ShipRight SDA SloshingLoadsAndScantlingAssessment

ShipRight
Design and construction
Structural Design
Assessment
Sloshing Loads and

Scantling Assessment
May 2004
ABCD
Lloyds Register Marine
Business Stream
71 Fenchurch Street
London
EC3M 4BS
Telephone 020 7709 9166
Telex 888379 LR LON G
Fax 020 7488 4796
Document History
Document Date:
Notes:
October 1994
New document
November 2001
Intranet user review version
July 2002
General release.
Notice 1
October 2002
Revisions as identified in History of Development up to

January 2004.
Revisions as identified in Structural Design Assessment
Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, Changes
incorporated in May 2004 version.
May 2004
Lloyd's Register, its affiliates and subsidiaries and their respective officers, employees or
agents are, individually and collectively, referred to in this clause as the Lloyd's Register
Group. The Lloyd's Register Group assumes no responsibility and shall not be liable to any
person for any loss, damage or expense caused by reliance on the information or advice in this
document or howsoever provided, unless that person has signed a contract with the relevant
Lloyd's Register Group entity for the provision of this information or advice and in that case
any responsibility.
Lloyds Register Marine Business Stream is a part of Lloyds Register.
Lloyds Register,2004
Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004
PROCEDURES MANUAL
Chapter Contents
LLOYDS REGISTER
Introduction
Scope of Procedure
Fluid Sloshing Phenomena
Definitions
Units
Data Requirements
Levels of Assessment
Loading Conditions and Ship Motions

Sloshing Analysis
Level 1 Sloshing Pressure Determination
10
11
12
Post-Processing of SDA Fluids Data
13
Strength Assessment
PROCEDURES MANUAL
Chapter Contents
14
Acceptance Criteria
15
Applications
References
Appendices
A
Examples
Natural Frequencies of Structural

Components
Determination of Equivalent Uniformly

Distributed Loading
SDA Fluids Data File

DYN_STAT Data File & Output
LLOYDS REGISTER
PROCEDURES MANUAL
Contents
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Summary
LLOYDS REGISTER
Section
Introduction
CHAPTER
SCOPE OF PROCEDURE
Section
Scope of Procedure
CHAPTER
FLUID SLOSHING PHENOMENA
Section
Sloshing Waves
Section
Sloshing Induced Loads
CHAPTER
DEFINITIONS
Section
Filling Factor Coefficient
Section
Fluid Natural Period
Section
Tank Depth
Section
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Maximum Lifetime Ship Motions

Ships Natural Rolling Period
Ships Natural Pitching Period
Maximum Lifetime Roll Angle
Maximum Lifetime Pitch Angle
Maximum Lifetime Heave Amplitude
Maximum Lifetime Sway Amplitude
Maximum Lifetime Vertical Acceleration
Centre of rotation
Section
Effect of Wash Bulkhead on Sloshing Pressures
Section
Pressure at Tank Corners
Section
Pressure in Tapered Tanks
CHAPTER
UNITS
Section
Units
CHAPTER
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Section
Data Requirements
17
19
PROCEDURES MANUAL
Contents
CHAPTER
LEVELS OF ASSESSMENT
Section
Pressure Determination
Section
Sloshing Criteria
Section
Critical Fill Range
Section
Level 1 Assessment
Section
Level 2 Assessment
Section
Level 3 Assessment
Section
Structural Capability
CHAPTER
LOADING CONDITIONS AND SHIP

MOTIONS FOR SLOSHING ANALYSIS
Section
General Considerations
Section
2
2.1
Loading Conditions
Unrestricted Filling Levels Unspecified Sea-Going Loading Conditions
Restricted Filling Levels Unspecified Sea-Going Loading Conditions
Unrestricted Filling Levels Specified Sea-Going Loading Conditions
Restricted Filling Levels Sea-Going Loading Conditions
2.2
2.3
2.4
21
Section
3
3.1
3.2
Level 2 Sloshing Assessment Parameters

Level 2 Ship Motions
Level 2 Fill Range
Section
4
4.1
4.2
Level 3 Assessment Parameters

Level 3 Investigation Fill Range
CHAPTER
LEVEL 1 SLOSHING PRESSURE

DETERMINATION
Section
10

DETERMINATION
Section
Smooth Rectangular Tanks
Section
Smooth Hopper Tanks
CHAPTER
23
27
29
LLOYDS REGISTER
Contents
CHAPTER
11

DETERMINATION
Section
General
Section
Limitations and Assumptions of SDA Fluids

Program
Section
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Data Preparation
Mesh Spacing
Fitting the mesh to the tank
Boundary Conditions
Including Internal Tank Structure
Properties of the Fluid
Pressure Output Sampling Points
Ullage Pressure
Sloshing Excitation Spectrum
Time Control
CHAPTER
12
POST-PROCESSING OF SDA FLUIDS DATA
Section
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Sloshing Simulation Quality Assurance Procedure

General
Minimum Quality Assurance Post Processing
Requirements
Inconsistencies and Applied Results
Section
Pressure Pulse Time Averaging Scheme
Section
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Dynamic and Static Pressures

Conversion of Dynamic Pressure to Static
Pressure
Response Calculation
Pressure Conversion Procedure
Section
Structure Natural Frequency Calculation
Section
Force and Couple
Section
Pressure Applied to Internal Structural Members
13
STRENGTH ASSESSMENT
Section
Pressure and Stresses
Section
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Collapse Analysis Procedures for Clamped

Stiffened Panels
Description
Assumptions and Limitations
Applied Loads
Output
Minimum Factors of Safety
CHAPTER
Section
LLOYDS REGISTER
PROCEDURES MANUAL
33
41
47
PROCEDURES MANUAL
Contents
Section
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Girder Structural Analysis Procedure

Finite Element Analysis
Analytical Structural Analysis
Applied Loads
CHAPTER
14
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Section
Strength based acceptance criteria
Section
Service based acceptance criteria
15
APPLICATIONS
57
REFERENCES
59
61
CHAPTER
55
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
EXAMPLES
Section
Level 1 Investigation
Section
Section
APPENDIX
NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Section
Natural Frequency of Plate
Section
Natural Frequency of Plate Stiffener
Section
Effect of Submergence
Section
4
4.1
4.2
Dynamic Load Factor Charts

Gradually Applied Load
Triangular Pulse Load
APPENDIX
DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADING
Section
General
Section
Determination of Equivalent Uniformly

Distributed Loading
Trapezoidal Distributed Loading
Arbitrary Distributed Loading
2.1
2.2
APPENDIX
SDA FLUIDS DATA FILE

DYN_STAT FILE & OUTPUT
85
93
97
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 1
SUMMARY
Introduction
Summary
Section 1: Introduction
Summary
This document describes the ShipRight SDA Sloshing

procedure for the assessment of boundary structures of
partially filled tanks and liquid carrying holds. Three levels
of assessment are defined, each requiring a different
approach to the estimation of likely maximum sloshing
pressures.
Level 1 assessment is based on equivalent static loads
resulting from lifetime angular motions.
Level 2 assessment uses the SDA Tank Assessment program
(10603) to determine the pressure on the tank boundaries.
Level 3 assessment uses the SDA Fluids finite difference
program to determine sloshing pressures on the tank
boundaries and internal structural elements.
The strength assessment is based on safety against collapse.
The calculations may be carried out using the SDA Ultimate
Strength program (10604).
Section 1: Introduction
1.1 Where partial filling of tanks and liquid carrying

holds is required, the likelihood of sloshing from both the
ship rolling and pitching is to be investigated. Sloshing is
defined as a dynamic magnification of internal pressures
acting on the boundaries of the tank to a level greater than
obtained from static considerations alone.
LLOYDS REGISTER
1.2 For any tank design, dimensions, internal stiffening

and filling level, a resonant period (or frequency) of the
fluid exists, which, if excited by ship motions, can result in
very high pressure magnifications.
1.3 The purpose of this procedure is to enable the
determination of lifetime maximum design sloshing
pressures for anticipated filling levels, tank position within
the ship and ships loading conditions.
1.4 The estimated dynamic pressures may then be used
to determine the scantlings necessary to prevent structural
collapse using appropriate structural collapse theory in
association with defined criteria.
1.5 A typical sloshing investigation is illustrated in the
flow chart in Figure 1.1.
1.6
The procedure is divided in two parts :
1.
2.
Assessment of pressures on tank boundaries

Scantling determination and acceptance criteria
Note:
LNG tanks in partial filling conditions exhibit a complex
behaviour of the fluid as a result of the possible change of
phase of the fluid under high velocity impacting with a
boundary, and 3D effects resultings from the chamfered
geometry of the tank top. It is considered that both the
SDA Tank Assessment program (10603) and SDA Fluids
yield a realistic behaviour of the fluid flow level of
pressures, for fill LNG levels which do not involve impacts
on the tank top.
Chapter 1
SERVICE ACCEPTANCE
CRITERIA
SECTION 1
Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment for

Tanks Partially Filled with Liquids
SHIP DATA
SDA Tank Assessment
Program (10603)
PERIODS CALCULATION
STRENGTH ACCEPTANCE
CRITERIA
LEVEL OF ASSESSMENT
DETERMINATION
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
PROCEDURE
GUIDELINES
SDA Tank Assessment

Program (10603)
SDA Fluids
SDA Ultimate Strength

Program (10604)
SDA Ultimate Strength

Program (10604)
PRESSURE
CONVERSION
?
YES
DYN_STAT
NO
ACCEPTANCE
CRITERIA
NO
SATISFIED
?
YES
Figure 1.1
Sloshing Investigation Flow Chart
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 2
SECTION 1
Scope of Procedure
Section 1: Scope of Procedure
Section 1: Scope of Procedure
1.1 The procedure applies to tanks and liquid carrying

holds of arbitrary shape filled with liquids with the
exception of spherical or cylindrical tanks which need to be
specially considered. In addition, some tanks, by virtue of
their shape, size or degree of internal stiffening, will not be
subjected to sloshing loads. If any such tank is likely to be
partially filled, the reasons for exclusion from the
investigation should be stated and agreed by Lloyds
Register. In general, sloshing calculations need not be
performed for peak tanks or bunkers.
1.2 Any scantlings derived as a result of this procedure
are to be regarded as additional to the Rule requirements
for full tanks and liquid carrying holds.
LLOYDS REGISTER
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 3
SECTION 1
Fluid Sloshing Phenomena

Section 1: Sloshing Waves
Section 2: Sloshing Induced Loads
Section 1: Sloshing Waves
1.1.1 As the tank oscillates, different sloshing waves will be

created depending on the fill depth and frequency of
oscillations. An infinite number of different modes of liquid
motion may occur depending upon the conditions of
excitation and fill depth. However, it is possible to divide
the sloshing phenomena into the following four categories
to describe the observed modes shown on Figure 1.1.
Hydraulic Jump
This Phenomena, which might be considered as a special

case of a travelling wave, is characterised by a discontinuity
(jump) in the surface, forming a vertical front which travels
periodically back and forth in the tank.
Combination Wave
A combination of standing waves and travelling waves.
Standing Wave
The movements of the liquid particles on the surface are
essentially vertical, the surface having one or more nodes
where practically no vertical surface displacement takes
place. Standing waves generally occur when F/Ls 0,2 and
impart high impact pressures mainly to the tank top.
where
F = Fill height (m)
Ls = Effective horizontal free surface length in the
direction of angular motion (m)
Travelling Wave
The surface has no nodes, a wave crests travels back and
forth between vertical tank boundaries. Travelling waves
generally occur when F/Ls < 0,2 and impart high impact
pressures to both side walls and tank top.
LLOYDS REGISTER
For low filling, a standing wave is formed when the tank is

oscillating at a frequency far below the fluid natural
frequency. As the excitation frequency increases, this
transforms into a train of progressive waves having a very
short wavelength. A hydraulic jump is formed due to a
small disturbance at a range of frequency around the fluid
resonance frequency. With further increase in frequency
beyond resonance, the hydraulic jump transforms into a
solitary wave. In general, hydraulic jumps are formed only
when the fill level is 20 per cent of the horizontal free
surface length of the tank or less.
For high fill levels, the sloshing phenomenon near
resonance is characterised by the formation of standing
waves of large amplitudes. These waves are non symmetric
and may be combined with travelling waves at large
amplitude of excitation.

Chapter 3
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Section 2: Sloshing Induced Loads
2.1.1 Liquid sloshing involves different types of

hydrodynamic loads upon the tank and its internal
structure. There are two types of dynamic pressure which
can arise from liquid sloshing, namely non-impulsive and
impulsive pressure. Typical time histories for the following
sloshing induced loads are shown in Figure 2.1.
Non Impulsive Dynamic Pressure
Standing Wave
These are slowly varying loads, pulsating with a period of

the order of the sloshing wave period, i.e. period of the
order of the fluid natural period and/or excitation period.
Impulsive dynamic pressure type I
These are due to a rapid but continuous build up of liquid
and liquid pressure on the surface of a member which is
gradually being immersed. The impulse duration is
typically in the order of 1/10 of the sloshing wave period.
Impulsive dynamic pressure type II
Travelling Wave
These are due to localised impact pressure arising from the

collision between the fluid and the solid surface. Such
pressures can be extremely high and of extremely short rise
time duration in the range 1/100 to 1/1000 of the sloshing
wave period.
Total Dynamic Forces and Moments
These loads arise from the slowly varying non impulsive
hydrodynamic pressure distribution on the tank boundaries
with a period of the order of the sloshing wave period.
Drag and Inertial Forces
Hydraulic Jump
These non impulsive forces act on submerged members
with time fluctuations related to the sloshing wave period.
Vortex Induced Pressure Field
These pressure fields develop around slender members
located in the field of oscillating liquid. Interaction
between the generated pressure fluctuations and natural
modes of structural vibrations in the member may become
critical.
Combination Wave
Fig 1.1
Typical Sloshing Waves
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 3
SECTION 2
Figure 2.1
Sloshing Induced Loads and Typical Time Trace
LLOYDS REGISTER
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 4
SECTIONS 1, 2 & 3
Definitions
Section 1: Filling Factor Coefficient
Section 2: Fluid Natural Period
Section 3: Tank Depth
Section 4: Maxiumum Lifetime Ship Motions
Section 5: Effect of Wash Bulkhead on Sloshing
Pressures
Section 6: Pressure at Tank Corners
Section 7: Pressure in Tapered Tanks
Section 1: Filling Factor

Coefficient
2.1.1 The fluid natural period in pitch or roll, Tnp or Tpr

respectively is given by :
1.1.1 The filling factor, Fc is defined as follows :

Fc = F/H + 6,0 o /cosh (Fr)
Section 2: Fluid Natural Period
(4.1)
where
F =
H =
=
o =
1 =
2 =
=
k =
=
Fr =
=
b =
n =
Ls =
fill height (m)

total tank depth (m)
max or max as appropriate (radian)
the greater of 1 or 2
2
e-(Tn Sn) /k
0,105 for roll
0,052 for pitch
4 for roll
6 for pitch
the effective filling ratio
{F b-[n/(n+1]}/Ls
height of internal primary bottom stiffeners (m)
number of internal primary bottom stiffeners
effective horizontal free surface length in the
direction of angular motion (m)
g = gravity constant (9,81 m/s2).
Tn = - 4Ls/(gtanh(Fr))
(4.2)
Section 3: Tank Depth
3.1.1 The depth of a tank H is measured from the bottom

of the tank to the underside of the deck at side. In the case
of holds, the depth is measured from the inner bottom to
the underside of the deck at hatch side, except in double
skin ships with hatch coaming in line with the inner skin, in
which case, the depth is measured from the top of the
hatch.
A low fill is defined as a filling level for which the factor Fc

is less or equal than 1,02. However, when the fluid and
ship natural periods are close, Fc will invariably be greater
than 1,02; in this case, a low fill is defined for F/Ls less or
equal to 0,21. Any other filling is defined as high.
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 4
SECTION 4
Section 4: Maximum Lifetime

Ship Motions
When possible, direct calculation procedures capable of

taking into account the ships actual form and weight
distribution should be performed in order to determine the
ship motions. Such methods will involve the derivation of
the response to regular waves using strip theory, the
derivation of the short term response to irregular waves
using the concept of sea spectrum, and the derivation of
long term response predictions using statistical
distributions of sea states.
Otherwise, the following expressions should be used to
determine the approximate maximum lifetime ship
motions. These expressions derived on a statistical basis
correspond to extreme ship motions and accelerations with
a probability of occurrence of once in a ship lifetime of 20
years for ships of normal proportions.
Similarly, for ships for which either T or Cb varies

significantly between loading conditions (for example, bulk
carriers and tankers), Snp should be evaluated for each
representative loading condition considered.
4.3
Maximum Lifetime Roll Angle
The maximum lifetime roll angle in degrees is given by :

max = (14,8 + 3,7 L/B)e-0,0023.L
(4.5)
where
L = the length between perpendiculars (m)
B = the ship breadth (m).
4.4
Maximum Lifetime Pitch Angle
The maximum lifetime pitch angle in degrees is given by :
4.1
max = (32,7 - 8,2 Cb)e-0,001L(4,9+Cb/2)
Ships Natural Rolling Period
The ships natural rolling period Snr is given by :

Snr = 2,35 r/ GM
4.5
Maximum Lifetime Heave

Amplitude
(4.3)
where
r = the radius of gyration of roll and may be taken as
0,34 B (m)
GM = transverse metacentric height with free surface
correction (m).
For ships for which either r or GM varies significantly
between loading conditions (for example, bulk carriers and
tankers), Snr should be evaluated for each representative
loading condition considered.
4.2
(4.6)
The maximum lifetime heave amplitude in metres is given

by :
Zmax = 10e-0,0032L
(4.7)
but need not be taken greater than 4 metres.
4.6
Maximum Lifetime Sway

Amplitude
The maximum lifetime sway amplitude, in metres, is given

by :
Ships Natural Pitching Period
Ymax = 5e-0,0025L
(4.8)
The ships natural Pitching period Snp is given by :

Snp = 3,5
TCb = 3.5
but need not be taken greater than 2,50 metres.

