Rasasindhura Rs Bel PDF

2009
COMPARATIVE
PHARMACEUTICO - ANALYTICAL
STUDY OF SAMAGUNA AND
TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA
RASASINDOORA
Dissertation submitted to the
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
(DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)
In
RASASHASTRA
DR.REVATI.G.HUDDAR
DR. SHANKAR GOWDA, MD (AYU)
TARANATH GOVT. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE,
BELLARY 583 101,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express My deep sense of gratitude with profound respect to my venerated and
benevolent guide Dr.Shankar Gowda
MD (Ayu),,
Assistant Professor, Department of P.G.
Studies in Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.M.C., Bellary, for indefatigable and indefeasible guidance,
his constant inspiration, Co-operation throughout my study.
It
is
great
pleasure
for
me
to
express
my
gratitude
to
Dr.M.S.Doddamani,MD(Ayu),,professor, Head of the Department, Department of P.G. studies in

Rasashastra for valuable suggestions and co-operation throughout my study, that gave me
considerable impetus and making this work success.
I am extremely grateful to my respected and honourable principal Dr.K.Viswambhara
MD (Ayu), T.G.A.M.C.,
express
Bellary for all the facilities made available for my present study.
my
Dr.Surekha.S.Medikeri
profound
MD (Ayu),
gratitude
Dr.Ravi.C
to
MD (Ayu),
Dr.
Shobha.G.Hiremath
MD
(Ayu),
Department of Post Graduate Studies in
Rasashastra T.G.A.M.C., Bellary for their moral encouragement and inspiration in my work.
I am highly grateful to my beloved and respectable preceptors Dr.G.R.Vastrad, Dr.
S.K.Hugar, Dr. V.L. Yadahalli Dr.H.Saraswathi, Dr.L.N.kundaragi, Dr. Shashikala
C.Biradar, Dr. Madhav Diggavi, Dr. Hankeppa Rathod, Dr.Rajashekar Ganiger, Dr.
Sreevatsa,, and Dr.Mohammed Hussain, Dr.Ramacharya Joshi, Dr Laxminarasimha for their
guidelines and valuable suggestions and kind co-operation during the study.
I am very much thankful to my senior friends, Dr.Veerendra, Dr. Anuroopa, Dr.
Nischita, Dr.Manjula, Dr.Shubhadha, Dr.Nagarekha, Dr.R.V.Gudi
Dr.Guruprasad.K.V,
Dr.Usharani, Dr.Mamatha.B, Dr. Vasanthi, Dr. Ajit Narayana, Dr. Eshwar Koulgi,
Dr.Srimukunda. S.A., Dr.Abdul.H.Kareem, Dr.C.M.Joshi, Dr.Lajana.N, and Dr.Sunita.S for
their kind co-operation and valuable suggestions during the study period.
I express my sincere thanks to my friends Dr.Sanjeevgowda.Patil, Dr.Naveen.K,
Dr.Sandeep.Sarode, Dr.Manjula.C.V, Dr.Pallavi.K, Dr.SarithaRani.M.R. for proper cooperation and timely help.
It gives me pleasure to thank personally my juniors

Dr.Brahmanand, Dr.Poornima, Dr.Prajnami, , Dr.Shriraj,
Dr.Shreekant, Dr.Rohit,
Dr.Manjunath.Yadav, Dr.Kishore,
Dr.Shweta, Dr.Ajay, Dr.Sunita.M.L, Dr.Manjunath.Pujari, Dr.Sunitha.G.S and Dr.Shrinidhi.

I express my gratitude to Prof. Subramanian, Prof. Subhod, Prof.Deshapande and
Mr. Krishnamurthy, Dept of materials Engineering, IISc Banglore, for XRD analysis and
particle size analysis.
I express my sincere thanks to Ganesh consultancy and analytical services, Mysore
for conducting chemical analysis.
My heartly thanks to D. Vaman rao, chemistry professor, Bellary, for valuable
information that enabled the success in my performance.
I wish to express my Sincere thanks to, Mr. Linganna, Mr. Umapathy, for their help in
the practical work.
I am very much thankful to Mr. Girish, for neat and timely printing of this thesis.
I am sincerely thankful to all Teaching staff, Physicians, Staff Nurses and Non-teaching
staff of T.G.A.M.C. Hospital, Bellary, for their generous and kind help for making this work
success.
I express reverences with all my heart and soul to all my family members for their whole
hearted support and enthusiasm they fed in me during my work.
I am ever grateful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly in making this
work a success.
Dr. Revati. G. Huddar.
ABBREVIATIONS
1.
Ananda Kanda
AK
2.
Ayurveda Prakasha
AP
3.
Ananda Kanda
AK
4.
Bhasma Vijnana
BV
5.
Bhava Prakasha
BP
6.
Koopipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vidhi
7.
Namburi Phase Spot Test
8.
Potassium Iodide
9.
Indian Institute of Sciences
IISc
10.
Rasamritam
RA
11.
Rasarnava
Ras
12.
Rasa Pradeepa
RP
13.
Rasa Ratna Samuchaya
RRS
14.
Rasa Tarangini
RT
15.
Rasa Paddati
R.Pd
16.
Rasa Kamadhenu
R.K
17.
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara
R.P.S.
18.
Rasendra Chudamani
R. Chu
19.
Rasa Chintamani
R.Chi.
20.
Samaguna baliyukta kajjali
21.
Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
22.
Triguna baliyukta kajjali
23.
Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
TBJR
24.
X-Ray Diffraction
XRD
25.
Yoga Ratnakara
KPR NV
NPST
KI
SK
SBJR
TK
YR
ABSTRACT
Title: A comparative pharmaceutico-analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora
Background: Rasasindoora is prepared by Kupi paka method, with different proportion of
Gandhaka, where in the preparation time and efficiency of drug changes according to the
quantum of Gandhaka.
Objectives: Upto date review; Preparation and Physico-chemical analysis of SBJR and
TBJR.
Materials and Methods:
Pharmaceutical study: Shodhana of Gandhaka was carried out with koormaputa method,
Parada was extracted from Hingula by urdhwapatana procedure in damaru yantra. SBJR was
prepared by kupi paka method in 15 hours, using Samaguna baliyukta kajjali; yield was
52.67%. TBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 39 hours, using Triguna baliyukta
kajjali; yield was 24.67%.
Analytical Study: Physical and chemical tests were carried out by gravimetric, volumetric,
XRD method and NPST method; particle size analysis by Laser diffraction method.
Results: Total mercury in SBJR and TBJR was 82.40% and 84.82% respectively. Free
mercury was nil in SBJR and TBJR. Total sulfur SBJR and TBJR was 16.16% and 14.43%
respectively. Free sulfur in case of SBJR and TBJR was in traces. XRD pattern of both SBJR
and TBJR were compared with the XPDF No-06-0256; compound identified as Cinnabar
(HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having primitive Lattice. In SBJR and TBJR, 50%
of the sample was having particle size, < 4.96 m and <5.34 m respectively.
Discussion and conclusion:
In case of SBJR, duration of paka was less but the yield was more. In case of TBJR,
duration of paka was more but yield was less. From the Analytical point of view, no
significant difference was observed among SBJR and TBJR, as quantitative analysis, XRD
analysis and particle size analysis of both showed slight variations.
Key words: Rasasindoora, Parada, Gandhaka, Samaguna, Triguna, XRD
CONTENTS
Sl.
No.
Contents
Page
No.
I.
Introduction
II.
Aims & Objectives
III.
Review of Literature
IV
SL.NO
Drug Review
Pharmaceutical Review
Analytical Review
4-33
33-53
54-65
Materials and Methods
Pharmaceutical Study
66-91
Analytical Study
92-107
V.
Results
125-130
VI.
Photos
131-136
VII.
Discussion
137-152
VIII.
Conclusion
153
IX.
Summary
154-156
X.
Limitations
157
XI.
Scope for further study
158
XII.
Bibliographic References
159-170
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
NO
5
1.
Development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts.
2.
3.
Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of Parada &

