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C H A P T E R

Integration

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration . . . . . . . . . 350

Section 4.2

Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Section 4.3

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Section 4.4

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . 385

Section 4.5

Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Section 4.6

Numerical Integration

Review Exercises

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

C H A P T E R
Integration
Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

1.

d 3
d
9
 C  3x3  C  9x4  4
dx x3
dx
x

3.

d 1 3
x  4x  C  x2  4  x  2x  2
dx 3

2.

d 4 1
1
x   C  4x3  2
dx
x
x

4.

d 2 32
d 2x2  3
C 
x  2x12  C
dx
dx 3
3x

 x12  x32 

5.

dy
 3t2
dt

6.

dr

d
r    C

y  t3  C
Check:

7.

d 3
t  C
 3t2
dt

Check:

dy
 x32
dx

8.

2
y  x52  C
5
Check:

Given

Rewrite

9.

10.

1
dx
x2

11.

12.

13.

1
dx
2x3

1 3
x dx
2

14.

1
dx
3x2

1 2
x dx
9

350

3 x dx


dy
 2x3
dx
y

d 2 52
x  C  x32
dx 5

x13 dx

2x2
1
C 2 C
2
x

Check:

Integrate

Simplify

x 43

3 43
x C
4

43

C

d
  C
 
d

d 1
 C  2x3
dx x 2

x1
C
1

1
 C
x

dx

x12
C
12

xx2  3 dx

x3  3x dx

x2
x4
C
3
4
2

1 4 3 2
x  x C
4
2

1 x2
C
2 2

1 x1
C
9 1

1
C
9x

xx

x2 dx

x32 dx

 

 

 

2
x

C

1
C
4x2

x2  1
x32

Section 4.1

15.

x  3 dx 

Check:

17.

d x2
 3x  C  x  3
dx 2
18.

d 2
x  x3  C
 2x  3x 2
dx

1
x3  2 dx  x 4  2x  C
4

20.

d 1 4
x  2x  C  x3  2
dx 4

2
x32  2x  1 dx  x52  x2  x  C
5

x2
C
2

22.

x2
d
5x   C  5  x
dx
2

4x3  6x 2  1 dx  x 4  2x 3  x  C
d 4
x  2x 3  x  C
 4x 3  6x 2  1
dx

x 3  4x  2 dx 

x4
 2x 2  2x  C
4

Check:

Check:

5  x dx  5x 

Check:

Check:

2x  3x 2 dx  x 2  x3  C

Check:

21.

16.

Check:

19.

x2
 3x  C
2

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

d x4
 2x 2  2x  C  x3  4x  2
dx 4

x 

1
dx 
2x

d 2 52
x  x2  x  C  x32  2x  1
dx 5

1
x12  x12 dx
2

 

x32 1 x12

C
32 2 12

2
 x32  x12  C
3
Check:

d 2 32
1
x  x12  C  x12  x12
dx 3
2
 x 

23.

3 x2 dx 


Check:

25.

27.

24.

d
1
1

C  3
dx 2x2
x

26.

4 x3  1 dx 


Check:

1
x2
C 2C
2
2x

x3 dx 

4
x34  1 dx  x74  x  C
7

d 4 74
4 x3  1
x  x  C  x34  1  
dx 7

1
dx 
x4

Check:

x4 dx 

1
x3
C 3C
3
3x

d
1
1

C  4
dx 3x3
x

2
2
2
x32  x12  x12 dx  x52  x32  2x12  C  x123x2  5x  15  C
5
3
15

x2  x  1
d 2 52 2 32
x  x  2x12  C  x32  x12  x12 
dx 5
3
x

x 2  2x  3
dx 
x4

Check:

x53
3
 C  x53  C
53
5

x2  x  1
dx 
x

Check:

28.

x23 dx 

d 3 53
3 x2
x  C  x23  
dx 5

1
dx 
x3

Check:

x2  2x3  3x4 dx 

1
x1 2x2 3x3
1
1


C
 2 3C
1
2
3
x
x
x

1
d
1
1
x 2  2x  3
  2  3  C  x2  2x3  3x4 
dx
x
x
x
x4

1
2x

351

352
29.

Chapter 4

Integration

x  13x  2 dx 

3x2  x  2 dx

30.

2t2  12 dt 

4t4  4t2  1 dt

4
4
 t5  t3  t  C
5
3

1
 x3  x2  2x  C
2
Check:

d 3 1 2
x  x  2x  C  3x2  x  2
dx
2

Check:

d 45 43
t  t  t  C  4t 4  4t2  1
dt 5
3
 2t2  12

 x  13x  2

31.

y2y dy 

Check:

33.

35.

1 dx  x  C

Check:

d
x  C  1
dx

2 sin x  3 cos x dx  2 cos x  3 sin x  C

1  csc t cot t dt  t  csc t  C

34.

sec2   sin  d  tan   cos   C

1  3tt2 dt 

36.

d 13 34
t  t  C  t2  3t3  1  3tt2
dt 3
4

d
3t  C  3
dt

1
t 2  sin t dt  t3  cos t  C
3

d 13
t  cos t  C  t2  sin t
dt 3

1
 2  sec2  d   3  tan   C
3

Check:

40.

1
3
t2  3t3 dt  t3  t4  C
3
4

3 dt  3t  C

Check:

38.

Check:

d
t  csc t  C  1  csc t cot t
dt

Check:

d
2 cos x  3 sin x  C  2 sin x  3 cos x
dx

Check:

32.

d 2 72
y  C  y52  y2y
dy 7

dx 

Check:

39.

2
y52 dy  y72  C
7

Check:

37.

d 1 3
  tan   C   2  sec2 
d 3

sec ytan y  sec y dy 

sec y tan y  sec2 y dy

 sec y  tan y  C

d
tan   cos   C  sec2   sin 
d
Check:

d
sec y  tan y  C  sec y tan y  sec2 y
dy
 sec ytan y  sec y

41.

tan2 y  1 dy 

Check:

sec2 y dy  tan y  C

42.

cos x
dx 
1  cos2 x

d
tan y  C  sec2 y  tan2 y  1
dy


Check:

cos x
dx 
sin2 x

1
sin x

x
dx
cos
sin x 

csc x cot x dx  csc x  C

d
1
csc x  C
 csc x cot x 
dx
sin x


cos x
1  cos2 x

cos x
sin x

Section 4.1
43. f x  2

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

44. fx  x

f x  2x  C

f x 

f )x)

2x

45. fx  1  x2

x2
C
2

f x  x 

2
f ( x) = x + 2

x3
3

f )x)

f )x)

x
y

x2

x3
C
3

353

f ( x) = 2

f )x)

x3
3

2x

x
3

x
4

3
1

Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.


y

1
x2

46. fx 

47.

f
f (x) = 1x + 1

1
f x    C
x
4

y

4
2

2x  1 dx  x2  x  C

1  12  1  C C  1

f (x) = 1x

y  x2  x  1

48.

dy
 2x  1, 1, 1
dx

dy
 2x  1  2x  2, 3, 2
dx
y

2x  1 dx  x2  2x  C

2  32  23  C C  1
y  x2  2x  1
50. (a)

49. (a) Answers will vary.

y
5

y
5

5
5

dy 1
(b)
 x  1, 4, 2
dx 2

(b)

x
y xC
4
2

4
2 4C
4
2C
y

x2
x2
4

dy
 x2  1, 1, 3
dx
y

x3
xC
3

3

13
 1  C
3

8
2

1
3 1C
3
C

7
3

y

x3
7
x
3
3

(1, 3)
4

354

Chapter 4

51. (a)

Integration

(b)

dy
 cos x, 0, 4
dx

y

6
1

y  sin x  4

(b)

(1, 3)

dy 1
 2 , x > 0,
dx
x
y

y

53. (a)

(b)

 x1 dx  x

2

dx 

1
x1
C C
1
x

8
1

1
2
x

dy
 2 x, 2, 2
dx
y

2x dx  x

(c)

C

12

15

15

2  22  C  4  C C  6

y

20

(b)

6

x2

dy
 2x,
dx
y

1, 3

1
3 C C2
1

54. (a)

3
2

52. (a)

cos x dx  sin x  C

4  sin0  C C  4

2x

12

4, 12

(c)

20

4
dx  x 3 2 C
3

6
0

4
4
32
4
12  432  C  8  C 
C C
3
3
3
3

6
0

4
4
y  x 32 
3
3
55. fx  4x, f 0  6
f x 

4x dx  2x 2  C

56. gx  6x 2, g0  1


gx 

6x 2 dx  2x3  C

f0  6  202  C C  6

g0  1  203  C C  1

f x  2x 2  6

gx  2x3  1

57. ht  8t3  5, h1  4


ht 

8t3  5 dt  2t4  5t  C

58. fs  6s  8s 3, f 2  3


f s 

6s  8s 3 ds  3s 2  2s 4  C

h1  4  2  5  C C  11

f 2  3  322  224  C  12  32  C C  23

ht  2t4  5t  11

f s  3s 2  2s 4  23

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

60. f  x  x2

59. f  x  2
f2  5

f0  6

f 2  10

f 0  3

fx 

fx 

2 dx  2x  C1

1
x 2 dx  x3  C1
3

f0  0  C1  6 C1  6

f2  4  C1  5 C1  1
fx  2x  1
f x 

1
fx  x3  6
3

2x  1 dx  x2  x  C2

f x 

f 2  6  C2  10 C2  4

f 0  0  0  C2  3 C2  3

f x  x2  x  4

f x 

61. f  x  x32

1 4
x  6x  3
12

62. f  x  sin x

f4  2

f0  1

f 0  0

f 0  6

fx 

x32 dx  2x12  C1  

2
x

fx 

 C1

fx  
f x 

x

sin x dx  cos x  C1

f0  1  C1  1 C1  2

2
f4    C1  2 C1  3
2
2

1 3
1
x  6 dx  x 4  6x  C2
3
12

fx  cos x  2

3

f x 

cos x  2 dx  sin x  2x  C2

f 0  0  0  C2  6 C2  6

2x12  3 dx  4x12  3x  C2

f x  sin x  2x  6

f 0  0  0  C2  0 C2  0
f x  4x12  3x  4x  3x

63. (a) ht 

1.5t  5 dt  0.75t 2  5t  C

h0  0  0  C  12 C  12
ht  0.75t  5t  12
2

(b) h6  0.7562  56  12  69 cm

64.

dP
 kt, 0 t 10
dt
Pt 

2
kt12 dt  kt32  C
3

P0  0  C  500 C  500


2
P1  k  500  600 k  150
3
2
Pt  150t32  500  100t32  500
3
P7  100732  500 2352 bacteria

355

356

Chapter 4

Integration

65. f 0  4. Graph of f is given.


(a) f4 1.0
(b) No. The slopes of the tangent lines are greater than 2
on 0, 2
. Therefore, f must increase more than 4 units
on 0, 4
.
(c) No, f 5 < f 4 because f is decreasing on 4, 5
.

(e) f is concave upward when f is increasing on  , 1 and


5, . f is concave downward on 1, 5. Points of inflection
at x  1, 5.
(f) f  is a minimum at x  3.
(g)

y
6

(d) f is a maximum at x  3.5 because f3.5 0 and the


First Derivative Test.

4
2
x
2

66. Since f  is negative on  , 0, f is decreasing on


 , 0. Since f  is positive on 0, , f is increasing
on 0, . f has a relative minimum at 0, 0. Since f is
positive on  , , f is increasing on  , .
y

1
3

vt 

32 dt  32t  C1

v0  60  C1
st 

67. at  32 ftsec2

32t  60 dt  16t 2  60t  C2

s0  6  C2
st  16t2  60t  6, Position function

The ball reaches its maximum height when

vt  32t  60  0
32t  60
t  15
8 seconds.
15
15
15
s 8   16 8   60 8   6  62.25 feet
2

68. f t  at  32 ftsec2

st  16t2  v0t

f0  v0
f 0  s0
ft  vt 

69. From Exercise 68, we have:

32 dt  32t  C1

v0
st  32t  v0  0 when t 
 time to reach
32
maximum height.

f0  0  C1  v0 C1  v0
ft  32t  v0
f t  st 

32t  v0 dt  16t2  v0t  C2

f 0  0  0  C2  s0 C2  s0
f t  16t 2  v0t  s0

s


32  1632
v0

v0

 v0

v02 v02

 550
64
32
v02  35,200
v0 187.617 ftsec

32  550
v0

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

357

70. v0  16 ftsec
s0  64 ft
st  16t2  16t  64  0

(a)

vt  st  32t  16

(b)

16  t  4  0
t2

1 17
t
2

1  2 17  321  2 17  16




 1617 65.970 ftsec

Choosing the positive value,


t

1  17
2.562 seconds.
2
72. From Exercise 71, f t  4.9t2  1800. (Using the
canyon floor as position 0.)

71. at  9.8


vt 

9.8 dt  9.8t  C1

f t  0  4.9t2  1800

v0  v0  C1 vt  9.8t  v0


f t 

9.8t  v0 dt  4.9t 2  v0t  C2

4.9t2  1800
t2 

1800
t 9.2 sec
4.9

f 0  s0  C2 f t  4.9t 2  v0t  s0


73. From Exercise 71, f t  4.9t2  10t  2.

74. From Exercise 71, f t  4.9t2  v0t  2. If

v t  9.8t  10  0 (Maximum height when v  0.)


9.8t  10
t

f t  200  4.9t2  v0t  2,


then
vt  9.8t  v0  0

10
9.8

for this t value. Hence, t  v09.8 and we solve

 

10
f
7.1 m
9.8

4.9

9.8
v0

 v0

9.8  2  200
v0

v02
4.9 v02
 198
2 
9.8
9.8
4.9 v02  9.8 v02  9.82 198
4.9 v02  9.82 198
v02  3880.8 v0 62.3 msec.
75.

a  1.6
vt 
st 

1.6 dt  1.6t  v0  1.6t, since the stone was dropped, v0  0.

1.6t dt  0.8t2  s0

s20  0 0.8202  s0  0
s0  320
Thus, the height of the cliff is 320 meters.
vt  1.6t
v20  32 msec

358

76.

Chapter 4

v dv  GM

Integration

1
dy
y2

0 t 5

77. xt  t3  6t2  9t  2

(a) vt  xt  3t  12t  9


2

1 2 GM
v 
C
2
y

 3t2  4t  3  3t  1t  3

When y  R, v  v0.

at  vt  6t  12  6t  2

1 2 GM
v 
C
2 0
R

(b) vt > 0 when 0 < t < 1 or 3 < t < 5.


(c) at  6t  2  0 when t  2.

1
GM
C  v02 
2
R

v2  311  3

1 2 GM 1 2 GM
v 
 v0 
2
y
2
R
v2 

2GM
2GM
 v02 
y
R

v2  v02  2GM

1y  R1 
0 t 5

78. xt  t  1t  32

79. vt 

 t3  7t2  15t  9

xt 

(a) vt  xt  3t2  14t  15  3t  5t  3


at  vt  6t  14
(b) vt > 0 when 0 < t <

5
and 3 < t < 5.
3

73  373  573  3  2 32   43

80. (a) at  cos t


vt 
f t 

at dt 
vt dt 

 t12

t > 0

vt dt  2t12  C

x1  4  21  C C  2

7
(c) at  6t  14  0 when t  .
3
v

1
t

cos t dt  sin t  C1  sin t since v0  0

sin t dt  cos t  C2

f 0  3  cos0  C2  1  C2 C2  4
f t  cos t  4
(b) vt  0  sin t for t  k, k  0, 1, 2, . . .

xt  2t12  2 position function


1
1
at  vt   t32  32 acceleration
2
2t

Section 4.1

81. (a)

v0  25 kmhr  25 

1000 250

msec
3600
36

v13  80 kmhr  80 

1000 800

msec
3600
36

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

st  a

(b)

s13 

t 2 250

t
2
36

359

s0  0

275 132 250



13 189.58 m
234 2
36

at  a constant acceleration


vt  at  C
v0 
v13 

250
250
vt  at 
36
36
250
800
 13a 
36
36
550
 13a
36

v0  45 mph  66 ftsec

(a) 16.5t  66  44

30 mph  44 ftsec

t

15 mph  22 ftsec
at  a

vt  at  66

22
16.5
 73.33 ft

(b) 16.5t  66  22

a
st   t2  66t Let s0  0.
2

t

vt  0 after car moves 132 ft.


s

ec

 132 when a 

33
 16.5.
2

at  16.5
vt  16.5t  66
st  8.25t 2  66t

83. Truck: vt  30


st  30t Let s0  0.
Automobile: at  6
vt  6t Let v0  0.
st  3t2 Let s0  0.
At the point where the automobile overtakes the truck:
30t  3t2
0  3t2  30t
0  3tt  10 when t  10 sec.

h=
mp

h=

66

44

ft/s

 

mp

 

(c)

66
 66
a

45

 

44
2.667
16.5

44
16.5
 117.33 ft

30

66
at  66  0 when t  .
a
a 66
66

s
a
2 a

22
1.333
16.5

ft/s
ec
mp
0m h=
ph 22 f
t/se
c

82.

550 275

1.175 msec2
468 234

15

a

132
73.33
feet

117.33
feet

It takes 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 45 mph to


30 mph, 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 30 mph
to 15 mph, and 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from
15 mph to 0 mph. Each time, less distance is needed to
reach the next speed reduction.
(a) s10  3102  300 ft
(b) v10  610  60 ftsec 41 mph

360

84.

Chapter 4

Integration

1 mihr5280 ftmi 22
ftsec

3600 sechr
15
(a)

10

15

20

25

30

V1ftsec

3.67

10.27

23.47

42.53

66

95.33

V2ftsec

30.8

55.73

74.8

88

93.87

95.33

(c) S1t 
S2t 

V1t dt 

(b) V1t  0.1068t2  0.0416t  0.3679


V2t  0.1208t2  6.7991t  0.0707

0.1068 3 0.0416 2
t 
t  0.3679t
3
2

V2t dt  

0.1208t3 6.7991t2

 0.0707t
3
2

In both cases, the constant of integration is 0 because S10  S20  0.

S130 953.5 feet


S230 1970.3 feet
The second car was going faster than the first until the end.
85. at  k
vt  kt
k
st  t2 since v0  s0  0.
2
At the time of lift-off, kt  160 and k2t2  0.7. Since k2t2  0.7,

1.4k
1.4
1.4
 160
v   k
k
k
t

1.4k  1602 k 

1602
1.4

18,285.714 mihr2
7.45 ftsec2.
86. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles away from the airport, as indicated in the figure.
vAt  kAt  150

vB  kB t  250

1
sAt  kAt2  150t  10
2

1
sB  kB t2  250t  17
2

(a) When aircraft A lands at time tA you have


vAtA  kA tA  150  100 kA 
1
sAtA  kA tA2  150tA  10  0
2

 

1 50 2
t  150tA  10
2 tA A
125tA  10
tA 
CONTINUED

10
.
125

50
tA

Airport

10

17

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

86. CONTINUED
kA 

 

125
50
625 2
t  150t  10
 50
 625 sAt 
tA
10
2

Similarly, when aircraft B lands at time tB you have


vBtB  kB tB  250  115 kB 

135
tB

1
sBtB  kB tB2  250tB  17  0
2

 

1 135 2
t  250tB  17
2 tB B
365
t  17
2 B
tB 
kB 
(b)

34
hr .
365

 

135
49,275
49,275 2
365
 135

sBt 
t  250t  17
tB
34
34
68
28,025 2
t  100t  7
68
Yes, d < 3 for t > 0.0505 hr.

(c) d  sBt  sAt 

20

sB
20

sA
0.1

0
0

d
3
0.1

0
0

87. True

91. False. For example,

88. True


x

x dx

89. True


x dx

x dx because

92. False. f has an infinite number of antiderivatives, each


differing by a constant.