(4.4)
LB
where
T =
Cb =
L =
B =
=
10
the mean draught (m)

the block coefficient
the lenght between perpendiculars (m)
the ship breadth (m)
the ship displacement (m3)
LLOYDS REGISTER

4.7
Maximum Lifetime Vertical

Acceleration
PT = the computed total pressure without wash

bulkhead
= (area of openings in wash bulkhead)/(area of
wash bulkhead)
= (1)/1+).
The maximum lifetime acceleration, in m/s2, at a

longitudinal position x from midships is given by :
a = gao 1+(5,3 45/L)2 (x/L + 0,05)2 (0,6/Cb)3/2
(4.9)
where
ao = 0,2 V/ L + (34 600/L)/L
x = the longitudinal distance from midships to centre
of the tank being considered, with x positive
forwards (m)
V = the ship service speed (knots)
g = the acceleration due to gravity (m/s2).
4.8
Centre of rotation
The vertical centre of rotation is to be taken to be at the

VCG for the loading condition under consideration. When
this is unavailable, the vertical centre of rotation may be
taken as at depth (moulded)/2,0 from the keel.
The longitudinal centre of rotation is to be taken to be at
the LCG for the loading condition under consideration.
When this is unavailable, the centre longitudinal of rotation
may be taken as at midship.
Section 5: Effect of Wash

Bulkhead on Sloshing
Pressures
Wash bulkheads which represent more than 85% of the

tank cross sectional area are taken as being effective as
sloshing barriers which limits the free surface length.
The effect of a wash bulkhead may be estimated using a
total energy approach applied to the load distribution as
calculated for the tank. The total pressure on the bulkhead
with the estimated effect of the wash bulkhead may be
expressed as follows :
P = Ps + PD /(1 + )
Chapter 4
SECTIONS 4, 5 & 6
(4.10)
In the case where frames or transverse members are

installed instead of wash bulkhead, the pressure on the
watertight bulkhead is observed to decrease to about 80%
of the dynamic pressure without frames or transverse
members when only two or three members are installed,
but the dynamic pressure no longer decreases with
increasing number of frames or transverse members.
Section 6: Pressure at Tank

Corners
The pressure at the tank corners may be derived by

combining the corner pressure Proll and PPitch obtained
from a level 3 investigation for both rolling and pitching
motions. The pressure at tank corners is expressed as
follows:
Pcorner = Max [ (Cpp()P2pitch + Cpr()P2roll)]
for 0 = Heading 180
(4.11)
where
Cpp() = the pitch pressure coefficient at given in
Figure 6.1 and Table 6.1.
Cpr() = the roll pressure coefficient based on the ratio
L/B at given in Figure 6.2 and Table 6.2. For
intermediate values of L/B, the factor is to be
determined by linear interpolation.
The pressure at the corners is to be applied to a distance
extending 0,10 [Tank Breadth] and 0,10 [Tank Length] on
the transverse boundary and longitudinal boundary
respectively. The pressure value then decreases linearly
over a distance 0,05 [Tank Breadth] or 0,05 [Tank Length]
to the pressure value obtained from 2D solution.
The factors Cpp and Cpr are based on the short term
motion responses in long crested irregular seas for pitch
and roll. These expressions incorporates both the effect of
motion amplitude and phase between the components of
motion.
where
P = the total pressure on bulkhead with estimated
effect of wash bulkhead
Ps = the static pressure without wash bulkhead
PD = (PT Ps) is the dynamic pressure without wash
bulkhead
LLOYDS REGISTER
11

Chapter 4
SECTION 6
Pitch Pressure Coefficient Cpp

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
C 0.3
p 0.2
p
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Heading (o)
Figure 6.1
Pitch Pressure Coefficient Cpp
Roll Pressure Coefficient Cpr

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
C 0.3
p 0.2
r
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Heading (Degrees)
L/B = 5,50 - L/B = 6,25 ..... L/B = 7,00 - L/B = 7,75 -- L/B = 8,50
Figure 6.2
Roll Pressure Coefficient Cpr
12
LLOYDS REGISTER

SECTION 6
Table 6.2
Table 6.1
Cpp
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,594
0,575
0,547
0,510
0,466
0,416
0,363
0,310
0,262
0,222
0,194
0,181
0,186
0,210
0,253
0,313
0,389
0,474
0,565
0,654
0,734
0,800
0,860
0,915
0,955
0,980
0,995
1,000
1,000
1,000
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 4
L/B
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
Cpr
5,50
Cpr
6,25
Cpr
7,00
Cpr
7,75
Cpr
8,50
0,000
0,075
0,142
0,229
0,322
0,457
0,614
0,764
0,882
0,958
1,000
0,950
0,852
0,744
0,623
0,503
0,395
0,306
0,240
0,197
0,173
0,162
0,152
0,142
0,129
0,121
0,110
0,100
0,088
0,079
0,067
0,056
0,046
0,033
0,021
0,013
0,000
0,000
0,072
0,139
0,213
0,311
0,451
0,610
0,760
0,878
0,958
1,000
0,941
0,862
0,761
0,647
0,533
0,429
0,344
0,280
0,237
0,211
0,198
0,185
0,171
0,159
0,146
0,133
0,121
0,108
0,096
0,083
0,068
0,058
0,046
0,029
0,021
0,005
0,000
0,078
0,143
0,234
0,334
0,469
0,619
0,758
0,867
0,978
1,000
0,941
0,861
0,774
0,675
0,575
0,483
0,406
0,345
0,301
0,270
0,247
0,229
0,211
0,196
0,181
0,165
0,150
0,135
0,121
0,105
0,088
0,071
0,058
0,040
0,025
0,013
0,000
0,054
0,121
0,186
0,294
0,438
0,597
0,745
0,870
0,975
1,000
0,983
0,900
0,818
0,727
0,635
0,549
0,475
0,415
0,369
0,335
0,307
0,283
0,258
0,231
0,208
0,183
0,167
0,149
0,133
0,117
0,096
0,083
0,069
0,050
0,029
0,013
0,058
0,117
0,221
0,347
0,479
0,604
0,716
0,809
0,900
0,950
0,990
1,000
0,980
0,960
0,920
0,879
0,834
0,785
0,735
0,684
0,634
0,585
0,538
0,494
0,452
0,413
0,378
0,345
0,315
0,288
0,265
0,244
0,226
0,210
0,193
0,175
0,160
13
Chapter 4
SECTION 7

Section 7: Pressure in Tapered

Tanks
Where tanks are tapered in plan view such as foremost or

aftermost tanks, limited model experiments indicated that
in pitching the dynamic pressure on the bulkhead at the
narrow end can be magnified when compared with a tank
of uniform section. Lloyds Register Fluids two-dimensional
fluid computational procedure cannot take into account
this aspect. The pressure at the narrow end of the tank can
be expressed in terms of the pressure obtained for a tank of
uniform breadth by using the following expression.
Ptapered = Kt.Pmax.breadth
(4.12)
where
Kt = 0,8e(0,2235ARb)
ARb = the ratio of the maximum breath to the tapered
breadth.
Kt
is also given in Figure 7.1 and Table 7.1.
14
LLOYDS REGISTER

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
1.600
K
t
1.000
Chapter 4
SECTION 7
1.500
1.400
1.300
1.200
1.100
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
2.9 3
Tank Breadth Aspect Ratio ARb
Figure 7.1
Tapered Tank Coefficient Kt
Table 7.1
ARb
Kt
2,100
1,279
LLOYDS REGISTER
2,200
1,308
2,300
1,338
2,400
1,368
2,500
1,399
2,600
1,430
2,700
1,463
2,800
1,496
2,900
1,530
3,000
1,564
3,100
1,600
15
16
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 5
SECTION 1
Units
Section 1: Units
Section 1: Units
The units used throughout are consistent with the SI

standard where the basic quantities are the metre,
Kilogram and Second (MKS system), except for angular
measurement which is in degrees.
LLOYDS REGISTER
17
18
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 6
SECTION 1
Data Requirements
Section 1: Data Requirements
Section 1: Data Requirements
The following plans and informations are required to

perform a sloshing and scantling investigation:
-
General Arrangement
Midship Section Drawing
Longitudinal Bulkhead Drawing
Transverse Bulkhead Drawing
Trim & Stability and Loading Manuals
Material Properties.
LLOYDS REGISTER
19
20
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 7
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Levels of Assessement
Section 1: Pressure Determination
Section 2: Sloshing Criteria
Section 3: Critical Fill Range
Section 4: Level 1 Assessment
Section 7: Structural Capability
Section 1: Pressure Determination
Three levels of assessment are defined below, each

requiring a different approach to the estimation of likely
maximum sloshing pressures.
Significant dynamic magnification is considered unlikely
for the following cases:
-
or
or
or
For internally stiffened tanks with two or more

deck girders (rolling)/transverses (pitching)where
the girder/transverse location is less or equal to
25% of the tank breadth/length from the
deck/tank corner, and/or the girder/transverse
height is less than 10% of the tank depth with fill
levels greater than the tank depth minus height of
deck girders/transverses.
For fill levels lower than height of any bottom
girders
For fill levels in excess of 97 % full for smooth
tanks
For fill levels less than 10 % for smooth tanks.
LLOYDS REGISTER
Section 2: Sloshing Criteria
Based on Lloyd's Registers experience, and numerical

studies of a number of cases, it is considered that
significant magnification of the fluid motions can occur if
the following conditions are found:
-
The natural rolling period of the fluid and the ship

natural rolling period are within 5 seconds of each
other.
The natural pitching period of the fluid is greater

than a value of 3 seconds below the ship natural
pitching period.
21
Chapter 7
SECTIONS 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7

Section 3: Critical Fill Range
The critical fill range may be determined by using the

following formula, or using the SDA Tank Assessment
program (10603).
Fcrit =
100 Ls
n
1n (1 + ) + b
H 2
(1 )
(n+1)
Where significant dynamic magnification of fluid pressures

involving impacts on the top of the tank is likely, or where
the effect of internal stiffening is to be taken into account,
then a level 3 assessment is required.
} (%)
where
Ls = effective horizontal free surface length in direction
of angular motion (m)
H = total tank depth (m)
b = see Ch 4, 1.1.1
g = gravity constant (m/s2)
= 4Ls/[(Snr-5)2g] for fill level at Snr-5 seconds
to upper bound roll critical fill level
or = 4Ls/[(Snr+5)2g]for fill level at Snr+5 seconds
to lower bound roll critical fill level
or = 4Ls/[(Snp-3)2g] for fill level at Snp-3 seconds
to upper bound pitch critical fill level.
If 1,0
Fcrit is the maximum/minimum value of the

upper/lower fill level bound [100%/0%].
If Fcrit 100,0 Then Fcrit = 100%.
Section 7: Structural Capability
The structural capability of the tank boundaries to

withstand the dynamic sloshing pressures is to be
determined using SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604).
This program considers the lateral pressure on a stiffened
panel comprising a single stiffener and attached plating.
The ultimate strength of the plating is calculated on the
basis of a defined allowable permanent set taking into
account the membrane stress induced in the panel as it
deforms. For the stiffeners, a classical plastic collapse
method is used taking into consideration both shear and
bending strains. Allowance is made for the small
proportion of the pressure load transmitted directly from
the plating to the supporting primary structure.
This level of assessment is appropriate where the ships

natural period in roll differs from the fluid natural period
for transverse oscillatory flow by more than 5 seconds; and
where the ships natural pitching period exceeds that for
the fluid oscillating longitudinally by more than 3 seconds.
Where the separation of periods defined above is not met,

but filling levels are such that impacts on the top of the
tank are unlikely, then a level 2 investigation may be used
to assess the sloshing pressures on the tank bulkheads. This
level of assessment may also be used for low fill cases
where the tank has internal stiffening, but the resulting
pressures would be considered somewhat conservative. A
low fill is defined when the filling factor coefficient Fc
defined in Ch 4,1.1.1 is equal or less than 1,02. Where Sn
(ship natural period) and Tn ( tank natural period) are
close, Fc will invariably give a high fill. In the case that
such a filling height is equal to or less than 0,21 Ls, a low
fill may be assumed and the case treated as a level 2
assessment, otherwise, a level 3 assessment should be used.
22
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 8
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Loading Conditions and Ship

Motions for Sloshing Analysis
Section 1: General Considerations
Section 2: Loading Conditions
Section 3: Level 2 Sloshing Assessment Parameters
Section 4: Level 3 Assessment Parameters
Section 1: General Considerations
Where partial fillings are contemplated in all tanks of a

ship, the following tanks are to be considered in the
analysis together with associated sea conditions given in
Table 1.1 provided the following conditions are satisfied
together with the relevant level of assessment conditions.
Section 2: Loading Conditions
The following loading conditions are provided as a

guideline to the most critical conditions:
-
The natural periods of the ship for a given motion type

should be determined for the service loading conditions
agreed between the builder and the society. When a ship is
to be approved for arbitrary tank filling, all approved safe
loading conditions should be investigated and the estimation
of significant dynamic pressure magnification considered
according to the guidelines provided in Chapter 7.
Storm Ballast condition

Segregated ballast condition
All tanks partially filled.
Experience indicates that the shorter the ship natural

period, the greater the impact pressure.
The procedure for the selection of the critical loading
conditions would therefore suggest that the loading
conditions with the shortest ship natural period should
therefore be considered as a production case.
Table 1.1
Sea Condition
Head
Quartering
Beam
Stern Quartering
Foremost
Aftermost
Closest to Amidship
Largest
LLOYDS REGISTER
23
Chapter 8
SECTION 2
2.1

Unrestricted Filling Levels Unspecified Sea-Going Loading

Conditions
When a ship is to be approved for Unrestricted Filling

Levels - Unspecified Loading Conditions, many arbitrary
ship loading conditions are possible. In order to cover the
complete range of loading conditions, the fully loaded and
ballast condition are to be considered. These two
conditions gives an upper and lower limit for the possible
range of ship natural period as shown in Figure 2.1. Both
the roll and pitch motion modes are to be examined.
Because of the unrestricted filling level requirement, the
critical sloshing ranges extend from [SnrBallast-5] to
[SnrLoaded+5] seconds in roll and from [SnpBallast-3] to
infinity in pitch. Also, because of unrestricted filling levels
the ship natural period range extends from SnBallast to
SnLoaded for both pitch and roll.
For sloshing in the Roll motion mode shown in Figure
2.1.a, the critical fill range extends from F1 to F4. All fill
levels between F1 to F4 are to be investigated.
-
For fill levels between F1 and F2, SnrBallast is to be

used.
For fill level between F3 and F4, SnrLoaded is to be
used.
For fill levels between F2 and F3, Snr is to be equal to
Tn.
Similarly, for sloshing in the Pitch motion mode shown in

Figure 2.1.b, the critical fill range extends from F1 to F4
where F4 = 0,1%. All fill levels between F1 and F4 are to be
investigated.
-
24
For fill levels between F1 and F2, SnpBallast is to be

used.
For fill levels between F2 and F3, Snp is to be equal to
Tn.
For fill levels between F3 and F4 Snploaded is to be
used.
2.2
Restricted Filling Levels Unspecified Sea-Going Loading

Conditions
When a ship is to be approved for Restricted Filling Levels Unspecified Loading conditions, many arbitrary ship
loading conditions are possible within the restrictions
imposed. In order to cover the complete range of loading
conditions, the fully loaded and ballast conditions are to be
considered. These two conditions gives an upper and
lower limit for the possible range of ship natural period. It
is recognised that there might be ship natural period bands
which will not be applicable as a result of the limitations of
the fill levels. However, it is recommended to apply the
Unrestricted Filling Levels - Unspecified Sea-Going Loading
Conditions procedure outlined in Chapter 8, Section 2.1.
2.3
Unrestricted Filling Levels Specified Sea-Going Loading

Conditions
When a ship is to be approved for Unrestricted Filling

Levels - Specified Loading Conditions, each specified
loading conditions is to be examined for the complete fill
ranges to determine the critical sloshing fill range for each
tank in both roll and pitch motion modes.
2.4
Restricted Filling Levels Specified Sea-Going Loading

Conditions
When a ship is to be approved for Restricted Filling Levels Specified Loading Conditions, each specified loading
conditions is to be examined for the restricted fill ranges to
determine the critical sloshing fill range for each tank in
both roll and pitch motion modes.
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 8
SECTION 2
Fill (%)
100
F1
Snr Ballast
Snr Loaded
F2
F3
F4
0
5 seconds
Range of Operating
Ship Natural Periods
5 seconds
Period(s)
Figure 2.1.a
Natural Periods Diagram Roll Motion
Fill (%)
100
F1
Snp Ballast
Snp Loaded
F2
F3
F4 = 0,1%
0
3 seconds
Range of Operating
Ship Natural Periods
Period(s)
Figure 2.1.b
Natural Periods Diagram Pitch Motion
LLOYDS REGISTER
25

