainageradius,ft
wellboreradius,ft
apparentwellboreradius(includesformationdamage
or atimuhuioneffects),ft
fluidviscosity,cp.
=
P
Pressur@ate/Tii ParameteW
b
= Fetkovich/Aspsdeclinecurveexponent
bpss
Di
m
=
=
(q/AP)iti =
=
k
=
constantin thepseudoateady-state
equationforliquid
flow,as definedby Eq. 13or Eq. A-4
constantdefinedby Eq. 19,D-1
constantin thepseudoateady-state
equationforliquid
flow,as definedby Eq. 12,psilSTB
constantdefinedby @. 18,STB/D/psi
oil flowrate,mm
originaloil in ptace,STB
DeclineCum AnalysisUsingTypeCurves-AnalysisofOilWellProductionDataUsingMaterialBalanceTime:
Applicationto Fieldcases
)+/P . cumulativeoil production,STB
Np,mov = movableoil, STB
= pressure,psia
E=
averagereservoirpressure,psia
~
Pabn = averagereservoirpressureat abandonment
conditions,psia
Pi
= initialreservoirpressure,psia
Pwl = flowingbottomholepressure,psia
Ptt
= flowingsurfacetubingpreawm,psia
Ap = PrPwf*P~u~ dropspsi
= radialdistance,r
r
= time,days
t
N#q, materialbalancetime,days
i=
tq
= equivalentconstantpmasuretimeas definedby
McCray8,days
= dummyvariableof integration
r
.
.
RcaJDomain
~
reservoirshap factor
EulersConstant= 0.577216 ...
dimensiordeasdeclinecumulativeproduction
function
circumferenceto diameterratio= 3.1415926 ..
lr
*
Ap, ~enaiortks
pressure functionfor
PD
the;onstant flowratecase
BP
q, dimensionlessflowrate function
1412 kh(p,.pw)
forthe conitait wellborepressurecase
dimensionlessdeclineratefunctionas definedby
Fetkovich
dimensionlessdeclinerateintegralas definedby
hi
McCray
dimensiotdmsdeclinerateintegralderivative
mid
timction as definedby McCray
*= dimensionlessradius
&mensionkssdrainageradiusof rcaervoir
akinfactorfornearwelldamageor stimulation
dimensionlesstimebasedon drainagema
dimensionlesstimebasedon wellboreradius
dimensionlessdeclinetimeas definedby Fetkovich
.
~.
bphlce TmnsformDomain
~D = LapIacetransformof dimensionlesspressun forthe
constantflowratecase
=
Laplacetsansformof dimensionlessrateforthe
~D
constantwellborepressurecase
u
= Laplacespacevariable,dimensionless
md
2.
3.
i
id
= ~&@
= integal derivative
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledgethe permissionto publishfielddataprovidedby
Fhta Oil and Chemical,Co. (westernDivision,USA),
Mobil Explorationand Producing,U.S., Inc.,
UNGCALCorporation(CoastalCaliforniaDivision),and
UnionPacificResourcesCo. (UPRC).
160,228-247.
4.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
= calculated
E
= dimensionlessdeclinevariable
MP = matchpoint
pss = pacudosteady-state
SPE 28688
Tmw
. J ~
P,,
u%~~
: .AMq~!y~~~ of
~~~
~~!!
SPE 28688
.................................................(A.l)
bp=1412w%k)l
.........................(A-4)
*.~~+pss ..............................................(A-5)
f? Nc,
where
i.+
.......................................(A-7)
bpss 1 +-i
IVC@pSS
Eq.
15
q=$
(P-Pwh-&NP
y-int.mept = #PI-Pw)
Np ..................................... (A-12)
bpss N@pss AP
Eq.
y-intercept = ~
bpss
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-14)
=%atq/Apa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-15)
x-intercept = %
[1Ap *OV Ap
Unfortunately,this method does not yield a direct estimateof
NPmow However,we can employ a semi-empiricalapproach
that uses a plot of q/Ap versus Np from which the movableoil,
Np,moWMestimated from the linear extrapolationof the q/Ap
ttend to thex-axisinterceptat q/Ap=O. l%is approach,while not
completelyrigorous,shouldprovideaccurateestimatesof NP,mOv
whilealso fdtenngthe influenceof variableratesandpressures
This is simply an intermediate recommendation and further
researchon this topicis warranted.