90. True

x3
x2
C

 C1
3
2

x2  C .
2

93. f  x  2x
fx  x 2  C
f2  0 4  C  0 C  4
f x 

x3
 4x  C1
3

f 2  0

8
16
 8  C1  0 C1 
3
3

Answer: f x 

x3
16
 4x 
3
3

361

362

Chapter 4

1,
94. fx  2 ,
0 ,

Integration
0 x < 2
2 < x < 3
3 < x 4
0 x < 2
2 < x < 3
3 < x 4

x  C1,
f x  2x  C2 ,
C3
,

y
2
1
x
1

f 0  1 C1  1
f continuous at x  2 2  1  4  C2 C2  5
f continuous at x  3 6  5  C3  1

x  1,
f x  2x  5 ,
1
,

95. fx 

1,3x,

0 x < 2
2 x < 3
3 x 4

0 x < 2
2 x 5

x  C1,
0 x < 2
f x  3x2
 C2, 2 x 5
2
f 1  3 1  C1  3 C1  2
f is continuous: Values must agree at x  2:
4  6  C2 C2  2

0 x < 2
x  2,
f x  3x 2
 2, 2 x 5
2
The left and right hand derivatives at x  2 do not agree. Hence f is not differentiable at x  2.

96.

d
sx
2  cx
2
 2sxsx  2cxcx
dx
 2sxcx  2cxsx
0
Thus, sx
2  cx
2  k for some constant k. Since, s0  0 and c0  1, k  1.
Therefore, sx
2  cx
2  1.
[Note that sx  sin x and cx  cos x satisfy these properties.]

97. f x  y  f xf  y  gxg y


gx  y  f xg y  gxf  y
f 0  0

Note: f x  cos x and gx  sin x satisfy these conditions

f x  y  f xf  y  gxg y Differentiate with respect to y


g x  y  f xg  y  gxf  y Differentiate with respect to y
Letting y  0, f x  f xf 0  gxg0  gxg0
g x  f xg 0  gxf0  f xg0

CONTINUED

Section 4.2

Area

363

97. CONTINUED
Hence, 2 f xfx  2 f xgxg0
2gxgx  2gxf xg0.
Adding, 2 f x fx  2g xgx  0.
Integrating, f x2  gx2  C.
Clearly C  0, for if C  0, then f x2  gx2 f x  gx  0, which contradicts that f, g are nonconstant.
Now, C  f x  y2  gx  y2   f x f  y  gxg y2   f xg y  gx f  y2
 f x2f  y2  g x2g y2  f x2g y2  gx2f  y2
  f x2  gx2 f  y2  g y2
 C2
Thus, C  1 and we have f x2  gx2  1.

Section 4.2
1.

Area

i1

i1

i1

 2i  1  2  i   1  21  2  3  4  5  5  35
6

2.

 kk  2  31  42  53  64  50

3.

k3

4.

1
1 1
1
1
158
1  


1
2 5 10 17
85

47

 j  3  4  5  60
 i  1

k0

5.

j3

6.

k

 c  c  c  c  c  4c

k1

 i  13  0  8  1  27  4  64  9  125  238

i1

7.

15

1
3i
i1

8.

  n 

2 n
n i1

15.

 2i  2  i  2

2i

20

i1

2in

11.

20

i1

12.



9.


2

 1  4
4

10.

 

13.

3i
3 n
2 1
n i1
n

16.

 2i  3  2  i  315

15

15

i1

i1

14.


1  n

1 n1
n i0

 15216  45  195

2
20

17.

 i  1

i1

19

10

i

18.

i1

 i

 1 

i1

192039
 2470
6

10

i

i1

j1

j1

2i
2 n
1
1
n i1
n

2021
 420
2

j
 58  3
8

5
1

i
i1

10

1

i1

 1011621  10  375

364

Chapter 4
15

19.

 ii  1

i1

Integration
15

i

2

i1

15

i

i1

10

15

i

20.

 ii

 1 

i1

i1

10

i

i1

151631 1516
152162
2

4
6
2

10

i

i1

102112
1011
 3080

4
2

 14,400  2480  120

20

 i

>

21. sum seqx

2  3, x, 1, 20, 1  2930 (TI-82)

 3 

i1

22. sum seqx

2020  1220  1
 320
6

15

 i

>

 12,040
3  2x, x, 1, 15, 1  14,160 (TI-82)

 2i 

i1

202141
 60  2930

6

9
33
23. S  3  4  2  51  2  16.5

s  1  3  4  1 
9
2

25
2

1515  1
15 215  1 2
2
4
2

152162
 1516  14,160
4

24. S  5  5  4  21  16
s  4  4  2  01  10

 12.5

25. S  3  3  51  11

2 1
55


3 2
6

2 1 1
9
 
  4.5
3 2 3
2

26. S  5  2  1 

s  2  2  31  7

s 21

14 14 
12 14 
34 14  114  1  2 8 3  2 0.768
1
1 1
1 1
3 1
1 2 3
0.518
s4  0  
  
  
  
4
4 4
2 4
4 4
8

27. S4 

28. S8 


14  214  
12  214  
34  214  


14


54  214  
32  214  
74  214  

2  2

14


14  2 14  
12  2 14  . . .  
74  214 5.685

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
15  6 5
5  7 5
5  8 5
5  9 5
5  51  61  71  81  91 0.746











1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1




    
0.646
6 5 5
7 5 5
8 5 5
9 5 5
2 5
6 7 8 9 10

30. S5  1

s5 

1  2

29. S5  1

7
1
1
2
3
16  

1



2 6.038
4
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
s8  0  2 
4

s5 

15 
1  15 15 
1  25 15 
1  35 15 
1  45 15
2

24

21

16

9
1
1
0.859



5
5
5
5
5

1  15 15 
1  25 15 
1  35 15 
1  45 15  0 0.659
2

Section 4.2
81 n2n  12
81
n4  2n3  n2
81
81

lim
 1 
4
4
4 n
n4
4
4

31. lim

 n 

32. lim

 64n nn  16 2n  1 

n 

n 

64
64
64
2n3  3n2  n
 2 
lim
n
6 
n3
6
3

18 nn  1
18
n2  n
18

lim
 1  9
2
2
2 n
n2
2

1 nn  1
n2  n
1
1
1
 lim
 1 
2
2
2 n
n2
2
2

 n 


34. lim

1 n
1 nn  1
n2
2
2i  1
 2
2i  1  2 2
n 
 1   Sn
2
n
n
n
2
n
n
i1
i1
n

35.

 n 


33. lim

S10 

12
 1.2
10

S100  1.02
S1000  1.002
S10,000  1.0002
4j  3
1 n
1 4nn  1
2n  5
 3n 
 Sn
 2
4j  3  2
2
n j1
n
2
n
j1 n
n

36.

S10 

25
 2.5
10

S100  2.05
S1000  2.005
S10,000  2.0005
6 n 2
6 nn  12n  1 nn  1
6kk  1
 3
k  k  3

3
n
n k1
n
6
2
k1
n

37.

6 2n2  3n  1  3n  3
1
2
 22n2  2  2  2  Sn
n2
6
n
n

S10  1.98
S100  1.9998
S1000  1.999998
S10,000  1.99999998
4i2i  1
4 n 3
4 n2n  12 nn  12n  1
 4
i  i2  4

4
n
n
n
4
6
i1
i1
n

38.

Area

S10  1.056
S100  1.006566
S1000  1.00066567
S10,000  1.000066657

4 n3  2n2  n 2n2  3n  1

n3
4
6

1
3n3  6n2  3n  4n2  6n  2
3n3

1
3n3  2n2  3n  2  Sn
3n3

365

366

Chapter 4

Integration

16
16 nn  1
1
16i
n n
  n   lim n  i  lim n  2   lim 8 n   8 lim 1  n  8
n

39. lim

n  i1

  n n 
n

40. lim

n 

2i

lim

n  i1

n 

i1

n 

i1

n 

 lim

n 

4 n
4 nn  1
4
1
i  lim 2
1
2
 lim
n  n
n  2
n2i1
2
n

1 n1 2
1 n  1n2n  1
i  lim 3
n  n3 i1
n  n
6

i  1
  n

41. lim

1 2n3  3n2  n
1 2  3 n  1 n2
 lim
3
n  6
n  6
n
1

lim

2 n
n  2i2
n3i1

 lim

 1  n   n  
n

42. lim

2i

n  i1

n 

2
n  n3
n 

 n
n

i1

i1

4
26

3
3
1 nn  1
2

1  nn  2 lim n  1  n  i  2 lim nn  n


 
n

i1

1  2  n2  34  n2  3n2

2 12

i1

i1

  2 lim 1  n 2n n  21  21  3


2

n 

1  n  n  2 lim n  n  2i


 
n

2i

44. lim
n

i1

n 

i  4 i

 4n

nn  1
2 3
4nn  12n  1
n  4n

n3
2
6

 2 lim

43. lim

  31

 lim
 lim

 

i1

i1

1 n 3
n  6n2i  12ni 2  8i 3
n  n4 i1

 2 lim
 2 lim

1 4
nn  1
nn  12n  1
n2n  12
n  6n2
 12n
8
n4
2
6
4

 2 lim

1  3  n3  4  n6  n2  2  n4  n2 

n 

n 

45. (a)

 2 lim 10 
n 

13
4
 2  20
n
n

(b) x 

20 2

n
n

Endpoints:

0 < 1
1

x
1

CONTINUED

2n < 22n < . . . < n  12n < n2n  2

Section 4.2

Area

367

45. CONTINUED
(d) f Mi  f xi on xi1, xi

(c) Since y  x is increasing, f mi  f xi1 on xi1, xi.


n

sn 

Sn 

f xi1 x

i1

i1

 f
n

i1

(e)

x
sn
Sn

f xi x 

2i  2
n

2n   i  12n 2n


n

n  i1

i1

i1

   

2
i  1
n

4 n
2
 lim 2 i  1
n  n i1
n

50

100

1.6

1.8

1.96

1.98

2.04

 lim

4 nn  1
n
n2
2

 lim

 2n n 1  n4  2

n 

10

2.2

(f) lim

i1

2.4


n

2i 2
2
2
  n  n    i n   n 
n

n 

2.02
i

    n   n 
n

lim

i1

(b) x 

 lim

n4 nn 2 1

 lim

2n  1
2
n

n 

4 n
i
n  n2 i1
lim

n 

46. (a)

31 2

n
n

Endpoints:
3

1 < 1

2
1

1 <11

x
2

2
4
2n
< 1 <...< 1
3
n
n
n

2n < 1  22n < . . . < 1  n  12n < 1  n2n

(c) Since y  x is increasing, f mi  f xi1 on xi1, xi.


n

 f x

sn 

 x

i1

i1

 f 1  i  1n n   1  i  1n n


n

i1

i1

(d) f Mi  f xi on [xi1, xi

 f x  x   f 1  in n   1  in n


n

Sn 

i1

(e)

i1

i1

10

50

100

sn

3.6

3.8

3.96

3.98

Sn

4.4

4.2

4.04

4.02

 1  i  1n n 
n

(f) lim

n  i1

lim

n 

 lim

n 

  1  i  n   n  
n

lim

n  i1

lim

n 

 lim

n 

2nn  n2nn 2 1  n
2  2n n 2  n  lim 4  n2  4
4

2
2 nn  1
n
n
n
2



2  2n n 1  lim 4  n2  4
n

368

Chapter 4

Integration

Note: x  1 n 0  1n
i 1
i
1
sn   f       2   3  
n n
n
n

47. y  2x  3 on 0, 1.


n

i1

i1

3

2 n
2n  1n
1
i3
2
n2i1
2n2
n

x
1

Area  lim sn  2

n 

Note: x  5 n 2  3n

48. y  3x  4 on 2, 5.

 

 

 

3i
4
n

3i
Sn 
f 2
n
i1


3 2

i1

6

y
12

3
n

10
8

 



3
3
 18  3
n
n

27 n  1n
27
1
6
1
n2
2
2
n

Area  lim Sn  6 


n 

2 n

i  12

i1

x
4

10

12

27 39

2
2

Note: x  n1
i 1
i
1
Sn   f          2  
n n
n
n

49. y  x2  2 on 0, 1.


n

i1

i1

nn  12n  1
1
3
1 n 2
1
 3
i 2
2 2  2 2
n i1
6n3
6
n n

 

x
1

7
Area  lim Sn 
n 
3

50. y  x 2  1 on 0, 3. Note: x 


Sn 

       
n

3i
n

l1

3

n
l1

3i
n

30 3

n
n

 

1

3
n

27
3
l2 
1
n 3 l1
n l1

27 nn  12n  1 3
9 2n2  3n  1
 3
 n 
3
n
6
n
2
n2
9
Area  lim Sn  2  3  12
n 
2

y
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
1

Section 4.2

51. y  16  x 2 on 1, 3. Note: x 


sn 


n

f 1

i1




2i
n

2
n

   



14
12
10
8
6
4
2

  
2
n

2
4 nn  12n  1 4 nn  1

15n  2
n
n
6
n
2

x
1

8
4
n  12n  1  n  1
6n2
n

 30 

Area  lim sn  30 


n 

8
70
1
4
 23
3
3
3

Note: x  n1

52. y  1  x2 on 1, 1. Find area of region over the interval 0, 1.

     
n

i
sn 
f
n
i1

   

n
1
i

1
n
n
i1

1
n

1 n 2
nn  12n  1
1
3
1
i 1
1 2  2
n3 i1
6n3
6
n n

1

2
1

1
1 2
Area  lim sn  1  
n 
2
3 3
Area 

4
3

53. y  64  x3 on 1, 4. Note: x 

41 3

n
n

y
70
60

 
n

3i
sn 
f 1
n
i1




n

   

n
3
3i

64  1 
n
n
i1

27i3

27i2

3
9i
63  3  2 
n i1
n
n
n

  
3
n

50
40
30
20

10
1

3
27 n2n  12 27 nn  12n  1 9 nn  1
 2

63n  3
n
n
4
n
6
n
2

 189 

n 

54. y  2x  x3 on 0, 1.

Note: x  1 n 0  1n

1

n
1
i
i

2

n
n
n
i1

2.0

1
n

1 1
2
1
 

n 4 4n 4n2

Area  lim Tn  1 


n 

1 3

4 4

1.5
1.0
0.5

2
1
nn  1
1 n n  1
i 4
i3 
 4
n2 i1
n i1
n2
n
4

81
27 513
 27 

 128.25
4
2
4

           

i
Tn 
f
n
i1
n

Since y both increases and decreases on 0, 1, Tn is neither an upper nor lower sum.
n

x
1

81
81
27 n  1
n  12  2n  12n  1 
4n2
6n
2
n

Area  lim sn  189 

369

18

n
2
2i

16  1 
n
n
i1

2 n
4i2 4i
15  2 
n i1
n
n

Area

x
0.5

1.0

2.0

370

Chapter 4

Integration

Note: x  1  n1  n2

55. y  x2  x3 on 1, 1.

Again, Tn is neither an upper nor a lower sum.

 f 1  n n    1  n 


n

Tn 

2i

i1

 
n

 1 

i1

1

i1

 2 
n

2i

i1

 

4i 4i2
6i 12i 2 8i3
 2  1   2  3
n
n
n
n
n

10i 16i 2 8i3


 2  3
n
n
n

4
20
 n  2
n
n

 2n
3

20
2

i1

  
n

i1

1
16
3
1
2
1

2  2 4 1  2
n
3
n n
n n

32

nn  12n  1 16
 4
6
n

2
n

 n   n  1  n  i  n  i

nn  1 32
 3
2
n

 4  10 1 

2i
n

i1

16 n 3
i
n4 i1

n2n  12
4

32
2
4
3
3

Area  lim Tn  4  10 


n 

Note: x  0  n1  n1


i 1
i
i
1
sn   f 1       1    1    
n n
n
n
n

56. y  x2  x3 on 1, 0.

i1

i1

5i 4i
  2  n  n
n

i1

2

i3
n3

1n  2  n5  i  n4  i
n

i1

i1

2
1

1 n 3
i
n4 i1

1
1

5
1
5
4 2
2
1
1

  
 

2 2n 3 n 3n3 4 2n 4n2

Area  lim sn  2 


n 

5 4 1
7
  
2 3 4 12

Note: y  2 n 0  2n

57. f  y  3y, 0 y 2

       

n
2
2i

3
n
n
i1

2i
Sn 
f mi y 
f
n
i1
i1

 

12 n
12
 2
i 2
n i1
n

n 

n 

x
2

y
5
4

 g2  n n
2i

6
6
n

1
42 2
58. gy  y, 2 y 4. Note: y 

2
n
n
n

2
n

6
nn  1 6n  1
6

n
n
2

Area  lim Sn  lim 6 

Sn 

i1

 
n

1
2i

2
2
n
i1

 



2
2 n
i

1
n
n i1
n

2
1 nn  1
n1
 n
2
n
n
2
n

Area  lim Sn  2  1  3


n 

1
x
1

Section 4.2

Note: y  3 n 0  3n
27
3i 3
3i 3
Sn   f          
i
n n
n
n
n 
n

i1

27
n3

i1

9 2n  3n  1
nn  12n  1
27
9
 2
9

6
n
2
2n 2n2

Area  lim Sn  lim 9 


n 

n 

21 1

n
n

y
5

 f 1  nn
n

x
2
2

27
9
9

2n 2n2

60. f  y  4y  y 2, 1 y 2. Note: y 
Sn 

i1

i1

 

 

1 n
i
i

4 1
 1
n i1
n
n




1 n
4i
2i
i2

4 1  2
n i1
n
n
n

1
x
1

1 n
2i
i2
3  2
n i1
n
n

1
2 nn  1
1 nn  12n  1
3n 
 2
n
n
2
n
6

3

n 

61. gy  4y2  y3, 1 y 3.

 

 

 

2i
Sn 
g 1
n
i1


i1

2i
4 1
n



1 11

3
3

Note: y  3 n 1  2n

y
10
8

2
n

 

2i
 1
n

2
n

2 n
10i 4i2 8i3
2
10 nn  1
4 nn  12n  1
8 n2n  12
3
 2  3  3n 
 2
 2
n i1
n
n
n
n
n
2
n
6
n
4



Area  lim Sn  6  10 


n 

4 2
2

2 n
4i 4i2
6i 12i2 8i3

4 1  2  1  2  3
n i1
n
n
n
n
n


n  1 n  12n  1

n
6

Area  lim Sn  3  1 

44
8
4
3
3

371

59. f  y  y 2, 0 y 3
n

Area

10

372

Chapter 4

Integration

62. hy  y3  1, 1 y 2 Note: y 


Sn 

1
n

y
5

 h1  nn
n

i1

 
n

i1

i
1
n

1
1
n

1
x



1 n
i3
3i2 3i

2 3 2 
n i1
n
n
n


1
1 n2n  12
3 nn  12n  1 3 nn  1
2n  3
 2

n
n
4
n
6
n
2

2

n 

xi  xi1
.
2

2
i

i1

 3

i1



 

12

 

 

69
8

2
i

i1

 4ci1

i1

 14  2  94  6  254  10  494  14

 53

65. f x  tan x, 0 x


,n4
4

66. f x  sin x, 0 x

xi  xi1
.
2

Let ci 

3
5
7


,c  ,c 
,c 
,c 
16 1 32 2
32 3
32 4
32

f ci x 

i1

 f c  x   c

Area

1 1
9
25
49
3 
3 
3 
3
2 16
16
16
16

xi  xi1
.
2

1
3
5
7
x  1, c1  , c2  , c3  , c4 
2
2
2
2

Area

Let ci 

 f c  x   c

x 

10

64. f x  x2  4x, 0 x 4, n  4

1
3
5
7
1
x  , c1  , c2  , c3  , c4 
2
4
4
4
4

Let ci 

1
3 19
1 
4
2
4

63. f x  x2  3, 0 x 2, n  4

Area

n  12 1 n  12n  1 3n  1




n24
2
n2
2n

Area  lim Sn  2 

Let ci 

Area

i1

67. f x 
x on 0, 4.

Approximate area

Exact value is 16 3.



3
5
7
,c  ,c 
,c 
,c 
8 1 16 2
16 3
16 4
16

12

16

20

5.3838

5.3523

5.3439

5.3403

5.3384

 f c  x   sin c  8 
n

i1



3
5
7
tan
 tan
 tan
 tan
0.345
16
32
32
32
32

xi  xi1
.
2

x 

 tan c 16
4


,n4
2

i1



3
5
7
sin
 sin
 sin
 sin
1.006
8
16
16
16
16

Section 4.2

68. f x 

Area

373

8
on 2, 6.
x2  1

n
Approximate area

69. f x  tan

12

16

20

2.3397

2.3755

2.3824

2.3848

2.3860

12

16

20

2.2223

2.2387

2.2418

2.2430

2.2435

12

16

20

1.1041

1.1053

1.1055

1.1056

1.1056

 8x on 1, 3.

n
Approximate area

70. f x  cos


x on 0, 2.
n
Approximate area

71.