Chapter 8
SECTIONS 3 & 4
3.1
Section 3: Level 2 Sloshing

Assessment
Parameters
The Combination of accelerations and motions to be

considered for the sea conditions given in Table 1.1 are as
follows and are to be used with the critical loading
conditions:
-
Head Seas
Quartering Seas
Beam Seas
Stern Quartering
3.2
Vertical acceleration and pitch

angle
Vertical acceleration and 50% roll
angle
Vertical acceleration and roll angle
75% vertical acceleration and roll
angle.
4.2
Level 3 Investigation Fill Range
Where a tank is to be approved for arbitrary fillings, the

upper and lower bound of critical fill heights are to be
determined according to level 1 procedure. The fill heights
to be investigated are to be taken in 10% increments from
the lower bound fill height. The fill height at which the
fluid natural period matches the ship natural period should
also be investigated together with fill level 5% on each
sides.
If a tank is to be approved for particular fillings, together
with fillings 5% above and below the particular fillings are
to be investigated.
Where horizontal internal structure members are present,
fill height coinciding with the location of the girder and
within a range of 5% above and below the horizontal
girder should be investigated.
Level 2 Fill Range
Where a tank is to be approved for arbitrary fillings, fill

heights to be investigated are in 5% increments from 15%
to 30% and then 10% increments until the low fill height
criterion Fc defined in Chapter 4, Section 1 is exceeded. If
a tank is to be approved for particular fillings, these,
together with fillings 5% above and below the particular
fillings are to be investigated.
4.1

Parameters
Level 3 Ships Motions
The combination of acceleration and motion to be

considered for the sea conditions given in Table 1.1 are as
follows and are to be used with the critical loading
conditions:
Head Seas Heave and 70% pitch angle

Beam Seas Heave, sway and 70% roll angle.
The investigation of sloshing in head seas requires that

both aftermost and foremost tank be examined if
horizontal internal structure are present, as well as the
tank closest to amidship.
26
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 9
SECTION 1
Level 1 Sloshing Pressure

Determination
Section 1: Level 1 Sloshing Pressure Determination
Section 1: Level 1 Sloshing

Pressure Determination
Where a level 1 assessment is indicated in accordance with

Chapter 7, Section 1, the following points need to be
observed:
For oil carrying cargo tanks with dimensions not
departing from standard practice, no further
evaluation is needed.
For LNG/LPG ships, sloshing pressures on tank
boundaries should be determined according to the
Rules for LNG/LPG ships.
Otherwise, an equivalent static head is to be obtained by
assuming the tank to be rolled or pitched to the lifetime
angles = max or = max respectively defined in
Section 4.4, and the equivalent pressure is given by:
P = 11,75 (h + (Ls/2)tan ) KN/m2
(9.1)
where
h = the static head in upright position (m).
It is not considered necessary to take translational motions
into account.
LLOYDS REGISTER
27
28
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 10
10
SECTIONS 1 & 2

Determination
Section 1: Smooth Rectangular Tanks
Section 2: Smooth Hopper Tanks
Section 1:
Smooth Rectangular
Tanks
Where a level 2 assessment is indicated in accordance with

Chapter 8, Section 1.2, pressures on the tank boundary are
to be derived using SDA Tank Assessment program
(10603) (Ref. 1) in association with the lifetime angles of
roll and pitch and the vertical acceleration defined in
Chapter 4, Section 4.
The transverse and longitudinal boundaries are to be
studied separately:
-
Transverse bulkheads in association with pitch plus

vertical acceleration.
Longitudinal bulkheads in association with roll plus
vertical acceleration.
The pressure at the junction of the upper hopper tank and

the vertical tank side, position B shown in Figure 2.1 is
given by:
PB = K2.P
(10.1)
where
K2 = a correction factor depending on filling height F,
the minimum height of the upper hopper tank h,
and the angle of the upper hopper tank with the
horizontal.
K2 = (1 + 2,5 F/h)(1 + 2cos)/3
for 0,0 < F < 0,8h
P = the output pressure from SDA Tank Assessment
program (10603).
The pressure at the junction of the lower hopper tank and
the vertical tank side, position C shown in Figure 2.1, is
given by:
The centre of rotation is defined in Chapter 4, Section 4.8.

PC = K3.P
Section 2:
Smooth Hopper Tanks
In the case of tanks having upper and/or lower hopper

tanks, the output pressures from the SDA Tank Assessment
program (10603) have to be corrected by applying the
correlation factors derived from experiments (Ref. 2)
shown in Figure 2.1.
No correlation factors are given for the knuckle or corner of
the tank ceiling, as this would be equivalent to a high fill
which is excluded from a level 2 assessment.
LLOYDS REGISTER
(10.2)
where
K3 = a correction factor depending on filling height F,
and the width of the lower hopper tank w, if
w>0,25L s . If w 0,25L s then no correction is
necessary.
K3 = 1 + 4F/Ls
for 0,0 < F Ls/4
K3 = 1 + (H-F)/(H Ls /4)
for Ls/4 < F < H
P = the output pressure from SDA Tank Assessment
program (10603)
w = the width of the lower hopper tank (w>Ls /4).
29
Chapter 10
SECTION 2

The higher corner pressures are considered to extend over

one stiffener spacing from the corner. When this is not
applicable, the extent of influence may be taken as 0,04H
either sides of the corner. Corrected pressure increases at
the corners from equation (10.1) and (10.2) may be
reduced linearly to the limit of corner effect defined above.
30
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 10
SECTION 2
1.0
Position B
3.0
H
0.8 h
1.0
Correction Factor K2
1.0
Ls
2.0
Position C
0.25 Ls
1.0
Correction Factor K3
Figure 2.1
Maximum Pressure Correction Factor Ki
LLOYDS REGISTER
31
32
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 11
11
SECTIONS 1 & 2

Determination
Section 1: General
Section 2: Limitations and Assumptions of
SDA FLUIDS program
Section 3: Data Preparation
Section 1: General
Where level 3 assessment is indicated in accordance with

Chapter 7, Section 6, sloshing pressures are to be obtained
using a finite difference or similar numerical solution to the
one implemented in the SDA Fluids program described in
Reference 1. Alternatively, agreed model experiments
would be accepted as a means of obtaining the maximum
design pressures.
The excitation is to cover conditions that would produce a
maximum design pressure envelope on the tank
boundaries, taking into account the significant
combinations of ship motions, amplitudes and periods and
liquid natural period which could occur simultaneously in
the ships lifetime.
b)
Pressures are calculated at the centre of each mesh

cell only and this must be borne in mind when
hydrostatic loads are of considerable importance such
as when the mesh spacings are large.
c)
SDA Fluids does not use a two phase fluid model at

the free surface; the ullage volume is treated as a
vacuum. Also, the free surface is only representable
as a single valued function and consequently cannot
exhibit features such as breaking waves. This may
affect the simulation of low fill, large amplitude
excitation cases.
d)
In cases where the depth is such that the tank bottom

is exposed due to the motion of the ship, the sloshing
program output should be considered with care since
numerical instability may arise in the solution
process. The behaviour of the free surface motion
should therefore be examined to detect any
incongruities.
Section 2: Limitations and

Assumptions of SDA
Fluids Program
SDA Fluids is based on the Marker And Cell (MAC)

method and uses a two dimensional finite difference
calculation scheme. Details of the theory can be found in
References 3, 4 and 5.
The following limitations and assumptions apply to the
SDA Fluids program:
a)
the fluid velocities normal to the horizontal and

vertical cell edges (Figure 2.1)
Various methods are contained within the logic of
SDA Fluids to reduce the effect of limiting the scope
of modelling to a rectangular mesh and careful
implementation by the user will render these
limitations insignificant in most cases.
Any model is idealised as a uniform mesh of

rectangular cells and any attempted modelling is
influenced by this limitation. Associated with this
mesh are the three sets of independent variables
namely, the pressure at the centre of each mesh cell,
LLOYDS REGISTER
33

Chapter 11
SECTION 2
JMAX
NY
y
J
dy
dx
NX
x
1
1
IMAX
I
Finite Difference Mesh Arrangement with Fictitious Boundary Cells
Vi,j
Ui1,j
Pi,j
Ui,j
Vi,j1
Finite Difference Field Variables and their Location
Figure 2.1
34
LLOYDS REGISTER

Section 3: Data Preparation
Further reference may be made to the software user

manual (Ref 1).
3.1 Mesh Spacing
Chapter 11
SECTION 3
3.2 Fitting the mesh to the tank

Data Card : MESH
The relationship of the tank to the mesh may be best
appreciated by drawing the tank on a coarsely ruled sheet
of paper, the ruled spacings reflecting the relative
dimensions of each mesh cell as illustrated on Figure 3.1.
Data Card : PMESH

There is one constant mesh spacing associated with each of
the two principal axes of the mesh.
For a rectangular tank, it is an easy matter to fit a suitable
rectangular grid exactly over the dimensions of the tank.
However, if the tank is prismatic in shape, then care must
be exercised in selecting mesh spacings that enable the
slope of any chamfered wall of the tank to be adequately
modelled. Due to the nature of the discretisation process,
chamfers can only be modelled as stepwise boundaries and
the best configuration of mesh to chamfer is such that the
boundary of the idealised tank coincides with the modelled
tanks wall at the centre of each appropriate horizontal cell
edge, or the idealised structure bisects horizontal cell
edges.
If some internal structure such as stiffeners or deck girders
are to be included, further complications are added since
these too may only have dimensions corresponding to an
integral number of mesh spacings.
Ideally, each mesh spacing should be a factor of all the
important tank dimensions in its associated principal axis
together with a cell aspect ratio close to unity.
Unfortunately, the mesh spacings cannot usually adopt
their ideal values since this will almost mean that the
number of mesh cells used by the simulation will be
prohibitively expensive in computer time. A compromise
has to be made and it is in this area that the skill of the
modeller can be most gainfully employed.
For most applications, using 20-30 cells in the horizontal
(i) direction and 15-20 cells in the vertical (j) direction is a
good compromise. The minimum number of cells is 20 x
15. The maximum number of cells allowed by the program
is 60 x 40. It must be borne in mind that modelling with a
higher number of cells than the range recommended will
tend to give conservative pressure estimates.
LLOYDS REGISTER
The first step is to identify the mesh cells that form the area
of the mesh in which fluid will be present if the tank is
considered to be completely full. These are the active cells
and all active cells together form the idealised tank.
The bottom left hand cell of the calculation grid contained
within the idealised tank will always have i,j co-ordinates
of (1,1). Cell numbering is carried out in a similar fashion
to the grid-squares on a map.
3.3 Boundary Conditions

Data Card : MESH
The next stage is to identify the active cells through which
or on the edge of which the tank boundary passes. These
active cells are also boundary cells. The idealised tank is
defined by specifying the boundary cells on MESH cards.
Each mesh card defining one section of the tank boundary.
There are four separate regions of the mesh boundary: the
left and right, which include only the vertical regions at the
extreme edge of the mesh, and the top and bottom, which
include all other parts (See Figure 3.2). A boundary
condition type may be specified for each region. Care must
be taken when fitting the mesh to chamfered sections of
tank wall to avoid overlapping tank boundary sections.
Boundary cells must be defined in a consistent direction,
that is anticlockwise round the perimeter of the tank, with
the interior of the tank to the left.
The fluid flow conditions at the tank boundaries impose
zero velocity normal to a tank wall, either free flow or zero
velocity normal to a tank wall, and either free flow or zero
velocity along a wall. The former, referred to as free slip,
is the default boundary condition for all mesh boundary
regions and should be used unless the boundary layer is
greater than 2 or 3 mesh divisions thick. Otherwise, the
latter no slip condition may be used to force fluid to be
completely stationary on a mesh boundary region.
35
Chapter 11
SECTION 3

3.4 Including Internal Tank Structure
3.6 Pressure Output Sampling Points
Data Card : BAFFLE
Data Card : MESH
Many tanks have internal stiffeners, transverses or deck

girders. The main effect of such structure is to slow down
the fluid motions but sometimes its effects are more
important and less obvious.
The most usual form of analysis required for any tank is an

assessment of the maximum pressure loads exerted on its
walls. Pressure data may be calculated and output for every
cell referenced on MESH cards. However, the number of
sampling points may be reduced by specifying a sampling
rate other than unity.
Conceptually, the effect of this form of construction is to

prevent the passage of fluid through an imaginary line
drawn in the fluid imparting zero fluid velocity across this
line. The modelling of the internal structure is based on
mesh cell edges and vertical and horizontal baffles can be
modelled using the appropriate switch in the BAFFLE card.
The cell edge on which the structure lies is to the right or
at the top of the specified cells with the tank viewed
upright.
If a corner of the tank has a high angle of chamfer, an
artificially large effective wave slope may be induced
leading to problems of solution stability. This is particularly
likely if the base of the tank becomes exposed and the
number of mesh spacings for the chamfer in the vertical
directions exceeds the number in the horizontal direction.
This may be overcome by modelling the tank as if it were
rectangular at the bottom and using BAFFLE cards to
specify chamfers.
Pressure data for internal structure defined on BAFFLE

cards may be requested by specifying MESH cards for the
required cells and switching off the boundary option.
Similarly, velocity data may be calculated and output for
every cell referenced on the MESH cards.
If the tank structure, the applied excitation and inertial
forces are all symmetrical, the calculations may be reduced
by requesting output for only half of the tank.
3.7 Ullage Pressure

Data Card : PARAM
A constant pressure may be added to each mesh cell
pressure to reflect a difference between the ullage pressure
and the pressure of the surroundings.
3.5 Properties of the Fluid

Data Card : PFLUID
The properties of the fluid and the amount of fluid in the
tank affect the pressure loads obtained from sloshing. The
initial static fill depth and all the physical properties of the
idealised fluid used in the calculation are specified on the
FLUID card.
The fill depth is specified as a percentage of the maximum
depth of the tank as defined in Chapter 4, Section 3.
The physical properties of the idealised fluid can be
specified using density, speed of sound in the fluid and
kinematic viscosity.
It should also be noted that SDA Fluids does not use a two
phase fluid model at the free surface; the ullage volume is
treated as a vacuum. Also, the free surface is only
representable as a single valued function and consequently
cannot exhibit features such as breaking waves. This may
affect the simulation of low fill, large amplitude excitation
cases.
36
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 11
SECTION 3
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
11
12
13
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
BOUNDARY CELLS
Figure 3.1
Mesh Co-ordinate System
LLOYDS REGISTER
37

Chapter 11
SECTION 3
MESH, 9, 18, 5, 18
MESH, 13, 15, 10, 18
MESH, 4, 18, 1, 15
MESH, 1, 14, 1,4

MESH, 13, 4, 13, 14
MESH, 11, 1, 13, 3

MESH, 1, 3, 3, 1
MESH, 4, 1, 10, 1
MESH, M-2, N-1, M-3, N
MESH, M-1, -(N-3), -(M-1), N-3*
J=N
MESH, M, N-5, -(M), N-5*

MESH, M-4, N, .., N
(cells marked:
*MESH, M-2, -(N-2), M-2, N-2
*MESH, M-1, -(N-4), M-1, N-4
MESH, M, .., M, N-5
I=M
(cells marked:
* - Single Cell, use negative cell number

to indicate direction, right hand side
forms boundary
BAFFLE, 1, 9, 3, 9, H
BAFFLE, 18, 9, 20, 9, H
BAFFLE, 14, 1, 14, 4, V
BAFFLE, 6, 1, 6, 4, V
Cells Defining Horizontal Bending

Cells Defining Vertical Baffles
Figure 3.2
Boundary Conditions Examples
38
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 11
SECTION 3
3.8 Sloshing Excitation Spectrum
For ALL card type :
Data Cards: PMESH

ANGL
VERT
HORI
SPEC
The initial period may be specified as follows :
These data cards generate sinusoidal components of

motion according to the following representative equation:
Period increment = - 0,001
Sn = Sn + 1
Sn = Sn + 2
Sn = Sn + 3
for Tn Sn < 1
for 1 Tn Sn 1
for Tn Sn >1
(11.3)
Increment interval = Tr ( reference time step).