Gandhaka.
Preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts.
4.
Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases.
11
5.
Dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors
12
6.
Dosage of Rasasindoora according to age.
13
7.
13
8.
Different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific indication

according to different authors.
Classification of Hingula according to various texts.
9.
Synonyms of Parada
20
10.
Varieties of Parada.
20
11.
21
12.
Yougika doshas and their effects according to different authors.

Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different
Rasa classics.
13.
Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics
26
14.
26
15.
Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses

Comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur
16.
Weight changes during extraction of parada from hingula
69
17.
Weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada
70
18.
Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch)
71
19.
71
20.
Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch)

Physical changes during Gandhaka Shodhana
21.
Weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana
72
22.
Different phases of Samaguna Kajjali during preparation.
74
23.
Physical properties of Samaguna Kajjali
75
24.
Different phases of Triguna Kajjali during preparation.
78
25.
Physical properties of Triguna Kajjali
78
26.
Observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa

Sindoora.
84
27.
Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora.
89
28.
Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK
93
29.
Classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora
93
30.
Results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury
98
31.
Results of free sulphur and sulphide form of sulphur
100
32.
XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali.
101
33.
XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali.
102
34.
XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
103
35.
XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
103
14
22
29
72
36.
Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna Kajjali and Triguna

Kajjali.
125
37.
Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna kajjali and

Triguna kajjali.
125
38.
Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
126
39.
Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
40.
Comparative Results of physical and chemical tests
128
41.
Percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR and

TBJR.
128
42.
129
43.
Comparative XRD results of SK & TK

Comparative XRD results of SBJR & TBJR
44.
Comparative NPST STUDY
130
45.
Comparative particle size analysis
130
SL.NO
LIST OF GRAPH
126,127
129
PAGE
NO
87
1.
Hours v/s Temp of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
91
Comparative pharmaceutical results of Samguna & Triguna

kajjali.
126
Comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR
127
SL.NO
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
NO
1.
Ashodhitha Gandhaka
131
2.
Shodhana of Gandhaka
131
3.
Koormaputa
131
4.
Shoditha Gandhaka
131
5.
Ashoditha Hingula
131
6.
Hingula bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa
131
7.
Damaru Yantra for Extraction of Parada
131
8.
Samanya Shodhana of Parada with Haridra
131
9.
Shodhita Parada
131
10.
Initial stage of kajjali
132
11.
Intermediate stage of kajjali
132
12.
Final stage of kajjali
132
13.
Vatankuras
132
14.
Vatankura swarasa
132
15.
Vatankura swarasa bhavana to kajjali
132
16.
Weighing of Kajjali
132
17.
Filling of Kupi
132
18.
Placing of Kupi in Valukayantra
132
19.
Filling of valuka in valuka yantra
132
20.
Completed valuka yantra
132
21.
Bhatti
132
22.
Hot shalakha insertion
133
23.
Sulphur fumes
133
24.
Copper coin test
133
25.
Sindoora test
133
26.
Suryodaya laxana
133
27.
Corking of kupi
133
28.
Corked Kupi
133
29.
Kupi after swangsheeta
133
30.
Kupi after scraping
133
31.
Breaking of kachakupi
133
32.
Collection at the neck of kupi
133
33.
Residue at the bottom
133
34.
134
35.
After powdering of SBJR & TBJR
134
36.
134
37.
st
134
nd
NPST of SK 1 phase
38.
NPST of SK 2 phase
134
39.
NPST of SK 3rd phase
134
40.
NPST of TK 1st phase
134
41.
NPST of TK 2nd phase
134
42.
rd
NPST of TK 3 phase
st
134
43.
NPST of SBJR 1 phase
135
44.
NPST of SBJR 2nd phase
135
45.
NPST of SBJR 3rd phase
135
46.
st
135
nd
NPST of TBJR 1 phase
47
NPST of TBJR 2 phase
135
48
NPST of TBJR 3rd phase
135
49
X-ray diffractometer
50
pH meter
136
51
Turbidometer
136
52
Laser Diffraction Instrument
136
136
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Rasa Shastra is a mysterious science with many facets to see and understand. This
science developed by the application of the discoveries of Alchemy to the relief of human
sufferings. Solution to stubborn and challenging illness lies in age old alchemic
Rasaoushadhis. Rasa Shastra means the science of mercury. It refers to the science of
making minerals usable for the body so that they can be used as medicines.
Kupipakwa Rasayanas are unique pharmaceutical procedures in the field of
Rasashastra, where in mercury along with other minerals, metals, is sublimed by subjecting to
gradual increase in temperature for specified time. Kupipakwa Rasayanas are more potent
and quick acting even in smaller doses.
Rasasindoora is one such imperative Kupipakwa Rasayana, referred to be Elixir of
life. It is formulated by two fundamental substances of Rasashastra i.e. mercury and sulfur. It
is said to be prepared by same process but with different proportion of Gandhaka, and
accordingly various forms of Rasasindoora are named viz Ardhaguna, Samaguna, Dviguna,
Triguna..Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, where in, the preparation time changes
according to the quantum of Gandhaka.
Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is said to be prepared with equal quantities of
Parada and Gandhaka in twelve hours. And Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is prepared by
using one part of parada and three parts of Gandhaka, but exact duration of kupipaka is not
mentioned but referred to prepare till complete Gandhaka jarana takes place. Hence with a
positive hypothesis to evaluate gradation of temperature and total duration of paka,
comparative pharmaceutical study of both Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is
under taken.
With the hypothesis of whether the variation in the proportion of Gandhaka in the
preparation of Rasasindoora has any significance or not is an area of research work. Hence in
the present study Comparative Physico-Chemical Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora has been undertaken.
1
A Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Samaguna and Triguna Bali Jeerna
Rasa Sindoora
-By- Dr Revati.G.Huddar
Introduction
Thus the present study entitled with A Comparative Pharmaceutico- analytical

study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora has been undertaken and
categorized as under:
1. Introduction-Deals with general introduction of Rasa Shastra and the need of the present
study.
2. Aims and Objectivess
3. Review of Literature- upto date review of drugs, pharmaceutical study and analytical
methods.
4. Methodology:
a. Pharmaceutical Study- Purificatory method of Gandhaka, extraction of Parada form
Hingula, Preparation of Samaguna baliyukta kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
b. Analytical study - It was carried out by Ayurvedic (organoleptic), N.P.S.T and modern
protocols
5. Results - Comparative Pharmaceutical and Analytical results of Samaguna baliyukta
kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora was presented.
6. Discussion- Discussion of the entire study was presented.
7. Conclusion
8. Summary
2
Rasa Sindoora
Aims And Objectives of the Study
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Upto date review of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora.
Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