72.

2
1

1
1

(b) A 6 square units


73. We can use the line y  x bounded by x  a and x  b.
The sum of the areas of these inscribed rectangles is the
lower sum.

(a) A 3 square units


The sum of the areas of these circumscribed rectangles is the
upper sum.
y

x
a

x
a

We can see that the rectangles do not contain all of the area in
the first graph and the rectangles in the second graph cover
more than the area of the region.
The exact value of the area lies between these two sums.

74. See the definition of area. Page 265.

374

Chapter 4

75. (a)

Integration

(b)

2
x
1

Lower sum:
s4  0  4  513  6  1513  46
3  15.333
(c)

Upper sum:
1
2
11
326
S4  4  53  6  65  2115  15  21.733
(d) In each case, x  4n. The lower sum uses left endpoints, i  14n. The upper sum uses right endpoints,
i4n. The Midpoint Rule uses midpoints,  i  12 4n.

8
6
4
2
x
1

Midpoint Rule:
M4  223  445  557  629  6112
315  19.403
(e)

20

100

200

sn

15.333

17.368

18.459

18.995

19.06

Sn

21.733

20.568

19.739

19.251

19.188

Mn

19.403

19.201

19.137

19.125

19.125

(f) sn increases because the lower sum approaches the exact value as n increases. Sn decreases because the upper sum
approaches the exact value as n increases. Because of the shape of the graph, the lower sum is always smaller than the
exact value, whereas the upper sum is always larger.

 2 

76. f x  sin x, 0,

1.0

Let A1  area bounded by f x  sin x, the x-axis, x  0 and x  2. Let A2  area of the
rectangle bounded by y  1, y  0, x  0, and x  2. Thus, A2  21  1.570796.
In this program, the computer is generating N2 pairs of random points in the rectangle whose
area is represented by A2. It is keeping track of how many of these points, N1, lie in the region
whose area is represented by A1. Since the points are randomly generated, we assume that
A1 N1
N1

A1 
A.
A2 N2
N2 2

( 2 , 1)

f (x) = sin(x)

0.75
0.5
0.25

The larger N2 is the better the approximation to A1.


77. True. (Theorem 4.2 (2))

78. True. (Theorem 4.3)

79. Suppose there are n rows and n  1 columns in the figure. The stars on the left total 1  2  . . .  n, as do the stars
on the right. There are nn  1 stars in total, hence
21  2  . . .  n  nn  1
1  2  . . .  n  12nn  1.

Section 4.2

80. (a) 

2
n

Area

375

h
(b) sin 
r

h  r sin
1
1
1
A  bh  rr sin   r2 sin
2
2
2
(c) An  n

12r

sin

2
r 2n
2
sin2 n

sin
 r2
n
2
n
2 n

Let x  2 n. As n , x 0.
lim An  lim r 2

n 

x0

sinx x  r 1  r
2

81. (a) y  4.09


105x3  0.016x2  2.67x  452.9

(b)

500

(c) Using the integration capability of a graphing utility,


you obtain
A 76,897.5 ft2.

350
0

For n even,

82. For n odd,


n  1,

1 row,

1 block

n  2, 1 row,

2 block

n  3,

2 rows,

4 blocks

n  4, 2 rows,

6 blocks

n  5,

3 rows,

9 blocks

n  6, 3 rows,

12 blocks

n,

n1
rows,
2

n 2 1  blocks,
2

83. (a)

 2i  nn  1

(b)

i1

i

i1

The formula is true for n  1: 2  11  1  2.


Assume that the formula is true for n  k:
k

 2i  kk  1.

n2  2n
blocks,
4

n2n  12
4

The formula is true for n  1 because


121  12 4
13 
  1.
4
4
Assume that the formula is true for n  k:

i1

Then we have

n
rows,
2

n,

k1

i1

i1

 2i   2i  2k  1
 kk  1  2k  1
 k  1k  2

which shows that the formula is true for n  k  1.

i

i1

k2k  12
.
4
k1

Then we have

i

i1

i

 k  13

i1

k2k  12
 k  13
4

k  12 2
k  4k  1
4

k  12
k  22
4

which shows that the formula is true for n  k  1.

376

Chapter 4

Integration

84. Assume that the dartboard has corners at  1, 1.

A point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the top edge if

(x, 1)

x2  y2 1  y

(x, y)

x 2  y 2 1  2y  y 2

1
1  x2.
2

(0, 0)

By symmetry, a point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the
right edge if
1
1  y 2.
2

1
1
In the first quadrant, the parabolas y  21  x2 and x  21  y 2 intersect at 2  1, 2  1. There are 8 equal regions
that make up the total region, as indicated in the figure.
y

2 1,

2 1(
(1, 1)

Area of shaded region S 

21

Probability 

Section 4.3

 12 1  x   xdx  2 3 2  65
2

42 5
22 5
8S
2



Area square
3
6
3
3

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

1. f x  x, y  0, x  0, x  3, ci 

3i2
n2

y
3

3i2 3i  12


3
xi  2 
 22i  1
n
n2
n
n

lim

n  i1

3i
 n

3
2i  1
n2

33

f ci xi  lim

n  i1

 lim

n3

n 

 2i

 i

i1

n 

 n  13n2n  1 

 lim 33
n 

 23  0  23  3.464

 33

n1
2n2

...
3
n2

33 nn  12n  1 nn  1


2

n3
6
2

 lim

y=

3(2)2 . . . 3(n 1)2 3


n2
n2

Section 4.3

3
x, y  0, x  0, x  1, ci 
2. f x  

xi 

i3
n3

i3
i  13 3i 2  3i  1


n3
n3
n3

 f c  x 

lim

n  i1

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

 n 

i 3 3i 2  3i  1
3
n3

lim

n  i1

1 n
3i 3  3i 2  i
n  n4 i1

 lim

1
nn  1
n2n  12
nn  12n  1
3
3

4
n  n
4
6
2

 lim

 lim

1 3n4  6n3  3n2 2n3  3n2  n n2  n




n4
4
2
2

 lim

1
1
1 3n4 n3 n2
3
3
 


 lim

n  4
n4 4
2
4
2n 4n2
4

n 

n 

3. y  6 on 4, 10 .




6i

36

i1

i1

Note: x  10 n 4  6n,  0 as n 

 f c  x   f 4  n
n
  6 n
  n
n

i1

i1

1
1 n
36  36n  36
ni1
n

10

6 dx  lim 36  36
n 

Note: x  3  n2  n5,  0 as n 

4. y  x on 2, 3 .

 f c  x   f 2  n
n
  2  n
n
 10  n  i
n

5i

5i

25

i1

i1

i1

 10 

2

x dx  lim

n 

i1

25
25n
nn 2 1  10  252 1  n1
 25  2n
2

25
52  2n

 25

Note: x  1  n1  2n,  0 as n 

5. y  x3 on 1, 1 .

 f c  x   f 1  n
n
  1  n
n
  1  n 
n

i1

2i

2i

6i

i1

i1

i1

24 n 2 16 n 3
12 n
i  4
i
 2  2 i  3
n i1
n i1
n i1

 2  6 1 

1

x3 dx  lim

n 

2
0
n

1
3
1
2
1
2
4 2  2 4 1  2 
n
n n
n n
n

12i 2 8i 3
 3
n2
n

 2n

377

378

Chapter 4

Integration
31 2
 ,  0 as n 
n
n

6. y  3x 2 on 1, 3 . Note: x 

 f c x   f 1  n
n

2i

i1

i1

 3 1  n
n

2i

i1

6 n
4i 4i2
1  2
ni1
n
n

6
4 nn  1
4 nn  12n  1
n
 2
n
n
2
n
6

 6  12

3x 2 dx  lim

n 

n1
n  12n  1
4
n
n2

n  1 4n  12n  1

n
n2

6  12

 6  12  8  26

Note: x  2 n 1  1n,  0 as n 

7. y  x2  1 on 1, 2 .

 f c  x   f 1  n
n
   1  n

i1

i1

x2  1 dx  lim

n 

i1

1

2
2

i1

 1n

1

103  2n3  6n1


 103
2

2  1 3
 ;  0 as n 
n
n

 f 1  n
n

3i

i1



3 n
3i
3 1 
ni1
n

3 n
6i 9i2
3 1  2 2
n i1
n
n

3
18 nn  1 27 nn  12n  1
3n 
 2
 2n
n
n
2
n
6

2



 15 

 1n
  1  2in  ni

1

f ci xi 

1 n 2
1
1
3
10
1
3
1
2 n
i 3
i 2 1
 2  2 


2
n i1
n i1
n
6
n n
3
2n 6n2

8. y  3x 2  2 on 1, 2 . Note: x 
n

i1

2

3x 2  2dx  lim

n 

27n  1 27 n  12n  1

n
2
n2

15  27

n  1 27 n  12n  1

n
2
n2

 15  27  27  15
n

9. lim

 0

3ci  10 xi 

i1

on the interval 1, 5 .

1

3x  10 dx

10. lim

 0

6ci4  ci2 xi 

i1

on the interval 0, 4 .

6x4  x2 dx

Section 4.3

 0

11. lim

ci2  4 xi 

i1

12. lim

 0

14.

3 dx

4  x2 dx

18.

3
dx
x2

4  x dx

16.

sin x dx

20.

4

19.

x2 dx

1
dx
1 x  1
2

21.

15.

2

2
i

4  2x dx




i1

on the interval 1, 3 .

17.

 c
x 
n

x2  4 dx

on the interval 0, 3 .
13.

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

4

tan x dx

y 3 dy

22.

 y  22 dy

23. Rectangle

A  bh  34

A

4 dx  12

Rectangle

2
1

x
1

25. Triangle

24. Rectangle

A

a

4 dx  8a

x dx  8

A

1
1
A  bh  42
2
2

A

26. Triangle

1
1
A  bh  44
2
2

A  bh  24a

x
dx  4
2

y
5
3

Triangle

Triangle

Rectangle

2
1

x
1

x
2

27. Trapezoid
b1  b2
59
h
2
A
2
2

2x  5 dx  14

29. Triangle

1
1
A  bh  88  32
2
2
A

28. Triangle

A

1
1
A  bh  21
2
2

8  xdx  32

A

1

1  x dx  1
y

y
y
10

Triangle

6
6

Trapezoid

x
1

x
1

3
2

10

379

380

Chapter 4

Integration

30. Triangle
1
1
A  bh  2aa
2
2

A

a

32. Semicircle

31. Semicircle

1
A   r2
2

1
1
A   r 2  32
2
2

a  x dx  a2

A

3

9  x2 dx 

9
2

A

r 2  x 2 dx 

r

4
a

1 2
r
2

Semicircle

Semicircle

Triangle

In Exercises 3340,

x dx  

4x dx  4

33.

dx  2

34.

36.

15 dx  15

x dx  8

x  8 dx 




x dx  46  24

x3 dx  0

x dx  6

39.

37.

x dx  6,

35.

x3 dx  60,

dx  6  82  10

38.

1 3
1
x  3x  2 dx 
2
2

x3 dx  3

x dx  2

x3  4dx 

dx  152  30

2
4

x3 dx  4

dx

40.






(b)

f x dx 

f x dx  

42. (a)
(b)
(c)

f x dx  310  30




2gx dx  2

gx dx 

f x dx 

 2  10  12
gx dx  22  4
f x dx  310  30

1

f x dx  0  5  5

f x dx  5  5  10




1

(d)

f x dx 

f x dx 

(c)




f x dx

f x dx  51  5

1

3f x dx  3

5f x dx  5

44. (a)
(b)

gx dx

g x  f x dx 

f x dx  0

 10  2  8

(d)

f x dx 




f x  gx dx 

f x dx   1  1

(c)

(d)

(b)

f x dx  

3f x dx  3

f x dx  4  1  3

43. (a)

f x dx  0

(d)

x3 dx

f x dx 

(c)

f x dx  10

x dx 

f x dx 










f x dx  10  3  13

dx  2

 62  26  60  36

f x dx 

6  2x  x3dx  6

1
 60  36  22  16
2
41. (a)

dx  60  42  68

3f x dx  3

1

f x dx  30  0

3f x dx  3

f x dx  35  15

Section 4.3
45. Lower estimate: 24  12  4  20  362  48

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

381

46. (a) 6  8  30(2)  64 left endpoint estimate

Upper estimate: 32  24  12  4  202  88

(b) 8  30  802  236 right endpoint estimate


(c) 0  18  502  136 midpoint estimate
If f is increasing, then (a) is below the actual value and (b)
is above.

47. (a) Quarter circle below x-axis:  14  r 2   14 22   


(b) Triangle: 12 bh  12 42  4
(c) Triangle  Semicircle below x-axis:  12 21  12 22   1  2
(d) Sum of parts (b) and (c): 4  1  2  3  2
(e) Sum of absolute values of (b) and (c): 4  1  2  5  2
(f) Answer to (d) plus 210  20: 3  2  20  23  2










48. (a)

f x dx  

f xdx 

1
2

y
2

(3, 2) (4, 2)

(b)

(11, 1)

3f (x) dx  32  6

(c)

1 1
1
1
f (x) dx    22  2  22   5
2 2
2
2

11

(d)

f (x) dx 

12

(0, 1)
(8, 2)

1 1
1
 42   3
2 2
2

11

(e)

1
1
f (x) dx    2  2  2  4   2
2
2

10

(f)

f (x) dx  2  4  2

49. (a)

(c)

f x dx 

f x dx  2

4,x,




2 dx  4  10  14

(b)

2

f x  2 dx 

f x dx  4

Let u  x  2.

5

50. f x 

 f x  2 dx 

f x dx  24  8

 f even

(d)

5

f x dx  0

 f odd

x < 4
x 4

(8, 8)

1
f x dx  44  44  44  40
2

x
4

51. The left endpoint approximation


will be greater than the actual area: >

52. The right endpoint approximation


will be less than the actual area: <

53. f x 

1
x4

is not integrable on the interval


3, 5 because f has a
discontinuity at x  4.

382

Chapter 4

Integration



54. f x  x x is integrable on 1, 1 , but is not continuous on 1, 1 .


There is discontinuity at x  0. To see that

 
1

1

x
dx
x



55.

56.

1
4

3
2

1
1
2

3
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(c) Area  27.

1
2 sin  x dx  12  1
2

x3  x dx

12

16

20

Ln

3.6830

3.9956

4.0707

4.1016

4.1177

Mn

4.3082

4.2076

4.1838

4.1740

4.1690

Rn

3.6830

3.9956

4.0707

4.1016

4.1177

12

16

20

Ln

7.9224

7.0855

6.8062

6.6662

6.5822

Mn

6.2485

6.2470

6.2460

6.2457

6.2455

Rn

4.5474

5.3980

5.6812

5.8225

5.9072

60.

5
dx
x2  1

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

3
4

58.

1
2

1
2

(b) A  43 square units

(a) A  5 square units

59.

(d)

57.

is integrable, sketch a graph of the region bounded by f x  x x and the x-axis for
1 x 1. You see that the integral equals 0.

Section 4.3

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

383

2

61.

sin2 x dx

12

16

20

Ln

0.5890

0.6872

0.7199

0.7363

0.7461

Mn

0.7854

0.7854

0.7854

0.7854

0.7854

Rn

0.9817

0.8836

0.8508

0.8345

0.8247

12

16

20

Ln

2.8186

2.9985

3.0434

3.0631

3.0740

Mn

3.1784

3.1277

3.1185

3.1152

3.1138

Rn

3.1361

3.1573

3.1493

3.1425

3.1375

62.

x sin x dx

63. True

64. False

 x dx

1

xx dx 

65. True

x dx

68. True. The limits of integration are


the same.

67. False

66. True

x dx  2

69. f x  x2  3x, 0, 8


x0  0, x1  1, x2  3, x3  7, x4  8
x1  1, x2  2, x3  4, x4  1
c1  1, c2  2, c3  5, c4  8
4

 f c  x  f 1 x
i

 f 2 x2  f 5 x3  f 8 x4

i1

 41  102  404  881  272


70. f x  sin x, 0, 2
x0  0, x1 
x1 
c1 



, x  , x3  , x4  2
4 2
3

2


, x2  , x3 
, x4  
4
12
3

2
3


, c  , c3 
,c 
6 2
3
3 4
2

 f c  x  f 6
x
4

i1

f

3
x

f

23
x

f

32
x

12
4
 23
12
 23
23
 1  0.708


384

Chapter 4

71. x 

Integration

ba
ba
, ci  a  ix  a  i
n
n

x dx  lim

 f c  x
i

 0 i1

 a  i


 lim
n

i1




 lim
n

ba
n

 a  b n a
i
n

2 n

i1

i1

 lim

ab  a  b n a

n 

 ab  a 

nn  1
2

n1
2

b  a2
2

 b  a a 

 b n a

 b n a an  b n a

n 

72. x 

ba
n

 lim

ba
2

b  aa  b b 2  a 2

2
2

ba
ba
, ci  a  ix  a  i
n
n

x 2 dx  lim

 f c x

 lim

  a  i

 lim

 b n a
 a

b n a
na

2ab  a nn  1
ba

n
2
n

 0 i1

n  i1

n 

 lim

n 

ba
n
n

i1

a b  a 


 lim
n

 b n a

2aib  a
ba
 i2
n
n



2

nn  12n  1
6

ab  a2n  1
b  a3 n  12n  1

n
6
n2

1
 a2b  a  ab  a2  b  a3
3
1
 b3  a3
3

1,
73. f x 
0,

x is rational
x is irrational

is not integrable on the interval 0, 1 . As  0,


f ci  1 or f ci  0 in each subinterval since there
are an infinite number of both rational and irrational
numbers in any interval, no matter how small.

0, x  0
74. f x  1 ,
x 0 < x 1
The limit

y
1

f(x) = x

lim

 f c x

 0 i1

i
x
1

does not exist. This does not


contradict Theorem 4.4 because
f is not continuous on 0, 1 .

Section 4.4
75. The function f is nonnegative between x  1 and x  1.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

385

76. To find 0 x dx, use a geometric approach.


y

y
2

f(x) = 1 x 2

2
1

Hence,

Thus,

1  x 2 dx

x dx  12  1  1.

is a maximum for a  1 and b  1.


77. Let f x  x2, 0 x 1, and xi  1 n. The appropriate Riemann Sum is

f c   x  n
n

i1

i1

lim

n 

1
1 n
 3 i 2.
n n i1

1 2
1
1  22  32  . . .  n2
 lim 3
n  n
n3
 lim

n 

Section 4.4
1. f x 

n2n  1n  1
6

1
2n2  3n  1
1
1
1


 lim

n  3
6n2
2n 6n2
3

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

4
x2  1

2. f x  cos x

4
dx is positive.
x2  1

cos x dx  0

3. f x  x x2  1

4. f x  x 2  x

2

x x2  1 dx  0

2

x 2  x dx is negative.

2x dx  x2

x  2 dx 

 

7.

1

8.

6.

 2  2x

x2

1

0

1

 t3  2t
3

12  2   52

   752  20  6  8   392

t2  2 dt 

1
1

5
2

13  2   31  2   103

 

3 dv  3v

3
3v  4 v   v2  4v
2
2
1

9.

101

5.

 37  32  15

386

Chapter 4

Integration

  27 

10.

5x 2
 4x
2

3x 2  5x  4dx  x3 

 

45
5
 12  1   4
2
2

 38

2t  12 dt 

t3  9t dt 

11.

1

3

v1 3 dv 


1

1


8

18.

 34v 

4 3

3

 34t

1
x  x
dx 
3
3

2  t t dt 

t1 3  t2 3 dt 

 2t

1
x  x2
dx 
3
2
2 x

1
1

8


3

2t1 2  t3 2 dt 

4 3

3
 t5 3
5

  23  4  32

 4 4 

 43t

3 2

0

1

1
0

2
 t5 2
5

 8  2 2

1 1 2
1


3 2 3
18

   t15t20  6t
2
0

2
0

2 2
16 2
20  12 
15
15

27
34  53   20

1

x2 3  x5 3 dx

8

1

1 3 5 3 3 8 3
x  x
2 5
8

8

1

 80 24  15x
x5 3

8

3  2x dx 

3 2

2x  3 dx 

1 x2 2 3 2
 x
3 2
3

x  x1 2 dx 

  2 2x

 34t

   23 4 

 4u1 2

34  2  34  2  4

1

4 3

1

23.

