On-Line Monitoring of Transformers

A New Method and Experiences

Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing. FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches
2. Bushing monitoring
3. Partial discharges

Failure Rate

Scope of Monitoring Expectations and Needs

0
Classical
Diagnostics
Temporary
Monitoring

10

20

time / a

5a

3a

Permanent
Monitoring
Continuous
Diagnostics

Condition based
maintenance

Full utilization
of life span

Brand-New: Cigr A2.37

Preliminary results published 2012
Failure mode based on 913 failures

Dielectric
37 %

Thermal Electrical
15 %
11 %

Transformer Monitoring Multiple Parameters

0. Operational
1. DGA

3. OLTC
2. Bushings

Case Study: 600 MVA Transformer

DGA Gas Measurements

10000
AmbientTemp

1000

C2H2
C2H4

100

C2H6
CH4
CO

10

CO2
H2

H2O
OilTemp

0,1
15.6.12 20.6.12 25.6.12 30.6.12 5.7.12 10.7.12 15.7.12 20.7.12 25.7.12 30.7.12

On-line monitoring results

Confirmed by off-line results

Analysis and Decision

Decision: Removal and

Repair in Workshop
Advantages:
Not visible with oil sampling
Avoided over-saturation
and Buchholz alarm
Planned outage of only 2w

Drnenburg:

Local overheating

Rogers:

Thermal failure >700C

MSS:
IEC60599:

Not defined
Overheating >700C

Duval:
Cigre:

Overheating 300-700C
Overheating

On-Line Monitoring of Transformers

A New Method and Experiences
Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing. FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches

2. Bushing monitoring
3. Partial discharges

Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics

Partial breakdowns
Capacitance
Partial discharges

Voltage
[kV]

No. of
layers

%
change

123

14

7.1

245

30

3.3

420

40

2.5

550

55

1.8

Emax= high

without
layers

Emax= low

with layers

Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics

Voids, cracks
Partial discharges
Capacitance

Ageing by-products, moisture

1,0
0,8

IEC60137
max: 0,7 %

0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

typ: 0,25

OIP

typ: 0,35

RIP

1,0
Power Factor (%)

Dissipation Factor (%)

Dissipation factor / power factor

IEEE C57.19.01
max: 0,85

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

max: 0,5
typ: 0,25

OIP

typ: 0,35

RIP

Where Can I Get the Reference from?

Off-line test: Reference from HQ capacitor
Im

CR

CX,

IX

IR

IX

IR
u0(t)

UR(t)

Z1

Reference

Z2

UX(t)

Measurement path

On-line test: Reference?

Uo

Relative C/DF Measurement

> Sum of the bushing currents
> Three phase vectors are added up

> Bushing-to-bushing comparison

> Vectors of bushings in same phase are
compared

L1

L3

L2

from 2011-02-13 to 2011-02-15

Systematic error
0.65 %
plus instrument
inaccuracy 0.5 %
Capacitance?
DF impossible!

1,0

Systematic error

DF (%)

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

typ: 0,25

OIP

typ: 0,35

RIP

[P. Picher Integration of New Transformer Monitoring Technologies ...

TechCon Asia-Pazific 2011]

Connection Diagram VT Reference

UVT+
90

IB

VT
Data Storage and
Analysis Unit

Bushing

TanDelta Measurement Phase U

Comparison to accurate
off-line tests:
DF
2.701 E-3
C (pF) 467.1

C/DF Measurement over 1.75 Years

1,0
DF (%)

0,8

0.7 % IEC Warning

0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

typ: 0,25

OIP

RIP

0,27 +/- 0,05 %

Measurement

Capacitance (pF)

500

400

478 pF Warning
467 +/- 2 pF
Measurement

On-Line Monitoring of Transformers

A New Method and Experiences
Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing. FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches
2. Bushing monitoring

3. Partial discharges

PD Activity
over 4 Days

Q in nC

10
1

L1
L2
L3

0.1

0.01
00:00:00

01:00:00

02:00:00

03:00:00

04:00:00
t in dd:hh:min

05:00:00

Fighting PD Noise: UHF Gating

Corona

Electr. PD

Internal
PD

UHF PD

EM Field

3PARD: PD Discrimination by Amplitude

Corona

MPD1

MPD2

MPD3

Internal
PD

EM Field

3PARD and Back Transformation

QIEC in nC

On-Line Application of 3PARD

10

Ph. V

1
Ph. U

0.1
0.01
0

10

t in ms

Ph. W

20

QIEC in nC

100
Ph. V

10

1
0.1
0

Ph. U

10

t in ms

20

Ph. W

PD Risk Assessment

Source
separation

Noise rejection

Galvanic
decoupling
Gating
UHF
RTD

3 PARD
3 FREQ

Pattern
classification

Manual
Automatic

PD localization

Asset
Phase
Acoustic
localization

Case Study: Combined Generator and

Transformer Monitoring
Generator
900 MW
21 kV

GSU
1100 MVA

Substation

Transmission line
400 kV
6 km

Grid
400 kV

G
UMTS

Voltag Transformers
OMS843
- C/DF
(Reference)

Generator

PDM600

ca. 10 m

OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF

OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF

Transformer 1

Transformer 2
UHF620 + UVS

UHF620 + UVS

C/DF and PD Couplers

Generator:
Capacitive couplers
Transformer:
Capacitive bushing
adapters and UHF
drain valve sensor

Monitoring Results
UMTS

1,0%

U
V
Voltage Transformers

Generator

0,6%

OMS843
- C/DF
(Reference)

0,4%

0,0%
11-20-2012

0.1
0.01
0
100

10

t in ms

20

ca. 10 m

Transformer 1
1

OMS843
- PD
- -60
Transients
- C/DF

P in dBm

U in V

0,2%
PDM600

10

QIEC in nC

DF / %

0,8%

11-25-2012

11-30-2012

OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF

Transformer 2

-100

UHF620 + UVS

UHF620 + UVS

-120

0.001
0

10

t in ms

20

500

f in MHz

1000

Influence of Environmental Conditions

1

40

0.9

35

IEC60137 max: 0,7 %

30

0.7
25

0.6
0.5

20

0.4

U-phase
0.3

15

W-phase
10

0.2

V-phase

0.1
0

10

time / days

0
15

temperature in C

dissipation factor in %

0.8

Transient Over-Voltages
> Oszillation frequency 10 kHz,
beat frequency 600 Hz
Voltage in kV

> Several times a day

Generator
900 MW
21 kV

GSU
1100 MVA

Transmission line
400 kV
6 km

Substation

C Phase

400

BAT20

200
0

Grid
400 kV

B Phase
-200

A Phase

-400
0

12

BAT10

400
Voltage in kV

t in ms

18

BAT10

200
0
-200
-400
0

t in ms

12

12

t in ms

18

Switching Transients
Voltage in kV

200

-200
0

40

t in ms

80

17

100

15

t in ms

24

Voltage in kV

200

-200
0

50

t in ms

t in ms

29

DGA Monitoring

User Interface: Asset Page

Capacitance /
dissipation factor:
IEC limits
Transients: 2.5 p.u.
Partial discharges
transformer: Yes/no
Partial discharges
generator: Expert
analysis (remote)

Summary
On-line monitoring as
future trend
C/DF monitoring
The reference problem
Solution: VT reference
Accuracy +/- 2pF

On-line PD monitoring
The noise problem
Possible solutions:
UHF-gating
Software separation
Pattern recognition

Outlook
Commoditization of on-line
monitoring