as per classical reference.
Physico-chemical analysis of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
To compare pharmaceutico-analytical results of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
3
Rasa Sindoora
Review of the literature
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Classical literary review and collection of relevant data lays the foundation for new
research work.Hence in this section all necessary literature regarding Samaguna and Triguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora is reviewed in following headings.
Drug Review,
Pharmaceutical review,
Analytical review
Drug review is done under 3 headings i.e. compound drug review, each ingredient and
co-drug review.
DRUG REVIEW
RASASINDOORA
Rasasindoora is one of the important preparations among Kupi Pakwa Rasayanas. It
has its own significance in the field of Rasashastra as it is reputed to be panacea for variety of
ills.
Etymology of the word Rasasindoora:
Rasasindoora is a compound word having 2 components Rasa and Sindoora.
Rasa1: The word Rasa has been found derived from the root words.
Rasati
Rasayati
Rasyati
Rasasyati
These all words have wide range of meanings like to taste, to radish, to feel, to high,
to perceive, to be sensible, to get, to desire, to cry, to sound etc. But here the word Rasa
indicates Parada on which the entire Rasa Shastra is based upon.
Sindoora2: The word Sindoora is derived from the root Syande samprasarananch which
gives the meaning of movement. And Raktavarna choorna vishesh it means vermilion
colour i.e., Aruna Varna. As the finished product has Sindoora Varna, the product is known
by the name Sindoora.
Thus the word Rasasindoora means it is the red coloured product obtained by the
action of Parada.
4
Rasa Sindoora

Historical backgrounds:
There is no reference of Rasa Sindoora in prevedic, vedic and Samhita periods.Use of
Valuka Yantra for the preparation of Rasa Sindoora was developed only after 9th Century
A.D. The use of kachakupi started since 10th century A.D. Before this Rasa Acharyas have
made such preparation inAndha Musha made of clay with the help of Tushagni3.
Rasasindoora in various texts:
Table No 1: showing development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts.
Rasa
Texts
R.H.T4
Ras5
A.K6
Century
10th
Century
12th
Century
13th
Century
R.Chu7
13th
century
R.R.S8
13th
century
13th
century
16th
century
R.P.S9
R.S.S10
R.Chi11
16th
century
R.P12
16th
century
16th
century
17th
century
15th
century
19th
century
R.K
A.P13
B.P14
R.Y.S15
Context
Jarana procedure which closely resembles the preparation of Rasa
Sindoora is mentioned using loha Samputa .
No reference of Rasa Sindoora, but different types of Gandhaka
jarana and Parada Marana process have been described.
Totally 31 types of Parada Marana methods.
Two types are prepared using kachkupi and valuka yantra In three
types, Sindoora or Rakta Varna Bhasma obtained by using different
yantras.
Rasasindoora preparation is not mentioned.
But the Pisti of Gandhaka and Parada and Kajjali Valuka Yantra are
mentioned.
Valuka Yantra and Kachakupi are explained, but not specified
anything about Rasasindoora.
Udya Bhaskara Rasa, which resembles the preparation of
Rasasindoora, is mentioned.
Three preparations of Rasa Sindoora has been mentioned with
different ingredients other than Parada and Gandhaka by using same
apparatus and Yantras for all
Much importance is given to Gandhaka Jarana and two types of
Sindhura Pakas are mentioned in connection with Rasa Sindoora
preparation.
One type of Rasa Sindoora is mentioned.
No description regarding of Rasasindoora.
Four types of Rasa Sindhura preparations with different ingredients.

Single Rasa Sindoora preparation with the use of Amlasara
Gandhaka14
Ten preparations of Rasasindoora have been mentioned15.
5
Rasa Sindoora
KR
NV16
19th
century
Y.R17
18th
century
19th
century
B. V18
R.T19
20th
century
Five types of Rasasindoora preparations, which are collected from

different texts; Nighantu Ratnakar, Ratnakara Ausudhayoga and
Rasendra Sara Sangraha.
Many preparations of Rasasindoora are mentioned
Several preparations of Kupi pakwa Rasayanas are mentioned, out of
these seventeen are either of Rasasindoora or resembling with
Rasasindoora
Seven types of Rasasindoora have been mentioned. i.e. from Ardha
balijeerna to Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
Other names of Rasasindoora mentioned in different texts:

1. Chandrodaya Rasa20.
6. sindoora Rasa23.
2. Hara Gouri Rasa21.
7. Sindura Nama Rasa24.
3. Madana Kamadeva Rasa21.
8. Udaya Bhaskara Rasa9.
4. Raja vallabha Rasa21.
9. Viravikrama Rasa21.
5. Rasa parpatika Rasa22.

Table No.2 Showing Classification of Rasasindoora with different
25,26
Parada & Gandhaka
proportions of
Sl. No.
Ratio of Hg : S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 : 1/6
1:
1 : 1/3
1:
1:1
1:1
1:1
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5
1:6
Name of Rasa
Sindoora
Shadamsha
Chaturthamsha
Tritiyamsha
Ardhaguna
Samaguna
Sapada Samaguna
Sardha Samaguna
Dviguna
Triguna
Chaturguna
Panchaguna
Shadguna
References
01
02
02
04
31
01
02
10
05
03
01
01
6
Rasa Sindoora

Table No. 3 Showing preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts.
Sl.
Preparation
Ingredients and
No with reference
their quantity
1.
Udaya Bhaskra Parada 1 part
Rasa 9
Gandhaka
1
part
Jambira Q.S.
Swarasa
9
2.
Rasa bhasma
Purified Parada
(Talastha)
1 part.
Purified
Gandhaka 1
part.
3.
Rasasindoora10 Parada 1 part
Gandhaka 3
part
Naga - 1 part
4.
Rasasindoora10
6.
Sindoora Paka11
Rasa Bhasma27
Method of preparation
Prepare Kajjali triturating with
Nimbu
juice.
Fill
the
Kachakupi with kajjali and
tikshna agni (3 days) is given
through Sikata yantra.
Kajjali is prepared
Kajjali heated with kupi paka
method in Valuka yantra by
applying tushagni for 36 hrs.
Color of
preparation
Kamala
Varna
Rakta Varna
Kajjali of Parada, Gandhaka