3 2

x1 2 dx  22x1 2

22.

 23u

3 3
3 3 4  0
 3 4
 


21.

12  1  2  21  2

20.

1

u1 2  2u1 2 du 

2
dx  2
x

19.

2

3

t  2 dt 

1
4
21
3
3

14  29  14  29  0

 2t2  t

   2  2  3  1  2

u2
du 
u

17.

1

u  u1  du   u2  u1

2

16.

1

15.

9
 t2
2

3
3
 1 dx    x
x2
x

14.

 14t


2

13.

12.

 3t

4t2  4t  1 dt 

3 2
0

1
32
4569
39  144 
80
80
80

2x  3 dx split up the integral at the zero x 

3 2

 3x  x2



 x2  3x

3
3 2

3
2

92  49  0  9  9  94  29  292  49  29

Section 4.4

24.




6  x dx

x2
2

 x2 

92  21  24  8  18  29

2 3
1

 6x 

x 2  4 dx 

 8


4

27.

x3
3

x3

x2  4x  3 dx 

 x3  2x

   x3  2x

13  2  3  9  18  9  13  2  3  643  32  12  9  18  9

4 4
4
0  04
3
3 3

 3x

d  

2t  cos t dt  t 2  sin t

 4

 3

x  x2 dx 

3  x x dx 

 2
 4

 3

3 1

   x3  2x

 3x

 3x

4
3

 2

 6


4

29.

 6

   0 

 6

sec2 x dx  tan x

 6

 

2  1  2  1   2 2

 42  42  0

 2

 x2  x3 

 3

 2

 4



   1  0  1  2  

4 sec  tan  d  4 sec 

35. A 

split up the integral at the


zeros x  1, 3

x2  4x  3 dx

2  csc2 x dx  2x  cot x

33. A 

x2  4x  3 dx 

 2

1  sin2 
d 
cos2 

 3

8
8
 9  12 
8
3
3

 4

32.

 3  4x

 2

31.

30.

1  sin x dx  x  cos x

 4

28.

x 2  4 dx

23
3

x2  4x  3 dx 

 4x 

26.

4  x 2 dx 

9 13

2
2

 4  16  18 
3

3  x  3
dx

x dx 



387

3  x  3
dx 

25.

3  1x  31 dx 

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

4

 4

1 

1 2

1
6

34. A 

 

2
3x1 2  x3 2 dx  2x3 2  x5 2
5
0

3
0

1
1  x 4 dx  x  x5
5
1

x x
10  2x
5

3
0

12 3
5

1
1

8
5

  233

388

Chapter 4

1
1
dx  
x2
x

x  sin x dx 

36. A 

 

38. A 

Integration

1
1
 1
2
2
1

 2  cos x
x2

37. A 

 2

 2

cos x dx  sin x

1

2
2  4
2
2
2

39. Since y 0 on 0, 2
,

A

3x2  1 dx  x3  x

 8  2  10.

40. Since y 0 on 0. 8
,

3
1  x1 3 dx  x  x 4 3
4
0

Area 

8
0

3
 8  16  20.
4

41. Since y 0 on 0, 2
,

42. Since y 0 on 0, 3
,

A

x3  x dx 


2

43.

x  2 x  dx 

 x2 
2

x4 x2

4
2

4x3 2
3

2
0

2
0

 4  2  6.

A

3x  x2 dx 

2

8 2
3

44.

9
9
dx   2
x3
2x

3
1

 32x

1 9
  4
2 2

f c3  1  4

6  8 2
f c2  0 
3

9
2
c3

3  4 2
c  2 c 
3

c3 

3  4 2
1
c  2 c  1 
3

c


 c  1  6  34 2
2

9
2

92  1.6510
3

6  34 2
64 2
c  1

3

c  1 

c  0.4380 or c  1.7908

 4

45.

 4

 4

2 sec2 x dx  2 tan x

 21  21  4

 4

 4   4   4

f c

2 sec2 c 

8


sec2 c 

4


sec c 

 3

46.

 3

cos x dx  sin x

 3

 3

 3

 3   3   3

f c

cos c 

3 3
2

c  0.5971
2


c  arcsec

 2

 arccos

 0.4817

x3
3

3
0

9
 .
2

Section 4.4

47.

1
2  2

2

Average value 
4  x2 

48.

1
31

1
1
4x  x3
4
3

4  x2 dx 

2

1
4

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

 8  3  8  3  3
8

4x 2  1
dx  2
x2

1  x2dx  2 x 

1
x

49.

1
0

sin x dx  

Average value 
sin x 

4x2  1 16

x  3
x2
3
 2

cos x dx 

Average value 
cos x 

3
3

, 8
3

3
1

16
Average value 
3

, 8

8
8
2 3
when x2  4  or x 
 1.155.
3
3
3

1
 2  0

3
3

8
3

1
16
2 3

3
3

50.

389

1
cos x


2


(0.690, 2 (

2


 2

2


2


(2.451, 2 (


2

3
2
1

x  0.690, 2.451

  sin x

2


51. The distance traveled is 0 vt dt. The area under


the curve from 0 t 8 is approximately
18 squares 30  540 ft.
8

1.5

(0.881, 2 (

2


2.71

0.5

x  0.881

52. The distance traveled is 0 vt dt. The area under


the curve from 0 t 5 is approximately
29 squares 5  145 ft.
5

53. If f is continuous on a, b
and F x  f x on a, b
,

then

f x dx  Fb  Fa.

54. (a)

f x dx  Sum of the areas

(b) Average value 

f x dx

71

8 4

6 3

(c) A  8  62  20

 A1  A2  A3  A4
1
1
1
 3  1  1  2  2  1  31
2
2
2

Average value 

8

20 10

6
3

y
7

6
5

A1

A2

A3

A4

1
1

x
1

x
1

55.

f x dx   area of region A  1.5

56.

f x dx  area or region B 

 3.5  1.5  5.0

f x dx 

f x dx

390

Chapter 4


6

57.

f x dx  1.5  5.0  6.5

2  f x
dx 

58.

59.

f x dx   f x dx 

Integration
2

2f x dx  2

2 dx 

60. Average value 

f x dx

f x dx  21.5  3.0

1
6

1
f x dx  3.5  0.5833
6

 12  3.5  15.5
61. (a) F x  k sec2 x

(b)

F 0  k  500

1
 3  0

 3

500 sec2 x dx 

F x  500 sec2 x

 3

1500
tan x


1500
 3  0


 826.99 newtons
 827 newtons

62.

63.

kR  r  dr 

0.1729t  0.1522t2  0.0374t3 dt 

1
R0
1
50

64. (a)

R
2

3 R

k 2
r
Rr
R
3

2kR
3

1
0.08645t2  0.05073t3  0.00935t4
5
(b)

 0.5318 liter

10

24

24
0

The area above the x-axis equals the area below the
x-axis. Thus, the average value is zero.

The average value of S appears to be g.

65. (a) v  8.61


104t3  0.0782t2  0.208t  0.0952
(b)

90

10

70
10

60

(c)

vt dt 

8.61
104t 4 0.0782t3 0.208t 2


 0.0952t
4
3
2

66. (a) histogram

60
0

 2476 meters

N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(b) 6  7  9  12  15  14  11  7  2
60  8360  4980 customers
CONTINUED

Section 4.4

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

66. CONTINUED
(c) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
Nt  0.084175t3  0.63492t2  0.79052  4.10317.
(d)

16

10
2

(e)

Nt dt  85.162

The estimated number of customers is 85.16260  5110.



(f) Between 3 P.M. and 7 P.M., the number of customers is approximately

Nt dt 60  50.2860  3017.

Hence, 3017 240  12.6 per minute.

67. Fx 

t  5 dt 

 2  5t
t2

F2 

4
 52  8
2

F5 

25
25
 55  
2
2

F8 

64
 58  8
2

68. Fx 

x2
 5x
2

t3  2t  2 dt 

4  t

4  x

x4
 x 2  2x  4
4

t4

x4

 2t

 2x  4  4  4

Note: F2   t
2

F2  4  4  4  4  0

F5 

625
 25  10  4  167.25
4

F8 

84
 64  16  4  1068
4

69. Fx 

10
2 dv 
1 v



10v2 dv 

10
1
 10  10 1 
x
x

10
v

x
1

 2t  2 dt  0

70. Fx 

2
3 dt  
2 t

F2 

1 1
 0
4 4

2t3 dt 

F2  10

12  5

F5 

1
1
21
 
 0.21
25 4
100

F5  10

45  8

F8 

1
1
15
 
64 4
64

F8  10

78  354

1
t2

1
1

x2 4

391

392

Chapter 4

Integration

71. Fx 

cos  d  sin 

 sin x  sin 1

F2  sin 2  sin 1  0.0678


F5  sin 5  sin 1  1.8004
F8  sin 8  sin 1  0.1479

72. Fx 

sin  d  cos 

 cos x  cos 0  1  cos x

F2  1  cos 2  1.4161


F5  1  cos 5  0.7163
F8  1  cos 8  1.1455

73. gx 

74. gx 

f t dt







f tdt

(a) g0 

f t dt  0

g2 

f t dt  4  2  1  7

g4 

f t dt  7  2  9

g6 

f t dt  9  1  8

f t dt  8  2  4  2

0
8

0
8

g8 

f t dt   1244  8

0
6

0
6

g6 

f t dt   1224  4

0
4

0
4

g4 

f t dt  0

g2 







(a) g0 

g8 

f t dt  8  3  5

f t dt  2  6  4

(b) g increasing on 0, 4 and decreasing on 4, 8

(b) g decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing on 4, 8

(c) g is a maximum of 9 at x  4.

(c) g is a minimum of 8 at x  4.
(d)

(d)

10

x
2

10

4
2

6
x
2

75. (a)

t  2 dt 

(b)

77. (a)

1
 x2  2x
2

tt2  1 dt 

(b)

t2
 2t
2

d 1 2
x  2x  x  2
dx 2
x

76. (a)

t3  t dt 

 14t

1
 t2
2

x
0

1
1
x2
 x4  x2  x2  2
4
2
4

d 1 4 1 2
x  x  x3  x  xx2  1
dx 4
2

x
3 t

dt 

 34t 

4 3

3
3
 x 4 3  16  x 4 3  12
4
4

d 3 4 3
3 x
(b)
x  12  x1 3 
dx 4

78. (a)

t dt 

 23t 

3 2

2
16 2 3 2
 x3 2 
 x  8
3
3
3

d 2 3 2 16
 x1 2  x
(b)
x 
dx 3
3

Section 4.4

79. (a)

x 4

(b)

x
x 4

 tan x  1

80. (a)

(b)

 

sec t tan t dt  sec t

2

82. F x 

t 2  2t dt

F x  x2  2x

x
4 t

F x 

d
sec x  2
 sec x tan x
dx

83. F x 

t 4  1 dt

F x  x4  1

x2
x 1

86. Fx 

t cos t dt

sec3 t dt

F x  sec3 x

F x  x cos x

1

4 x
F x 

t2
dt
2
t
1
1

85. F x 

dt

 sec x  2

 3

84. F x 

 3

d
tan x  1
 sec2 x
dx

81. F x 

 

sec2 t dt  tan t

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

x2

87. Fx 

4t  1 dt

Alternate solution:




x2

 2t2  t

x2

Fx 

4t  1 dt

 2x  22  x  2
 2x2  x

 8x  10

x2

4t  1 dt 

F x  8



4t  1 dt

x2

4t  1 dt 

4t  1 dt

F x   4x  1  4x  2  1  8

88. Fx 

t 3 dt 

x

 t4 

4 x
x

0

Alternate solution:




Fx 

F x  0

t3 dt

x
0

x



t3 dt 

x

t3 dt

t3 dt 

t3 dt

F x   x31  x3  0

sin x

89. Fx 

t dt 

 3t 
2

3 2

sin x
0

2
 sin x3 2
3

Alternate solution:

sin x

Fx 

F x  sin x1 2 cos x  cos x sin x

t dt

F x  sin x

90. Fx 

t3 dt 

t2
2

 

x2
2

 

1
2t2

x2
2

d
sin x  sin xcos x
dx

1 1
 F x  2x5
2x4
8

Alternate solution: F x  x 232x  2x5

x3

91. Fx 

sin t 2 dt

F x  sinx32

92. Fx 

sin  2 d

 3x2  3x2 sin x 6

F x  sin x 22 2x  2x sin x 4

393

394

Chapter 4

Integration

93. gx 

f t dt

1
1
g0  0, g1  , g2  1, g3  , g4  0
2
2

g
x
1

g has a relative maximum at x  2.

1
2

94. (a)

10

gx

2

4

6

3

(b)

y
6
4
2

(c) Minimum of g at 6, 6.

x
2

(d) Minimum at 10, 6. Relative maximum at 2, 2.


(e) On 6, 10
, g increases at a rate of

10

12

4
6

12
 3.
4

(f) Zeros of g: x  3, x  8

 

 45t  

95. (a) Cx  5000 25  3

 5000 25  3

 5000 25 
(b)

96. (a) gt  4 

t1 4 dt

4
t2

lim gt  4

5 4

t 

Horizontal asymptote: y  4

12 5 4
x
 1000125  12x5 4
5


x

(b) Ax 

C1  1000125  121  $137,000

4

C5  1000125  1255 4  $214,721

 4t 

C10  1000125  12105 4  $338,394




4
t

4
dt
t2

x
1

 4x 

4x2  8x  4 4x  12



x
x

lim Ax  lim 4x 

x 

4
8
x

x 

4
8 08
x

The graph of Ax does not have a horizontal asymptote.


97. xt  t 3  6t 2  9t  2
x t  3t 2  12t  9
 3t 2  4t  3
 3t  3t  1




5

Total distance 

x t dt

3 t  3t  1 dt

t 2  4t  3 dt  3

3

 4  4  20
 28 units

t 2  4t  3 dt  3

t 2  4t  3 dt

Section 4.4

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus




4

98. xt  t  1t  32  t 3  7t 2  15t  9

x t dt

99. Total distance 

x t 

 14t  15

3t2

Using a graphing utility,

1
4


5

Total distance 

x t dt  27.37 units.

vt dt

dt

 2t1 2

 22  1  2 units

100. P 

2


 2

sin  d  

2
cos 


 2

2
2
  0  1   63.7%


102. True

101. True
103. The function f x  x2 is not continuous on 1, 1
.

1

x2 dx 

1

x2 dx 

104. Let Ft be an antiderivative of f t. Then,




vx

x2 dx

Each of these integrals is infinite. f x 


has a nonremovable discontinuity at x  0.

x2

ux

d
dx

vx

ux

vx

 

f t dt  Ft

f t dt 

ux

 Fvx  Fux

d
Fvx  Fux
dx

 F vxv x  F uxu x


 f vxv x  f uxu x.

1 x

105. f x 

1
dt 
t2  1

1
2  1 dt
t
0

By the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have

 

1
1
1

 2
1 x2  1 x2
x 1

f x 



1
1

 0.
1  x2 x2  1

Since f x  0, f x must be constant.

 
 




x

106. Gx 

f t dt ds

(a) G0 

f t dt ds  0

f x 

Gx 

Fs ds

f 0 

f t dt.
x

f t dt

(d) G 0  0

(b) Let Fs  s

(c) G x  x



s

f t dt  0

G x  Fx  x

f t dt

G 0  0

f t dt  0

395

396

Chapter 4

Section 4.5









Integration

Integration by Substitution

f gxgx dx

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

u  gx

du  gx dx

5x2  1210x dx

5x2  1

10x dx

x2x3  1 dx

x3  1

3x2 dx

x2  1

2x dx

sec 2x tan 2x dx

2x

2 dx

tan2 x sec2 x dx

tan x

sec2 x dx

cos x
dx
sin2 x

sin x

cos x dx

x2  1

1  2x42 dx 

Check:

8.

x2  94
C
4

4x2  93
d x2  94
C 
2x  x2  932x
dx
4
4

9  x21 22x dx 

2
9  x23 2
 C  9  x23 2  C
3 2
3

d 2
2
9  x23 2  C 
dx 3
3

 29  x21 22x  9  x22x

3
1  2x21 34x dx  1  2x24 3  C
4

x3x4  32 dx 

 31  2x21 34x  1  2x21 34x

1
1 x4  33
x4  33
x4  324x3 dx 
C
C
4
4
3
12

3x4  32 3
d x4  33
C 
4x   x4  32x3
dx
12
12

x2x3  54 dx 

Check:

d 3
3
1  2x24 3  C 
dx 4
4

Check:

12.

Check:

11.

x2  932x dx 

Check:

10.

1  2x5
C
5

d 1  2x5
 C  21  2x4
dx
5

Check:

9.

dx

1
1 x3  55
x3  55
C
C
x3  543x2 dx 
3
3
5
15

5x3  543x2
d x3  55
C 
 x3  54x2
dx
15
15

Section 4.5

13.

16.

18.

1 4
1 t4  5 3 2
1
 C  t4  53 2  C
t  51 24t3 dt 
4
4
3 2
6

d 1 4
1
t  53 2  C 
dt 6
6




 2 t4  51 24t3  t4  51 2 t3

5
5
1  x21 32x dx  
2
2

d
15
15
 1  x24 3  C  
dx
8
8

u2u3  2 du 

1  x24 3
15
 C   1  x24 3  C
4 3
8

3 1  x2
 31  x21 32x  5x1  x21 3  5x

1
1 u3  23 2
2u3  23 2
u3  21 23u2 du 
C
C
3
3
3 2
9

2
d 2u3  23 2
C 
du
9
9

 2 u3  21 23u2  u3  21 2 u2

x
1
1 1  x22
1
1  x232x dx  
C
C
2 3 dx  
1  x 
2
2
2
41  x22

d
1
x
1
 C  21  x232x 
dx 41  x22
4
1  x23

x3
1
1
1
dx 
1  x424x3 dx   1  x41  C 
C
1  x42
4
4
41  x4
d
1
1
x3
 C  1  x424x3 
dx 41  x 4
4
1  x42

1
1 1  x31
1
x2
dx 
1  x323x2 dx 
C
C
3 2
1  x 
3
3
1
31  x3

Check:

22.

Check:

21.

5x1  x21 3 dx  

t2  23 2
1 2
1 t2  23 2
C
C
t  21 22t dt 
2
2
3 2
3

t3t4  5 dt 

Check:

20.

1
1 4x2  34
4x2  34
C
4x2  338x dx 
C
8
8
4
32

3 2t2  21 22t


d t2  23 2
C 
 t2  21 2t
dt
3
3

Check:

19.

tt2  2 dt 

Check:

d 4x2  34
44x2  338x
C 
 x4x2  33
dx
32
32

Check:

17.

x4x2  33 dx 

Check:

5x3  143x2
d x3  15
C 
 x2x3  14
dx
15
15

Check:

15.

1
1 x3  15
x3  15
x3  143x2 dx 
C
C
3
3
5
15

x2x3  14 dx 

Check:

14.

Integration by Substitution

d
1
1
x2

 C   11  x323x2 
3
dx 31  x 
3
1  x32

1
1 16  x31
1
x2
dx   16  x323x2 dx  
C
C
3
2
16  x 
3
3
1
316  x3

Check:

d
1
1
x2
 C  116  x323x2 
dx 316  x3
3
16  x32

397

398

23.

Chapter 4

x3



1
t

1

1
dx 
3x2

31.

1
2x

1
1
1 x1 2
dx 
x 1 2 dx 
 C  2x  C
2
2 1 2
2x

d
2x  C  212x1 22  1
dx
2x

dx 

1 1 2
1 x1 2
x
dx 
 C  x  C
2
2 1 2

d
x  C  1
dx
2x

x2  3x  7
dx 
x

Check:

1
x3 1 x1
x3
1
3x4  1
C
C
x2  x2 dx  
C 
9
3
9 1
3
9x
9x

Check:

30.


 t1  t1
1  1t

1
1 2x1 2
1
dx 
2x1 2 2 dx 
 C  2x  C
2
2
1 2
2x




C

d 1 3 1 1
1
1
x  x  C  x2  x2  x2 
dx 3
9
9
3x2

Check:

29.

x2 

x3
1  x4


t1 dt   
1  1t
 t1 dt   1  41 t

Alternate Solution:

28.

