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the
Investigative
Team
in
Crime
5. Counterfeiting
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
Objectives:
a. The objective is to furnish the investigator in the field
with sufficient background information concerning document
examination.
b. No attempt is made to provide detailed information
sufficient to qualify the investigator as an expert document
examiner.
Importance/Significance:
a. In the commission of a crime, the criminal often finds
necessary to employ one or more documents in furtherance of his
act.
b. In some crimes, such as forgery, the document is an
integral part of the crime.
c. In others, such as false claims against government,
documents often play an important part in proving the commission
of the crime.
d. Proof of the fact that a document was altered or made by
a particular individual may show that:
1. He committed the crime.
2. He had knowledge of the crime.
3. He was present in a certain locality at a specified time.
Evidence that a document was not made by an authorized
individual or machine may prove it to be fraudulent. Latent
fingerprints on documents are of great value to the investigator.
Purposes:
A document may be examined for a number of purposes
including:
1. Identity of the author/maker/writer.
2. True contents of the documents.
3. Origin of the instrument or paper used in making the
documents.
4. Alterations or erasures which have been made.
5. Authenticity of the document.
Logical Process of Inquiry in Document Examination:
An aware document expert must know that the first step in
making over a case to get the proper identification. The logical
processes of inquiry are:
1. Ascertain the facts: to select questioned,
admitted, authentic, and doubtful documents.
a. Concerning the document in questioned.
signature is question? Is any part of the document
Is the date of the document in question? Is the
typewriter used in the document in question?
b. Regarding the standards.
denied,
or
Is only one
is question?
paper or the
on
the
two
is stored away in
always produce a
due to extraneous
tone, or muscular
writes, but such impairs does not by any means produce a slavish
uniformity.
Variation begins as soon as writing begins and continues
till each writer in the way that seems best and easiest to him.
No two persons write exactly alike and no reproduction of a
handwritten document can duplicate completely all the detailed of
the original writing.
Handwriting Problems:
1. A signature contested by its author which in reality is
genuine and corresponds perfectly to the ordinary and habitual
signatures of that person.
2. A signature contested by its author which in reality was
written by him but in a way which was different from the ordinary
manner and which is more or less different from the common
genuine signatures of that person.
3. A signature contested by its author which in reality was
written by a third person and which is a forgery written in an
attempted imitation of a model.
4. A spurious signature written by somebody who did not attempt
to imitate the signature of a person and who uses a fictitious
name and this to give his work the appearance of a signature.
5. An uncontested signature, in fact, genuine but written by an
unknown person whose name must be deciphered by the document
examiner.
Writing Habits:
Writing by all its thousand of peculiarities in combination
is the most personal and individuals thing a man does that leaves
a record which he can seen and studies. This is what constitutes
individuality in handwriting.
Writing habits learned in the early years are those habits
which are part of a basic system or which are modifications of
the system of writing found among so large a group of writers
that they have only slight identification value. These might
include an open top O and an A or a looped T which occur in
many rapid careless handwriting.
A few of these early habits learned by the child are those
slant of letters l, d, b, g, t with small letters like
letters n, m, I, o, e and also form and design of
letters. These groups of habits are also called general or class
characteristics.
Another group of writing characteristics or habits is termed
individuals habits. Any writing habit or character in writing
maybe modified and individualized by different writers in many
different ways in many varying degrees and the writing
individuality of any particular writer is made up of all those
common and uncommon characteristics and habits.
It is always in the combination of particulars that
identifies and necessarily the more numerous and usual the
various elements and features, the more certain and identity. No
two persons write alike.
or slow
and
awkward,
independent,
Importance of Rhythm:
By studying the rhythm of the succession of strokes, one can
determine if the writer normally and spontaneously or write with
hesitation as if he is attempting to for another signature.
Letter of Connections:
Determine the essential expression of the writing pattern.
It is mean indicator of the neuro-muscular function. Words are
form by connection letters to one another.
Even letters are formed by the joining of the upward and
downward strokes. These types of connections are:
1. Arcade a rounded stroke shaped like an arch. It is a slow
mode of connection resulting from controlled movements.
2. Garland links the downward stroke to the upstrokes with a
flowing curve swinging from left to right. It is an easy,
effortless mode of connection, written with speed.
3. Angular Connective Form where the downward strokes and
upward strokes meet directly, angular connection are formed.