A = Aosin (wt + )
(11.1)
For SPEC (SPECial) card type :
The motion is imparted to the idealised tank by the use of

the relevant motion data cards. The degree of freedom
applied to the tank can be generated using the following
data cards:
The maximum amplitude is as defined in Chapter 4,

Section 4 and Chapter 8, Section 4.1.
The minimum amplitude should be taken as follows :
ANGL
Constant amplitude, angular motion

about an axis perpendicular to the mesh
through the centre of rotation as defined
in Chapter 4, Section 4.8 and specified in
the PMESH data card.
VERT
Constant amplitude vertical (heave)

motion
HORI
Constant amplitude horizontal (sway)

motion
Amin = 6 for roll

= 3 for pitch.
The decay constant should be taken as follows :
Q = 2 for roll
= 3 for pitch.
The natural period is taken as Snr for roll , or Snp for pitch.
Initial phase angle = 0,0
SPEC
Ao =
Special form for varying amplitude

motion with the period of excitation
according to the following equation:
2
Amax.e-(Tp-Tpn) /2Q
but not less than specified Amin

(11.2)
Where
Amin and Amax are specified amplitudes according to
Chapter 4, Section 4.
Tpn and Q are the specified natural period and decay
constant.
Tp is the current period.
The amplitude, period and relative phase of the forced
motions are also specified on the motion card, together
with a period increment and an incrementation interval if
the period is to be varied with time.
LLOYDS REGISTER
For VERT (VERTical heave) card type :

Required for assessment of longitudinal and transverse
boundaries.
Amplitude as defined in Chapter 4, Section 4 and Chapter
8, Section 4.
Initial phase angle = both 90,0 and 90 for pitch
Gravity vector
= -9,81 m/s2
For HORI (HORIzontal sway) card type :
Required for assessment of longitudinal boundaries.
Amplitude as defined in Chapter 4, Section 4 and Chapter 8,
Section 4.
Initial phase angle = 180,0
39
Chapter 11
SECTION 3

3.9 Time Control
The following formula may be used to determine the

spectrum amplitude Apn at a given time of the simulation
ts:
Data Card : TIMING

Since SDA Fluids is a transient method of analysis, results
are obtained in the time domain. One of the most
important features of a simulation performed by SDA
Fluids is the selection of the reference timestep which is
defined on the TIMING card.
The reference time step chosen should not be too small as
to make computational time excessive or too large so that
important features may be missed out in the data
collection.
The default reference time step is given by:
Tr = (Sn 2 )/200
Apn = Amaxexp[-(Sn Sn (ts inc)/t)2/2Q]
(11.8)
If Ao is less than specified Amin, then Ao = Amin

Equation (11.8) may be rewritten as follows depending on
the starting period.
If
Sn = Sn + 1
Sn = Sn + 2
Sn = Sn + 3
Ao = Amax exp[-(1 + (ts inc)/t)2/2Q]

(11.9)
(11.4)
The length of the simulation is such as to give a final

period of excitation 4 seconds less than the initial period,
thus the total simulation time is given by:
Tsimul = 4000 Tr
(11.5)
The following formula may be used to select the output

window. The data output may be stored for a simulation
time range of (kSn) the simulation time at which the
period of excitation is equal to the tank natural period, the
output time range is given by:
t (kSn) = Tsimul(Sn Tn)/4 (KSn)
(11.6)
(kSn) represents the output window where k is the

number of oscillations on each side of the time instant
during the simulation where the instantaneous excitation
period is equal to the tank natural period. A typical k value
of 2 is usually adequate.
The following formula may be used to determine the
spectrum period Tp at a given time of the simulation ts:
Tp = Sn + (ts.inc)/t
(11.7)
where
inc = the period increment [-0,001]
t = the time step [Tr].
40
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 12
12
SECTION 1
Post-Processing of SDA Fluids

Data
Section 1: Sloshing Simulation Quality
Assurance Procedure
Section 2: Pressure Pulse Time Averaging Scheme
Section 3: Dynamic and Static Pressures
Section 4: Structure Natural Frequency Calculation
Section 5: Force and Couple
Section 6: Pressure Applied to Internal
Structural Members
Section 1:
Sloshing Simulation
Quality Assurance
Procedure
1.1 General
It should be borne in mind that the solution to the sloshing
phenomenon is obtained using a complex mathematical
formulation of the fluid flow solved in an iterative method,
and that the tank geometry, intervals and fluid are
modelled as cells of finite size over which the
velocities/pressures are evaluated. As a consequence, it is
possible that certain tank geometries and internal
structural arrangements and/or sloshing parameters
outside the extensive range covered during the testing and
validation of this procedure may present some irregularities
in terms of fluid flow motion, velocities or boundary
pressure.
For these reasons which are solely due to the combination
of modelling assumptions and the type of numerical
solution, the following guidelines have been developed in
order to assist both the novice and experienced user of SDA
Fluids to detect inconsistencies.
LLOYDS REGISTER
1.2 Minimum Quality Assurance Post

Processing Requirements
The following procedure represents the minimum level of

post-processing for quality assurance of the simulation. It is
recommended to adhere to these guidelines in order to
detect any inconsistencies or unexpected behaviour which
may occur during the simulation as a result of wrong input
data or limitations due to assumptions or numerical
instabilities. The following output items are to be
examined:
a)
Angular Horizontal Vertical Amplitude and Period

Time History
The excitation spectrum should be examined to confirm

that the applied amplitudes and periods are in accordance
with the intended values specified in the procedures
manual.
b)
Free surface motion simulation
The examination of the free surface motion should be

performed both with and without the ZOOM facility.
ZOOM OFF(0)/ON(1-10) allows to observe the behaviour
of the free surface with the tank fixed/moving. The free
surface motions should be consistent with applied tank
motion. The types of waves formed during the simulation
can be identified be referring to Chapter 3, Section 1. The
free surface behaviour is to be examined carefully when the
tank bottom is exposed and internal members are
immersed.
41
Chapter 12
SECTION 1

Since the free surface position is obtained at the cell centre

alongside the cell vertical j axis, and the free surface is
represented by line segments joining adjacent cells,
excessive free surface slope can be identified. In general,
the free surface slope should not exceed the cell aspect
ratio y/x.
c)
In general, the following pressure envelope behaviour are

shown:
The pressure envelope on the bottom boundary

should be fairly uniform except when deep girders
prevent fluid motion. This pressure is mainly due to
the hydrostatic term (gF), the heave acceleration
and a small angular motion component.
On vertical boundaries, the pressure envelope below

the still free surface is mainly hydrostatic with a
dynamic pressure component due to angular motion
and heave and sway (if applicable) motion. Above
the still free surface, the pressure envelope may rise
sharply if impacts on the ceiling occur during the
simulation. If deep girders are present, the pressure
on the vertical boundary may drop close to the
bottom as a result of fluid flow damping due to the
girders.
On the top boundaries, the pressure envelope may

shown high localised pressure, this may be due to the
behaviour of the free surface, or the interaction of the
fluid with an internal structural element.
Free surface envelope
The free surface envelope allows the visualisation of the

boundary which is in contact with the fluid over the whole
duration of the simulation. The amplitude of fluid motion
on the vertical boundaries, the extent of top boundary
potentially subjected to impulsive pressure, and eventually
the extent of bottom boundary exposed can be observed.
When the centre of rotation is located on the tank
centreline, e.g. roll and the tank structure is symmetrical
about the tank centreline, the free surface envelope should
be approximately symmetrical about the centreline.
Note:
Differences in the extent of the free surface envelope on
opposite tank side in roll arise from the nature of the
motion spectrum which is not linear and symmetric with
respect to time. When harmonic excitation is used, this
behaviour is still occurring, because of the starting motion
and computational round off errors inherent to all finite
difference schemes. Perfect symmetry of the free surface is
very rarely attained, but the difference is often negligible.
d)
e)
Pressure time histories at cells exhibiting high

pressure values
The velocity animation
The velocity vector animation during the simulation time

window at which maximum magnification of sloshing
effects occurs, allows the visualisation of both the fluid
particle flow, and the velocity magnitude variations. For
cells adjacent to the boundary, the magnitude of the
velocity vector and its direction reflects the relative
magnitude of the boundary pressure. The behaviour of the
fluid particle velocity during fluid/boundary interaction
can also be examined. The velocity vector are given at the
centre of the cell. The flow around internal structure and
corners also needs to be observed for consistency in terms
of behaviour and input data.
e)
It is recommended to display simultaneously the pressure

envelope of opposite symmetrical boundaries in
symmetrical motion.
Pressure envelope
Cells exhibiting high pressures both on the tank top and

vertical boundaries should be examined. Pressure types can
be identified by zooming on the pressure pulses in the time
history. The occurence of high pressure values should be
consistent with the fluid natural period and the spectrum
period, so that the maximum pressures occur within the
output window with a range of ~kSn with respect to the
simulations timescale. In certain cases where the tank
natural period is away from the ship natural period, the
pressure time history may exhibit two peak regions
corresponding to excitation at ship natural period and
excitation at tank natural period.
These recommendations are not a self-limiting and the user
is encouraged to develop its own post-processing scheme
based on these guidelines.
The pressure envelope shows the distribution of maximum

average pressure (see Chapter 12, Section 2) for the range
of cells selected in the input data (MESH Cards). In
general, it is more explicit to display only the cells
belonging to one boundary, i.e. vertical RHS/LHS, Top,
Bottom or Baffle LHS/RHS.
42
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 12
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Table 12.1 Symptoms and Remedy

Symptoms
Remedy
Exponential increase of pressure towards end of simulation
Set minimum amplitude motion of SPEC card to zero
Unreasonable behaviour of free surface around horizontal baffle

With a fill level near the baffle level.
Model horizontral baffle as a step in the deck ignoring volume

above horizontal baffle
Unexpected high pressure on bottom, sides and top boundary

Impulse pressure for all boundary occurring at approx. the same
time instants
Water Hammer Effect Refer to Lloyds Register London
Other unexpected phenomenon
Modify Idealisation of tank Refer to Lloyds Register London
1.3 Inconsistencies and Applied

Results
As mentioned in Chapter 12, Section 1.1, due to the
complexity and assumptions of the mathematical solution
and idealisation, some unexpected results may occur
despite the extensive range of parameters covered during
both the validation of this procedure and the software
algorithm. Certain problems are known to occur and
symptoms/remedy are shown in Table 12.1.
Section 2:
Pressure Pulse Time

Averaging Scheme
During a sloshing simulation, high fluid velocities arise due

to the motion of the tank which require a smaller time step
than the output time step t in order to satisfy the solution
algorithm conditions. The program uses an auto timestepping facility whereby the number of time cycles during
time interval t (simulation cycle) is normally more than
one and typically about 10. The pressure value of one of
these simulation cycles therefore would be taken to
represent the pressure values over the time interval t. This
should not matter if the pressure distribution is considered
as a whole, but quite often the user considers only the peak
values without taking the characteristics of the pressure
impulses into account. Consequently this would lead to
misinterpretation of the results, that is, very large pressures
occurring over very small time intervals being taken to
represent the average pressure over the required time
interval t.
The pressure pulse time averaging technique is illustrated

in Figure 2.1. The instantaneous pressures which are the
direct solution from the algorithm are replaced by the
averaged pressure of the instantaneous pressure over one
time step. This averaged pressure is referred to as the
computed pressure in this procedure, and is the pressure
which is used as the sloshing load for capability assessment
of the structure.
Under certain circumstances, low fluid velocity will make
the solution converge for the reference time step without
requirement for smaller time step. However for consistency
of the pressure averaging scheme, SDA Fluids version 3.3
and above implement a scheme by which a minimum of
four values has to be sampled over each time step to
perform the averaging scheme.
To overcome this problem of excessively large sampled

pressure values, a pressure pulse averaging scheme has been
devised to give more realistic impact pressures (Ref 1).
LLOYDS REGISTER
43
Chapter 12
SECTION 3

Figure 2.1
Pressure Time History and Pressure Pulse Averaging Scheme
Section 3:
Dynamic and Static

Pressures
The following guidelines are provided to determine if the

conversion of dynamic to static pressure is required :
Since the pressures determined by SDA Fluids are dynamic

in nature and the assessment of the response of the
structure is based on a static analysis, it is required in
certain cases to convert the dynamic pressures to
equivalent static pressures. This conversion to static
loading is necessary when the load time history is such that
the impact period is close to the natural period of the
loaded structural component. Then, the equivalent static
pressures can be up to twice the magnitude of the dynamic
pressure. Figure 3.1 illustrates the dynamic load factor
dependence on the natural frequency of the structural
component subjected to dynamic loading of triangular
shape and duration t1.
a)
If the factor of safety given by the plastic collapse

analysis (SDA Ultimate Strength 10604) is superior
or equal to 2, No pressure transformation is required.
b)
If the impact pressure pulse is approximated to a

triangular pressure pulse of duration t1 as shown in
Figure 3.1, the impact pressure can be considered to
be quasi-static if t1/T>2, where T is the natural
period of the structural component. In general, this
case applies for conventional structures subjected to
sloshing pressures.
c)
If none of the conditions above are satisfied,

conversion of the dynamic to static pressure may be
required.
Figure 3.1
Dynamic Load Factor for Triangular Pulse Load
44
LLOYDS REGISTER

3.1 Conversion of Dynamic Pressure
to Static Pressure
The response of structures to dynamic loads can be quite
complicated. It must be borne in mind that coupling
between structural components can and does occur in
complex structures. For these cases, the analyst must
decide whether or not the various components of the tank
wall can be analysed individually or should a multi degree
of freedom system be used.
If each component of the tank structure is to be analysed
individually then it is usually conservative to assume rigid
support for each element (neglecting flexibility in the
supporting structure) and that the sloshing forces are
transferred undistorted from one member to the next.
Often, the response is attenuated by coupling, but it can be
increased as well.
However, using an equivalent single degree of freedom
system computed from energy principles (Ref 8 & 9), a
simple response calculation method for elasto-plastic
behaviour of tank boundaries has been developed, and
implemented in a computer program DYN_STAT (Ref 10).
The reduction of the dynamic pressure data to a static
pressure data for assessment of the structure is based on
the following points :
a)
b)
c)
Chapter 12
SECTION 3
For the remaining part of this procedure, DYN_STAT refers

to the process of converting dynamic pressure to static
pressure using either the software or the charts available in
Appendix B5. It should be noted that these charts are based
on an elastic response model whilst DYN_STAT software is
based on an elasto-plastic response model.
3.2 Response Calculation

The design pressure to be used for the assessment of the
structural capability is given as follows :
Pstatic = Pdynamic x DLF
(12.1)
3.3 Pressure Conversion Procedure

Generally, the worst case sloshing load for a structural
component is one which has the following properties:
-
Highest pressure
Shortest rise time
To establish whether or not a dynamic load factor should

be used for a given structural component, the following
procedure may be used:
1)
Calculate collapse strength of all structural

components according to the guidelines provided in
Chapter 13.
2)
Compute the sloshing pressure envelope using SDA

Fluids.
The dynamic load factor when multiplied by the peak

pressure gives an equivalent static pressure to be
used for design purposes.
3)
For plastic behaviour of structures which are

subjected to loads of long duration relative to the
structure fundamental period, the equivalent static
pressure gives good estimates of maximum shear
reactions in the structures.
Apply a factor of 2 to the sloshing pressure values for

the structural components which satisfy condition c)
of Chapter 12, Section 3 (this is equivalent to
applying the maximum possible dynamic load factor).
4)
Identify the areas which require further investigation

(i.e. 2 x sloshing pressure is greater than the collapse
strength, in association with the factors of safety
given in Chapter 13, Section 3).
5)
Examine the sloshing pressure time history, and

identify critical impacts according to the guidelines
provided above.
6)
Use the DYN_STAT program or charts to convert the

dynamic sloshing pressure into equivalent static
sloshing pressure where required.
Solution for plastic behaviour can be based on a

Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) which is a function of the
load time history and the natural period of the
structure.
DYN_STAT is a development program restricted at present

to Lloyds Register TPDD/ASRD, and SDA Fluids users
may contact TPDD/ASRD if required. Alternatively, DLF
charts may be used to convert dynamic pressure to static
pressure.
LLOYDS REGISTER
45
Chapter 12
SECTIONS 3, 4, 5 & 6

7)
Verify that the equivalent static sloshing pressure is

less than the collapse pressure of the structural
components where required with the associated
factors of safety (Chapter 13, Section 3).
Section 4:
Structure Natural
Frequency Calculation
Fundamental frequency of structural component may be

calculated using LR.PASS desktop computer program LR
20301 (Ref 7), or the formulae available in Appendix B and
implemented in the pressure conversion program
DYN_STAT (Ref 10). Charts to determine the natural
frequency of clamped plates in air and with one side
immersed are also available in Appendix B.
Section 5:
Force and Couple
For some type of analysis, it may be required to obtain the

forces acting on the structure. This is particularly important
for independent cargo tanks for which the forces on the
tank supports may be found.
The force and couple are found by integrating the pressure
on all cell boundary edges. The centre of integration for
couple calculation may be different from the centre of
rotation for angular motions, and may be used, for
instance, to find the shear force and tripping moment on
selected internal structure.
Section 6:
Pressure Applied to
Internal Structural
Members
When internal structural members represented by baffles

are present, the sloshing pressure applied to the internal
member is the maximum differential pressure at discrete
time instant over the simulation period. The differential
pressure is calculated as the difference between the
pressures acting at time instant t at opposite cells about the
axis of the structural element.
46
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 13
13
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Strength Assessment
Section 1: Pressure and Stresses
Section 2: Collapse Analysis Procedures for Clamped
Stiffened Panels
Section 3: Minimum Factors of Safety
Section 4: Girder Structural Analysis Procedure
Section 1:
Pressure and
Stresses
The SDA Fluids program is used to determine the

maximum lifetime sloshing pressures. When it is
appropriate, to determine the design pressures, the
response of the structural members also has to be taken
into account. Generally, from the standpoint of structural
design, the pressure is important not only for its value but
as pressure multiplied by area; that is, even high pressure
causes no damage to the structural member and hence
poses no problem in terms of structural strength as long as
the area acted upon is very small. The panel area
surrounded by stiffeners is usually taken as being the
smallest unit area.
Structural members must be strong enough to withstand

these effective loads. The plastic collapse load is used in
many instances to indicate the strength, commonly of both
panel and stiffener, taking into account their collapse
mechanism. For example, the strength of the panel
fastened in way of primary and secondary members is
obtained as the load required to form a roof shaped hinge.
As for the primary members, it is necessary to pay attention
also to the buckling of panel which composes their girders.
Also an allowance should be made for global bending
stresses which might occurs as a lifetime value and be
added to the sloshing load component.
Section 2:
Collapse Analysis
Procedures for
Clamped Stiffened
Panels
2.1 Description
The desk-top program SDA Ultimate Strength (10604)