1
2

 1  x41 24x3 

d
1
1
1  1 t 4
 C   4 1 

dt
4
4
t

Check:

27.

d 1  x4
1
C 
dx
2
2

Check:

26.

1  x4
1
1 1  x41 2
1  x41 24x3 dx 
C
C
4
4
1 2
2

dx 

1  x4

1
1 1  x21 2
1  x21 22x dx  
 C   1  x2  C
2
2
1 2

d
1
x
 1  x21 2  C   1  x21 22x 
1  x2
dx
2

Check:

25.

dx  

1  x2

Check:

24.

Integration

2
2
x3 2  3x1 2  7x1 2 dx  x5 2  2x3 2  14x1 2  C  xx2  5x  35  C
5
5

d 2 5 2
x2  3x  7
x  2x3 2  14x1 2  C 
dx 5
x

t  2t2
t

dt 

2
4
2
t1 2  2t3 2 dt  t3 2  t 5 2  C  t 3 25  6t  C
3
5
15

Check:

d 2 3 2 4 5 2
t  2t2
t  t  C  t1 2  2t3 2 
dt 3
5
t

2
dt 
t

Check:

d 14
2
t  t2  C  t 3  2t  t 2 t 
dt 4
t

t2 t 

1
t3  2t dt  t 4  t2  C
4

Section 4.5

32.

1
t3
 2 dt 
3
4t

Check:

33.

1 3 1 2
1 t4
1 t1
1
1
t  t
dt 

 C  t4   C
3
4
3 4
4 1
12
4t

d 1 4
1
1
1
t   C  t3  2
dt 12
4t
3
4t

9  yy dy 

Check:

34.

Integration by Substitution

9y1 2  y3 2 dy  9

23y  52y
3 2

5 2

2
 C  y3 215  y  C
5

d 2 3 2
d
2
y 15  y  C 
6y3 2  y5 2  C  9y1 2  y3 2  9  yy
dy 5
dy
5

2
4 y2
2 y8  y3 2 dy  2 8y  y5 2 dy  2 4y2  y7 2  C 
14  y3 2  C
7
7

Check:

35. y 




d
2
d 4 y2
14  y3 2  C 
2 4y2  y7 2  C  16 y  2 y5 2  2 y8  y3 2
dy 7
dy
7

4x 

4x
16  x2

 dx

36. y 

 4 x dx  2 16  x21 22x dx


4

x2  2 16 1 2x    C
2

37. y 




x1
dx
x2  2x  32

10x2
1  x3

dx

10
1  x31 23x2 dx
3

10 1  x31 2
C
3
1 2

20
1  x3  C
3

2 1 2

 2x2  416  x2  C

38. y 




x4

x2  8x  1

dx

1
x2  2x  322x  2 dx
2

1
x2  8x  11 22x  8 dx
2

1 x2  2x  31
C
2
1

1 x2  8x  11 2
C
2
1 2



2

x2

(b)

dy
 x4  x2, 2, 2
dx
y

x
2

 x2  8x  1  C

1
C
 2x  3

39. (a)

x4  x2 dx  



1
2

1
4  x21 22x dx
2
1

 34  x23 2  C   34  x23 2  C

1
2, 2: 2   4  223 2  C C  2
3
1
y   4  x23 2  2
3
2

399

400

Chapter 4

40. (a)

Integration

(b)

dy
 x 2x3  12, 1, 0
dx

y
x

x2x3  12dx 

1
x3  123x2 dx u  x3  1
3

1 x3  13
1
 C  x3  13  C
3
3
9

0C
1
y  x3  13
9

41. (a)

42. (a)

(b)

dy
 x cos x2, 0, 1
dx
y


x cos x2 dx 

(b)

1
cosx22x dx
2

dy
 2 sec2x tan2x, 0, 1
dx
y

1
sinx2  C
2

2 sec2x tan2x dx u  2x

 sec2x  C

1
0, 1: 1  sin0  C C  1
2
1
y  sinx2  1
2

1  sec0  C C  0
y  sec2x

43.

45.

47.

49.

 sin x dx  cos x  C

sin 2x dx 





1
1
sin 2x2x dx   cos 2x  C
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
cos d   cos  2 d  sin  C
2

 


sin 2x cos 2x dx 

46.

48.

4x3 sin x4 dx 

cos 6x dx 




1
2

sin x44x3 dx  cos x4  C

1
1
cos 6x6 dx  sin 6x  C
6
6

x sin x2 dx 

1
1
1 sin 2x2
 C  sin2 2x  C
sin 2x2 cos 2x dx 
2
2
2
4

sin 2x cos 2x dx  
sin 2x cos 2x dx 

44.

1
1
sin x22x dx   cos x2  C
2
2

OR

1
1 cos 2x2
1
cos 2x2 sin 2x dx  
 C1   cos2 2x  C1
2
2
2
4
2 sin 2x cos 2x dx 

1
2

1
sin 4x dx   cos 4x  C2
8

OR

Section 4.5
50.

51.

tan5 x
1
 C  tan5 x  C
5
5

53.

Integration by Substitution

401

sec1  x tan1  x dx   sec1  x tan1  x 1 dx  sec1  x  C

tan4 x sec2 x dx 

55.

tan x sec2 x dx 

2
tan x3 2
 C  tan x3 2  C
3 2
3

1
1
1
1
cot x2
C
 C  tan2 x  C  sec2 x  1  C  sec2 x  C1
2
2 cot2 x
2
2
2

sin x
cos x2
1
1
dx   cos x3sin x dx  
C
 C  sec2 x  C
3
cos x
2
2 cos2 x
2

cot2 x dx 

57. f x 

cos

56.

x
x
dx  2 sin  C
2
2

58. f x 

csc2 x  1 dx  cot x  x  C

Since f 0  3  2 sin 0  C, C  3. Thus,


f x  2 sin

59. f x  sin 4x,


f x 
f

csc2 x
dx   cot x3csc2 x dx
cot3 x


54.

52.

csc2

1
cos 4x  C
4

4  14 cos
4
4  C  34

 sec  x tan  x dx  sec  x  C

Since f 1 3  1  sec 3  C, C  1. Thus


f x  sec  x  1.

x
 3.
2

4 , 34

2x dx  2csc
2x
12 dx  2 cot
2x  C

60. f x  sec 22x,

1
f x  tan2x  C
2
f

2  21 tan
2
2  C  2

1
3
 1  C 
4
4

1
0  C  2
2

C  1

C2

1
f x   cos 4x  1
4
61. f x  2x4x2  102, 2, 10

2 , 2

f x 

1
tan2x  2
2

62. f x  2x8  x 2, 2, 7

f x 

4x2  103
22x2  53
C
C
12
3

f x 

28  x232
C
3

f 2 

28  53
 C  18  C  10 C  8
3

f 2 

243 2
16
5
C
C7 C
3
3
3

f x 

28  x23 2 5

3
3

2
f x  2x2  53  8
3

402

Chapter 4

Integration
1
1
64. u  2x  1, x  u  1, dx  du
2
2

63. u  x  2, x  u  2, dx  du

xx  2 dx 





u  2u du

x2x  1 dx 

u3 2  2u1 2 du

4
2
 u5 2  u3 2  C
5
3




1
1
u  1u du
2
2

1
3 2
1 2
u  u  du
4

1 2 5 2 2 3 2
u  u
C
4 5
3

3 2

2u
3u  10  C
15

u3 2
3u  5  C
30

2
x  23 2 3x  2  10  C
15

1
2x  13 2 32x  1  5  C
30

2
x  23 23x  4  C
15

1
2x  13 26x  2  C
30

1
2x  13 23x  1  C
15

65. u  1  x, x  1  u, dx  du




x21  x dx   1  u2u du
  u1 2  2u3 2  u5 2 du


23u



2u3 2
35  42u  15u2  C
105



2
1  x3 2 35  421  x  151  x2  C
105



2
1  x3 215x2  12x  8  C
105

3 2

4
2
 u5 2  u7 2  C
5
7

66. u  2  x, x  2  u, dx  du




x  12  x dx   3  uu du
  3u

1 2

 du

3 2

u

2
  2u3 2  u5 2  C
5


2u3 2
5  u  C
5

2
  2  x3 2 5  2  x  C
5
2
  2  x3 2x  3  C
5

Section 4.5

Integration by Substitution

403

1
1
67. u  2x  1, x  u  1, dx  du
2
2

x2  1
dx 
2x  1







1 2u  1 2  1 1
du
2
u

1 1 2 2
u
u  2u  1  4 du
8
1
u3 2  2u1 2  3u1 2 du
8

1 2 5 2 4 3 2
u  u  6u1 2  C
8 5
3

u1 2 2
3u  10u  45  C
60

2x  1

60

32x  12  102x  1  45  C

1
2x  112x2  8x  52  C
60

1
2x  13x2  2x  13  C
15

68. Let u  x  4, x  u  4, du  dx.

2x  1
x  4

dx 





2u  4  1
du
u

2u1 2  7u1 2 du

69. u  x  1, x  u  1, dx  du

x
dx 
x  1  x  1

 u  1
du
u  u








  1  u1 2 du

2
 u1 22u  21  C
3

  u  2u1 2  C

2
 x  42x  13  C
3

 u  2u  C
  x  1  2x  1  C
 x  2x  1  1  C
   x  2x  1   C1
where C1  1  C.

70. u  t  4, t  u  4, dt  du

3 t  4 dt 
t




u  4u1 3 du
u4 3  4u1 3 du

3
 u7 3  3u4 3  C
7


3u4 3
u  7  C
7

3
 t  44 3 t  4  7  C
7
3
 t  44 3t  3  C
7

u u  1

4
 u3 2  14u1 2  C
3

2
 x  4 2x  4  21  C
3

 du

u  1 u  1

404

Chapter 4

Integration

71. Let u  x2  1, du  2x dx.

1

1
2

xx2  13 dx 

1

x2  132x dx 

 18x

 14

1
1

0

72. Let u  x3  8, du  3x2 dx.

2

x2x3  82 dx 

1
3

2

x3  823x2 dx 

 13 x

 83
3

4
2

1
 64  83  8  83  41,472
9
73. Let u  x3  1, du  3x2 dx.

1
3

2x2x3  1 dx  2 

x3  11 23x2 dx

3

2 x3  13 2
3 2

4 3
x  13 2
9

2
1

4
27  22  12  982
9

74. Let u  1  x2, du  2x dx.

x1  x2 dx  

1
2

1
1  x21 22x dx   1  x23 2
3
0

0

1 1

3 3

75. Let u  2x  1, du  2 dx.

1
1
dx 
2
2x  1

2x  11 22 dx  2x  1

 9  1  2

76. Let u  1  2x2, du  4x dx.

1
x
dx 
4
1  2x2

77. Let u  1  x, du 

1  2x21 24x dx 

 21  2x 

3 1
 1
2 2

1
dx.
2x



1
dx  2
2
x 1  x 

1  x 2

21 x dx   1 2x

9
1

1
1
 1
2
2

78. Let u  4  x2, du  2x dx.

2
3 4  x2 dx 
x

1
2

4  x21 32x dx 

 84  x  
3

2 4 3

3
33
 84 3  44 3  6  
4  3.619
8
2

79. u  2  x, x  2  u, dx  du
When x  1, u  1. When x  2, u  0.

x  12  x dx 

 2  u  1 u du 

u3 2  u1 2 du 

 25u

5 2

2
 u3 2
3

0
1



 25  3  15
2

Section 4.5

Integration by Substitution

1
80. Let u  2x  1, du  2 dx, x  u  1.
2
When x  1, u  1. When x  5, u  9.

x
dx 
2x  1


1
4

16
3

x  cos x dx 

 3

83.

u1 2  u1 2 du

9
1


3 27  23 
3  2 

 2

23x dx   32 sin
23x 

 2

1 2 3 2
u  2u1 2
4 3

cos

82.

1 2u  1 1
1
du 
u
2
4

 2

81.

 2

 x2  sin x
2

3 3
33

2 2
4

 3

8

dy
 18x22x3  12, 0, 4
dx

y  3 2x3  12 6x2 dx


y3


18  23  572

1 

84.

1
2x2  11 2 4x dx u  2x2  1
2

y

1 2x2  11 2
 C  2x2  1  C
2
12

4  49  C  7  C C  3
y  2x2  1  3

dy
48

, 1, 3
dx 3x  53

 48

y  2x3  13  3

y

2  3
2

y  48 3x  53 dx

2x3  13
 C  2x3  13  C
3

dy
2x

, 5, 4
dx 2x2  1

u  2x3  1

4  13  C C  3

85.

86.

1
3x  53 3 dx
3

163x  52
C
2

8
C
3x  52

3

8
8
C C C1
31  52
4

y

8
1
3x  52

dy
9x2
 4x 
, 0, 2
3
dx
3x  13 2
y

4x  3x3  13 2 9x2 dx

 2x 2 
 2x2 
20

3x3  11 2
C
1 2
2
3x3  1

C

2
C C4
1

y  2x2 

2
3x3  1

4

405

406

Chapter 4

Integration

87. u  x  1, x  u  1, dx  du
When x  0, u  1. When x  7, u  8.

Area 




3
x
x  1 dx 

3
u  1
u du

1
8

u4 3  u1 3 du 

 37u

7 3

3 3
1209
 12 
 
 
384
7
7 4
28
8

3
 u4 3
4

88. u  x  2, x  u  2, dx  du
When x  2, u  0. When x  6, u  8.

Area 

89. A 

2

sin x  cos 2x dx  cos x 

2 3

2x dx  2

2 3

sec2

 2

sec2

 2

92. Let u  2x, du  2 dx.


Area 

93.

 4

csc 2x cot 2x dx 

 12

1
2

 4

 4

1
csc 2x cot 2x2 dx   csc 2x
2
 12

 12

8
0

x3x  2 dx  7.581

95.

xx  3 dx  28.8 

3
15

97.

  cos


d  7.377
6

1
0

2x  12 dx 




1
1
4
1
2x  12 2 dx  2x  13  C1  x3  2x2  x   C1
2
6
3
6

1
They differ by a constant: C2  C1  .
6


2

4
4x2  4x  1 dx  x3  2x2  x  C2
3

sin 2x dx  1.0

2x  12 dx 

 2

98.

50




x2x  1 dx  67.505

4752
35

1
2

99.

12 7 3
u  3u4 3
7

 2 3  1

20

2

94.

10 3

4

 2

96.

2 3

1
sin 2x
2

 10u

1
cos 2x
2

2x
12 dx  2 tan
2x 

10
x
dx  3.333 
3
2x  1

u7 3  4u4 3  4u1 3 du 

2 sin x  sin 2x dx   2 cos x 

91. Area 

3
u  22 
u du 

90. A 

3
x2 
x  2 dx 

144
5

Section 4.5

100.




sin x cos x dx 

sin x1 cos x dx 

sin2 x
 C1
2

sin x cos x dx   cos x1sin x dx  




Integration by Substitution

cos2 x
 C2
2

1  sin2 x
sin2 x 1
cos2 x
 C2  
 C2 
  C2
2
2
2
2

1
They differ by a constant: C2  C1  .
2
102. f x  xx2  13 is odd.

101. f x  x2x2  1 is even.

2

x2x2  1 dx  2

x4  x2 dx  2

5

32

2

x5 x3

5
3

2

8
272

3
15

103. f x  sin2 x cos x is even.

 2

sin2 x cos x dx 

 2

xx2  13 dx  0

104. f x  sin x cos x is odd.

 2

 2

sin2 xcos x dx

 2

sin x cos x dx  0

 2

 sin3 x
3

2

105.

x2 dx 




 x3 

3 2

(a)

2

8
 ; the function x2 is an even function.
3

x2 dx 

 4

 4

 2

 2




cos x dx  2

 2

(d)

x2 dx  

 4

cos x dx  2

 4

(c)



2

x2 dx  2

8
3

(d)

2

x2 dx 

16
3

3x2 dx  3

x2 dx  8

sin x dx  0 since sin x is symmetric to the origin.

 4

(b)

2






106. (a)

(b)

x2 dx  




8
3

x2 dx 

(c)

2
3

 4

cos x dx  2 sin x

 2

cos x dx  2 sin x

 2

 2 since cos x is symmetric to the y-axis.


2

sin x cos x dx  0 since sinx cosx  sin x cos x and hence, is symmetric to the origin.

 2

x3  6x2  2x  3 dx 

sin 3x  cos 3x dx 

107.

4

108.





4

x3  2x dx 

sin 3x dx 



4

6x2  3 dx  0  2

cos 3x dx  0  2

6x2  3 dx  2 2x3  3x

cos 3x dx 

 23 sin 3x

0

4
0

 232

407

408

Chapter 4

Integration

109. If u  5  x2, then du  2x dx and

x5  x23 dx  

1
1
5  x232x dx   u3 du.
2
2

110. f x  xx2  12 is odd. Hence,

2

xx2  12 dx  0.

dQ
 k100  t2
dt

111.

Qt 

k
k100  t2 dt   100  t3  C
3

Q100  C  0
k
Qt   100  t3
3
k
Q0   1003  2,000,000 k  6
3
Thus, Qt  2100  t3. When t  50, Q50 
$250,000.

112.

k
dV

dt
t  12

Vt 

113. R  3.121  2.399 sin0.524t  1.377


(a)

k
k
C
dt  
t  12
t1

V0  k  C  500,000
0

1
V1   k  C  400,000
2

12
0

Relative minimum: 6.4, 0.7 or June

Solving this system yields k  200,000 and


C  300,000. Thus,

Relative maximum: 0.4, 5.5 or January




12

200,000
 300,000.
t1

(b)

When t  4, V4  $340,000.

(c)

Vt 

114.

1
ba
(a)
(b)
(c)


b

74.50  43.75 sin

t
262.5
1
74.50t 
cos
3

6

t
1
262.5
t
dt 
74.50t 
cos
6
ba

6

262.5
t
1
74.50t 
cos
3

6

3
0

1
t
262.5
74.50t 
cos
12

6

115. (a)

6
3

b
a

1
262.5
447 
 223.5  102.352 thousand units
3


12
0

1
262.5 262.5
894 

 74.5 thousand units
12



Maximum flow: R  61.713 at t  9.36.


18.861, 61.178 is a relative maximum.
24

1
Rt dt  13  4.33 inches
3

24

12

1
262.5
223.5 
 102.352 thousand units
3


(b) Volume 

1
3

70

Rt dt  37.47 inches

Rt dt  1272 (5 thousands of gallons)

Section 4.5

116.

1
ba
(a)
(b)

1
1
1

cos60 t 
sin120t
b  a 30
120 

2 sin60 t  cos120 t dt 

1 60

1
1
1

cos60 t 
sin120 t
1 60  0 30
120

1 240

1 30
0

 240

1
1
1

cos60 t 
sin120 t
1 30  0 30
120


 302  120 
 30 

1
1
1

cos60 t 
sin120 t
1 240  0 30
120


301  0 
 30     1.273 amps

 60

2
 5  22   1.382 amps



(c)

Integration by Substitution


301 
 30   0 amps
1

 30

117. u  1  x, x  1  u, dx  du
When x  a, u  1  a. When x  b, u  1  b.

Pa, b 

15
4

15
15
x1  x dx 
4
4

1b

 1  uu du

1a

1b

u3 2  u1 2 du 

1a

(a) P0.50, 0.75  

1  x
2

3 2

3x  2

1  x3 2
3x  2
2

(b) P0, b  

b
0

1b

15 2 5 2 2 3 2
u  u
4 5
3
0.75
0.50



1a

15 2u3 2
3u  5
4 15

1b
1a

 

1  x3 2
3x  2
2

 0.353  35.3%

1  b3 2
3b  2  1  0.5
2

1  b3 23b  2  1
b  0.586  58.6%
118. u  1  x, x  1  u, dx  du
When x  a, u  1  a. When x  b, u  1  b.