DeciineCurveAnaiysisUsingTypeCurves-hsdysis of Od WeiiPrmluctionDataUsingMatexiaiBakmceTime:
Applicationto FieldCases
16
~ k? ..~J$
Ncl
(A-1)
1
= -g
@:~
hnftnmlplp
SPE 28688
AC shnwn
~y
Eh!~g-ECO~Qrn.~&ZS
. . . . . . .. . . y. .= - .. - . . ..
Rarney.17
The term harmonic decline
Ihponentiak (b=O)
Hyperbolic (04<1)
Hamwnic: (b=l)
m=
............3)....(B-3)
is givenby
t~
q~?) dt ........................................(B-4)
Jo
The differentcasesfor the dimensionlesscumulativeproduction,
NPLM,
functionare givenas
NPZM
=
Ihponentiak (b=O)
NPLM= [1-q~]
Hyperbolic: (Ocbcl)
. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ...(B-6)
Np~ = #l.
[l+b#-@]
1-
or in termsof ?Mand q~
Np~ = *[1
.
. . . ..(B-7)
q~d (1 +brM)l...(ItI)I)
or in termsof q~
NPW = ~[1
.
Harnwnic (b=l)
-q&b] . .. .. . .. .. . . ..(B-9)
Mi;9w)=
-wg~)...
(iijij
MIC!
9Ddi
!W=L
~m
hi
dr .......................... (B-12)
q~r)
9Lkii
~[1-exp(-t~)l
~w
or in termsof q~
Wklt = -L[l.
*m
.......(B-13)
qM].............(B-14)
---
c.-. - .. -----
Lb
SPE28688
Hyperbolic: (kb<l)
~w
UOUDlek
= -1_ d_[I.
trn l-b
r.h.
ranae,
ms
L(l-
/1*
h\l
~M
= _L~l+t~)
or in termsof q~
. . .. . . .. ..(B-18)
tDA =0.m33*
@c/i
17
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(C.2)
t~ = 0.00633~
.d!mL=.tw*
..tM-A..##
..(B.19)
()
d ln(t~]
Or if we use the def~ition of the cumulativeproductionfunction,
NPLM,
we have
.
.-,4
T A Rl!i@ino!tm
cwu . ..=. A-M-..fF..-
. . . . .. .. ..(B.17)
tm
9Ddi = &@qN)
. ...
[ l+btj(l- I@]
............................ (B-15)
or in termsof q~
qM
- 1--..11
L .J. m.umm,
#/@@
pl -L
eYCAr&
[1
.......................(C-4)
w=1412aw%k?)l*
mqm&m
.......................................(C-6)
9Ddl.=l,m o
t~
1
Expandingthe derivativeandredueinggives
..1
!?LMdmo
q~t) dr- q~
. . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . (B-20)
.A12r
L=.
9M
qWi=141.2&~h
.............................(c-7)
(q/@)i ....................(C-8)
e yCAr$a
[1
and
qDdid=141.2#~ln
~
[1
(q/Ap)id. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . ..(C-9)
i
J
i%[ii-@4&f+b)l-q~
............................
where
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-22)
(q/Ap)i= ~
Hyperbolic (Ml)
toAp
==
Harmonic (b=l)
t&R&
d ln(tm)
The dimensionalformsof thesemhtions aregivenby
(B-23)
qDfM = -&(l+t
Dd)-qDd...24)4)
=@&J2mDA=l*2D
,---
bycAdtz]
. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . (c-l)
and
4@Ml=.#@Ap)J
.......................(C-11)
(q/Ap)~= - d ~(d
d;
Curve Ma@@@mWE
This procedureassumesthatwehaveaccuratemeasuredratesand
pressures as a function of time. Unfortunately,pressuresare
usually not available, so for the purposes of analysis and
;-+--.**.*;*...- -.., h..,- *na.m,,mm
* *n@*st
nmee,lm Arnn
MILG&~lGUXUU1l, W- LIMAJ U-VU
U -O USbSb.E -u1.a_alb ~SVU-UL- U. VP
@IIIL
Ap=pl-pW(.when PWIis assumedto be constantwith time.