(Ref 1) requires information about the following for the
evaluation:
-
Bulkhead type
Direction of stiffening
Material properties
Applied pressure envelope
Thickness of plate panels
Spacing, spans and scantlings of stiffeners
The program considers a single stiffener and a breadth of

panel between that and the next stiffener, or a corner of a
tank. The panel length is taken as the distance between
frames, see Figure 2.1.
Stiffeners with the following cross sections may be
examined: angle, bulb plate, flat bar or T cross section, see
Figure 2.2.
Stiffeners are continuous and effectively supported at every
floor, or girder.
Where brackets are used to reduce the effective length of
the stiffener, it is assumed that these are arranged
symmetrically either side of the primary member web, and
adequately stiffened.
LLOYDS REGISTER
47

Chapter 13
SECTION 2
x
y
Pu
Pu
Pu
tp
tp
s
l
pu
uniform panel thickness
=
=
=
panel breadth (stiffener spacing)

panel length (frame spacing)
uniform pressure applied to
unstiffened side of panel
applied axial stress acting in the
panel
applied transverse stress acting in
the panel
applied shear stress acting in the
panel
x =
y =
Figure 2.1
Panel Geometry
Flat bar section
T section
tp
tp
Angle section
tw
tw
dw
dw
tp
dw
tf
tw
bf
bf
Note:
tf
Bulb sections are to be represented as angle

sections with dimensions given in accordance
with chapter 4 of the DCPD
Figure 2.2
Stiffener Sections & Dimensions
48
LLOYDS REGISTER

8
The plate thickness used in the calculation are to be Rule

thickness. When a plate panel consist of two or more
strakes, then the plate thickness is to be taken as follows:
t = 0.75 t12 + 0.25 t22
Chapter 13
SECTION 2
for transverse bulkhead, transverse

stiffening
for transverse bulkhead, vertical stiffening
Corrosion margins are incorporated in the factor of safety

given in Chapter 13, Section 3.
where
t1 is the thickness of the major area of the panel,
greater than 2/3 of the panel breadth.
t2 is the thickness of the minor area.
Different yield stresses may be specified for the plating,
stiffener web and stiffener flange. These are to be taken as
the minimum specified yield stress or 0.5 per cent proof
stress. For normal and higher tensile steel or aluminium,
Poissons ratio is to be taken as 0.3. The modulus of
elasticity is to be taken as 20.6 E4 N/mm2 for normal and
higher tensile steel and 6.89 E4 N/mm2 for aluminium. For
cargoes carried at cryogenic, or elevated temperatures. The
minimum material properties at the corresponding
operating temperatures of the structure are to be taken.
The panel is allowed an initial shape imperfection and a
permanent set. These are the maximum deviations of the
panel from a plane surface for the undeformed panel, prior
to the application of the forces, and the deformed panel,
respectively.
2.2 Assumptions and Limitations

The initial shape imperfection and the allowable
permanent set are determined by the program from the
specified stiffener spacing. Initial shape imperfection and
permanent set are measured positive towards the stiffener
and negative away from the stiffener.
Other assumptions are as defined in Reference 8.

Note:
Corrugated bulkheads cannot be assessed using the current
SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604).
2.3 Applied Loads

a)
Sloshing Pressures
For a vertically stiffened bulkhead, subdivided by

horizontal girders or stringers, the applied pressure should
be an average of that over a height of
-
For the panel, not greater than three times the panel
breadth.
For the stiffener, the effective length.
Where the ratio of the unloaded to the effective span a/l

shown in Figure 2.3 is less than 0.4, the computed pressure
is to be modified by converting the sloshing pressure
distribution to an equivalent uniformerly distributed
pressure according to the procedure described in Appendix C.
For fluid sloshing onto the stiffened side of the plating, the
following factors may be applied to the sloshing pressures:
- Peffective = Pcomputed x 0.90 for the panel
- Peffective = Pcomputed x 0.70 for the stiffener
Default values of panel characteristics are:

-
Initial panel imperfection
s/(120 kp)
kp = (245/op)
where op is the uniaxial yield stress of plate material

-
Panel permanent set

s/400
for longitudinal bulkhead
s/300
for transverse bulkhead
Panel membrane stiffness factor
10
for longitudinal bulkhead, longitudinal
stiffening
4
for longitudinal bulkhead, transverse
stiffening
LLOYDS REGISTER
The panel is subjected to specified lateral pressures applied

to the outside of the plating, i.e. on the unstiffened surface,
and to the stiffened surface. These are the maximum
pressure differentials applied to each side of the plate
which will occur at different times. All pressures are
defined as positive.
The maximum net pressure which occur at any time is to
be input for the unstiffened surface (Note that where
sloshing can occur in the adjacent tank, this pressure
should be input if it is effectively greater).
49
Chapter 13
SECTIONS 2 & 3

wl
MA RA
wa
RB
MB
Figure 2.3
Partial Pressure Distribution
b)
Applied Stresses
The panel is also subjected to the following applied inplane stresses: a stress acting in the direction of the
stiffener span or axial stress, a stress acting in the direction
perpendicular to the stiffener span or transverse stress, and
a shear stress, see Figure 2.1. These stresses, with the
exception of those given below, are determined by the
program.
Section 3:
Safety factors are not to be less than the values given in the
relevant ship procedural document, or the values given
below:
Longitudinal Bulkhead
The applied in-plane stresses which may be input by the

user are:
Transverse Bulkhead
Axial stress for sloshing loads on transversally

stiffened transverse bulkhead or on a longitudinally
stiffened longitudinal bulkhead.
Transverse stress for sloshing loads on a vertically
stiffened transverse bulkhead or on a vertically
stiffened longitudinal bulkhead.
Shear stress for sloshing loads on a longitudinal
bulkhead.
It should be noted that consideration should be given to

the torsional/lateral bending strength of internal stiffeners.
c)
Minimum Factors of
Safety
maximum allowable pressure on panel

maximum allowable pressure on stiffener
maximum allowable pressure range on stiffener
1.1
1.5
1.5

maximum allowable pressure range
on stiffener
1.3
1.5
1.1

1.0
1.0
Deck
-
Hull Longitudinal Stresses longitudinal bulkheads
Longitudinal still water (sw) and wave (w) direct stresses

of magnitude (sw + 0.25 w) combined with shear
stresses (sw + 0.25 w) appropriate to the position of each
panel being considered should be applied. For transversely
stiffened bulkhead, tensile longitudinal stresses need not be
considered.
2.4 Output
The program prints out all input data and calculates the
plastic collapse pressures for the plate panels and stiffeners
and also safety factors against failure. Details of input
format and examples can be found in the users manual
(Ref 1).
50
LLOYDS REGISTER

Section 4:
Girder Structural
Analysis Procedure
Horizontal/vertical girders are in some cases subjected to

high impact pressures. The behaviour of girders under
lateral pressure loading differ from tank boundaries since
the girder has a relatively greater deflection in the direction
perpendicular to the plane of the girder due to the free
edge at the face plate. The effect of the free edge is to
change the load distribution on the girder flat bar stiffener
and tripping brackets, so that maximum bending moments
and shear forces will be concentrated at the fixed end
where they are connected to the primary members. In
addition, submerged girders are subjected to continuous
pulsating loads as a result of the fluid oscillatory motion.
This phenomenon may lead to fatigue damage of the girder
elements, particularly the tripping brackets, stiffeners, and
girder bracket toes.
Examination of damage records indicates that, to-date no
damage to girders attributed to sloshing loads has been
recorded. The following girder structural analysis
procedure is therefore given as a guide to be used when it
is considered necessary to verify the strength of girders. If
the application of this procedure indicates that significant
reinforcements are required, the requirements should be
specially considered taking into account service experience
of a similar structure on similar size tank onboard a similar
ship operating under similar partial filling conditions.
Chapter 13
SECTION 4
The level of strength of the stiffeners and tripping brackets

is to be checked using both elastic and plastic analysis. The
level of strength of the plating stiffeners is also to be
examined. The strength of the plating is to be checked both
on an elastic basis using the results from the F.E. model,
and on a plastic basis by using the axial loads determined
from the F.E. model to perform the plastic collapse strength
assessment outlined in Chapter 13, Section 2.
4.2 Analytical Structural Analysis

The plating capability is to be assessed using the SDA
Ultimate Strength program (10604) in association with the
safety factors defined in Chapter 13, Section 3. However,
since the SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604) is not
applicable to a cantilever stiffener, an alternative procedure
equivalent to the SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604)
has been formulated to assess the structural capability of
stiffeners and tripping brackets under sloshing levels. The
procedure is based on the estimation of the plastic colllapse
pressure for the girder stiffeners and tripping brackets. This
procedure illustrated in Figure 4.2, and is to be applied in
association with a Factor of Safety of 2.0.
4.1 Finite Element Analysis

To assess the strength of the girder, a Finite Element model
of the girder is to be performed. The girder should be
idealised using plate and rod elements as shown in Figure
4.1. The boundary conditions to be applied to the model
are shown in Table 4.1. The modelling is to be performed
according to the guidelines in DCPD Section 3, Plane
Frame.
Table 4.1 Boundary Conditions
Structure
Types of Constraints
Position
Constraints
Intersection of Horizontal
Girder and Longitudinal Plating
Boundary
All Grid Points
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Intersection of Horizontal
Girder Plating and
Transverse
Boundary
All Grid Points
1, 2, 3
Intersection of Tripping
Brackets/Face Flat
Stiffeners and Trasnverse
Boundary
All Grid Points
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Imposed Moment from
Frame Analysis
LLOYDS REGISTER
51
Chapter 13
SECTION 4

Figure 4.1
Typical Girder F.E. Idealisation
52
LLOYDS REGISTER

Chapter 13
SECTION 4
4.3 Applied Loads

a)
Sloshing Pressures
When the girder is subjected to specified lateral pressure to

the unstiffened and stiffened surface. The applied lateral
pressure is the maximum pressure differentials applies to
each side of the plate at discrete time instant (See Chapter
12, Section 6). The applied sloshing pressure is to be taken as
the average of the cell pressure values over the span of the
girder.
For fluid sloshing on the stiffened side of the plating, the
following factor may be applied to the sloshing pressures:
- Peffective = Pcomputed x 0.90 for the panel
- Peffective = Pcomputed x 0.70 for the stiffener
b)
Applied Loads
For bulkhead stringers, the application of the sloshing

loads on the bulkhead provide a bending moment at the
connection of the bulkhead stringers. The moment is to be
determined either using the simple model shown in Figure
4.3, or an equivalent procedure.
c)
Hull Longitudinal Stresses
For girder in the longitudinal direction such as deck

girders. longitudinal still water (sw) and wave (w) direct
stresses of magnitude (sw + 0.25 w) combined with
shear stresses (sw + 0.25 w) appropriate to the position
of each panel being considered should be applied.
For girder in the transverse direction such as bulkhead
stringers, tensile longitudinal stresses need not be
considered.
Figure 4.3
Typical Frame to Determine Applied Moment
LLOYDS REGISTER
53
Chapter 13
SECTION 4

2m
24
L (24m + 11l)
Mp3
Figure 4.2
54
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 14
14
SECTIONS 1 & 2
Acceptance Criteria
Section 1: Strength based acceptance criteria

Section 2: Service based acceptance criteria
Two acceptance criteria are proposed, and it is required

that when ships are to have partial fillings of tanks, at least
one of the acceptance criteria is to be satisfied :
Section 1: Strength based

acceptance criteria
The acceptance criteria for scantlings of partially filled

holds shall be such that the structural members forming the
tank boundary have a strength capability which exceeds
the loads requirements.
Any scantlings derived as a result of this procedure are to
be regarded as additional to the Rule requirements for full
tanks in cases where partial fillings is requested.
LLOYDS REGISTER
Section 2: Service based

acceptance criteria
Alternatively, sloshing loads may be controlled by the

loading requirement which will be specified by the society,
this is done by controlling the natural periods of motion of
the ship such that synchronisation may not occur.
Ship natural periods should therefore be determined by the

use of appropriate method either computational or
experimental as agreed by the society and a polar curve of
ship natural period should be produced together with strict
guidelines concerning the loading of the ship.
However special considerations will be given to this
acceptance criteria according to ship type, service and
other considerations.
55
56
LLOYDS REGISTER
Chapter 15
15
APPLICATIONS
Applications
Applications
Examples of sloshing calculations for all three levels of

analysis are shown in Appendix A.
LLOYDS REGISTER
57
58
LLOYDS REGISTER
REFERENCES
References
References
9.
The Component Element Method in Dynamics, S.

Levy, J. Wilkinson, Mac Graw-Hill, 1976.
1.
ShipRight SDA Sloshing, Software user manual.

Lloyds Register.
10.
Results of Model Sloshing Experiments for Two Bulk

Carrier Shaped Tanks due to Rolling, Development
Unit Report No 50, Lloyds Register.
Conversion of Dynamic to Equivalent Static Sloshing

Loads, Theoretical & Users Manual, TPDD Report
90/09, Lloyds Register.
11.
Liquid Sloshing in Cargo Tanks, Ship Structure

Committee report, SSC 336, 1990.
2.
3.
The MAC Method, a Computing Technique for

Solving Viscous, Incompressible, Transient Fluid Flow
Problems Involving Free Surfaces, Welch J.E, Harlow
F.H, Shannon J.P, Daly B.J, Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory, Report LA-5852, 1975.
4.
SOLA - A Numerical Solution Algorithm for Transient

Fluid Flows, Hirt C.W, Nichols B.D, Pomeroy N.C, Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Report LA-5852, 1975.
5.
Sloshing in Partially Filled Liquid Tanks and Its Effect

on Ship Motion : Numerical Simulations and
Experimental Verification, Mikelis N.E, Miller J.K,
Taylor K.V, RINA Spring Meeting, 1984, Paper No 7.
6.
LR.FLUIDS, Theoretical Manual, TPDD Report 90/01,

Lloyds Register.
7.
DTC Program 20301, Users Manual for LR.PASS

Desktop Computer Programs, Lloyds Register.
8.
Evaluation of Liquid Dynamic Loads in Slack LNG

Cargo Tanks, Ship Structure Committee report, SSC
297, 1980.
LLOYDS REGISTER
59
60
LLOYDS REGISTER
Appendix A
A
SECTION 1
Examples
Section 1: Level 1 Investigation
The purpose of this example is to perform a level 1 sloshing

investigation in order to determine whether or not a higher
level sloshing investigation is required. The example
performed on a comparative basis for two vessels of similar
dimensions is presented for a given filling level based on
vessel draught.
Ship Data
Ship A and ship B having the following general particulars
are used for this example :
Ship type
Deadweight
Length BP
Breadth mld
Depth mld
Draught max
GM
Cb
(tonnes)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
Ship A
Ship B
Tanker
64140
219,00
32,20
19,03
12,821
4,70
0,8282
Tanker
64000
220,43
32,21
18,22
13,32
5,46
0,8135
Tank Dimensions
The values of the free surface breadths and lengths used to
calculate the cargo natural roll and pitch period are given
as follows :
Ship A Ship B
Maximum Free Surface Breath (m)
24,08
24,60
Maximum Free Surface Length (m)
22,50
21,00
LLOYDS REGISTER
The maximum cargo tank breadths, as obtained from the

ship plans, were used as the free surface dimensions in the
calculation of cargo natural periods. The use of these cargo
tank dimensions produces the greatest values of cargo
natural roll period and, hence, the minimum values of
separation between ship and cargo natural roll periods.
In calculating, the cargo natural pitch periods, the choice of

free surface lengths requires consideration of the cargo
tank lengths and where fitted transverse wash bulkheads.
Wash bulkheads which represent more than 85% of the
tank cross-sectional area are taken as being effective as
sloshing barriers which limit the free surface length. In a
similar manner to the roll period, the maximum values of
free surface lengths produce the maximum values of cargo
pitch period and the minimum separation periods.
Loading Conditions
Both ships are considered to be loaded to their summer
marks with cargo of S.G = 0.878, and the cargo tanks are
taken to be filled to the level equivalent to 1.1675 x
summer draught above the bottom of the tanks. The cargo
tank filling details are given below :
Ship A
Ship B
Fill Height (m)
14,97
15,55
Ullage
(m)
4,06
2,67
% Fill
78,70
85,30
61
Appendix A
SECTIONS 1 & 2

Ship & Tank Natural Period
For both vessels at the specified loading condition, the

values of natural periods of the ship and tank which are
calculated for both rolling and pitching motion are shown
in the following table together with the minimum values of
roll and pitch separation.
This example describes a level 2 sloshing investigation.
Ship Roll Period (s)

Max. Cargo Roll Period (s)
Min. Roll Period Separation (s)
Ship Pitch Period (s)
Max. Cargo Pitch Period (s)
Min. Pitch Period Separation (s)
Ship A
11,87
5,86
6,01
11,40
5,47
5,93
Ship B
11,01
5,93
5,08
11,53
5,37
6,15
Ship Data
Fluid sloshing pressure and structural response have been
determined for a 22500 m3 LPG carrier which principal
ship particulars are as follows :
Ship Type
LBP
B mld
D mld
draught
Cb
LPG/Ammonia Carrier
153,50 m
25,90 m
15,40 m
8,30 m
0,7569
Ship Maximum Lifetime Motion Angles

Tank Dimensions
The maximum lifetime motion angles calculated according
to section 4.4 are shown below :
Max. Lifetime Roll Angle (deg.)