Pa, b 




1155 3
1155
x 1  x3 2 dx 
32
32

1155
32

1b

 1  u3 u3 2 du

1a

1b

u9 2  3u7 2  3u5 2  u3 2 du 

1a

2u5 2

1b

1155
105u3  385u2  495u  231
32 1155

(a) P0, 0.25 

 16 105u

 385u2  495u  231

(b) P0.5, 1 

 16 105u

 385u2  495u  231

u5 2

u5 2



20

119. (a) C  0.1

12 sin

18

(b) C  0.1

10

12 sin

1155 2 112 2 9 2 6 7 2 2 5 2
u
 u  u  u
32 11
3
7
5

1a

 0.025  2.5%

 0.736  73.6%

0.75
1

0
0.5

20


Savings  9.17  3.14  $6.03.

1a

1b
1a

14.4
1  1  $9.17


t  8
14.4
t  8
 6 dt  
 0.6t
cos
12

12

1b

 385u2  495u  231

t  8
t  8
14.4
dt  
cos
12

12

 16 105u
u5 2

18

10

 3
14.4
3
 10.8  
 6  $3.14
 14.4

2

2


b
a

409

410

Chapter 4

120.

1
365

Integration

365

100,000 1  sin

121. (a)

2t  60
100,000
365
2t  60
dt 
t
cos
365
365
2
365

 100,000 lbs.

(b) g is nonnegative because the graph of f is positive at the


beginning, and generally has more positive sections than
negative ones.

g
9.4

365

f
4

(c) The points on g that correspond to the extrema of f are


points of inflection of g.
(e) The graph of h is that of g shifted 2 units downward.

(d) No, some zeros of f, like x   2, do not correspond to


an extrema of g. The graph of g continues to increase
after x   2 because f remains above the x-axis.

9.4




gt 

f x dx

 2

f x dx 

f x dx  2  ht.

 2

123. (a) Let u  1  x, du  dx, x  1  u

122. Let f x  sin x, 0 x 1.


Let
x 

x  0 u  1, x  1 u  0

1
and use righthand endpoints
n

i
ci  , i  1, 2, . . . , n.
n

n
sini n
lim
 lim
f ci 
x
n i1

x0 i1
n

x 51  x2 dx

sin x dx

1
cos x


u51  u2 du

(b) Let u  1  x, du  dx, x  1  u



1  u2u5du

1
1





x21  x5 dx 

x  0 u  1, x  1 u  0

2
1
  1  1 







x a1  xb dx 

1  uaubdu

1
1

ub1  ua du

0
1

x b1  xa dx

124. (a) sin x  cos


Let u 

2  x and cos x  sin


2  x

sin2x dx 




 2

 2

2  x dx  


 x as in part (a):
2

sinn x dx 

cos2u du 

cos2udu

 2

 2

cos2x dx




 2

cos2

 2



 x, du  dx, x   u:
2
2

 2

(b) Let u 

 2

2  x dx  

cosn

cosn u du 

 2

cosnudu

 2

cosn x dx

Section 4.5
125. False

126. False

127. True

10

10

10

1
1
2x  12 2 dx  2x  13  C
2
6

2x  12 dx 

ax3  bx2  cx  d dx 

10

xx2  12 dx 

10

ax3  cx dx 
Odd

10

129. True

Even

 cos b  cos a  cosb  2  cos a 

b2

sin x dx

4 sin x cos x dx  2 sin 2x dx  cos 2x  C

130. False

1
1 sin 2x3
1
sin 2x22 cos 2x dx 
 C  sin3 2x  C
2
2
3
6

sin2 2x cos 2x dx 

131. Let u  cx, du  c dx:





cb

f cx dx  c

du
c

f u

ca

cb

f u du

ca

cb

f x dx

ca

132. (a)

d
sin u  u cos u  C  cos u  cos u  u sin u  u sin u
du
Thus,

u sin u du  sin u  u cos u  C.

(b) Let u  x, u2  x, 2 u du  dx.

sinx dx 





sin u2u du

2

u sin u du

 2   cos
 2

 2 sin u  u cos u

(part (a))
0

bx2  d dx

sin x dx  cos x

411

1
1
x2  12x dx  x2  12  C
2
4

10

bx2  d dx  0  2

128. True

Integration by Substitution

412

Chapter 4

Integration

133. Because f is odd, f x  f x. Then

a

f x dx 

a



f x dx 

a

f x dx

f x dx 

f x dx.

Let x  u, dx  du in the first integral.


When x  0, u  0. When x  a, u  a.




a

f x dx  

0
a



f udu 

f x dx

f u du 

f x dx  0

134. Let u  x  h, then du  dx. When x  a, u  a  h. When x  b, u  b  h. Thus,

bh

f x  h dx 

bh

f u du 

ah

f x dx.

ah

135. Let f x  a0  a1x  a2 x2  . . .  an x n.

f x dx  a0 x  a1

 a0 

f x dx   1  

136.  2

x2
x3
x n1
 a2  . . .  an
2
3
n1

an
a1 a2 . . .
 

0
2
3
n1

2

f xx dx  2  2

(Given)

f xx2 dx  

By the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals, there exists c


in 0, 1 such that

Adding,




f x dx  f c1  0

2 f x  2 x f x  x2f x dx  0

0  f c.

f x   x2 dx  0.

Thus the equation has at least one real zero.

Section 4.6

Numerical Integration





1. Exact:

x2 dx 

0
2

Trapezoidal:

x2 dx 

0
2

Simpsons:

x2 dx 




1

2. Exact:

Trapezoidal:

Simpsons:

Since   x2 0, f  0. Hence, there are no such


functions.

 3x 
1

8
 2.6667
3

1
1
02
4
2
1
1
04
6
2

 212  2

32

 212  4

32

x2
x3
 1 dx 
x
2
6

1
0

11
 2.7500
4

8
 2.6667
3

 22 
 22 

7
 1.1667
6

x2
1
1 42
1 22
3 42
12
75
 1 dx  1  2
1 2
1 2
1 
1 
 1.1719
2
8
2
2
2
2
64

x2
1
1 42
1 22
3 42
12
 1 dx 
14
1 2
1 4
1 
1
2
12
2
2
2
2

  67  1.1667

Section 4.6





3. Exact:

x3 dx 

4

 4.0000

x3 dx 

1
1
02
4
2

0
2

Trapezoidal:

0
2

Simpsons:

x3 dx 





4. Exact:





x3 dx 

0
2

x3 dx 

0
2

x3 dx 





 14x 

8
3 x dx 

0
8

Simpsons:

x dx 

x dx 

46

2

2

 34x 

4 3

2

46

47

4

47

1
 0.5090
4

1
 0.5004
4

24

2

24

2
3

34

4

34

 213  2
3

54

 213  4

54

2
3

64

2

64

2
3

74

4

74

 8  4.0625

 8  4.0000

 12.0000

1
3 2  2
3 3  2
3 4  2
3 5  2
3 6  2
3 7  2  11.7296
0  2  2
2

3 2

 18 

16 38

 12.6667
3
3

378  2 214  2 478  2 264  2 578  2 314  2 678  3

5
22
16





4  x2 dx  4x 

1
3

4  x2 dx 

1
3

378 

5
24
24

Simpsons:

24
 4.0000
6

 12.6640

Trapezoidal:

 23 

 23x 

8. Exact:

x dx 




Simpsons:

32

17
 4.2500
4

1
3 2  4
3 3  2
3 4  4
3 5  2
3 6  4
3 7  2  11.8632
0  4  2
3

Trapezoidal:

 213  4

 23 

3 x dx 

7. Exact:

2

1
1
04
12
4

Trapezoidal:

3 x dx 

32

 4.0000

1
1
02
8
4

6. Exact:

Simpsons:

1
4
1
dx 
14
x2
12
5

 213  2

 0.5000

Trapezoidal:

1
4
1
dx  1  2
x2
8
5

5. Exact:

1
1
04
6
2

 

Simpsons:

1
1
dx 
x2
x

Trapezoidal:

x4

Numerical Integration

4  x2 dx 

x3
3

3
1

478 

21  4

3

578 

26  4

2
11
   0.6667
3
3


  20  24  52
  5  0.7500

1
3
32 4
4
2

678  3  12.6667

31  4

1
9
25
34 4
04 4
 5  0.6667
6
4
4

413

414

Chapter 4

Integration




9. Exact:

1
1
dx  
x  12
x1

Trapezoidal:

x x2  1 dx 

x x2  1 dx 

0
2

x x2  1 dx 




1  x3 dx 

0
2

Simpsons:

8
64
1
1 1 64
 0.1667




12 4 81 25 121 9

11. Trapezoidal:

Simpsons:

1 1 32
8
32
1
 0.1676




8 4 81 25 121 9

Trapezoidal:

1 1 1
     0.1667
3 2 6

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
dx 
2
4

4
x  12
12 4
5 4  12
3 2  12
7 4  12
9





10. Exact:

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
dx 
2
2

2
x  12
8 4
5 4  12
3 2  12
7 4  12
9

Simpsons:

1  x3 dx 

1 2
x  13 2
3

2
0

1
 53 2  1  3.393
3

1
1
3
1 22  1  21 12  1  2
3 22  1  2 22  1  3.457
02
4
2
2
1
1
3
1 22  1  21 12  1  4
3 22  1  2 22  1  3.392
04
6
2
2

1
1  2 1  1 8  2 2  2 1  27 8  3  3.283
4
1
1  4 1  1 8  2 2  4 1  27 8  3  3.240
6

Graphing utility: 3.241




12. Trapezoidal:

1
1  x3

0
2

Simpsons:

1
1  x3

12 1  21
 2 34 1  43
  0.342

dx 

1
1
1
1
1
12
2
2

 1.397
4
3
1  1 23
1  13
1  3 23

dx 

1
1
1
1
1
14
2
4

 1.405
6
3
1  1 23
1  13
1  3 23

Graphing utility: 1.402

13.

x 1  x dx 

x1  x dx

x1  x dx 

x1  x dx 

Trapezoidal:

Simpsons:

1
02
8

1
1
1
2
4
4

1
04
12

12 1  21
 4 34 1  43
  0.372

1
1
1
2
4
4

Graphing utility: 0.393




14. Trapezoidal:

Simpsons:

 2 1  2 58 sin 58


 2 34 sin 34
 2 78 sin 78
 0  1.430


5
5
3
3
7
7
x sin x dx    4 sin
 2 sin
 4 sin
 0  1.458
24
2
8
8
4
4
8
8

x sin x dx 

 2

 2

Graphing utility: 1.458


16

Section 4.6

 2

15. Trapezoidal:

cosx2 dx 

 2

 2

 2

cos 0  2 cos

 2 cos

 2

 2 cos

 2

Numerical Integration
 2

 2 cos

 4 cos

415

2

2

 cos

 0.957

 2

Simpsons:

cosx2 dx 

 2

12

cos 0  4 cos

 2

2

2

 cos

 0.978
Graphing utility: 0.977

 4

16. Trapezoidal:

tanx2 dx 

 4

tan 0  2 tan

 4

 4

 2 tan

 4

 2 tan

 4

 4

 2 tan

 4 tan

4

2

 tan

 0.271

 4

Simpsons:

tanx2 dx 

 4

12

tan 0  4 tan

 4

4


 tan

 0.257
Graphing utility: 0.256




1.1

17. Trapezoidal:

sin x2 dx 

1
1.1

Simpsons:

sin x2 dx 

1
sin1  2 sin1.0252  2 sin1.052  2 sin1.0752  sin1.12  0.089
80
1
sin1  4 sin1.0252  2 sin1.052  4 sin1.0752  sin1.12  0.089
120

Graphing utility: 0.089




 2

18. Trapezoidal:

1  cos2 x dx 

 2

Simpsons:

1  cos2 x dx 


 2  2 1  cos2 8  2 1  cos2 4  2 1  cos23 8  1  1.910
16

 2  4 1  cos2 8  2 1  cos2 4  4 1  cos23 8  1  1.910
24

Graphing utility: 1.910




 4

19. Trapezoidal:

x tan x dx 

 4

Simpsons:

x tan x dx 




2
2
3
3

02
tan
2
tan
2
tan

 0.194
32
16
16
16
16
16
16
4




2
2
3
3

04
tan
2
tan
4
tan

 0.186
48
16
16
16
16
16
16
4

Graphing utility: 0.186




20. Trapezoidal:

Simpsons:

sin x

2 sin 4 2 sin 2 2 sin3 4
1
dx 


 0  1.836
x
8
 4
 2
3 4

sin x

4 sin 4 2 sin 2 4 sin3 4
dx 
1


 0  1.852
x
12
 4
 2
3 4

Graphing utility: 1.852

416
21.

Chapter 4

Integration
22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials

Simpsons: Quadratic polynomials


y = f ( x)

The Trapezoidal Rule overestimates the area if the graph


of the integrand is concave up.
23.

f x  x3

24.

f x  2x  3

fx  3x2

fx  2

f x  6x

f x  0

f x  6
f 4x

The error is 0 for both rules.

0

(a) Trapezoidal: Error

2  03
12  0.5 since
1242

 f  x is maximum in 0, 2 when x  2.


(b) Simpsons: Error

2  05
0  0 since
18044

f 4x  0.

25.

f x 

1
x1

26.

f x  x  12
fx  2x  13

1
fx 
x  12

f x  6x  14


f x  24x  15

f x 

2
x  13

f 4x  120x  16

f x 

6
x  14

(a) Trapezoidal: Error

f 4x 

24
x  15

since f  x is a maximum of 6 at x  2.

1
1  02
(a) Trapezoidal: Error
 0.01 since
2 
1242
96
f  x is maximum in 0, 1 when x  0.
(b) Simpsons: Error

4  23
1
6  ,
1242
4

1  05
1
 0.0005
24 
18044
1920

since f 4x is maximum in 0, 1 when x  0.

(b) Simpsons: Error

4  25
1
120 
18044
12

since f 4x is a maximum of 120 at x  2.

Section 4.6
27.

f x  cos x

28.

fx   cosx

f x  cos x

f x    2 sinx

f x  sin x

f x    3 cosx

f 4x  cos x

f 4x   4 sinx

  03
3
 0.1615
1 
1242
192

(b) Simpsons: Error

1  03 2
2
 0.0514,
 
2
124 
192

since f  x  2 on 0, 1.

  05
5
 0.006641
1 
18044
46,080

(b) Simpsons: Error

because f 4x is at most 1 on 0, .

29. f  x 

(a) Trapezoidal: Error

because f  x is at most 1 on 0, .

417

f x  sinx

fx  sin x

(a) Trapezoidal: Error

Numerical Integration

1  05 4
4
 0.0021,
 
18044
46,080

since f 4 x  4 on 0, 1.

2
in 1, 3.
x3

(a) f  x is maximum when x  1 and f  1  2.


23
Trapezoidal: Error
2 < 0.00001, n2 > 133,333.33, n > 365.15; let n  366.
12n2
24
f 4x  5 in 1, 3.
x

(b) f 4x is maximum when x  1 and f 41  24.


25
Simpsons: Error
24 < 0.00001, n4 > 426,666.67, n > 25.56; let n  26.
180n4

30. f x 

2
in 0, 1.
1  x3

(a) f x is maximum when x  0 and f  0  2.


Trapezoidal: Error
f 4x 

1
2 < 0.00001, n2 > 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n  130.
12n2

24
in 0, 1
1  x5

(b) f 4x is maximum when x  0 and f 40  24.


Simpsons: Error

1
24 < 0.00001, n4 > 13,333.33, n > 10.75; let n  12. (In Simpsons Rule n must be even.)
180n4

418
31.

Chapter 4

Integration

f x  x  21 2,

0 x 2

32.

f x  x1 2,

1 x 3

1 3 2
x
2

1
fx  x  21 2
2

fx 

1
f x   x  23 2
4

3
f x  x5 2
4

3
f x  x  25 2
8

f x 

15 7 2
x
8

f 4x 

105 9 2
x
16

f 4x 

15
x  27 2
16

(a) Maximum of f  x 

2
1
 0.0884.
is
4x  23 2
16

2  03 2
0.00001
Trapezoidal: Error
12n2
16

n 76.8. Let n  77.

(b) Maximum of f 4 x 

Simpsons: Error

 10 5

n 223.6. Let n  224

(b) Maximum of f 4 x 


Simpsons: Error

25 15 2
0.00001
180n4 256

 

105
105
is
on 1, 3.
16x9 2
16

25 105
0.00001
180n4 16
7
6

n4

3215 2 5 2 5
10 
10
180256
96

n4

1
2

n2

15
is
16x  27 2

15 2
 0.0829.
256

 

3
3
is on 1, 3.
4x 5 2
4

3  13 3
0.00001
Trapezoidal: Error
12n2 4

8 2 5 2 5
10 
10
1216
24

n2

(a) Maximum of f  x 

 10 5

n 18.5. Let n  20 (even)

n 6.2. Let n  8 (even).


33.

f x  cosx, 0 x 1

34.

fx    sinx

f x  sin x

f x   3 sinx

f x  cos x

f 4x   4 cosx

 

(a) Maximum of f  x    2cosx is  2.


Trapezoidal: Error

1  03 2
 0.00001
12n2
2
12

n2

 10 5



f 4 x

Simpsons: Error
n4

x is

 4cos

 4.

1
 4 0.00001
180n4

4
180

f 4x  sin x
All derivatives are bounded by 1.
(a) Trapezoidal: Error
n2

n 286.8. Let n  287.


(b) Maximum of


2

fx  cos x

f x    2 cosx

f x  sin x, 0 x

 10 5

n 15.3. Let n  16.

 23
1 0.00001
12n2
3
96

 10 5

n 179.7. Let n  180.


(b) Simpsons: Error
n4

 25
1 0.00001
180n4
5
5760

 10 5

n 8.5. Let n  10 (even).

Section 4.6

Numerical Integration

419

35. f x  1  x
(a) f  x  

1
in 0, 2.
41  x3 2
1

 f  x is maximum when x  0 and  f 0  4.


Trapezoidal: Error
(b) f 4x 


< 0.00001, n

8 1
12n2 4

> 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n  130.

15
in 0, 2
161  x7 2
15

 f 4x is maximum when x  0 and  f 40  16.


Simpsons: Error


< 0.00001, n

32 15
180n4 16

> 16,666.67, n > 11.36; let n  12.

36. f x  x  12 3


(a) f x  

2
in 0, 2.
9x  14 3
2

 f x is maximum when x  0 and  f 0  9.


Trapezoidal: Error
(b) f 4x  


< 0.00001, n

8 2
12n4 9

> 14,814.81, n > 121.72; let n  122.

56
in 0, 2.
81x  110 3
56

 f 4x is maximum when x  0 and  f 40  81.


Simpsons: Error


< 0.00001, n

32 56
180n4 81

> 12,290.81, n > 10.53; let n  12. (In Simpsons Rule n must be even.)

37. f x  tanx2


(a) f  x  2 sec2x21  4x2 tanx2 in 0, 1.

 f  x is maximum when x  1 and  f  1  49.5305.


Trapezoidal: Error

1  03
49.5305 < 0.00001, n2 > 412,754.17, n > 642.46; let n  643.
12n2

(b) f 4x  8 sec2x212x2  3  32x4 tanx2  36x2 tan2x2  48x4 tan3x2 in 0, 1

 f 4x is maximum when x  1 and  f 41  9184.4734.


Simpsons: Error

1  05
9184.4734 < 0.00001, n4 > 5,102,485.22, n > 47.53; let n  48.
180n4

38. f x  sinx2


(a) f x  22x2 sinx2  cosx2 in 0, 1.

 f  x is maximum when x  1 and  f  1  2.2853.


1  03
2.2853 < 0.00001, n2 > 19,044.17, n > 138.00; let n  139.
12n2
(b) f 4x  16x4  12 sinx2  48x2 cosx2 in 0, 1
Trapezoidal: Error

 f 4x is maximum when x  0.852 and  f 40.852  28.4285.