The assumptionof a constantpressuredrop poseslittle difficulty
in the analysis--althoughthis assumption may cause errors in
interpretation.
1. Compute the material balance time function from the
productionratedata. This functionis givenby
i= N~q . . . ... . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . (C-12)
2. Computethe flowrateand flowrateintegralfunctionsusing
the material balance time function. These functions are
givenby
(q/Ap)= h=
..................................(C-13)
DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-AnalysisofOilWellProductionDataUsingMaterialBalanceTime
18
w
................... [P-1
.. --,
d ln(~
&
A minorcomputationalissueis that the datamustbeSQU@
._ . .
c..-..,:-- Iul
tm- PIUIJCU
..-~~-- -albulmL.ull
..eln,,ls~;tim
fif thm
m teriiis Of he i UIIIWIUII
w. ~.w
integral andintegralderivativefunctions.
Plot
q/Ap, (q/Ap)i, and (ghpkj versus ~on a scaledlog-log
3.
grid. Force match the data trends onto the Arps b= 1
(harmonic) stem on the Fetkovich/McCraytype curve.
-oral the timeand rateaxismatchpointsas wellas the
matched transient r~
stem.
Xfthematerialbalancetimefimction,~,is correctlycalculatedthen
a scaled log-log plot of q/Ap versus z will exactly overlaythe q~
versus r~ trend for a harmonic decline on the Fetkovich/
Mccraylotypecurve. Oncea matchof thedataandthetypecurve
has beenObtied: the time andrateaxismatchpointscank used
to developthe followingrelationsfor bPWandN
~
-Ja2fk
P$z- [q/Ap~
N= l&(q/Apb
.. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. (C-17)
c1(bJIVtP (9DJMP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(C-20)
and
s =-
r~
~
4)rw
(C-21)
. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .... . .. . .. (c-22)
SPE 28688
19
SPE 28688
10
I*
,N*
Id
lti
1:
:
:-~
-%I!?SS-=2E2===
i- k---------
,.O
---------------------------
1000
t
moo
1
zooo
I
0
tow
40C0
SM-ine).
Figural
.Fatkwkhqodarld
%ddvJP@QJfJ-.
1$~
10
10
tow
I
1
I
#
10+
16
ld
,
7
1
1
10
~N$
-1
10
FlgJre 8- RateFmoflonsforSbnufated
CeeeW(variablePWWIUI
----
lti
. -------1
0
---------1
SOO
F19re3-serIIuog
.1
lWO
. . . . . . . ..- ---------I
tc%
..........
Zom
--i-
Shut-ha).
.... .
$0
3mo
J
~
d=ppk-1
I
Ik
10
I&
10*
-Oateforsirnutatad cuoml
ComtaIM P- . FtadM FiOWType ~M.
Figure
9Metchot~
Figure4- LqFLqI ProdxUm Pbf for SlrnulatedCaee #l (Constantpd.
W. 1
W
ld
10
I
1
w%
-r
1
1
.-1-
lti
d
81 (~
pd.
DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-Analysisof OdWellProductionDataUsingMaferialBalanceTime:
Applicationto FieldCases
1
tm.
IE!!Ezl:
.- .
---c
wooo
WA
w ,
a 8.aJl.a-
N,,STS
mm~
L-m
F-11
I
O.mot
SPE 28688
E!!Eiim
,,
-----
w.:
-.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
Esfimstim
fromNonnsliARsteHistoty.
Ie4&i:_J2.:eLK
tm4
&
Ie
1604
i
1
4202
@Of
A
----
4
1
1901
l
SEC.
q+_T!f
.0
mom
N,.STS
loioo
S&m ___S&o
%.~
4&o
Soioo
lfl-
10
t
ld
Lx
F@m16-Mcwsbfe
Oil EsffmetionfromCaic@Uedpti.
21
SPE 28688
I
1o
.I
Ill
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