These types of connection impose a check on the continuity of
permit
subject
to
see
any
writing
on
questioned
writings
on
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
writers dont stop the motion of the pen every time it is raised
so that the notion itself may be learning to write are taught to
take up the pen before the small letters a, c, d, g, q,
and t and the design of certain styles of these small letters
requires that the pen be raised.
13. Speed speed of writing which is correlated with naturalness
of handwritings frequently shown by slurring of letter forms.
Indication of Speed Writing:
a. Smooth, unbroken strokes and rounded forms.
b. Frequent signs or tendencies to the right.
c. Marked uncertainly as to the location of the dots of small
letters i, j and crosses of small letter t.
d. Increased naturalness of words or small letter t connected
with the following words.
e. Letters shortened or degenerated almost to illegibility toward
the end of words.
f. Wide writing width of letters is greater than the
connecting spaces adjoining it.
g. Great difference in emphasis between upstrokes and down
strokes.
h. Marked simplification of letters especially capital letters.
i. Rising line.
j. Increased pen pressure.
k. Increase in the margin to left at the beginning of the line.
Indication of Slow Writing:
a. Wavering forms and broken strokes.
b. Frequent signs or tendencies to the left.
c. Conspicuous certainly as to the location of the dots of small
letters I, j, or t crosses with just perceptible deviation
from the intended direction.
d. Frequent pauses by meaningless blobs, angles divided letters
and retouches.
e. Careful execution of detail of letters, toward the end or
names.
f. Narrow writing.
g. No difference in emphasis in upstroke and down stroke.
h. Ornamental or flourishing connections.
i. Sinking lines.
14. Slant as a writing habit under certain conditions, slant
becomes highly significant and with many writers in one of the
most fixed of habits. Slight divergence in the few strokes of a
single signature may be very strong evidence of lack of
genuineness when such divergence is part of a combination of
character pointing to a writer of a different system of writings
from the imitated. A slight but persistent difference in slant in
two writings of considerable length may be evidence difference
might be the result of intended disguise.
15. Proportion of letters as an individual characteristic or
habit this characteristic refer to the proportion of the upper
and lower loops of capital and small letters and to the medium
letters.
16. Quality of stroke or line quality the line or stroke itself
in writing shows the quality of speed and continuity of motion
with which it is made, the degree of muscular skill employed in
the operation, the relation of the pen point to the surface of
characteristics
can
be
found
always
in
his
b. Result of imitation.
c. Accidental condition or circumstances.
d. Expression of certain mental and physical trains of the
writer as affected by education, by environment and by
occupation.
Examples of Some of the Individual Characteristics:
a. Hook to the right and hook to the left.
b. Shape, position, size and angle of I dots t crossing.
c. Idiosyncrasies
d. Bulbs and distinctive initial and final pen pressure.
e. Embellishment, added strokes and free movement endings.
f. Abbreviation of letters.
g. Simple and compound curves and graceful endings.
h. Labored movement producing ragged lines.
i. Terminal shadings and forceful endings.
j. Presence and influence of foreign handwriting, with the
introduction of Greek e.
Movement or Manner of Execution:
1. Kinds of movement
a. Forearm
b. Whole arm
2. Quality of movement
a. Awkward, illiterate and uncertain.
b. Hesitating and painful due to weakness and illness.
c. Strong, heavy and forceful.
d. Nervous and irregular.
e. Smooth, flowing and rapid.
3. Speed
a. Slow and drawn
b. Deliberate
c. Average
d. Rapid
4. Different movements employed affect wring in:
a. Smoothness
b. Directness
c. Uniformity
d. Continuity of strokes
e. Connecting or curves between letters
Points to Consider in Examining Extended Writing:
(Anonymous, threat, poison letters)
1. Uniformity does the questioned writing have smooth, rhythmic
and free flowing appearance?
2. Irregularities does the questioned writing appear awkward,
ill-formed slowly drawn?
3. Size and proportion determine the height go the overall
writing as well as the heights go the individual strokes in
proportion to each other.
4. Alignment are they horizontally aligned, or curving, uphill
or downhill?
letters,
margins,
is similar to that
the preparation of
be applied in this
of questioned hand
practiced by
many people
and
the
letter
makes
an
is the handwriting
deliberate, rapid,
between a genuine
in the manner of
Carelessness
Spontaneity
alteration of thick and thin strokes.