Simpsons: Error

1  05
28.4285 < 0.00001, n4 > 15,793.61, n > 11.21; let n  12.
180n4

420

Chapter 4

Integration

39. (a) b  a  4  0  4,

n4

40. n  8, b  a  8  0  8

4
f x dx  3  27  29  27  0
8

(a)

f x dx 

 210  29  26  0

1
49
 49 
 24.5
2
2

1
 88  44
2

(b)

8
0  21.5  23  25.5  29
16

4
f x dx  3  47  29  47  0
12

(b)

77

 25.67
3

f x dx 

8
0  41.5  23  45.5  29
24
 410  29  46  0

134
1
 134 
3
3
41. The program will vary depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use.
42. f x  2  3x2 on 0, 4.
Ln

Mn

Rn

Tn

Sn

12.7771

15.3965

18.4340

15.6055

15.4845

14.0868

15.4480

16.9152

15.5010

15.4662

10

14.3569

15.4544

16.6197

15.4883

15.4658

12

14.5386

15.4578

16.4242

15.4814

15.4657

16

14.7674

15.4613

16.1816

15.4745

15.4657

20

14.9056

15.4628

16.0370

15.4713

15.4657

43. f x  1  x2 on 0, 1.


Ln

Mn

Rn

Tn

Sn

0.8739

0.7960

0.6239

0.7489

0.7709

0.8350

0.7892

0.7100

0.7725

0.7803

10

0.8261

0.7881

0.7261

0.7761

0.7818

12

0.8200

0.7875

0.7367

0.7783

0.7826

16

0.8121

0.7867

0.7496

0.7808

0.7836

20

0.8071

0.7864

0.7571

0.7821

0.7841

44. f x  sin x on 0, 4.


Ln

Mn

Rn

Tn

Sn

2.8163

3.5456

3.7256

3.2709

3.3996

3.1809

3.5053

3.6356

3.4083

3.4541

10

3.2478

3.4990

3.6115

3.4296

3.4624

12

3.2909

3.4952

3.5940

3.4425

3.4674

16

3.3431

3.4910

3.5704

3.4568

3.4730

20

3.3734

3.4888

3.5552

3.4643

3.4759

Section 4.6

Numerical Integration

421

 2

45. A 

x cos x dx

Simpsons Rule: n  14

 2

x cos x dx 

28 cos 28  2 14 cos 14  4 328 cos 328  . . .  2 cos 2 


0 cos 0  4
84

 0.701
y

1
2

46. Simpsons Rule: n  8

 2

1  32 sin d 

8 3

3

 1  32 sin 0  4 1  32 sin 16  2 1  32 sin 8  . . .  1  32 sin 2 


2

6
 17.476

47. W 

100x 125  x 3 dx

Simpsons Rule: n  12

100x 125  x3 dx 


125  125

15
125 

15
12

12

5
5
0  400
312
12
 400

 200

10
125 

10
12

12

 . . .  0  10,233.58 ft  lb

48. (a) Trapezoidal:

f x dx 

2
4.32  24.36  24.58  25.79  26.14  27.25  27.64  28.08  8.14  12.518
28

Simpsons:

f x dx 

2
4.32  44.36  24.58  45.79  26.14  47.25  27.64  48.08  8.14  12.592
38

(b) Using a graphing utility,


y  1.3727x3  4.0092x2  0.6202x  4.2844.

Integrating,

y dx  12.53.

1 2

49.




6
1  x2

12  0

36

dx

Simpsons Rule, n  6

6  46.0209  26.0851  46.1968  26.3640  46.6002  6.9282

1
113.098  3.1416
36

422

Chapter 4

Integration

50. Simpsons Rule: n  6

4

1
4
4
2
4
2
4
1
dx 
1





1  x2
36
1  1 62 1  2 62 1  3 62 1  462 1  5 62 2

 3.14159

51. Area 

1000
125  2125  2120  2112  290  290  295  288  275  235  89,250 sq m
210

52. Area 

120
75  281  284  276  267  268  269  272  268  256  242  223  0
212

 7435 sq m
53. Let f x  Ax3  Bx2  Cx  D. Then f 4x  0.
Simpsons: Error

b  a5
0  0
180n4

Therefore, Simpsons Rule is exact when approximating the integral of a cubic polynomial.

Example:

x3 dx 

1
1
04
6
2

1 

1
4

This is the exact value of the integral.

54.

sinx dx  2, n  10

By trial and error, we obtain t  2.477.


55. The quadratic polynomial
px 

x  x2x  x3
x  x1x  x3
x  x1x  x2
y 
y 
y
x1  x2x1  x3 1 x2  x1x2  x3 2 x3  x1x3  x2 3

passes through the three points.

Review Exercises for Chapter 4


1.

2.

f
f

3.

2
1
2x2  x  1 dx  x3  x2  x  C
3
2

4.

2
2
2 x2 3
dx  3
x1 3dx  3
C
3
3 2 3
3x

3


3
3 3


x2 3 C

 3x2 3 C

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

5.

x3  1
dx 
x2

x

1
1
1
dx  x2   C
x2
2
x

6.

x3  2x2  1
dx 
x2

423

x  2  x2 dx

1
1
 x2  2x   C
2
x
7.

4x  3 sin x dx  2x2  3 cos x  C

9. fx  2x, 1, 1


f x 

8.

5 cos x  2 sec2 x dx  5 sin x  2 tan x  C

10. f  x  6x  1

fx 

2x dx  x2  C

When x  1:

6x  1 dx  3x  12  C1

Since the slope of the tangent line at 2, 1 is 3, it follows


that f2  3  C1  3 when C1  0.

y  1  C  1

fx  3x  12

C2
y  2  x2

f x 

3x  12 dx  x  13  C2

f 2  1  C2  1 when C2  0.
f x  x  13
11. (a)

12. (a)

y
2

y
6

(6, 2)
x
7
6

(b)

dy
 2x  4, 4, 2
dx
y

2x  4 dx  x 2  4x  C

2  16  16  C C  2
y

x2

 4x  2
1

(b)

dy 1 2
 x  2x, 6, 2
dx 2
y

1 2
1
x  2x dx  x 3  x2  C
2
6

1
2  63  6 2  C C  2
6
1
y  x3  x2  2
6

424
13.

Chapter 4

Integration

at  a
vt 

14. 45 mph  66 ft sec

30 mph  44 ft sec

a dt  at  C1

at  a

v0  0  C1  0 when C1  0.

vt  at  66 since v0  66 ft sec.


a
st   t 2  66t since s0  0.
2
Solving the system

vt  at
st 

a
at dt  t2  C2
2

vt  at  66  44

s0  0  C2  0 when C2  0.

a
s(t   t2  66t  264
2

a
st  t 2
2

we obtain t  24 5 and a  55 12. We now solve


 55 12t  66  0 and get t  72 5. Thus,

a
s30  302  3600 or
2
23600
 8 ft sec2.
a
302

vt  32t  96

vt  9.8t  v0  9.8t  40

st 

st  4.9t2  40t s0  0

16t2

 96t

(a) vt  9.8t  40  0 when t 

(b) s3  144  288  144 ft


(c) vt  32t  96 
(d) s

(c) vt  9.8t  40  20 when t 

32  16 94  96 32  108 ft

i1
n

i1

18.

3 11
n
n

3 21
n
n

...

3 n1
n
n

i1

i  12
n  12
4
9
3 2
6 2
 . . .  3n 2 
n
n
n
n

3i  3

1011
 165
2

10

i1

20

23.

i  2 1  2 2  2 3  2 . . . 12  2





21
22
23
212
i1 2i
12

3i2 
n

21.

i  1

i1

20

i

 2i  1

i1

2021
202141
2
 20
6
2

 2870  420  20  3310

20
 2.04 sec.
9.8

(d) s2.04  61.2 m

i1

40
 4.08 sec.
9.8

(b) s4.08  81.63 m

96
3
when t  sec.
2
2

4i  41  42  . . .  48


n

725  475.2 ft.

16. at  9.8 m sec2

(a) vt  32t  96  0 when t  3 sec.

20.

 66

475.2  264  211.2 ft.

15. at  32

19.

Stopping distance from 30 mph to rest is

v30  830  240 ft sec

17.

72
725   55 12
2 5

20

22.

4i  1  4

i1

12

24.

ii

 1 

i1

2021
 20  820
2

12

i

 i

i1

122132 1213

4
2

 6084  78  6006

Review Exercises for Chapter 4


10

25. (a)

2i  1

i1
n

(b)

i1
10

(c)

4i  2

i1

26. x1  2, x2  1, x3  5, x4  3, x5  7
(a)

1
16
1 5
x  2  1  5  3  7 
5 i1 i 5
5

(b)

x  2  1  5  3  7  210

i1

(c)

37

2x  x

  22  22  21  12  25  52  23  32  27  72  56

2
i

i1
5

(d)

x  x
i

  1  2  5  1  3  5  7  3  5

i1

i2

27. y 

10
1
, x  , n  4
x2  1
2

Sn  S4 

1 10
10
10
10



2 1
1 22  1 12  1 3 22  1

 13.0385
s n  s4 

10
10
10
10
1



2 1 22  1 1  1 3 22  1 22  1

 9.0385
9.0385 < Area of Region < 13.0385
1
28. y  9  x2, x  1, n  4
4

 9  41 4  9  41 9  9  41 16  9  41 25

S4  1

 22.5

 9  49  9  4 16  9  4 25  9  9

s4  1

 14.5
4
29. y  6  x, x  , right endpoints
n

6  n n

i1

 lim
n

f c  x

Area  lim
n

4i 4

 lim

4
4 nn  1
6n 
n
n
2

 lim

24  8

i1

n1
 24  8  16
n

2
2

425

426

Chapter 4

Integration

30. y  x2  3, x 
Area  lim

right endpoints
12
10

f ci  x

n i1

 lim

2
n

8
6

 n
n

2i

n i1

3

2
x

 lim

2 4 nn  12n  1
 3n
n n2
6

 lim

3

3
n

y
6

f c  x

n i1

3
2

5  2  n
n

 lim
n

4 n  12n  1
26
8
6  6
n2
3
3

31. y  5  x2, x 
Area  lim

3i

4 3

i1

3 n
12i 9i2
 2
 lim
1
n n i1
n
n

3
12 nn  1
9 nn  12n  1
 2
n
n
n
2
n
6

 lim

3  18 n n 1  92 n  1n2n  1

 lim

2 n 4i2
 lim
3
n n i1 n2

 3  18  9  12
1
2
32. y  x3, x 
4
n
Area  lim

y
20

f c  x

15

n i1

1
2i
 lim
2
n i1 4
n

10

2
n

5
x

1 n
24i 24i2 8i3
 lim
8
 2  3
n 2n i1
n
n
n
 lim

4 n
3i 3i2
i3
1  2  3
n i1
n
n
n

4
3 nn  1
3 nn  12n  1
1 n2n  12
n
 2
 3
n n
n
2
n
6
n
4

 lim

 4  6  4  1  15

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

33. x  5y  y2, 2 y 5, y 

3
n

y
6

 5 2  n  2  n
n
n

Area  lim

3i

3i

n i1


n

 lim

i
3
15i
 4  12  2
10 
n i1
n
n
n

 lim

(b) Sn 
sn 

f n n  n n  m n i 
n

bi

mbi

n1
b
bi

m
n
n
i0

bi
f
n

y = mx

mb2 nn  1
mb2n  1

2
n
2
2n

x=b

mb2 n  1n
mb2n  1
i 2

n
2
2n
i0

b
b
m
n
n

2 n1

mb2n  1
mb2n  1 1 2 1
1
 lim
 mb  bmb  baseheight
n
2n
2n
2
2
2

 12mx

mx dx 

2 n

i1

n1

i1

1
 mb2
2

2ci  3 xi 

2x  3 dx

36. lim

3ci9  ci 2 xi 

0 i1

3x9  x2 dx

37.

0 i1

b4  m b4 b4  m 2b4 b4  m 3b4 b4  mb16 1  2  3  3mb8

(c) Area  lim

i0

x
1

9
27
9 
2
2

i1

35. lim

b4 b4  m 2b4 b4  m 3b4 b4  m 4b4 b4  mb16 1  2  3  4  5mb8

s  m0

(d)

9 nn  12n  1
3
3 nn  1
 2
6n 
n
n
2
n
6

 18 

34. (a) S  m

9i2

3 n
3i 9i2
 lim
6  2
n n i1
n
n

2

3x  6 dx

38.

3

39.

9  x2dx

40.

12

Triangle

1
x

4 3 2 1

5  x  5 dx 

(triangle)

427

5  5  x dx 

x dx 

25
2

4

16  x2 dx 

(semicircle)

1
 42  8
2

428

Chapter 4






Integration




41. (a)

 f x  gx dx 

(b)

f x dx 

f x dx  510  50

f x dx 

(b)

gx dx  210  33  11

5f x dx  5






f x dx  3

42. (a)

2f x  3gx dx  2

(d)

gx dx  10  3  7

(c)

gx dx  10  3  13

 f x  gx dx 




f x dx 

f x dx 

43.

2  x dx  2x 

4t 3  2t dt  t 4  t 2

f x dx  4  1  3

x2
2

4
0

8

f x dx  

f x dx   1  1

(c)

f x dx  0

(d)

10 f x dx  10

t2  2 dt 

x4  2x2  5 dx 

44.

1

 t3  2t

1

46.

2

47.


2




 25x

5 2

 4

 4

1

0

2

3 4

1
1
x2  x3 dx    2
x
2x
1

2
 9 5   4 5  52243  32  422
5
5

2x3
 5x
3

52
15

sec2 t dt  tan t

 4

1

sin
d
 cos

 4

45.

325  163  10   325  163  10

14
3

x3 2 dx 

1
1

dx 
x2 x3

50.

x5

3 4

49.

5 

xx dx 

48.

f x dx  101  10

 

2

  2  8  1  2  8
2

11

2

2  2

 1  1  2

51.

2x  1 dx  x2  x

1
y
6
5
4
3
2
1

2 1
1

x
1

6

16
 16
2

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

52.

x  4 dx 

 2  4x

x2

 10

53.

 3  9x

y
7

x3

x2  9 dx 


643  36  9  27

64 54 10


3
3
3

6
5
4

2
1

8
7

2 1

6
5
4
3
2
1

x
1

54.

1

x2  x  2 dx  

55.

1

8
1 1
 2
  24 
3
3 2

x3 x2
  2x
3
2

x  x3 dx 

 x2  x4

4 1

10 7 9
 
3
6 2

x
1

3
2

1
2

56.

x1  x dx  x1 2  x3 2 dx

57. Area 

sin x dx

 23x

2 2
4
 
3 5 15

3 2

2
 x5 2
5

 cos x

x
1

58. Area 

 2

x  cos x dx




 2

 2  sin x

x2

2
8

1

 cos1  1
 1  cos1
 0.460

1 1 1
 
2 4 4

429

430

Chapter 4

59. Area 

4
x

Integration

dx 

 1 2

4x1 2

9
1

 83  1  16

60. Area 

 3

sec2 x dx

 3

 tan x

10

 3

3
2

8
6

4
2
2

61.

x
2

1
94

1
x

10

 15 2x

dx 

2
2
 3  2  Average value
5
5

2
1

5 x

x 

x
2

25
x
4

62.

1
20

25 2
,
4 5

5
2

x3 dx 

x4
8

2
0

10

63. Fx  x21  x3

2
8

x3  2

3 2
x 

4
2

( 3 2 , 2)
x
1

64. Fx 

67.

68.

1
x2

65. Fx  x2  3x  2

x2  13 dx 

x

1
x

dx 

x6  3x4  3x2  1 dx 

x2  2  x2 dx 

69. u  x3  3, du  3x2 dx

x2
dx 
3

x3

x3  31 2 x2 dx 

66. Fx  csc2 x

x7 3 5
 x  x3  x  C
7
5

x3
1
 2x   C
3
x

1
2
x3  31 2 3x2 dx  x3  31 2  C
3
3

70. u  x3  3, du  3x2 dx

x2x3  3 dx 

1
2
x3  31 2 3x2 dx  x3  33 2  C
3
9

71. u  1  3x2, du  6x dx

x1  3x24 dx  

1
1
1
1  3x246x dx   1  3x25  C  3x2  15  C
6
30
30

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

431

72. u  x2  6x  5, du  2x  6 dx

x3
2x  6
1
1 2
1

dx 
x  6x  51  C 
C
x2  6x  52 2 x2  6x  52
2
2x2  6x  5

73.

75.

sin

d

1  cos

76.

sin x

77.

79.

80.

81.

xx2  4 dx 

x2x3  13 dx 

sin3 x cos x dx 

cos x

dx 

1 4
sin x  C
4

1
1
sin 3x26x dx   cos 3x2  C
6
6

1  cos
1 2 sin
d
 21  cos
1 2  C  21  cos
 C

tann1 x
 C, n 1
n1

sec 2x tan 2x dx 

78.

1
1
sec 2x tan 2x2 dx  sec 2x  C
2
2

1
1
1  sec  x2 sec  x tan  x dx  1  sec  x3  C

3

1  sec  x2 sec  x tan  x dx 

1
cot4 csc2 d   cot 4csc2  d   cot 5  C
5
1
2

x
1
dx 
6
3x2  8

1

1
3

1
dx 
1  x

84.

x sin 3x2 dx 

sin x1 2 cos x dx  2sin x1 2  C  2sin x  C

tann x sec2 x dx 

1

83.

82.

74.

x2  42x dx 

1 x2  42
2
2

x3  133x2 dx 

x2  81 22x dx 

1
9
 0  9  
4
4

1

1
x3  14
12

1  x1 2 dx  21  x1 2

 13x

1
5
16  1 
12
4

422

 81 2

6
3

1
 27  1
3

85. u  1  y, y  1  u, dy  du
When y  0, u  1. When y  1, u  0.

2




 y  11  y dy  2

 1  u  1u du

1
0

 2

u3 2  2u1 2 du  2

 5u
2

5 2

4
 u3 2
3

0
1

28
15

86. u  x  1, x  u  1, dx  du
When x  1, u  0. When x  0, u  1.

2

1




x2x  1 dx  2

u  12u du

0
1

 2

u5 2  2u3 2  u1 2 du  2

 27u

7 2

4
2
 u5 2  u3 2
5
3

1
0

32
105

432

Chapter 4

87.

Integration

2x dx  2

cos

cos

89. (a)

2x 12 dx  2 sin 2x

2

 4

88.

sin 2x dx  0 since sin 2x is an odd function.

 4

y
2

dy
 x9  x2,
dx

(b)

y

0, 4
3

9  x 

2 1 2

1 9  x23 2
1
x dx 
 C   9  x23 2  C
2
3 2
3

1
1
4   9  03 2  C   27  C C  5
3
3
1
y   9  x23 2  5
3

90. (a)

(b)

dy
1
  x sinx2,
dx
2

y

0, 0

1
1
 x sinx2 dx  
2
4

sinx22x dx

u  x2

1
  cosx2  C
4
3

1
 cosx2  C
4

xx  11 3 dx. Let u  x  1, du  dx.

A

y

1
1
cosx2 
4
4

92.

cos x  sin2x dx  sin x 

u  1u1 3 du 

1
1
cos 0  C C  
4
4

 2

91.

0

u 4 3  u1 3 du

 1

3u7 3 3u 4 3

7
4

3
468
3
 128  16 
7
4
7

C

15,000
M

t1

p ds 

15,000
M

t1

1.20  0.04s ds

(a) 2000 corresponds to t  10.


C

15,000
M

(b) 2005 corresponds to t  15.

11

1.20  0.04t dt

C

10

15,000
1.20t  0.02t2

M

11
10

24,300
M

15,000
1.20t  0.02t2
M

1
1
 0
2
2
2

93. p  1.20  0.04t

 2

1
cos2x
2

16
15

27,300
M

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

94.

1.75 sin

t
t
2
dt   1.75 cos
2

2

433

2
7
  1.751  1   2.2282 liters



Increase is
7
5.1 1.9


 0.6048 liters.







Simpsons Rule n  4:

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
dx 




 0.257
1  x3
8 1  13 1  1.253 1  1.53 1  1.753 1  23

95. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

1
1
1
4
2
4
1
dx 




 0.254
1  x3
12 1  13 1  1.253 1  1.53 1  1.753 1  23

Graphing utility: 0.254




96. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

Simpsons Rule n  4:

1
21432
21232
23432
1
x32
0



 0.172
2 dx 
2
2
3x
8
3  14
3  12
3  342 2

1
41432
21232
43432
1
x32
0



 0.166
2 dx 
2
2
3x
12
3  14
3  12
3  342 2

Graphing utility: 0.166


97. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

2

x cos x dx  0.637

Simpsons Rule n  4: 0.685


Graphing Utility: 0.704
98. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

1  sin2 x dx  3.820

Simpsons Rule n  4: 3.820


Graphing utility: 3.820

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

1. (a) L1 

1
dt  0
t

(c) Lx  1 

2.718

1
dt for x  2.718
t

1
dt  0.999896
t

(Note: The exact value of x is e, the base of the


natural logarithm function.)