Max. Lifetime Pitch Angle (deg.)
Ship A
24,05
8,091
Ship B
24,17
8,081
Level of Assessment
Both vessels meets the roll period criterion of a least 5
seconds and the pitch period separation criterion of at least
3 seconds, therefore a level 1 assessment is acceptable.
Acceptance Criteria
Both vessels meets the roll period criterion of a least 5
seconds. However, ship B, a segregated ballast tanker with
cargo in centre tanks only, has a roll period separation of
5.08 seconds. Ship B is used as an example for a level 3
sloshing investigation shown in Appendix A.3.
Both vessels meets the pitch period separation criterion of
at least 3 seconds.
The tank arrangement is such as the tanks are divided port

and starboard by a centreline deep tank bulkhead, and in
addition a wash bulkhead is fitted in each tank at about
mid-tank length. The principal particulars for the tanks are
as follows :
Cargo
Max. Breadth (All Tanks)
Max. Depth (All Tanks)
Steel Yield Stress
Length No 1 Tank
Length No 2 Tank
Length No 3 tank
Loading Conditions
Calculations for the minimum ship periods have been based
on GM and mean draught data given in the builders
loading manual. The loading conditions which required
consideration are presented below along with their values
of GM and mean draught.
Loading
Conditions
Tank No 1
Tank No 2
Tank No 3
62
LPG or Ammonia
23,60 m
12,08 m
36,00 kg/mm2
31,30 m
35,45 m
29,10 m
LPG
Ammonia
LPG
Ammonia
LPG
Ammonia
GM
No 33
No 31
No 14
No 37
No 35
No 46
No 44
(m)
Mean
VCG
Draught
(m)
(m)
3,85
3,30
3,55
4,17
3,80
3,90
3,94
6,06
6,47
5,89
6,15
5,89
6,07
6,07
8,22
8,35
8,22
8,22
8,35
8,11
8,01
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 2
Ship & Tanks Natural Periods
Structural Capability
Natural periods of the fluid and the ship, which have been
calculated for both rolling and pitching motions using the
formulae given in Chapter 3 are shown on figure A.2.1.
From Figure A.2.2-A.2.4, it can be seen that the sloshing

pressures are substantially less than the Rule design
pressures for tank walls for LPG carriers. Therefore, the
tank boundaries are covered by Rule requirements. With
respect to the centreline bulkhead, it may be seen that
sloshing pressures exceed Rule design pressures. Thus, the
centreline and wash bulkheads need to be examined for
structural capability against sloshing loads.
For pitching motion, since the transverse wash bulkheads

are closed by more than 85% of the tank cross sectional
area, the natural pitching periods were derived assuming a
complete bulkhead at this position.
Ship Maximum Lifetime Motions
The maximum lifetime ship motion angles and tanks
accelerations according to Chapter 4, Section 4 are given
below :
Roll Angle
Pitch Angle
Tank No
1
2
3
(deg.)
(deg.)
25,80
11,78
Vertical Acceleration
(xg)
+/- 0,743
+/- 0,478
+/- 0,509
Level of Assessment
It can be seen that for each tank, the ship roll period
exceeds that for the fluid by more than 5 seconds, except
for LPG and Ammonia cargoes at filling levels less than
23% and 20% respectively. However, at these filling levels,
impact with the tank ceiling is very unlikely and therefore
fluid pressures may be determined using a level 2
assessment procedure.
Considering the pitching motion of each tank, the
separation between ship and fluid natural periods is less
than 3 seconds for all filling levels of LPG and Ammonia.
Sloshing impacts on the tank ceiling are unlikely due to the
separation between ship and fluid natural periods with the
possible exception of around the 30% - 35% fills where the
natural period is close to that for the ship. Experience from
previous analyses indicate that ceiling impact would not
occur at this relatively low fluid level and therefore a level
2 assessment procedure has been performed.
The structural capabilities of individual stiffeners and panel

elements in the centreline and wash bulkheads were
determined using SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604).
These are compared in Table A.2.1 to A.2.4 with the
dynamic sloshing pressures derived above.
Centreline Bulkhead
The centreline bulkhead scantlings are the same for each
tank. The highest values of sloshing pressures occurred in
the aft region of tank No 1, thus the assessment of
structural capability can be limited to the aft region of tank
No1 in order to check whether the sloshing loads could
present a problem elsewhere. The results for the aft region
of tank No 1 are presented in Table A.2.1 and A.2.2. From
the results, it is clear that the ultimate strength of the
plating and stiffeners is well in excess of the applied
sloshing pressures. In addition, the factor 3) derived from
the total pressure range, which in turn is based upon a
total stress range of twice yield considering the maximum
pressures applied consecutively to both sides of the
bulkhead is satisfactory.
Wash Bulkheads
The structural capability of the wash bulkheads of tank No
3 can be taken to be similar to that of tank No 1. The pitch
sloshing pressures in the aft and forward regions of the
tanks have been used to load the wash bulkheads. From
Table A.2.3 and A.2.4, it is clear that the wash bulkheads
scantlings of each tank as recommended herein are
satisfactory with respect to fluid sloshing.
Fluid Pressures
Fluid pressures due to sloshing for the partial filling ranges
were calculated using the SDA Tank Assessment program
(10603), and the maximum computed pressures are
plotted in Figure A.2.2-A.2.4 for tank No 1-3 respectively.
LLOYDS REGISTER
63

Appendix A
SECTION 2
100
Roll
LPG
% Filling height
80
Tank 1 (aft), 2 and 3

60
Ammonia
40
20
Tank 1 (fwd)
0
0
8
Period (secs)
10
100
12
14
16
14
16
Pitch
Tank 2 (fwd)
% Filling height
80
LPG and Ammonia

60
Tank 3 (fwd)
40
Tank 1 (fwd)
Tank 3 (aft)
20
0
0
8
Period (secs)
10
12
Figure A.2.1
Ship and Fluid Natural Periods
64
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
180
160
140
Fwd, pitch,
Ammonia
Pressure (kN/m2)
100
80
0
10
20
40
60
Aft, pitch, ammonia
Design pressure,
centre-line bulkhead
12
Transverse frame height
120
Aft, roll, ammonia
Tank length = 31,30m
Design Pressure, tank walls
200
SECTION 2
Height above tank bottom (m)

Figure A.2.2
Tank No 1 Fluid Pressure (Partial Fillings)
LLOYDS REGISTER
65

Appendix A
Pressure (kN/m2)
80
0
10
20
40
60
Roll, ammonia
Design pressure,
12
100
120
140
160
Pitch, ammonia
Design Presure, tank walls
Tank 2 length = 35,45m
180
200
SECTION 2

Figure A.2.3
Tank No 2 Fluid Pressures (Partial Fillings)
66
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
160
140
(kN/m2)
Pressure
80
60
40
20
0
10
12
Design pressure,
100
Fwd, pitch,
ammonia
120
Roll, ammonia
Tank 3 length = 29.10m
Design Presure, tank walls
180
200
SECTION 2

Figure A.2.4
Tank No 3 Fluid Pressures (Partial Fillings)
LLOYDS REGISTER
67
Appendix A
SECTION 2

Table A.2.1 Assessment of Centreline Bulkhead Plating Tank No 1 Aft

Spacing x Thickness
(mm x mm)
Capability
(KN/m2)
Applied Pressure
(KN/m2)
Capability/Applied Pressure
(KN/m2)
360 above bottom
725 x 9,0
224,3
156,0
1,44
1807.5 above bottom
725 x 9,0
224,3
140,0
1,60
3257.5 above bottom
725 x 8,5
204,6
122,5
1,67
Location
Table A.2.2 Assessment of Centreline Bulkhead Stiffeners Tank No 1 Aft

Location
Stiffener Size
(mm)
Span
(mm)
Capability
(KN/m2)
Applied Pressure
(KNm/2)
(KN/m2)
720 above bottom
350 x 90 x 10/15 IA
3200
1) 435,9
2) 411,6
3) 536,0
152,0
152,0
304,0
1,48
2,70
1,76
2170 above bottom
200 x 90 x 9/14 IA
3200
1) 301,8
2) 285,6
3) 370,4
135,5
135,5
271,0
2,23
2,11
1,37
3620 above bottom
200 x 90 x 9/14 IA
3200
1) 300,3
2) 283,9
3) 368,6
118,0
118,0
236,0
2,55
2,41
1,56
3620 above bottom
150 x 150 x 11 FB
3200
1) 268,1
2) 261,0
3) 332,2
118,0
118,0
236,0
2,25
2,21
1,41
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
Capability for pressure on plane side of plating

Capability for pressure on stiffener side of plating
Capability for total pressure range
Table A.2.3 Assessment of Wash Bulkhead Plating

Spacing x Thickness
(mm x mm)
Capability
(KN/m2)
Applied Pressure
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
1082,5 above bottom
725 x 10,0
286,1
145,5
1,97
3257,5 above bottom
725 x 8,5
221,7
120,0
1,85
1082,5 above bottom
725 x 10,0
286,1
157,5
1,92
3257,5 above bottom
725 x 8,5
221,7
136,0
1,63
Location
Tank 1 or 3
Tank 2
68
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 2
Table A.2.4 Assessment of Wash Bulkhead Stiffeners

Stiffener Size
(mm)
Span
(mm)
Capability
(KN/m2)
Applied Pressure
(KNm/2)
(KN/m2)
1445 above bottom
200 x 18 FB
2950
1) 339,6
2) 302,2
3) 305,7
141,5
124,5
226,0
1,48
2,70
1,76
2170 above bottom
200 x 18 FB
2950
1) 339,6
2) 302,2
3) 305,7
133,0
116,0
249,0
2,23
2,11
1,37
2895 above bottom
180 x 18 FB
2950
1) 339,6
2) 302,2
3) 305,7
124,0
107,0
231,0
2,55
2,41
1,56
3620 above bottom
180 x 18 FB
2950
1) 275,7
2) 250,2
3) 245,7
116,0
99,0
215,0
2,25
2,21
1,41
4345 above bottom
120 x 10 FB
1450
1) 316,3
2) 290,2
3) 274,4
107,5
90,0
197,5
2,94
3,22
1,39
5070 above bottom
220 x 12 FB
2950
1) 142,5
2) 207,6
3) 247,2
98,0
81,0
179,0
1,45
2,56
1,38
Location
Tank 1 or 3
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
Capability for pressure on plane side of plating

Capability for pressure on stiffener side of plating
Capability for total pressure range
Acceptance Criteria
From the results, it is clear that the ultimate strength of the
plating and stiffeners for the centreline bulkhead is well in
excess of the applied sloshing pressures, the wash
bulkheads scantlings of each tank as recommended herein
are satisfactory with respect to fluid sloshing.
It should be borne in mind that the computed pressures are
somewhat conservative since as already stated, the method
does not include the alleviating influence of the internal
structure particularly the transverse frames and girders.
Further, it is not possible in these calculations to account
for the pressure reductions caused by the openings in the
wash bulkheads which were again assumed to be solid
boundaries. Also, with respect to the wash and centreline
bulkheads, it has been assumed that there is no fluid on the
other side of the bulkhead to that being considered.
LLOYDS REGISTER
69
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Ship Maximum Lifetime Motion Angles
A level 3 investigation is performed for ship B described in

Appendix A.1 for a typical tank in rolling motion.
The maximum lifetime motion angles calculated according

to Chapter 4, Section 4 are shown below :
Ship Data
Max. Lifetime Roll Angle

Max. Heave Amplitude
Max. Sway Amplitude
0.7max
The vessel has the following general particulars :

Ship Type
Deadweight (tonnes)
Length BP (m)
Breadth mld (m)
Depth mld (m)
Draught max(m)
GM
(m)
Cb
Tanker
64000
220,43
32,21
18,22
13,32
5,46
0,8135
Tank Dimensions
The free surface breadths used to calculate the cargo
natural roll period are given as follows :
The VCG was taken at 8,59 metres above the baseline and
the kinematic viscosity of fluid cargo was taken to be 5.0
Centistokes (5x10-6 m2/s) reflecting the minimum value
for the range of cargoes carried by this vessel and which
will produce the greatest values of liquid cargo pressures.
LR.FLUIDS Model
To fit the mesh to the tank and obtain a suitable mesh
spacing for the tank geometry, the cell size analysis has
been performed according to the recommendations in
Chapter 13, Sections 2.1 and 2.2 as shown in the following
Tables A.3.1.
24,60
From this analysis, it can be seen that there are two
suitable cell size dimensions :
Loading Conditions
The ship is considered to be loaded to its summer marks
with cargo of S.G = 0,878, and the cargo tanks are taken
to be filled to the level equivalent to 1,1675 x summer
draught above the bottom of the tanks. The cargo tank
filling details are given below :
Fill Height
Ullage
% Fill
24,17
4,00
2,50
16,92
The above values of period and motions were used to

provide the standard sloshing excitation spectrum
particular to the subject vessel.
Figure A.3.1 shows the general arrangement of the cargo

tanks, and Figure A.3.2 shows a typical transverse section
amidships.
Maximum Free Surface Breath (m)
(deg.)
(m)
(m)
(deg.)
(m)
(m)
15,55
2,67
85,30
22 x 16 = 352 cells
30 x 22 = 660 cells
Although the 352 cells model would reduce computational
time significantly compared to the 660 cells model by
approximately half, the 660 cells model has a mesh spacing
in the i direction which is equal to the longitudinal deck
spacing, this may present an advantage for reducing the
pressure data.
Ship & Tank Natural Period
The model datafile is shown in Appendix D.
For the given vessel at the specified loading condition, the

values of natural periods of the ship and tank which are
calculated for rolling motion are shown in the following
table together with the minimum values of roll separation.
The LR.FLUIDS model of the cargo tank is shown on Figure

A.3.3. The LR.FLUIDS model consisted of :
Ship Roll Period

(s)
Max. Cargo Roll Period
(s)
Min. Roll Period Separation (s)
11,01
5,93
5,08
or
-
30 cell divisions across the tank breadth

22 cell divisions up the tank height
660 cells in total
The girders of the upper deck and bottom were represented

by internal baffles as shown on Figure A.3.3.
70
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Post-Processing of LR.FLUIDS Data
d)
The procedure followed is given in Chapters 12 & 13.
The critical impact pressures identified in the previous

section have been analysed as follows:
a)
Collapse Strength
The calculated values of roll sloshing pressures provided

local pressures to be compared with the collapse strength
of the longitudinal bulkheads and upper deck plating and
attached stiffeners forming the cargo tank boundaries. The
collapse strength of these items of structure was calculated
using SDA Ultimate Strength program (10604). The results
for the deck plating and longitudinal bulkhead plating are
shown in Table A.3.3 and A.3.4.
Hull girder bending and shear stresses corresponding to the
loading condition investigated, in combination with wave
induced stress, were distributed through the hull section
and applied to the stiffened panels examined, as
appropriate.
b)
Adjusted maximum Dynamic Pressure
The pressure envelope obtained by LR.FLUIDS is shown in

Figure A.3.4. These results are summarised in Table A.3.3
and A.3.4. for the deck and the longitudinal bulkhead.
Because of possible dynamic pressure magnification, the
pressure are multiplied by a factor of 2 to identify the
critical areas. Also, where applicable, the pressure are
corrected according to Chapter 13, Section 2.3.
Note:
Since the tank is symmetrical, the maximum pressure of
the symmetric cells should be considered as the applied
pressure. Differences in pressure magnitude for opposite
cells arise from the nature of the motion spectrum which is
not linear and symmetric with respect to time. When
harmonic excitation is used, this recommendation is still
valid. Because of computational round off errors inherent
to all finite difference schemes, perfect symmetry of the
pressure values is very rarely attained, but the difference is
often negligible.
c)
Analysis of Critical Pressures
For the relevant cells, a pressure time history has

been obtained (Figure A.3.7 to A.3.8)
All impact pressures with magnitude greater than the

collapse strength have been magnified in order to
study the time history.
Impact pressure with duration significantly larger

than the structural component natural period are
discarded.
The remaining impact pressures have been analysed

using the DYN_STAT program.
The results are summarised in Table A.3.3 and A.3.4.