Bandhuka
and Naga. Fill this in pushpa varna.
Kachakupi and seal the mouth.
Then apply Kramagni for 3
days through valuka yantra.
Prepare Kajjali and apply Tarunaditya
Parada 1 part
with
Vatankura
varna.
Gandhaka 1 Bhavana
Swarasa
for
3
times.
Then
fill
part
theKajjali in Kachakupi and
Vatankura
apply Mandagni for 4 praharas
Swarasa Q.S.
through valuka yantra.
Prepare Kajjali and fill it in
Parada 1 part
Gandhaka 1 Kupi. Then kupi is heated in
Valuka yantra.
part
Parada-1 part
Gandhaka-1part
Navasadara-1 part
Nagarjuni-Q.S.
Kakmachi-Q.S.
Triturate Parada with Nagarjuni

and Kakmachi each for 1 day.
Then
add
Gandhaka
and
Navasadara and fill it in kachakupi
and cork it well. Apply heat for 8
Prahara.
Balarka
Sannibham.
Rasa Sindoora13
Parada 20 prt
Gandhaka 20
prt
Navasadara
1/40th
Sphatika
1/20th
Prepare Kajjali out of the 4

ingredients and fill in a
Kachakupi paka is performed
for 3 days following Kramagni
Arunabha
(red colour)
Sindoora Rasa14
Rasa Sindoora17
Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kacha

Kupi, Paka is performed for 8
praharas following Kramagni
Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana
with Nimbu swarasa. Then fill it in
Kachakupi and apply kramagni for
Darada
Samam
10.
Parada 1 part
Gandhaka -
part
Parada 2 part
Gandhaka 2 part
Navasadara
Sindhoora
Sadrisha
7
Rasa Sindoora

part
8 prahara through Valuka Yantra.
Nimbu Swarasa
Q.S
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
17.
18.
Rasa Sindoora28
Parada 3 tola
Gandhaka 3 tola
Narasara 1masha
Prepare Kajjali out of the 3

ingredients and fill it in
Kachakupi. Paka is performed for
3 days following Kramagni.
Sindoora Rasa29
Parada 1 part
Gandhaka- Kachakupi, paka is performed for
4 prahara Krmagni tapa.
part
30
Talastha Rasa
Prepare Kajjali. Then fill it in
Parada 1 part
Gandhaka 1 part Kachakupi and core it well. Apply
Kramagni through Adhah Saikata
Yantra.
Ardha Gandhaka Parada 8 part
Prepare
Kajjali
and
apply
Jeerna
Rasa Gandhaka 4 part Bhavanas with Bijora Swarasa.
Sindoora31
Navasadara 2 Then fill it in Kachakupi and
apply Kramagni through Valuka
part
Bijora swarasa Yantra.
Q.S.
Samana
Parada 8 part
Gandhaka Jeerna Gandhaka 8 part with Nimbu Swarasa. Fill it in
Rasa Sindoora32
Navaradara 2 Kachakupi and apply Kramagni
through Valuka Yantra.
part
Nibmu swarasa
Q.S.
Dviguna
Parada 8 part
Gandhaka Jeerna Gandhaka 16 with Rakta Karpasa pushpa
Rasa Sindoora33
swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi
part
Rakta
karpasa. and apply Kramagni for 1 day
Pushpa swarasa through Valuka Yantra.
Q.S.
Triguna
Parada 8 part
Gandhaka Jarita Gandhaka 24 Kachakupi and apply Kramagni
Rasa Sindoora34
for 1 day through Valuka Yantra
part
Shadguna
Parada 8 part
Gandhaka Jarita Gandhaka 48 with Kumari Swarasa for 3 hours.
Rasa Sindoora35
Then fill in Kachakupi and apply
part
Kumari Swarasa- Kramagni for 7 days through
Valuka Yantra.
Q.S.
Sindhoora
Sadrusha.
Hingulabham
Rakta
Kamlavat.
Rakta
Kamlavt.
Rakta Kamlvat
Sindhura
Samam
Various processes adopted for Rasasindoora preparation:

1. Antardhooma In this method Kupi is sealed from the beginning and smoke is not
allowed to escape.
2. Bahirdhooma in this sulphur fumes are allowed to escape completely and then kupi is
sealed.
3. Kantastha In this process, Rasasindoora gets accumulated at the neck of the bottle.
8
Rasa Sindoora

4. Talastha Rasasindoora is collected from the bottom of the bottle.
Among all these, Antardhooma and Talastha procedures are comparatively difficult.
In the present work Bahirdhooma, Kantastha method is adopted for the preparation of
Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
Varna of Rasasindoora Depending on the proportion of sulphur, method and duration of
preparation, the colour varies.
Similies for colour of Rasasindoora:
1. Manikya nibham9
Like ruby
2. Raktavarna9
Red like blood.
3. Aruna Bhasma13
Vermilion colour ash and luster like.
Like rainy insect of red colour.
4. Indragopanibham21
5. Padmaraga Maniprabha
21
Like ruby
21
Like the powder of red lead.
24
Saffron like reddish yellow
Carrying cinnabar type luster
9. Rajivopam32
Similar to lotus.
10. Bandhuka pushpavarna36
Flower of Hibiscus Rosa
6. Sindoora Sadrusham
7.
Kumkuma pinjaram
8. Hingulabham
31
11. Balaruna Surya Sannibham37
Morning Sun
12. Sonavarnam38
Blood colour.
13. Tarunaditya sannibham
Equivalent to color of rising sun
Pharmacological action of Rasasindoora39,40.

Properties of Rasasindoora :
Rasa
Shadrasa
Guna
Guru, Snigdha
Virya
Ushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Prabhava
Vajikara, Sarva Rogahara
1. Relation with Dosha Rasa Sindoora acts against all three Doshas with different
adjuvents due to its Yogavahitva, guru snigdha properties.
9
Rasa Sindoora

2. Action on Nervous System Being stimulating and Vigorating agent for the brain and
nervous System it may be used in Mastishka Dourbalya, Nadi Dourbhalya and Vata
vyadhi.
3. Action on Circulatory system It has been stated to be Rakta vardhaka and Rakta
shodhaka; thus used in Pandu, Amavata etc. Being stimulating and energetic agent for
heart it can be used in various heart diseases and Hriddourbalya.
4. Action on Respiratory system It is Kapha Vata Hara and hence used in all upper and
lower respiratory tract diseases. Ex. Swasa, Kasa, Hikka, kshaya etc.
5. Action on Reproductory system It is rejuvinative and Aphrodisiac and thus effective
in sexual debilities and all other sexual disorders.
6. Action on Digestive system Being Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, Yakrit, Uttejaka
and Pitta Saraka it can be used in Agnimandya and liver diseases along with different
Anupanas.
7. Action on Urinary system It has got diuretic action, so used in Muthraghata,
Mutrakrucchra but it is contraindicated in Kidney disorders due to its stimulating
effect.
Anupans for Rasasindoora41:
According to various classical texts different Anupanas are mentioned for Rasa
sindoora according to various diseases. The main ideal Anupanas used are :
Madhu.
Milk
Ghrita.
Table No. 4 Showing Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various

diseases.
SI. No
Diseases
Anupanas
1
Ajirna
Madhu +Musta Kwatha, Dhanyaka + Nagara Kwatha .
2
Apasmara
Vacha + Sankapushpi churna or Bharngi swarasa or Kalyana

Ghrita.
Arsha
Hrswa Haritaki kashaya.
Aruchi
Matulanga swarasa.
Atisara
Lavanga + Ahiphena + Bhanga.
Bhagandara
Triphala + Vidanga kwatha.
Danta Roga
Dantadhavana Sara.
Dhatukshaya
Abhraka bhasma, Ardraka Swarasa.