Speed
Simplification
Upright letters are interspersed with slanting letters
The upward strokes to a threadlike tracing.
Rhythm
Good line quality
Variation
and
used
first
before
any
chemical
and
Examination
of
Typewritten
Questioned
typewriter
characteristic
and
ARAULLO UNIVERSITY
Phinma Education Network
CABANATUAN CITY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
REVIEW QUESTIONAIRES IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
Prepared By: Randy M. Maure
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answer for each of the following
questions.
1. Is concerned with the examination of forged, altered or
suspected papers to see if they are genuine or if they have been
changed.
a. Documents falsification
b. Estafa
c. Forgery
d. Questioned documents examination
2. Defined as a visible effect of bodily movement which is an
almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular muscles.
a. Speed of writing
b. Handwriting
c. Natural writing
d. Writing habits
3. A document completely written and signed by one person is
known as:
a. Holographic document
b. Disputed document
c. Questioned document
d. None of the above
4. It is the deterioration in writing caused by excessive
consumption of alcohol.
a. Intoxicated writing
b. Receipt writing
c. Careless writing
d. Illiterate writing
5. It includes characters which write improperly in the following
aspects: a twisted letter, horizontal mal-alignment, vertical
mal-alignment and a character off-its feet.
a. Carbon impression
b. Clogged typeface
c. Character
d. Alignment defect
6. In writing, it functions as an extension of the hand.
a. Paper
b. Shoulder
c. Pen
d. Elbow
7. Any typewriting which is placed on the paper by action of the
typefaces striking through carbon paper is classed as:
a. Character
b. Carbon impression
c. Clogged typeface
d. Defects
8. Writings produced by the subject after evidential writings
have come into dispute.
a. Collected
b. Post liten motan
c. Request
d. None of the above
9. A traced forgery of signature is not really writing but:
a. Retouching
b. Drawing
c. Patching
d. Tremor of fraud
10. A group of muscles which push up the pen to form the upward
strokes.
a. Flaxen
b. Flexor
c. Extensor
d. Strokes
11. Who
a.
b.
c.
d.
or
goes
back
over
c. Skills
d. Strokes
34. Types of connections characterized by links downward strokes
to the upstrokes with a flowing curve swinging from left to
right.
a. Angular
b. Threadlike
c. Garland
d. Arcade
35. Any identifying characteristics of a typewriter which cannot
be corrected by simply cleaning the typeface or replacing the
ribbon.
a. Mal-alignment
b. Temporary defects
c. Defects
d. Permanent defects
36. It involves the actions of the entire arm without rest and is
employed in very large writing.
a. Finger movement
b. Forearm movement
c. Hand movement
d. Whole forearm movement
37. The cylinder which serves as the backing of the paper and
which absorbs the blow from the typeface is known as:
a. Pletesmograph
b. Roller
c. Cylinder cone
d. Platen
38. Kind of writing characterized by disconnected style.
a. Cursive
b. Block
c. Script
d. Capitalized
39. What is that interruption in a stroke, caused by sudden
removal of the writing instrument from the paper surface?
a. Tremor
b. Retouching
c. Pen lifting
d. Hiatus
40. Children learn writing by following the school copy model.
This statement is.
a. True
b. Partially true
c. False
d. Partially false
41. A kind of document which is executed by a private person
without the intervention of a notary public, or of competent
public official, by which some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidence or set forth.
a. Private document
b. Public document
c. Official document
d. Commercial document
44. The
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. Estafa
51. A defect in which a character prints a double impression with
the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left.
a. Rebound
b. Typeface
c. Bounding
d. Breechface
52. Philippine paper bills are printed in what process.
a. Intaglio process
b. Off-set process
c. Lithographic process
d. All of the above
53. Strokes which goes back over another writing strokes and
which is slightly to occur due to lack of movement control?
a. Retouching
b. Retracing
c. Shading
d. Patching
54. May be committed in the following means: 1.) counterfeiting
or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric; 2.) causing it
to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding
when they did not in fact so participated; 3.) etc nevertheless
it applies to documents whether private, public, official or
commercial documents.
a. Falsifications of documents
b. Questioned documents examination
c. Forgery
d. Estafa
55. A kind of document which is
Commerce and other Mercantile Laws.
a. Private document
b. Commercial document
c. Public document
d. Official document
recognized
by
the
Code
of
59. What is that which widens the ink strokes due to the added
pressure on a flexible pen point?