Results
Longitudinal Bulkhead
Figure A.3.7 shows a typical sloshing pressure history.
Because of the fill level, most cells on the longitudinal
bulkhead exhibit a non impulsive dynamic pressure time
trace. These pressures time traces have a period of the
order of the tank natural period/excitation period. From
the magnified plot, it can be seen that the impact duration
is significantly larger than the natural period of the panel
and stiffener and associated plating ( 0.0124 s and 0.0142
s respectively). Therefore, the pressure on the longitudinal
bulkhead can be assumed to be quasi static. The pressure
values obtained from LR.FLUIDS and adjusted according to
Chapter 13, Section 2.3 can be assumed to be the
maximum lifetime values, and the dynamic load factor is
unity. From the strength analysis summarised in Tables
A.3.3, and using a Factor of Safety for the panel of 1.1 as
given in Chapter 13, Section 3. It can be seen that panel
number 9 to 20 are deficient and require an increase in
scantlings.
Identification of critical Areas
The critical areas have been identified in Table A.3.3 and

A.3.4. The results of these table are shown in Figures A.3.5
and A.3.6.
LLOYDS REGISTER
71
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Deck
Figure A.3.8 shows a typical sloshing pressure history.
However, for completeness in this example, the program
DYN_STAT has been used. The dynamic Load Factors (DLF)
have been calculated with and without heave acceleration.
The DLF values remain close to unity. In order to check the
sensitivity of the dynamic load factor to the pressure
magnitude and impact duration, the DLF have been
computed for a range of impact magnitude and duration.
Results showed that the level of confidence that the DLF
value would remain close to unity was large. Therefore, the
pressure on the deck can be assumed to be quasi static. The
pressure values obtained from LR.FLUIDS and adjusted
according to Chapter 13, Section 2.3 can be assumed to be
the maximum lifetime values, and the dynamic load factor
is unity.
Note that this example is for illustration purposes since only
the panel plating has been assessed. In a normal
assessment, the stiffener and associated plating should also
be investigated.
A typical DYN_STAT input data file and output for the deck
cell of interest is shown in Appendix D.
The display facility associated with LR.FLUIDS program
enables the fluid motion to be shown using velocity vector
display at discrete time increments. Figure A.3.9 shows
four typical snap shot plots for representative positions in
an oscillating cycle.
72
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Figure A.3.1
General Arrangement
LLOYDS REGISTER
73
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Figure A.3.2
Midship Section
74
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Figure A.3.3
Tank Mesh
Figure A.3.4
Pressure Envelope
LLOYDS REGISTER
75
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Figure A.3.5
Longitudinal Bulkhead Loading & Capability
Figure A.3.6
Deck Loading & Capability
76
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Figure A.3.7
Pressure Time History at Centre of Cell (30,1)
LLOYDS REGISTER
77
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Figure A.3.8
Pressure Time History at Centre of Cell (8,22)
78
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Figure A.3.9
Typical Plots of Velocity Vectors
LLOYDS REGISTER
79
Appendix A
SECTION 3

Figure A.3.10
Sloshing Excitation Spectrum
80
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Figure A.3.11
Free Surface Envelope
LLOYDS REGISTER
81

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Table A.3.1 Vertical & Horizontal Cell Size Study
Vertical Dimensions
Tank Height
18,220 m
Total Number of Cells

Vertical Mesh Spacing
Meshed Tank Height
Error
(m)
(m)
(%)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1,215 1,139 1,072 1,012 0,959 0,911 0,868 0,828
18,225 18,224 18,224 18,216 18,221 18,220 18,228 18,216
0,027 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,005 0,000 0,044 0,022
Bottom Girder Height 4,820 m

Number of Cells
Meshed Girder Height
Error
(m)
(%)
Deck Girder Height
4
4,860
0,830
4
4
5
5,556 4,288 5,060
5,477 11,037 4,979
5
4,795
0,519
5
4,555
5,498
6
5,208
8,050
6
4,968
3,071
2
2
2
3
3
2,278 2,144 2,024 2,877 2,733
5,083 10,667 15,667 19,875 13,875
3
2,604
8,500
3
2,484
3,500
2,400 m
Number of Cells
Meshed Girder Height
Error
(m)
(%)
2
2,430
1,250
Cumulative Error
(%)
2,107 10,582 21,726 20,668 20,339 19,373 16,594 6,592
Horizontal Dimensions
Tank Width
24,600 m
Total Number of Cells

Horizontal Mesh Spacing
Meshed Tank Width
Error
Bottom Girder
to Long BHD
Number of Cells
Meshed Spacing
Error
Outer Girder
to C.L. Girder
(m)
(m)
(%)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1,230 1,171 1,118 1,070 1,025 0,984 0,946 0,911 0,879 0,848 0,820 0,794 0,769
24,600 24,591 24,596 24,610 24,600 24,600 24,596 24,597 24,612 24,592 24,600 24,614 24,608
0,000 0,037 0,016 0,041 0,000 0,000 0,016 0,012 0,049 0,033 0,000 0,057 0,033
5,740 m
(m)
(%)
5
6,150
7,143
5
5,855
2,003
5
5,590
2,613
5
5,350
6,794
6
6,150
7,143
6
5,904
2,857
6
5,676
1,115
6
7
5,466 6,153
4,774 7,195
7
7
7
7
5,936 5,470 5,558 5,383
3,415 0,000 3,171 6,220
6
6,150
6,250
8
8
8
9
6,784 6,560 6,352 6,921
3,415 0,000 3,171 5,503
6.560 m
Number of Cells
Meshed Spacing
Error
(m)
(%)
5
6,150
6,250
6
7,026
7,104
6
6,708
2,256
6
6,420
2,134
7
6,888
5,000
7
6,622
0,945
7
7
6,377 6,153
2,790 6,204
Cumulative Error
(%)
13,393 9,144
4,886
8,969 13,393 7,857
2,076
7,575 13,448 6,862 0,000 6,398 11,755
82
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix A
SECTION 3
Table A.3.3 Longitudinal Bulkheads Loading & Capability

Longitudinal Bulkhead Plating Strength Analysis
Longitudinal Bulkhead Sloshing Pressure Analysis
Minimum Factor of Safety

A
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
i
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Table A.3.4
Cell Centre Maximum

Pressure
max (A, B)
(m)
(KN/m2)
0,415
1,244
2,073
2,901
3,730
4,559
5,388
6,217
7,046
7,875
8,704
9,534
10,363
11,192
12,021
12,850
13,679
14,508
15,337
16,166
16,995
17,824
360,50
326,60
319,80
313,10
306,60
300,50
295,10
290,50
286,40
282,80
279,80
277,50
275,90
275,30
280,50
287,50
295,70
304,50
313,20
320,50
324,50
347,00
Effective
Pressure
(KN/m2)
2x
Effective
Pressure
(KN/m2)
360,50
326,60
319,80
313,10
306,60
300,50
295,10
290,50
286,40
282,80
279,80
277,50
275,90
275,30
280,50
287,50
295,70
304,50
313,20
320,50
324,50
347,00
721,00
653,20
639,60
626,20
613,20
601,00
590,20
581,00
572,80
565,60
559,60
555,00
551,80
550,60
561,00
575,00
591,40
609,00
626,40
641,00
649,00
694,00
Panel
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1,10
Panel
Center
Collapse
Strength
(m)
(KN/m2)
Adjusted
Sloshing
Pressure
(KN/m2)
0,450
1,350
2,140
2,280
3,575
4,405
5,235
6,065
6,895
7,725
8,555
9,385
10,215
11,045
11,875
12,705
13,535
14,365
15,195
16,025
16,762
17,406
18,050
541,421
541,421
516,601
517,676
343,934
344,649
345,232
345,232
304,948
304,948
304,948
285,763
285,763
285,146
285,146
247,522
247,522
228,073
228,073
228,073
456,681
456,681
456,681
359,05
325,73
319,25
313,76
307,82
301,64
296,10
291,35
283,15
283,45
280,34
277,91
276,18
275,41
279,59
286,28
294,28
302,99
311,72
319,26
323,38
335,67
353,15
Critical
Pressure
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
_***_
Min.
Safety
Factor
1,508
1,662
1,618
1,650
1,117
1,143
1,166
1,185
1,062
1,076
1,008
1,028
1,035
1,035
1,020
0,865
0,841
0,753
0,732
0,714
1,412
1,361
1,293
Deck Loading & Capability

Deck Plating Strength Analysis
Deck Sloshing Pressure Analysis

A
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B
i
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
LLOYDS REGISTER
Cell Centre Maximum

from Deck Pressure
Edge
max (A, B)
(m)
(KN/m2)
0,410
1,230
2,050
2,870
3,690
4,510
5,330
6,150
6,970
7,790
8,610
9,430
10,250
11,070
11,890
347,00
338,10
335,30
354,30
393,10
410,10
418,80
447,00
117,00
107,60
108,90
113,00
121,90
141,00
171,60
Minimum Factor of Safety

Panel
No
(KN/m2)
2x
Effective
Pressure
(KN/m2)
312,30
304,29
301,77
318,87
353/79
369,09
376,92
402,30
105,30
96,84
98,01
101,70
109,71
126,90
154,44
624,60
608,58
603,54
637,74
707,58
738,18
753,84
804,60
210,60
193,68
196,02
203,40
219,42
253,80
308,88
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Effective
Pressure
1,00
Panel
Center
Collapse
Strength
(m)
(KN/m2)
Adjusted
Sloshing
Pressure
(KN/m2)
0,410
1,230
2,050
2,870
3,690
4,510
5,330
6,150
6,970
7,790
8,610
9,430
10,250
11,070
11,890
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
596,649
312,30
304,29
301,77
318,87
353,79
369,09
376,92
402,30
105,30
96,84
98,01
101,70
109,71
126,90
154,44
Critical
Pressure
Min.
Safety
Factor
1,910
1,961
1,977
1,871
1,686
1,617
1,583
1,483
5,666
6,161
6,088
5,867
5,438
4,702
3,863
83
84
LLOYDS REGISTER
Appendix B
SECTION 1
Natural frequencies of
Structural Components
Section 1: Natural Frequency of Plate

Section 2: Natural Frequency of Plate Stiffener
Section 3: Effect of Submergence
Section 4: Dynamic Load Factor Charts
Section 1: Natural Frequency of

Plate
The natural frequency of a clamped plate in air is given by
The natural frequency of an isotopic charged plate in

air fair may be reduced to the followng expression:
air
fair = 1/(2 )-(1/( h)(A4Dx/a4+B4Dy/b4

+2CDxy/(a2b2))
Hertz
where
A =
B =
C =
h =
=
Dx =
Dy =
Dxy =
=
Ex, Ey =
4,730
4,730
151,30
plate thickness
plate material density
(Exh3)/(12(1-xy))
(Exh3)/(12(1-xy))
Dxy + Gh3/6
Poissons ratio
Elastic moduli parallel to x and y axes,
respectively
G = Shear modulus
a = panel length
b = panel breadth
The natural frequency in air of a clamped plate of aspect

ratio a/b can be obtained from the graphs shown on Figure
B.1.1. These figures have been computed using the
following variables.
Ex
Ey
=
=
=
=
= 55375t
() ()
b 2
+
a
a
b
+ 0,6045
Hertz
where
a
b
t
panel lenght (metres)

panel breadth (metres)
panel thickness (mm)
f may be rewritten as follows:

air
air
Kt
ab
where
K = 5.5375
() ()
b 2
+
a
a
b
+ 0,6045
For a selection of plate panel aspect ratio a/b, the

coefficient k is given in Table B1, and illustrated in Figure
B.1.1.
Table B1
b
a
1.00
1.25 1.50
8,937
9,278 10,058 12,201 17,260 22.607 28,042 33,516 39,009 44,514
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
206,00 E9 N/m2
206,00 E9 N/m2
0,30
7800 kg/m3
LLOYDS REGISTER
85
Appendix B
SECTION 1

Figure B.1.1
86
LLOYDS REGISTER

Section 2: Natural Frequency of

Plate Stiffener
The natural frequency of a plate stiffener in air is given by

fi = Ki/(2L2) (EI/(m(1+ 2El/L2GA))) Hertz
where
EI =
GA =
L =
m =
Flexural rigidity of plate stiffener combination

Shear rigidity of the plate stiffener combination
Beam length
Mass per unit length of the stiffener and
associated plating
Ki = Constant where i refers to the mode of vibration
Mode
22.40
61.70
121.0
200.0
299.0
To obtain the frequency fwater of a plate with one side

exposed to air and the other side exposed to a liquid, the
frequency calculated in air fair may be modified by the
following formula :
fwater = fair.
(p/(p + 1/p))
t (1/a2 + 1/b2)
density of the liquid
density of the plate
plate panel thickness
Section 4: Dynamic Load Factor

Charts
4.1 Gradually Applied Load

For a gradually applied load as shown in Figure B.4.1., the
instantaneous dynamic load factor DLF can be calculated as
follows:
0 t t1
DLF = t/t1 sin( t)/ t1 = t/t1
T/(2t1).sin( t)
t1 < t
DLF = 1 + T/(2t1)[sin((tt1)) sin( t)]
where
t1
is the rise of the applied load as shown in Figure

B.4.1.
T
is the natural frequency of the structural
component
= 2/T
Ki
Section 3: Effect of Submergence
where
=
p =
1 =
p =
t =
Appendix B
SECTIONS 2, 3 & 4
Typical instantaneous DLF time histories are shown in

Figure B 4.2. The maximum DLF is the value to be used for
conversion of dynamic pressure to static pressure. DLF
max is given in Figure B.4.3 and Table B.4.1 Linear
interpolation may be performed to obtain DLF values for
intermediated t1/T values.
P
P1
Time
t1
Figure B.4.1
Typical Gradually Applied Load
t
a
The coefficient is illustrated for various and ratio in
b
b
Figure B.3.1.
LLOYDS REGISTER
87
Appendix B
SECTION 3

Figure B.3.1
88
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix B
SECTION 4
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
t1/T = 0.250
t1/T = 3.333
DLF 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Time t1
Figure B.4.2
Gradually Applied Load Typical Instantaneous DLF Time Histories
2.000
1.800
1.600
D
L
F
m
a
x
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.500 1.000
1.500
2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000

t1/T
Figure B.4.3
Gradually Applied Load DLF max - t1/T
LLOYDS REGISTER
89

Appendix B
SECTION 4
4.2
Triangular Pulse Load
For a triangular pulse load as shown in Figure B.4.4, the

instantaneous dynamic load factor DLF can be calculated as
follows:
0 t 0.5t1
DLF = 2t/t1 T/t1).sin(t)
0.5t1 t t1 DLF = 2 2t/t1 + T/(t1)
[2sin((tt1/2)) sin (t)]
t1 t
DLF = T/(t1)[sin((tt1))
+ 2sin( (tt1/2)) sin (t)]
where
t1
is the rise time of the applied load as shown in

Figure B.4.4.
T
is the natural frequency of the structural
component
= 2/T
Typical instantaneous DLF time histories are shown in

Figure B.4.5. The maximum DLF is the value to be used for
conversion of dynamic pressure to static pressure. DLF
max is given in Figure B.4.6 and Table B.4.2 Linear
interpolation may be performed to obtain DLF values for
intermediate t1/T values.
P
P1
t1
2t1
Time
Figure B.4.4
Typical Triangular Pulse Load
90
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix B
SECTION 4
1.5
0.5
t1/T = 0.250
t1/T = 1.250
DLF
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
-0.5
-1
Time t1
Figure B.4.5
Triangular Pulse Load Typical Instantaneous DLF Time Histories
2.000
1.800
1.600
D
L
F
m
a
x
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.500 1.000
1.500
2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000

t1/T
Figure B.4.6
Triangular Pulse Load DLF max - t1/T
LLOYDS REGISTER
91
92
0,000
1,984
1,935
1,858
1,757
1,637
1,504
1,368
1,232
1,109
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,800
0,900
1,000
1,089
1,156
1,198
1,216
1,212
1,189
1,151
1,104
1,052
DLF max
DLF max
0,000
0,312
0,608
0,875
1,098
1,273
1,391
1,465
1,501
1,514
t1/T
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,800
0,900
1,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
t1/T
1,508
1,481
1,441
1,397
1,342
1,282
1,228
1,165
1,104
1,052
DLF max
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
t1/T
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
t1/T
1,000
0,960
0,953
0,980
1,016
1,055
1,089
1,115
1,126
1,135
DLF max
1,000
1,047
1,085
1,111
1,125
1,127
1,116
1,095
1,067
1,034
DLF max
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,300
3,400
3,500
3,600
3,700
3,800
3,900
t1/T
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,300
3,400
3,500
3,600
3,700
3,800
3,900
t1/T
1,158
1,168
1,167
1,155
1,132
1,103
1,084
1,070
1,060
1,025
DLF max
1,000
1,032
1,059
1,078
1,089
1,091
1,084
1,070
1,059
1,025
DLF max
4,000
4,100
4,200
4,300
4,400
4,500
4,600
4,700
4,800
4,900
t1/T
4,000
4,100
4,200
4,300
4,400
4,500
4,600
4,700
4,800
4,900
t1/T
1,000
0,978
0,976
0,989
1,007
1,029
1,050
1,069
1,083
1,091
DLF max
1,000
1,024
1,045
1,060
1,069
1,071
1,066
1,055
1,039
1,020
DLF max
5,000
5,100
5,200
5,300
5,400
5,500
5,600
5,700
5,800
5,900
t1/T
5,000
5,100
5,200
5,300
5,400
5,500
5,600
5,700
5,800
5,900
t1/T
1,092
1,083
1,069
1,050
1,056
1,058
1,054
1,045
1,032
1,017
DLF max
1,000
1,019
1,036
1,049
1,056
1,058
1,054
1,045
1,032
1,017
DLF max
SECTION 4
1,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
t1/T
Appendix B
Table B.4.2 Triangular Pulse Load DLF max - t1/T
DLF max
t1/T
Table B.4.1 Gradually Applied Load DLF max - t1/t

LLOYDS REGISTER
Appendix C
SECTION 1
Determination of Equivalent
Uniformly Distributed Loading
Section 1: General
Section 2: Determination of Equivalent Uniformly
Distributed Loading
Section 1: General
c)
W = Max[WRA; WRB; WMA; WMB]
The conversion of an arbitrary distributed loading is based

on the assumption that failure occurs at fixed ends in the
plastic mode. Arbitrary distributed loading end moments
and shear forces are used to determine the equivalent
uniformly distributed loading.
Location
Reactions
Moments
A
RA
MA
B
RB
MB
The equivalent uniformly loading load W is given by
A
B
RA = WL/2
RB = WL/2
MA = WL2/12 MB = WL2/12
The equivalent uniformly distributed loading is obtained as

follows:
a)
WRA
WRB
b)
Determine the equivalent uniformely distributed

loads due to the end reactions.
= 2.RA/L
= 2.RB/L
Determine the equivalent uniformly distributed loads
due to the end moments.
WMA = 12.MA/L2
WMB = 12.MB/L2
weq
MA RA
RB
l
LLOYDS REGISTER
MB
MA RA
RB
l
93

Appendix C
SECTION 2
2.2 Arbitrary Distributed Loading
Section 2: Determination of
Equivalent Uniformly
Distributed Loading
To determine the end moments and reactions for an

arbitrary distributed loading, it is assumed that the loading
distribution can be broken down into n segments. Each
segment is considered as a component load case yielding
end moments and reactions are obtained by summing
individual components. End moments and reactions are
obtained using the formulae for the simple trapezoidal
distributed loadcase.
2.1 Trapezoidal Distributed Loading