10

Rasa Sindoora

9
Dhatu Vriddhi
Vidarikanda Churna.
10
Garbhashaya
roga
Kakoli churna + Narikela taila.
11
Grahani
Charngeri Swarasa + Shunti Kwatha, Bhrista Haritaki or Shunti.
12
Gulma
Ajamoda churna and Vida lavanga.
13
Hidma
Kulatha kwatha.
14
Hridaya
dourbalya
Honey.
15
Hridraga
Arjuna + Vishanika + seeds + Madhu.
16
Jirna Jwara
Guduchi kwatha + Parpata.
17
Jwara
Jiraka, Pippali + Dhanyaka kwatha or Kiratha tikta + Haritaki +

Jiraka.
18
Kamala
Trikatu Triphala + Vasa Swarasa or Daruharidra kwatha.
19
Kasa
(Vasa Swarasa) + Pippali + Madhu. Trikatu +Bharngi + Bibitaki

+ honey or Vidanga.
20
Krimi
Palasha phala Churna 2 Ratti + Guda.
21
Kshaya
Ardraka Swarasa.
22
Kushta
Bakuchi or Chakrabeeja +Khadira.
23
Madatyaya
Nimbu Swarasa + Sugar.
24
Murcha
Narikela Jala or Kalyanaka Ghrta.
25
Mukhapaka
Chandana kalka.
26
Mutra Krucchra
Mishri or Shilajatu + Ela .
27
Mutraghata
Dhanyamla + Saindhava.
28
Nava Jwara
Tulasi Patra Swarasa or Ardraka Swarasa or Nagavalli Swarasa.
29
Pandu
Loha Bhasma, Trikatu, Triphala, Vasa Swarasa.
30
Parvabheda
Changeri Swarasa.
31
Peenasa
Maricha Churna.
32
Pittaja Prameha
Triphala + Mishri.
33
Prameha
Guduchi swarasa or Haridra swarasa.
34
Pradara
Ashoka + Lodra or Daru Haridra + Ashokadi kwatha.
35
Rajayakshma
Ghrita.
36
Rakta Pitta
Draksha + Sarkara.
37
Rakta Vikara
Honey or Haridra + Mishri.
38
Sannipatika
Jwara
Nirgundi Swarasa or Chandana + Agaru + Kasturi + Kesara.
39
Shotha
Punarnava Kashaya.
40
Shukra Vriddhi Karpura 1.5 Ratti + Lavanga + Kesari + Jatipatra + Akara

(Kadali
+ Karabha + Bhanga all 2 Ratti + Mishri 1 Masha or with banana.
11

Rasa Sindoora

Ikshurasa)
41
Swasa
Vasa swarasa or Pippali swarasa + Madhu or Trikatu + Bharngi +

Bibitaki + honey.
42
Soola
Trikatu + Bharngi + Bibitaki + honey.
43
Trisna
Sheeta Jala.
44
Udara Roga
Triphala kwatha or Krishna Lavana + Haridra + Bhanga +

Ajamoda churna.
45
Unmada
Kushmanda swarasa
46
Vajikarana
Musali choorna + Milk or Suvarna bhasma.
47
Vataja Prameha
Honey + Pippali.
48
Vatarakta
Kokilaksha.
49
Vibandha
Chitrakamula + Haritaki + Krishna Lavana or Ela.
50
Visoochika
Shunti + Jeera or Jati
51
Vrana
Sugandhi + Bata + Guduchi + Shunti Kashaya.
52
Visphota
Chaturjata.
Dose of Rasasindoora42:
Despite of different methods adopted for Rasasindoora preparations and the various
proportions of ingredients used, dose of Rasasindoora may be estimated between 1/16-5 Ratti
according to various pharmacopia.
Table No. 5 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors
Ayurveda Prakasha
Upto 5 Ratti
Rasa yoga sagara
Upto 3 Ratti
Yoga
Ratnakara,
Rasatantrasara, 1-2 Ratti
Ratnakara Aushadha Yoga
Rasa Tarangini
1/16 1 Ratti
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara
1-3 Ratti
Table No. 6 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to age.

1 Year
2 Years
1/16 Ratti
1/7 Ratti
6 Years
1/3 Ratti
12 Years
Ratti
13 18 Years
1 Ratti
> 18 Years
1-3 Ratti
12
Rasa Sindoora

Role of different proportions of Gandhaka in Rasasindoora :
In the preparation of Rasa Sindoora 1/6-6 times proportion of sulphur to mercury has
been mentioned in various classics. The properties also changes according to the variation of
Sulphur quantity.
Table No.7.Showing different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific
indication according to different authors.
Sl.
No.
1
Proportion
of sulphur
Samaguna
Rasendra
Ayu Prakasha and
Chintamani
Yoga Ratnakara
Suddhat shata guna Rogaghna
Rasah
Samnya
Gadanashana
Dviguna
Sarva Kushta Hara
Maharogahara
Triguna
Sarva
Vinashaka
Chaturguna
Valipalita Nashana
Tejasvi,
Sarva Mahotsaha Medha,
Shastranam Siddidhah
Smrithi Vivardhana
Panchaguna
Kshya nashak
Sidha Bajith
Shadguna
Sarva rogahara
Mrityujit
Adbhuta Karyakrit
Similarly the more the heating time, more the efficiency of Rasa Sindoora.
Rajayakshmahara
Jadhya Kaminidarapa Nashaka
Rasa Tarangini
Pumstva
Prakashaka
Ashesha
gada
Santhapa nasaka
Pharmacology of Rasasindoora in modern view43

Chemically Rasasindoora is considered as red sulphide of mercury. And in case of
sulphides, a great deal of doubt exist as to whether they are absorbed at all. But sulphides of
mercury in a fine state of division under go solution in 5.c.c. of 0.2% of solution of HCL at
1000F in an hour. This is also true when these sulphides are digested with filtered gastric
juice obtained artificially from a healthy individual. If the sulphide of mercury is broken up in
this manner by the acid of gastric juice, it is likely that absorption will take place. Very
minute quantities are absorbed and excreted but the ordinary chemical tests are not so
sensitive enough to detect its presence. Sulphide of mercury is not used in any of the
pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is considered to be devoid of therapeutic activity.
13
Rasa Sindoora

Side effect of Rasasindoora44,45
Rasasindoora is an example of Sagandha Murchhana, so even after prolonged use it
should never cause toxic symptoms of mercury. But if Rasasindura is prepared out of impure
mercury, it gives rise to all the evil effects of mercury. These side effects can be relieved by
using clarified butter with powdered Maricha (Piper nigrum) for 7 days . In modern medicine
also sulphide of mercury has been stated as non-poisonous because of its poor absorption.
DRUG REVIEW OF EACH INGREDIENT
HINGULA
History :
The reference of Hingula is found in Kautilya Arthashastra in testing of Gold and
spoilage of Gold46.
Classification of Hingula:
Hingula has been included in Maharasa varga, Uparasavarga as well as in
Sadharanarasavarga by different acharyas.
Table No: 8. showing classification according to various texts.
Class
Texts
Maharasa
Rasarnava, Rasakamadhenu.
Uparasa
Anandkanda,
Rasa
Prakash
Sudhakar,
Bhavaprakash, Rasendra Sara Sangrha,

Rasendra Chintamani, Ayurveda prakash,
Brihat Rasaraja Sundar.
Sadharanarasa
Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Jala Nidhi,

Rasachandamsu,
Rasavarga
Rasa Hridaya Tantra.
Synonyms Of Hingula 47,48 :

Synonyms can be categorized under four headings:
Appearance:
Kapishirshaka, Chitranga, Chinapishta, Churna Parada, Makshi Vanga,
Daitya Raktaka, Manohara, Markata, Shirsa, Rakta,
Raktakaya, Rakta Parada,

14

Rasa Sindoora

Shukatundaka, Supittaka, Suranaga, Hansapada,
Hansandhri, Hansaka,
Hingulu, Hinguli, Hingula, Kuruvinda.