a. Pen pressure
b. Shading
c. Pen lifting
d. Retouching
60. Of
judging
a.
b.
c.
d.
criterion
in
b. Typeface
c. Ribbon
d. Type block
68. What system of handwriting classification based on the
following factors: forms, skill combination, shading movement,
slant, terminals and embellishment; has proved useful to police
departments in large cities..
a. Sir Edward Richard Henry
b. Lee and Abbey
c. Rolando Wilson
d. Landsteiner and Levine
69. Those are symbols added to complete certain letters such as
i and t.
a. Spur marks
b. Loop marks
c. Diacritical marks
d. Hiatus marks
70. Handwriting samples of the same writer may vary somewhat
according to the conditions under which the wring was done. In
which of the following classes of writers are such variations in
genuine writing likely to occur?
a. Men writers
b. Women writers
c. Practiced writer
d. Semi-illiterate or unpracticed writer
71. This group of document includes those papers which the entire
writing is in question as spurious, forged or counterfeit in its
entirely fall into.
a. Wills and testaments
b. Questioned documents
c. Stroke of writing
d. None of the foregoing
72. A modern pen nib which contains a reservoir of ink in a
specially designed back or chamber is described as:
a. Ball point pen
b. Fountain pen
c. Pencil
d. Fiber pen
73. Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the
typeface metal block is known as:
a. Temporary defects
b. Permanent defects
c. Typeface defects
d. Ribbon defects
74. In which of the following respects is forged handwriting most
likely to differ from the genuine writing which the forgery
attempts to imitate?
a. Over all flow or running quality
b. Average height and breadth of letters
c. Starting finishing tails or extraneous flourishes
d. Width of pen or pencil lines
75. It
letters
a.
b.
the
junction
between
two
c. Humps
d. Loops
76. What is that indelible ink whose marking substance is
composed of mixture of aniline ink and graphite?
a. Stencil
b. Printers ink
c. Nut gall ink
d. Copy pencil
77. May be accomplished by the insertion of a word, phrase, or
sentence between two lines of the original writing.
a. Forgery
b. Intercalation
c. Substitution
d. Insertion
78. One of the unconscious and inconspicuous writing habits of an
individual and are often entirely disregarded in simulated
writing.
a. Pen pressure
b. Pen lifting
c. Pen writing
d. Pen strokes
79. Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent of
altering the usual writing habits in the hope of hiding his
identity?
a. Disguised writing
b. Natural writing
c. Guided writing
d. Assisted writing
80. A condition of coin when it is made of metal, whether or
inferior or superior intrinsic value to that of the genuine coin
and is given the appearance of one legal tender.
a. Mutilated coin
b. Priceless coin
c. False or counterfeit coin
d. All of the foregoing
81. What is a specimen
disconnected in form?
a. Cursive
b. Manuscript
c. Hand lettering
d. Block capital
of
writing
in
which
the
letter
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
Falsification
Falsification
Falsification
Falsification
of
of
of
of
commercial document
official document
public document
private document
often
involves
two
c. Hiatus
d. Foot
110. The process of making out what is eligible or what has been
effaced.
a. Decipherment
b. Cipherment
c. Decipher
d. Cipher
111. The average force with which the pen contacts the paper
maybe estimated from the examination of the writing.
a. Pen scope
b. Pen emphasis
c. Pen position
d. Pen pressure
112. Is
writing
a.
b.
c.
d.
b. Standard signature
c. Evidential signature
d. Guided signature
119. The critical composition on side by side examination.
a. Composition
b. Collation
c. Examination
d. Collection
120. A kind of erasure by using ink eradicator or blending agent.
a. Chemical erasure
b. Electronic erasure
c. Mechanical erasure
d. None of the foregoing
121. Any repeated elements of details of writing, which may serve
to individualize it.
a. Hesitation
b. Hiatus
c. Habits
d. Hook
122. Is
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. Characteristics
128. Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting from
a combination of various factors associated to the motion of the
pen? Is the overall quality of the strokes?
a. Movement
b. Writing habits
c. Line habits
d. Significant writing habits
129. The study of handwriting based
strokes, the curve and the straight.
a. Graphology
b. Graphoanalysis
c. Graphometry
d. None of the these
on
the
two
fundamental
a.
b.
c.
d.
Temporary defects
Clogged typeface
Permanent defects
Actual breakage