1
by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
x

(b) Lx 

L1  1

x1

(d) We first show that

To see this, let u 

x1

Then

1
dt 
t

Now, Lx1x2 






1
dt 
t

1x1 t

1
x1 du 
ux
1x1 1
x1x2





1
dt 
t

x2

1
du 
u

1x1 u
x2

1
du 
1x1 u
x1

dt.

1
t
and du  dt.
x1
x1

x2

 Lx1  Lx2 .

1
du 
1x1 u

1
dt.
1x1 t

du using u 

1
du
u

1
du
u

t
x1

434

Chapter 4

Integration

2. (a) Fx 

sin t2 dt

x
Fx

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.5

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.8048

0.4945

0.0265

0.0611

0.0867

0.3743

0.0312

0.0576

0.2769

1
x2

(b) Gx 
x
Gx

sin t2 dt

1.9

1.95

1.99

2.01

2.1

0.6106

0.6873

0.7436

0.7697

0.8671

lim Gx  0.75

x2

Fx  F2
x2

(c) F2  lim

x2

1
x2 x  2

 lim

sin t2 dt

 lim Gx
x2

Since Fx  sin x2, F2  sin 4  lim Gx. Note: sin 4  0.7568
x2

0, 2 ,

3. y  x 4  4x 3  4x 2,

ci 

2i
n

2
(a) x  , f x  x 4  4x 3  4x 2
n
n

f c  x

A  lim

n i1

 n

 lim

2i

4

n i1

 n

(b)

2i

4

i1

2in

4

 9n
 8n  16n 15n

n
 8n  1n 15n

4

2in
 2n
2

2in
 2n

 n  1

ci 

 n  1 2 16

n 15

2i
,
n

x 

2
n

f c  x


i1

1 2i

2

i1

2 n

1 2i

2

i1

2in
 2n
3

2in
 2n
3

 4n  1 2n3n  2n  1  4n n 1  2n

 8n  1 5n3n  2n  1

 8n  1 5n3n  2n  1  403




(c) A  lim

 2 n

 lim

(a) A  lim
n

0, 2 ,

8n  12 8n  12n  1 2



n
3n
n

 n  1 2
n

n
 8n  1n 15n


1
4. y  x 5  2x 3,
2

(c) A  lim

(b)

2in

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

5. Sx 

2t
dt
2

sin

(b)

(a)

435

y
1.00

0.75
1
0.50
x
1

0.25

0.25

The zeros of y  sin

72 23

 x2
correspond to the relative
2

extrema of Sx.
(c) Sx  sin

 x2
 x2
0
 n x2  2n x  2n, n integer.
2
2

Relative maximum at x  2  1.4142 and x  6  2.4495


Relative minimum at x  2 and x  8  2.8284
(d) S x  cos

2x
 x  0 2x
2


 n x2  1  2n x  1  2n, n integer
2

Points of inflection at x  1, 3, 5, and 7.




6. (a)

1

cos x dx  cos 

1

1
3

cos x dx  sin x

1

 cos 13
 2 cos 13
 1.6758


 2 sin1  1.6829

Error: 1.6829  1.6758  0.0071

(b)

1 1

1
1
1
3
dx 


 x2
1  13 1  13 2

(Note: exact answer is 2  1.5708)

(c) Let px  ax3  bx2  cx  d.

1

p 

7. (a) Area 

 ax4

px dx 
1
3

bx3 cx2

 dx
3
2

3

2b
 2d
3

 p 13
 b3  d
 b3  d
 2b3  2d


9  x2 dx

(c) Let the parabola be given by y  b2  a2x2, a, b > 0.

ba

Area  2

b2  a2x2 dx

2
2
(b) Base  6, height  9, Area  bh  69  36
3
3

 2 b2x  a2

b2

x3 ba
3

 ba
 a3 ba


 2 b2

b3 1 b3
4 b3
2


a
3 a
3 a

10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Base 

x
1 2

4 5

 2 27  9  36

2 1

1

9  x2 dx  2

x3
 2 9x 
3

b
a

2b
, height  b2
a

Archimedes Formula: Area 

2 2b 2
4 b3
b  
3 a
3 a

b
a

436

Chapter 4

Integration

8. Let d be the distance traversed and a be the uniform


acceleration. We can assume that v0  0 and s0  0.
Then

9. (a)
5
4
3
2
1

at  a

(6, 2)

(8, 3)
f

(0, 0)
x
2

1
2
3
4
5

vt  at
1
s t  at2.
2
st  d when t 

2d
 2ad.
a

The lowest speed is v  0.


1
2ad  0 
2

ad
.
2

The time necessary to traverse the distance d at the mean


speed is
d

t
ad2

(2, 2)

(b)

2da.

The highest speed is v  a

The mean speed is

4 5 6 7 8 9

Fx

1
2

2
2

which is the same as the time calculated above.

7
2

4
4

5


7
2

2

1
4

0 x < 2
x,
x  4, 2 x < 6
(c) f x 
1
x  1, 6 x 8
2

0 x < 2
 x22,
2
Fx  f t dt  x 2  4x  4, 2 x < 6
0
14x2  x  5, 6 x 8

2d
a

Fx  f x. F is decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing


on 4, 8. Therefore, the minimum is 4 at x  4, and
the maximum is 3 at x  8.

1,
1,
(d) F x  fx 
1,
2

0 < x < 2
2 < x < 6
6 < x < 8

x  2 is a point of inflection, whereas x  6 is not.


10. (a)

v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

(b) v is increasing (positive acceleration) on 0, 0.4 and 0.7, 1.0.


(c) Average acceleration 

v0.4  v0 60  0

 150 mihr2
0.4  0
0.4

(d) This integral is the total distance traveled in miles.

vt dt 

1
385
 38.5 miles
0  220  260  240  240  65 
10
10

(e) One approximation is


a0.8 

v0.9  v0.8 50  40

 100 mihr2
0.9  0.8
0.1

(other answers possible)

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

11.

f tx  t dt 

d
dx

Thus,

x f t dt 

t f t dt  x

t f t dt

f tx  t dt  x f x 




f t dt 

f t dt  x f x 

f t dt

Differentiating the other integral,


d
dx

 
x

f v dv dt 

f v dv.

Thus, the two original integrals have equal derivatives,

 

f tx  t dt 

f v dv dt  C.

Letting x  0, we see that C  0.

f x fx dx 

13. Consider

1
Fx dx
2

Sn 

1
 Fb  Fa
2
1
 f b2  f a2 .
2

x5 dx 

x6
6

1
0

1
0

2
 . The corresponding
3

Riemann Sum using right-hand endpoints is

14. Consider

2
3

x dx  x32

 12 Fx

12. Consider Fx  f x 2 Fx  2f x fx. Thus,

Thus, lim

n 

1
n

 
1

n

2 . . .


n

1
1  2  . . .  n .
n32

1  2  . . .  n

n32

1
 .
6

The corresponding Riemann Sum using right endpoints is


Sn 


1
n

 n
 n

n
. . .
n

1 5
1  25  . . .  n5 .
n6

Thus, lim Sn  lim


n 

n 

15  25  . . .  n5 1
 .
n6
6




15. By Theorem 4.8, 0 < f x M

m dx

M dx  Mb  a.

Similarly, m f x mb  a 




f x dx

f x dx.

Thus, mb  a

f x dx Mb  a. On the interval 0, 1 , 1 1  x4 2 and b  a  1.

Thus, 1

Note:  1  x
1

1  x4 dx 2.

dx  1.0894

nn 

2
 .
3

437

438

Chapter 4

Integration

16. (a) Let A 

f x
dx.
f x  f b  x

Let u  b  x, du  dx.





A

b
b

0
b

Then,

x
3
dx 

2
x
3  x

f b  u
du
f b  u  f u
f b  x
dx
f b  x  f x
b

f x
dx 
f x  f b  x

f b  x
dx
f b  x  f x

1 dx  b.

b
Thus, A  .
2
17. (a) 1  i3  1  3i  3i2  i3 1  i3  i3  3i2  3i  1
3i2  3i  1  i  13  i3

(b)
n

3i

 3i  1 

i1

i  1

 i3

i1

 23  13  33  23  . . .  n  13  n3


 n  13  1
n

3i

Hence, n  13 

 3i  1  1.

i1

(c) n  13  1 

3i

 3i  1 

i1

3i

i1

3nn  1
n
2

3nn  1
n

3i2  n3  3n2  3n 
2
i1
n

i1

2n3  6n2  6n  3n2  3n  2n


2

2n3  3n2  n
2

nn  12n  1
2

nn  12n  1
6

18. Since  f x f x f x ,


b

f x dx

f x dx


b



f x dx

40
f 0  4f 1  2f 2  4f 3  f 4
34

1
1
1
4  42  21  4

 5.417
3
2
4

f x dx

19. (a) R < I < T < L


(b) S4 

sin x
1
dx 
sin1  x  sin x
2

(c) b  3, f x  x

f b  u
du
f b  u  f u




2A 

(b) b  1


b

f x dx.

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

20. Six 

sin t
dt
t

(a)

12

12

(b) Si x 

sin x
x

Six  0 for x  2n

For positive x, x  2n  1


For negative x, x  2n
Maxima at , 3, 5, . . . and 2, 4, 6, . . .
(c) Si x 

x cos x  sin x
 0
x2

x cos x  sin x for x  4.4934


Si4.4934  1.6556
(d) Horizontal asymptotes at y 
lim Six 

x 


2

lim Six 

x


2


2

439

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

94.

1.75 sin

t
t
2
dt   1.75 cos
2

2

433

2
7
  1.751  1   2.2282 liters



Increase is
7
5.1 1.9


 0.6048 liters.







Simpsons Rule n  4:

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
dx 




 0.257
1  x3
8 1  13 1  1.253 1  1.53 1  1.753 1  23

95. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

1
1
1
4
2
4
1
dx 




 0.254
1  x3
12 1  13 1  1.253 1  1.53 1  1.753 1  23

Graphing utility: 0.254




96. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

Simpsons Rule n  4:

1
21432
21232
23432
1
x32
0



 0.172
2 dx 
2
2
3x
8
3  14
3  12
3  342 2

1
41432
21232
43432
1
x32
0



 0.166
2 dx 
2
2
3x
12
3  14
3  12
3  342 2

Graphing utility: 0.166


97. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

2

x cos x dx  0.637

Simpsons Rule n  4: 0.685


Graphing Utility: 0.704
98. Trapezoidal Rule n  4:

1  sin2 x dx  3.820

Simpsons Rule n  4: 3.820


Graphing utility: 3.820

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

1. (a) L1 

1
dt  0
t

(c) Lx  1 

2.718

1
dt for x  2.718
t

1
dt  0.999896
t

(Note: The exact value of x is e, the base of the


natural logarithm function.)

1
by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
x

(b) Lx 

L1  1

x1

(d) We first show that

To see this, let u 

x1

Then

1
dt 
t

Now, Lx1x2 






1
dt 
t

1x1 t

1
x1 du 
ux
1x1 1
x1x2





1
dt 
t

x2

1
du 
u

1x1 u
x2

1
du 
1x1 u
x1

dt.

1
t
and du  dt.
x1
x1

x2

 Lx1  Lx2 .

1
du 
1x1 u

1
dt.
1x1 t

du using u 

1
du
u

1
du
u

t
x1

434

Chapter 4

Integration

2. (a) Fx 

sin t2 dt

x
Fx

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.5

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.8048

0.4945

0.0265

0.0611

0.0867

0.3743

0.0312

0.0576

0.2769

1
x2

(b) Gx 
x
Gx

sin t2 dt

1.9

1.95

1.99

2.01

2.1

0.6106

0.6873

0.7436

0.7697

0.8671

lim Gx  0.75

x2

Fx  F2
x2

(c) F2  lim

x2

1
x2 x  2

 lim

sin t2 dt

 lim Gx
x2

Since Fx  sin x2, F2  sin 4  lim Gx. Note: sin 4  0.7568
x2

0, 2 ,

3. y  x 4  4x 3  4x 2,

ci 

2i
n

2
(a) x  , f x  x 4  4x 3  4x 2
n
n

f c  x

A  lim

n i1

 n

 lim

2i

4

n i1

 n

(b)

2i

4

i1

2in

4

 9n
 8n  16n 15n

n
 8n  1n 15n

4

2in
 2n
2

2in
 2n

 n  1

ci 

 n  1 2 16

n 15

2i
,
n

x 

2
n

f c  x


i1

1 2i

2

i1

2 n

1 2i

2

i1

2in
 2n
3

2in
 2n
3

 4n  1 2n3n  2n  1  4n n 1  2n

 8n  1 5n3n  2n  1

 8n  1 5n3n  2n  1  403




(c) A  lim

 2 n

 lim

(a) A  lim
n

0, 2 ,

8n  12 8n  12n  1 2



n
3n
n

 n  1 2
n

n
 8n  1n 15n


1
4. y  x 5  2x 3,
2

(c) A  lim

(b)

2in

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

5. Sx 

2t
dt
2

sin

(b)

(a)

435

y
1.00

0.75
1
0.50
x
1

0.25

0.25

The zeros of y  sin

72 23

 x2
correspond to the relative
2

extrema of Sx.
(c) Sx  sin

 x2
 x2
0
 n x2  2n x  2n, n integer.
2
2

Relative maximum at x  2  1.4142 and x  6  2.4495


Relative minimum at x  2 and x  8  2.8284
(d) S x  cos

2x
 x  0 2x
2


 n x2  1  2n x  1  2n, n integer
2

Points of inflection at x  1, 3, 5, and 7.




6. (a)

1

cos x dx  cos 

1

1
3

cos x dx  sin x

1

 cos 13
 2 cos 13
 1.6758


 2 sin1  1.6829

Error: 1.6829  1.6758  0.0071

(b)

1 1

1
1
1
3
dx 


 x2
1  13 1  13 2

(Note: exact answer is 2  1.5708)

(c) Let px  ax3  bx2  cx  d.

1

p 

7. (a) Area 

 ax4

px dx 
1
3

bx3 cx2

 dx
3
2

3

2b
 2d
3

 p 13
 b3  d
 b3  d
 2b3  2d


9  x2 dx

(c) Let the parabola be given by y  b2  a2x2, a, b > 0.

ba

Area  2

b2  a2x2 dx

2
2
(b) Base  6, height  9, Area  bh  69  36
3
3

 2 b2x  a2

b2

x3 ba
3

 ba
 a3 ba


 2 b2

b3 1 b3
4 b3
2


a
3 a
3 a

10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Base 

x
1 2

4 5

 2 27  9  36

2 1

1

9  x2 dx  2

x3
 2 9x 
3

b
a

2b
, height  b2
a

Archimedes Formula: Area 

2 2b 2
4 b3
b  
3 a
3 a

b
a

436

Chapter 4

Integration

8. Let d be the distance traversed and a be the uniform


acceleration. We can assume that v0  0 and s0  0.
Then

9. (a)
5
4
3
2
1

at  a

(6, 2)

(8, 3)
f

(0, 0)
x
2

1
2
3
4
5

vt  at
1
s t  at2.
2
st  d when t 

2d
 2ad.
a

The lowest speed is v  0.


1
2ad  0 
2

ad
.
2

The time necessary to traverse the distance d at the mean


speed is
d

t
ad2

(2, 2)

(b)

2da.

The highest speed is v  a

The mean speed is

4 5 6 7 8 9

Fx

1
2

2
2

which is the same as the time calculated above.

7
2

4
4

5


7
2

2

1
4

0 x < 2
x,
x  4, 2 x < 6
(c) f x 
1
x  1, 6 x 8
2

0 x < 2
 x22,
2
Fx  f t dt  x 2  4x  4, 2 x < 6
0
14x2  x  5, 6 x 8

2d
a

Fx  f x. F is decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing


on 4, 8. Therefore, the minimum is 4 at x  4, and
the maximum is 3 at x  8.

1,
1,
(d) F x  fx 
1,
2

0 < x < 2
2 < x < 6
6 < x < 8

x  2 is a point of inflection, whereas x  6 is not.


10. (a)

v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

(b) v is increasing (positive acceleration) on 0, 0.4 and 0.7, 1.0.


(c) Average acceleration 

v0.4  v0 60  0

 150 mihr2
0.4  0
0.4

(d) This integral is the total distance traveled in miles.

vt dt 

1
385
 38.5 miles
0  220  260  240  240  65 
10
10

(e) One approximation is


a0.8 

v0.9  v0.8 50  40

 100 mihr2
0.9  0.8
0.1

(other answers possible)

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

11.

f tx  t dt 

d
dx

Thus,

x f t dt 

t f t dt  x

t f t dt

f tx  t dt  x f x 




f t dt 

f t dt  x f x 

f t dt

Differentiating the other integral,


d
dx

 
x

f v dv dt 

f v dv.

Thus, the two original integrals have equal derivatives,

 

f tx  t dt 

f v dv dt  C.

Letting x  0, we see that C  0.

f x fx dx 

13. Consider

1
Fx dx
2

Sn 

1
 Fb  Fa
2
1
 f b2  f a2 .
2

x5 dx 

x6
6

1
0

1
0

2
 . The corresponding
3

Riemann Sum using right-hand endpoints is

14. Consider

2
3

x dx  x32

 12 Fx

12. Consider Fx  f x 2 Fx  2f x fx. Thus,

Thus, lim

n 

1
n

 
1

n

2 . . .


n

1
1  2  . . .  n .
n32

1  2  . . .  n

n32

1
 .
6

The corresponding Riemann Sum using right endpoints is


Sn 


1
n

 n
 n

n
. . .
n

1 5
1  25  . . .  n5 .
n6

Thus, lim Sn  lim


n 

n 

15  25  . . .  n5 1
 .
n6
6




15. By Theorem 4.8, 0 < f x M

m dx

M dx  Mb  a.

Similarly, m f x mb  a 




f x dx

f x dx.

Thus, mb  a

f x dx Mb  a. On the interval 0, 1 , 1 1  x4 2 and b  a  1.

Thus, 1

Note:  1  x
1

1  x4 dx 2.

dx  1.0894

nn 

2
 .
3

437

438

Chapter 4

Integration

16. (a) Let A 

f x
dx.
f x  f b  x

Let u  b  x, du  dx.





A

b
b

0
b

Then,

x
3
dx 

2
x
3  x

f b  u
du
f b  u  f u
f b  x
dx
f b  x  f x
b

f x
dx 
f x  f b  x

f b  x
dx
f b  x  f x

1 dx  b.

b
Thus, A  .
2
17. (a) 1  i3  1  3i  3i2  i3 1  i3  i3  3i2  3i  1
3i2  3i  1  i  13  i3

(b)
n

3i

 3i  1 

i1

i  1

 i3

i1

 23  13  33  23  . . .  n  13  n3


 n  13  1
n

3i

Hence, n  13 

 3i  1  1.

i1

(c) n  13  1 

3i

 3i  1 

i1

3i

i1

3nn  1
n
2

3nn  1
n

3i2  n3  3n2  3n 
2
i1
n

i1

2n3  6n2  6n  3n2  3n  2n


2

2n3  3n2  n
2

nn  12n  1
2

nn  12n  1
6

18. Since  f x f x f x ,


b

f x dx

f x dx


b



f x dx

40
f 0  4f 1  2f 2  4f 3  f 4
34

1
1
1
4  42  21  4

 5.417
3
2
4

f x dx

19. (a) R < I < T < L


(b) S4 

sin x
1
dx 
sin1  x  sin x
2

(c) b  3, f x  x

f b  u
du
f b  u  f u




2A 

(b) b  1


b

f x dx.

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

20. Six 

sin t
dt
t

(a)

12

12

(b) Si x 

sin x
x

Six  0 for x  2n

For positive x, x  2n  1


For negative x, x  2n
Maxima at , 3, 5, . . . and 2, 4, 6, . . .
(c) Si x 

x cos x  sin x
 0
x2

x cos x  sin x for x  4.4934


Si4.4934  1.6556
(d) Horizontal asymptotes at y 
lim Six 

x 


2

lim Six 

x


2


2

439

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