Guna & Karma:
Charmanuranjana, Maraka, Maniraga, Ranjaka,Ranjana, Lohaghna, Ratna Ragakari,
Raga
Dravya,
Vishesa,
Barbara,
Sagara,
Charmara,
Charmaragandhika,
Charmarabandhanam,Charmaravardhana, Uru charmaka.
Constituents:
Rasagandha Sambhuta, Rasa Garbha, Rasasthana,Siddhi Parada, Rakta
Parada,
Rasodbhava, Rasa.
Habitat:
Mleccha, Darada, Chinapista.
Vernacular names: 49
Persia
Sinjraph
English
Cinnabar
Hindi
Sinjraph
Gujarath
Hingalo
Assami
Janjaphar
Marati
Hingula
Telugu
Ingalikamu
Kannada
Ingalika
Grahya Lakshana or Criteria for Selection:50

Japakusuma Varnabha
It resembles the color of petals of red hibiscus flower.
Peshane Sumanoharaha
When grinded its color becomes beautiful.
Mahojwala
Reflects in sunlight.
Bharapurna
Heavy in weight
Shweta Rekha
Having white or silvery streaks.
Pravalabha
Resembles like that of pravala.
Types:51
On the basis of occurrence, two varieties of Hingula are available.
15
Rasa Sindoora

1. Khanija
2. Kritrima.
Khanija is again of 3 varieties, on the basis of appearance.
Charmara
Krishna or Raktha Varna.
Shukatunda
Peeta Varna
Hamsapada
Japa Kusuma Varna
Hingula is of 2 types:52
1. Shukatunda
2. Hamsapada.
Shukatunda is less potent whereas Hamsapada is said to be best quality.

Ashuddha Hingula sevanajanya Lakshana:53
Consumption of Ashodhita Hingula causes Klama, Andhata, Bhrama, Moha, and
Prameha. So shodhana is necessary for Hingula where it is to be used internally.
Hingula Shodhana54 55,56 : Rasa acharyas have mentioned different procedures like Bhavana,
swedana using different herbal juices.
Pharmacological Properties:
It has Ushna guna Tiktha, Katu Kashaya rasa, Ushna Veerya, Deepana, Rasayana,
Vrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Medhakantivardhaka, Agnivardhaka, Sarvadoshaghna, Netrya etc.
Cinnabar helps to harmonise and strengthen the relationship between breathing and
circulation. It is an effective remedy against chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases. It is a
great blood healer, stimulates the formation of blood corpuscles and detoxifies the body, aids
the immune system, helps to avoid infections and effective in case of depression.
Therapeutic Indications:57
Prameha, Kushta, Jwara, Mandagni, Hridroga, Aruchi, Amlapittha, Hrillasa, Kamala,
Pleeharoga, Amavata, Garavisha, Sarvaroga.
Matra
- 1 Ratti
Anupana
Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi swarasa, Madhu
Hingula Satwapatana:58
By Patanayantravidhi, Satwa can be extracted.
16
Rasa Sindoora
Important Yogas of Hingula:59

Hinguleshwara Rasa, Ananda Bhairava Rasa, Kanaka Sundara Rasa, Jwara Murari
Rasa, Vasanta Malati Rasa, Tribhuvana Keerthi Rasa, Hinguliya Manikya Rasa, Shothari
Rasa etc.
HINGULA MODERN VIEW

CINNABAR
Cinnabar is the chief ore of Mercury contains 86.2% of Mercury and 13.8% of sulfur.
When ground it becomes deep red coloured. When used as pigment it is called vermilion.
Occurrence60: It occurs both in crystalline and massive forms. It occurs naturally in Spain,
Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia and Iran. Artificial cinnabar is prepared in Surat
and Kolkata but there is no natural source available in India.
General Description of Cinnabar60:
Category
Mineral
Chemical formula
Hgs, mercury(II) sulfide
Colour
Brownish red
Streak
Scarlet
Hardness
2-2.5
Specific gravity
8-8.2 g/cm3
Cleavage
Prismatic perfect
Fracture
Subconchoidal to uneven
Crystal habit
Rhombohedral to tabular. Granular to

massive
Crystal system
Hexagonal
Luster
Adamantine to dull
Refractive Index
Transparent to opaque
Solubility
310-26 g per 100 ml water.
17
Rasa Sindoora

Preparation of Artificial cinnabar61 :
Parada and Gandhaka are taken in 6:1 ratio, triturated well, kept in Iron vessel and
heated on tivragni. Then red coloured compound is formed on the upper part is collected and
is called cinnabar.
Extraction of mercury from cinnabar.
Consists of 2 steps
Ore concentration
Roasting and distillation
Isolation of Mercury occurs as :

2HgS + 3O2
2 HgO
2HgO + 2SO2
2Hg + O2
Pharmacological aspect of Cinnabar62.

The solubility and bioavailability of cinnabar are quite low.
Absorption:
Absorption of cinnabar from the gastrointestinal tract is 0.2%.
Distribution:
Once absorbed into the blood, the mercury disposition from cinnabar follows the
pattern for inorganic mercury salts and preferentially distributed to the kidneys, with a small
portion to the brain.
Excretion:
Inorganic mercury salts are excreted in urine and feces, with a half-life of
about 2
months.
Toxicology:
Little is known about toxicology profiles or toxicokinetics of cinnabar and cinnabarcontaining traditional medicines. A study by Kew et al, reported symptoms of mercury
poisoning in a patient after daily exposure to 180-252 mg Cinnabar for four weeks.
18
Rasa Sindoora
PARADA
Parada is considered as the nucleus of Rasashastra. Mythologically it is having divine
origin as shiva veerya.
History:
Initially it was used for Alchemical purposes (loha vada) to convert lower metals like
Lead, Tin, Copper, etc. into noble metals like Gold, silver etc. Later on its therapeutic
use in curing the diseases has been recognized.
In Koutilya Arthashastra (325 cent B.C), it is mentioned that swarna can be prepared
by parada63.
In Charaka Samhita there is usage of Parada with Makshika and Gandhaka in Kushta
Roga and it is used externally64.
In Sushruta Samhita its external use has been mentioned65
Vernacular names66:
English - Mercury, Quick silver,
Kannada Paraja,
Hindi Para,
Marati Paara,
Bangala Paara,
Telagu Padarasam.
Latin Hydrarzirum (Hg).
Etymological significance of Synonyms67,68 :
Rasa
As it digests all drugs.

