GROWTH is defined as an increase in size; the progressive development of a living thing,

especially the process by which the body reaches its point of complete physical development.
DEVELOPMENT is defined as a progression toward maturity.
Thus the terms are used together to describe the complex physical, mental, and emotional
processes associated with the growing up of children.
STAGES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
Stage /Age
Toddler
(12 to 36months)

Freud/Erickson
(Psychosexual)
Autonomy vs. sense of Shame & doubt (ages
1-3)
Newfound sense of independence as a result of
having learned some basic self-care skills
walking, feeding, and toileting.

Preschool
(4 to 7 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt

(ages 3-6) Child develops the ability to initiate
and direct own activities. Because they are
developing a super ego (conscience),conflicts
arise from their desire to explore and the limits
placed upon them by caregiversleads to
feeling of frustration and guilt

School age
(6-12 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority

(ages 6-11) Learning to achieve, compete,
perform and developing a sense of self
confidence because of successes. Thrive on
accomplishments and praise. May develop a
sense of inferiority when tasks are too difficult,
thus producing failureneed support.

Adolescence
(12 to 18 or 20)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(group identity vs. alienation-age 12-20) Stage is
marked by dramatic physiological changes
associated with sexual maturation that leads to
marked preoccupation with appearance and
body image. Identity development takes place in
this stage as the youth seeks autonomy, group
identity, and to answer the question, Who am
I? This is essential for making adult decisions-marriage, vocation. Failure to develop a sense of
self identity can lead to isolation and inability to
develop lasting attachments in future.

Piaget
(Cognitive)
Sensorimotor &Preconceptual Phase
- Appear mature but are really primitive;Differentiation of self from objectsincreased
tolerance of separation from parents- Object
permanence has advancedincreasingly aware of
existence of objects of objects behind doors, in
drawers, etc.- Domestic mimicry- Embryonic
concept of time a vagus concept- Why? and
How? predominate language.
Preoperational Phase
(ages 2-7)
A shift from totally egocentric thought to social
awareness occursability to consider anothers
viewpoint begins. Egocentricity is still evident.Play is this childs way of understanding, adjusting
to, and working out lifes experiences- Magical
thinkingthoughts are powerfulguilt may result
from bad thoughts or wishes- Words are accepted
literally you are bad means that I am a bad
person, not merely that my actions were bad.
Conceptual Thinking
(concrete operations) These children are able to use
thought processes to experience events and
actions to understand relationships between
things and ideas(reasoning); their mental processes
allow them to see things from anothers point of
view. Learn to master skills such as: conservation,
classification, reasoning, comprehension, and
reading .
Abstract thinking.
The period of formal operations.
These people now think in the realm of what is
possible beyond the present and concrete. They
are concerned with future events such as marriage,
college, and vocations. Their thoughts are
influenced by logical principles rather than their
own perceptions and experiences. They are able to
understand that few concepts are absolute or
independent of other influencing factors.