To determine the end moments and reactions for a simple
trapezoidal loading shown below, the following formulae
may be used.
wl
wa
MA RA
RB
For a distributed loading made of three segments as shown

below, the total loadcase may be divide in three individual
loadcase components as shown below.
MB
RA
RB
RB
MB
=
=
=
=
w1
w2
w3
w4
wa(la)3(l+a)/(2l3) + (w1wa)(la)3(3l+2a)/2013)
wa(l-a)3(1+3a)/(12l3) + (w1wa)(la)3(2l+3a)/(60l2)
(wa+w1)(la)/2RA
RAl+MAwa(la)2/2(w1wa)(la)2/6
=
=
=
=
wA w 3
wD w 2
wB a(wBwC)/(ab)
l(wBwC)/(a/b) +wB a(wBwC)/(a/b)
For each component loadcase, the reactions and moments

at A and B can be calculated.
For the simple trapezoidal case, a regression analysis has

been performed to express the equivalent loading weq in
terms of w1, wa/w1, and a/l. The equivalent loading
is as follows:
Reaction
A
D
Moment
A
1
2
3
RA1
RA2
RA3
RD1
RD2
RD3
MA1
MA2
MA3
MD1
MD2
MD3
Total
RAt
RDt
MAt
MDt
Location
Loadcase
Weq = w1[0.702+0.291) + (0.307 + 0.557)

+ (0.4000.850) 2]
where
= wa/w1
= a/l
Hence, the equivalent uniformly distributed loads due to

the end reactions.
WRAt = 2.RAt/l
WRDt = 2.RDt/l
WA
WD
WC
WB
MAT RAT
RBT
A
B
MBT
W1
W2
A
+
B
94
W4
W3
L
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix C
SECTION 2
The equivalent uniformly distributed loads due to the end

moments.
Hence, the equivalent uniformly distributed loads due to

the end reactions.
WMAt = 12.MAt/l2
WMDt = 12.MDt/l2
WRAt = 2.RAt/l
WREt = 2.REt/l
Thus, the equivalent uniformly loading load W is given by
The equivalent uniformly distributed loads due to the end

moments.
W = Max[WRAt; WRDt; WMAt; WMDt]

WMAt = 12.MAt/l2
WMEt = 12.MEt/l2
For a distributed loading made of four segments as shown

below, the total loadcase may be divide in four individual
loadcase components as shown below.
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
=
=
=
=
=
=
Thus, the equivalent uniformly loading load W is given by

W = Max[WRAt; WREt; WMAt; WMEt]
wA (w3+w5)
wD (w4+w6)
wB a(wBwC)/(ab)
l(wB wC)/(a/b) + wB a(wBwC)/(a/b)
wC b(wCwD)/(b/c)
l(wC wD)/(bc) + wC b(wCwD)/(bc)
The same principles can be extended to more than 4

segments, and it would be recommended to implement this
calculation procedure on a spreadsheet to speed up the
calculation process.
For each component loadcase, the reactions and moments

at A and E can be calculated.
Location
Loadcase
1
2
3
Total
Reaction
A
E
Moment
A
RA1
RA2
RA3
RE1
RE2
RE3
MA1
MA2
MA3
ME1
ME2
ME3
RAt
REt
MAt
MEt
WA
WC WD
WB
MAT RAT
WE
RBT
A
B
C
MBT
W1
W2
+
C
+
W4
W3
W5
W6
+
L
LLOYDS REGISTER
95
96
LLOYDS REGISTER
Appendix D
DATA FILE AND OUTPUT
SDA FLUIDS Data File

DYN_STAT Data File & Output
LLOYDS REGISTER
97
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
TITLE
$
PMESH
$
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
$
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
MESH
$
BAFFLE
BAFFLE
BAFFLE
BAFFLE
BAFFLE
BAFFLE
$
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
IMAGE
$
PFLUID
$
MOTION
MOTION
MOTION
$
TIMING
$
OUTPUT

A.3 LEVEL 3 INVESTIGATION / ROLL 70.05%

0.82
0.828
0.0
-0.81
1
30
30
1
1
1
22
22
30
30
1
1
1
22
22
1
2001
2001
2001
2001
BDRY
BDRY
BDRY
BDRY
NOTF
NOTF
NOTF
NOTF
NOTC
NOTC
NOTC
NOTC
8
9
15
16
22
23
8
9
15
16
22
23
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
20
20
8
9
15
16
22
23
8
9
15
16
22
23
6
6
6
6
6
6
22
22
22
22
22
22
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
NOTB
8
15
22
8
15
22
1
1
1
20
20
20
8
15
22
8
15
22
6
6
6
22
22
22
VERT
VERT
VERT
VERT
VERT
VERT
0.0
030
6.56
12.30
18.04
6.56
12.30
18.04
0.0
18.22
0.0
0.0
0.0
18.22
18.22
18.22
24.60
0.0
6.56
12.30
18.04
6.56
12.30
18.04
0.0
18.22
85.30
878.0
SPEC
VERT
HORI
16.92
4.0
2.5
6.0
-9.81
-9.81
11.01
0.0451
180.2
170.00
180.2
0.0
.0.0
4.82
4.82
4.82
15.82
15.82
15.82
24.60
18.22
5.OE-6
12.01
12.01
12.01
1 1
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
0.0
90.0
180.0
2.0
YYYYYYYYY
SDA FLUIDS Model Data File
98
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
DECK CELL (8,22)

APPLICATION EXAMPLE
20600.,3,7850.,3500.,830.,18.5,878.,0.
A
284.,11.,90.,16.,3500.
4
0.,0.,.0456,447.,.0913,65.,.13692,0.0
4
0.0,0.,0.4756,497.154,1.4848,677577,2.692,691.46
4
0.0,0.,0.4756,497.154,1.4848,677.577,2.692,691.46
2
11.01,4.0,12.01,8.01,-0.001,0.0451,2.0,180.2,179.84
1
0.001,0.6,0.025
1
200.,600.,25.
DYN_STAT Model Data File
LLOYDS REGISTER
99
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT

CONVERSION OF DYNAMIC SLOSHING PRESSURE
TO STATIC PRESSURE
FOR STRUCTURAL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Title
Subtitle
: DECK CELL (8,22)

: APPLICATION EXAMPLE
PANEL DATA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
YOUNGS MODULUS
POISSON S RATIO
MATERIAL DENSITY
FRAME SPACING
STIFFENER SPACING
PLATE THICKNESS
CARGO DENSITY
COEFFICIENT OF VISCOUS DAMPING
= 206000.0000
=
.3000
=
7850.0000
=
3500.0000
=
830.0000
=
18.5000
=
878.0000
=
.0000
N/MM2
KG/M3
MM
MM
MM
KG/M3
Ns/M
STIFFENER DATA
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
STIFFENER TYPE
WEB DEPTH
WEB THICKNESS
FLANGE WIDTH
FLANGE THICKNESS
STIFFENER EFFECTIVE SPAN
=
=
=
=
=
=
A
284.0000
11.0000
90.0000
16.0000
3500.0000
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY & ADDED MASS

PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY IN AIR
PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY IN WATER
ONE SIDE IMMERSED
PLATE MASS
PLATE MASS + ADDED MASS
PLATE ADDED MASS
=
=
148.7652 Hz
93.0842 Hz
=
=
=
421.8786 KG
1077.5530 KG
655.6744 KG
PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY & ADDED MASS

PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY IN AIR
PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY IN WATER
ONE SIDE IMMERSED
PLATE & STIFFENER MASS
PLATE & STIFFENER MASS + ADDED MASS
PLATE & STIFFENER ADDED MASS
HEAVE ACCELERATION TYPE :
100
=
=
72.4130 Hz
46.0999 Hz
=
=
=
547.2745 KG
1350.3151 KG
803.0406 KG
1
NO HEAVE ACCELERATION
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
IMPACT DATA
Point
Time
(s)
Pressure
(KN/M2)
1
2
3
4
.0000
.0456
.0913
.1369
.0000
447.0000
65 .0000
.0000
PLATE LOAD DEFLECTION DATA
Point
Deflection
(M)
Load
(KN/M2)
1
2
3
4
.0000
.0005
.0015
.0027
.0000
497.1540
677.5770
691.4600
PLATE STIFFENER LOAD DEFLECTION DATA
Point
Deflection
1
2
3
4
Load
.0000
.4756
1.4848
2.6920
.0000
497.1540
677.5770
691.4600
PLATE RESPONSE
DYNAMIC LOAD FACTOR
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
MAXIMUM INSTANT. DLF
DEFLECTION @ MAX DLF
=
=
=
=
1.0146
.4328 MM @ TIME
=
.0457310000 Seconds
3.1913
@ TIME
=
.1354140000 Seconds
.0066 MM
PLATE STIFFENER RESPONSE

DYNAMIC LOAD FACTOR
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
LLOYDS REGISTER
=
=
=
=
1.0295
.4335
7.8726
.0176
MM @ TIME
@ TIME
MM
=
=
.0464160000 Seconds
.01352770000 Seconds
101
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
102

LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
CONVERSION OF DYNAMIC SLOSHING PRESSURE

TO STATIC PRESSURE
FOR STRUCTURAL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Title
Subtitle
: DECK CELL (8,22)

: APPLICATION EXAMPLE
PANEL DATA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
YOUNGS MODULUS
POISSON S RATIO
MATERIAL DENSITY
FRAME SPACING
STIFFENER SPACING
PLATE THICKNESS
CARGO DENSITY
COEFFICIENT OF VISCOUS DAMPING
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
206000.0000
.3000
7850.0000
3500.0000
830.0000
18.5000
878.0000
.0000
=
=
=
=
=
=
A
284.0000
11.0000
90.0000
16.0000
3500.0000
N/MM2
KG/M3
MM
MM
MM
KG/M3
Ns/M
STIFFENER DATA
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
STIFFENER TYPE
WEB DEPTH
WEB THICKNESS
FLANGE WIDTH
FLANGE THICKNESS
STIFFENER EFFECTIVE SPAN
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY & ADDED MASS

PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY IN AIR
PLATE NATURAL FREQUENCY IN WATER
ONE SIDE IMMERSED
PLATE MASS
PLATE MASS + ADDED MASS
PLATE ADDED MASS
=
=
=
=
=
148.7652 Hz
93.0842 Hz
421.8786 KG
1077.5530 KG
655.6744 KG
PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY & ADDED MASS

PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY IN AIR
=
PLATE & STIFFENER NATURAL FREQUENCY IN WATER =
ONE SIDE IMMERSED
PLATE & STIFFENER MASS
=
PLATE & STIFFENER MASS + ADDED MASS
=
PLATE & STIFFENER ADDED MASS
=
HEAVE ACCELERATION TYPE :
LLOYDS REGISTER
72.4130 Hz
46.0999 Hz
547.2745 KG
1350.3151 KG
803.0406 KG
2
LR. FLUIDS HEAVE ACCELERATIONSPECTRUM
103
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

SHIP NATURAL PERIOD

=
MAX. AMPLITUDE OF MOTION
=
INITIAL PERIOD
=
FINAL PERIOD
=
PERIOD INCREMENT DTP
=
PERIOD INCREMENTATION TIME TX =
DECAY CONSTANT
=
TOTAL STIMULATION TIME
=
TIME @ IMPACT
=
TOTAL ANALYSIS TIME
=
11.0100
4.0000
12.0000
8.0100
-.0100
.0451
2.0000
180.2000
179.2000
.1369
S
M
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
IMPACT DATA
Point
1
2
3
4
Time
(s)
.0000
0.0456
.0913
.1369
Pressure
(KN/M2)
.0000
447.0000
65.0000
.0000
PLATE LOAD DEFLECTION DATA

Point
1
2
3
4
Deflection
(M)
.0000
.0005
.0015
.0027
Load
(KN/M2)
.0000
497.1540
677.5770
691.4600
PLATE STIFFENER LOAD DEFLECTION DATA
104
Point
Deflection
(MM)
1
2
3
4
.0000
.4756
1.4848
2.6920
Load
(KN/M2)
.0000
497.1540
677.5770
691.4600
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
PLATE RESPONSE
DYNAMIC LOAD FACTOR
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
=
=
=
=
1.0145
.4327 MM @ TIME = .0457310000 Seconds
2.6640
@ TIME = .1352770000 Seconds
.0060 MM
=
=
=
=
1.0309
.4341 MM @ TIME = .0464160000 Seconds
7.7689
@ TIME = .135277000 Seconds
.0174 MM
PLATE STIFFENER RESPONSE

DYNAMIC LOAD FACTOR
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
PLATE DLF ENVELOPE FOR IMPACT DURATION VARIATION
LLOYDS REGISTER
IMPACT DURATION
(s)
DLF
.001000
.026000
.051000
.076000
.101000
.126000
.151000
.176000
.201000
.226000
.251000
.276000
.301000
.326000
.351000
.376000
.401000
.426000
.451000
.476000
.501000
.526000
.551000
.637729
1.103836
.996494
1.034846
1.002531
1.019406
1.006817
1.011162
1.008416
1.006442
1.009668
1.003518
1.007718
1.000228
1.006481
1.000335
1.003092
1.003824
1.012421
1.008774
1.014042
1.005778
1.006800
105
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT

PLATE & STIFFENER DLF ENVELOPE FOR IMPACT DURATION VARIATION
IMPACT DURATION
(s)
DLF
.001000
.026000
.051000
.076000
.101000
.126000
.151000
.176000
.201000
.226000
.251000
.276000
.301000
.326000
.351000
.376000
.401000
.426000
.451000
.476000
.591189
1.074144
1.064706
1.020206
.995725
1.019618
1.002431
1.002431
1.003371
1.010839
1.012997
1.009454
1.009546
1.013475
1.016578
1.004241
1.002680
.999372
1.010281
1.006869
.501000
1.019607
.526000
1.009253
.551000
1.022801
PLATE & STIFFENER DLF ENVELOPE FOR IMPACT PEAK MAGNITUDE

VARIATION
IMPACT PEAK VALUE
DLF
(KN/M2)
106
200.000000
.994511
225.000000
1.024422
250.000000
1.028570
275.000000
1.014918
300.000000
1.015779
325.000000
1.019875
350.000000
1.014645
375.000000
1.010340
400.000000
1.010458
425.000000
1.013678
450.000000
1.009959
475.000000
1.014371
500.000000
.993092
525.000000
.775871
550.000000
.675292
575.000000
.588068
LLOYDS REGISTER

Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
PLATE DLF ENVELOPE FOR IMPACT PEAK MAGNITUDE VARIATION
IMPACT PEAK VALUE
DLF
(KN/M2)
LLOYDS REGISTER
575.000000
.588068
200.000000
1.014381
225.000000
1.020108
250.000000
1.008922
275.000000
1.013400
300.000000
1.009135
325.000000
1.006221
350.000000
1.015807
375.000000
1.011072
400.000000
1.014197
425.000000
1.007106
450.000000
1.008405
475.000000
1.012052
500.000000
1.026342
525.000000
.795785
550.000000
.641544
575.000000
.698342
107
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
108

LLOYDS REGISTER

LLOYDS REGISTER
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
109
Appendix D
DATA FILE & OUTPUT
110

LLOYDS REGISTER

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Design and construction

Sloshing Loads and

Intranet user review version

Revisions as identified in History of Development up to

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

Fluid Sloshing Phenomena

Loading Conditions and Ship Motions

Level 1 Sloshing Pressure Determination

Level 2 Sloshing Pressure Determination

Level 3 Sloshing Pressure Determination

Post-Processing of SDA Fluids Data

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

Natural Frequencies of Structural

Determination of Equivalent Uniformly

SDA Fluids Data File

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

FLUID SLOSHING PHENOMENA

Sloshing Induced Loads

Filling Factor Coefficient

Fluid Natural Period

Maximum Lifetime Ship Motions

Effect of Wash Bulkhead on Sloshing Pressures

Pressure at Tank Corners

Pressure in Tapered Tanks

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

Critical Fill Range

LOADING CONDITIONS AND SHIP

Level 2 Sloshing Assessment Parameters

Level 3 Assessment Parameters

LEVEL 1 SLOSHING PRESSURE

Level 1 Sloshing Pressure Determination

LEVEL 2 SLOSHING PRESSURE

Smooth Rectangular Tanks

Smooth Hopper Tanks

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

LEVEL 3 SLOSHING PRESSURE

Limitations and Assumptions of SDA Fluids

POST-PROCESSING OF SDA FLUIDS DATA

Sloshing Simulation Quality Assurance Procedure

Pressure Pulse Time Averaging Scheme

Dynamic and Static Pressures

Structure Natural Frequency Calculation

Force and Couple

Pressure Applied to Internal Structural Members

Pressure and Stresses

Collapse Analysis Procedures for Clamped

Minimum Factors of Safety

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

Girder Structural Analysis Procedure

Strength based acceptance criteria

Service based acceptance criteria

Natural Frequency of Plate

Natural Frequency of Plate Stiffener

Dynamic Load Factor Charts

Determination of Equivalent Uniformly

SDA FLUIDS DATA FILE

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004

This document describes the ShipRight SDA Sloshing

1.1 Where partial filling of tanks and liquid carrying

1.2 For any tank design, dimensions, internal stiffening

The procedure is divided in two parts :

Assessment of pressures on tank boundaries

Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment, May 2004