- Nourishes all Dhatus of the body.
- Being ingested by human for Rasayanartha
Rasendra - King of all medicines or Rasas
Suta
- Since used for Deha and Loha Siddhi
Parada
- Gives an end to sufferings.
Mishraka - Properties of all metals are found in it.

19
Rasa Sindoora

Table No.9 Showing synonyms of Parada based on the following
Swarupaatma
Dhrmika
Devatmaka
Gatyatmaka
Dehavada
tmaka
Dhatuvadatmaka
Vishista guna
Darshahika
Adyatmika
Galadroupani Trinetra
Kechara
Amrita
Divyarasa
Ananta
Jeeva
bham
Trilochana
Chapala
Dehada
Maharasa
Kalikantaka
Jaiva
Mahavanhi
Deva
Chala
Paramamrtia
Rasa
Sukshma
Divya
Mahateja
Dehaja
Dhurtaka
Parata
Rasendra
Soubhagya.
Achintya
Suvarna
Prabhu
Parada
Rasesha
Rudraja
Mrityunashana
Rasottama
Rajasmala
Rasayana
Rasadhatu
Shanta
Rasayana
Rasaraja
Shiva
sreshta.
Rasaleha
Shiva veerya
Siddadhatu
Skandha
Soota
Harateja
Sootaka
Harabeeja
Sootarath
Harareta
Mishraka
Shivabeeja
Varieties69:
The Varieties of Parada described in various texts based on following factors:
Depending on the colour.
Depending on the impurities
Depending on uses of Parada.
Table No. 10. Showing varieties of Parada.

Variety
Rasa
Colour
Rakta
Impurities
Uses
Which is free from all Rasayana

types of impurities
Rasendra
Peeta
Free from impurities
Rasayana
Suta
Ishat Peeta
With impurities
Deharogahara
Parada
Shweta
With impurities
Sarvarogahara
Mishraka
Mayura
With impurities
Sarvasiddhidayaka.
20

Rasa Sindoora

Chandrika varna
Doshas of Mercury70:
According to different rasa classics Doshas of Parada are explained as follows:
1. Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).
2. Yougika doshas (Physical impurities)
3. Oupadika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).
1. Naisargika Doshas70:
Mercury, which is occurring in native compound form generally, attributes some
impurities due to its natural power of amalgamation. As these impurities occur due to nature,
these doshas are known as Naisargika doshas.
Naisargika dosha
Effects.
Visha
Mrutyukara
Vahni
Santapakara
Mala
Murchakara
2. Yougika doshas70:
The impurities mixed by the traders from the commercial point of view to increase the
weight of Parada by adding some Arilohas.
Ex: Naga, Vanga etc.
Table No.11. Showing Yougika doshas and their effects according to different
authors.
1.
Textual
Reference
RRS
2.
3.
Sl. No.
Doshas
Effects
Naga, Vanga
Jadatva Adhmana
AK
Naga, Vanga,
Visha
Jadhya Pootigandhatva
Mrutyu.
AP
Naga, Vanga
Jadhya, Adhmana
Kushta.
Kanchuka Doshas70,
Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are the impurities of mercury
which are seen as thin layer covering it. This is due to tarnishing of mercury.
21
Rasa Sindoora

There is some difference of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their name
and source but all of them considered as seven in number.
Table No. 12. Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different
Rasa classics.
Sl. No.
Text
Doshas
Effects
1.
Parpati
Mrunmaya (Prithvi)
Kushta,
2.
Patini
Pashanaja (Girija)
Jadhya, Admana
3.
Bhedi
Jalaja (Varija)
Vali, Palita, khalitya, Vaksangatha,

Mala Bhedana.
4.
Dravi
Nagaja (Shyama)
Mahakusta, Sweta Kusta, Udara,

Kamala, Pandu, Prameha.
5.
Malakari
Nagaja (Kapalika)
Dadru, Gaja Karna, Doshavardhaka.
6.
Dhwankshi
Vangaja (Kapali)
Swara Parushyakara.
7.
Andhakari
Vangaj (Kalika)
Marmacheda, Vastishoola, Andhatva.
Grahya Lakshanas of Parada71,72:

Parada is liquid in form, shines as bright as mid day sun, white glaze exteriorly and
bluish tinge interiorly mercury with these qualities is known as Grahya variety. Parada which
is devoid of saptakanchakas should be collected.
Agrahya Lakshanas of Parada73:

Mercury looking smoky, grayish and slightly yellowish or having various shades of
colours is agrahya variety, incorporated with various metallic and elemental impurities
bonded physico chemically.
Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada74:
Rasa
:
Shadrasa
Guna
Snigdha, Sara and Guru
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Karma
Yoga vahi, Rsayana, Vrishya, Balya, Vayastambhana,

Pustikaraka, Deepana, Agnivardhaka, Deha sidhikara, Loha
sidhikara, Shodhana, Ropana, Krimighna.
22

Rasa Sindoora

Dosha Prabhava:
Tridoshagna
Vyadhi Prabhava:
Vata roga, Valipalitha, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi roga, Krimi,

Kusta, Sarva roga.
Pathya75:
Ahara Ghrita Saindhava, Madhu, Sharkara, Ksheera, Yava, Godhooma, Tandula,
Dhanyaka, Patola, Jeerna Shali, Ikshu Rasa, Hamsodaka, Shunti, Musta, Punarnava,
Meghanada, Mamsarasa, Jeeraka, Haridra.
Vihara Pooja Shiva Aradhana, Japa, Sugandha Pushpadharana, Kastoori Dharana, Guru
Seva, Satya Vadana.
Apathya76:
Kakarastakas like Kooshmanda, Karkati, Kalinga, Karavellaka, Karkota, Kadali, Kusumba,
Kakamachi are avoided.Others are Kulatha, Atasi Taila, Tila, Masha, Masoora, Badara,
Chirabilva, Nagara, Kanchanara, Shigru, Kanji, Takra, Atikatu, Amla, Teekshna, Lavana
Picchila are considered as Varjya.
PARADA MODERN REVIEW

MERCURY
Mercury is a silvery white metal, liquid at room temperature with high (13.6) density.
It is divisible into spherical globules, mobile, without having any odour / taste, cold to touch,
slowly volatizing at ordinary temperature. . Low melting and boiling point is due to large
atomic size. The metallic shine of mercury is due to the presence of free electrons with a high
plasma frequency. It is soluble in nitric acid and in boiling sulfuric acid.
General Description77:
Atomic Number
80
Atomic Weight
200.61
Atomic Volume
14.8CC
Ionic Radius (+2)
1.10
Relative Atomic Mass
200.50 gm/mole
Specific Gravity
13.55
Melting point
39.80C
Boiling point
3570C
23

Rasa Sindoora

Occurrence and distribution:
Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as sulphide
(cinnabar). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel (Hg2cl2),
Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as amalgums of Gold
and Tellurium in small quantities.
Pharmacology78,79:
The use of Hg and its compounds in therapeutics has been diminished from middle of
the century due to toxicological effects rather than the therapeutic effects.
Absorption:
As the chemical form of the metal varies, its absorption, distribution and Excretion of
mercury also varies. The inorganic form i.e. mercurous and mercuric chlorides are freely
absorbed from all surfaces like alimentary tract, skin, sebaceous glands and mercury vapours
by lungs. When taken into the system it continues with acids and fluids of the body. It is then
easily absorbed by the skin, the mucous membrane, lungs and stomach and passes into blood
as oxy albuminate, in the stomach it is converted into double chloride of sodium of mercury.
It unites with the albuminous juices and is easily absorbed. The sulphide ion is very inert and
it is clear that unless and until the salts are dissociated into its constituents ions, mercury will
not be able to exert its influence on the body tissues. Hence absorption of sulphides is
doubted.
Storage :
It is deposited in different organs like, kidneys, intestinal walls, in liver in the form of
albuminates. Small amounts are stored in blood, bone narrow, brain, buccal mucosa &
salivary glands.
Organic mercurial compounds can pass or cross placental barrier.
Excretion :
Excretion of mercury immediately after absorption is mainly through the kidney and
colon and to a lesser extent via bile and saliva. Small amounts are also excreted in volatile
elemental form through both lungs and skin. Most of Hg is excreted within 6 days after
administration but traces may be detected for months, even years urinary excretion is slow at
first but accelerates later. Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal sloughing mainly as
methyl mercury, but bacterial flora convert about 50% to inorganic mercury.
24
Rasa Sindoora

Toleration78:
Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurials, children as a rule
bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.
Therapeutic uses78:
Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics inorganic salts.
Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.
Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical and obstetric practice.
Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in prurigo, pruritis,
psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema.
As a stimulant and promoter of absorption liniment and various ointments such as oleate,
red precipitate, scoltts and red iodide are used for promoting the absorption of
inflammatory products as in chronic joint disease and periostitis.
Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.
Diagnosis of Mercury Poisoning : 80

Toxic Symptoms develops when
Blood Hg above 20 mg / dl
Urine Hg above 60 mg /dl.
Fatal dose
1-4 gms
Fatal period
3-5 days
GANDHAKA
Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa varga by authors of different Rasa classics. In
Rasashasthra Gandhaka has got pivotal place next to Parada. In sagandha yogas the
Gandhaka is believed to impart many desirable properties to Parada by reducing its toxic
effects. Hence the sagandha yogas are considered safer than nirgandha yogas. It also plays a
prime role in marana of dhatus.
Origin:81
25
Rasa Sindoora
Mythological Gandhaka is said to be the result of churning of ksheerasagara and is

originated along with Amruta.
Gandhaka is considered to be the Raja of Parvathi.

Vernacular names82:
Sanskrit- Gandhaka
Hindi - Gandhaka
English Sulphur
Bengali Gandhaka
Gujarthi-Gadhaka
Punjabi- Gandhak, Kibrit
Kannada Gandhaka
Telugu Gandhakamu
Gandhakam
Tamil
Malayalam-Balirang
Synonyms:83
Gandhaka
Pamari
Balivasa
Durgandha
Gandhapashana
Rasagandhika
Shulbari
Pootigandha
Gandha
Sougandhika
Atigandha
Gandhika
Sugandhika
Sarabhoomija
Navaneetha
Kusthari
Keetanashana
Daityendra
Types of Gandhaka:
Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and remaining others explained four types.
Table No 13. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics.84,85,86,87,88,89.
Sl. No.
Types
RRS
RA
AP
YR
RPS
R.Chu
1.
Shukapichchanibha (Pita)
2.
Sukla (Shweta)
3.
Shuka
Chunchanibha
Shukatunda (Rakta)
4.
Krishna (Black)
Table No 14. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses90:

Sl. No.
Types
Quality
Uses
1.
Shukachunchanibham
Sreshta
Dhatuvada
2.
Shukapichchanibham
Madhyama
Rasayana Karma
3.
Shukla
Adhama
Loha Marana
26

Rasa Sindoora

4.
Krishna
Jara Mrutyu Nashana
91
Grahya Gandhaka
The Gandhaka resembling the colour of Rajani, clean, bright, smooth like that of
butter and unctuous is acceptable for all purposes and is called as Amalasara Gandhaka or
Shukapiccha Gandhaka.
Doshas of Gandhaka92:
According to Rasa classics, Gandhaka consists two types of Doshas:
Shila Churna
Visha
(Physical impurities like clay, sand etc.)
(Chemical impurities like

Arsenical, lead etc.)
Gandhaka should be purified before internal administration, other wise it will produce
the disease like Kushta, Bhrama, Klama, Paithika Roga, Balakshaya, Shukrakshaya,
Veeryahani and Kandu.
Pharmaco-therapeutic properties : 93
Rasa
: Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.
Guna
: Sara.
Veerya
: Ushna.
Vipaka
: Katu, Madhura.94
Karma
:Deepana,
Pachana,
Shoshana,
Krimihara,
Rasayana,
Vishaghna, Bala- veerya vardhaka, Sootendra veerya prada.

Doshaghnata
: Kaphavatahara.
Rogaghnata
: Kandu, Kushta, Twakdosha, Aamadosha, Krimidosha,

Pleeharoga, Kshaya, Jwara, Netraroga etc.
Bahya lepana of shodhita Gandhaka at the site of pain caused due to

Aamavata and Gridhrasi will give relief.95 This indication hints about
the analgesic property of Gandhaka.
Matra:
It can be given from 1 Ratti to 8 Ratti (125mg-1gm). In Ayurveda Prakasha and
Rasakamadhenu its Matra is mentioned as 1 Pala.
27
Rasa Sindoora

Pathya:
Jangala Mamsa Sevana, Godugda, Goghrita, Godhooma, Rice, Saindhava, Mishri,
Sheetala Jala are considered as Pathya.
Apathya:
Atilavana, Amla, Katu, Vidhahi, Patrashaka, Dwidala Dahnya, Kshara, and Kanji etc.
aharas are considered as Apathya. Also Viharas like Teevra Yana, Stree sambhanda are
contraindicated.
GANDHAKA MODERN REVIEW

SULPHUR
The name sulphur is derived from the Sanskrit word Sulvari through the Latin
sulphurium.
History96 :
The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in free state know sulphur.
Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as medicine. The Bible refers
to be as Brimstone meaning Burning Stone Antony lavoiser placed it among the elements
in 1777, which was regarded as principle of fire. It is estimated as the Ninth most abundant
element in the universe.
Occurrence :
Sulphur is distributed in nature both in free and combined form. The sulphur is found
in volcanic regions in Sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earths crust contains sulphur. Pure
sulphur contains traces of selenium, Tellurium and Arsenic some times mixed with bitumen
and clay.
Important sulphur containing minerals are:
Sulphides
Zinc Blend (ZNS)

Galena (Pbs) S
Copper pyrites (Mfes2 )
Cinnabar (HgS) S
Iron Pyrites (FeS) S
Sulphate
Gypsum (CaSo4 2H2o)

Barites (BaSo4)
28

Rasa Sindoora

Epsom Salt (Mg So4 7H2o)
Ferrous Sulphate (FeSo4 7H2o)
Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in volcanic gases, organic substance as eggs, proteins,
garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor constituent
of fats, body fluids and skeletal muscles.
Basic information of sulphur96
Name
Sulphur
Symbol
Atomic Number
16
Atomic Mass
32.06 Am
Melting point
112.80C
Boiling point
444.60C
Number of protons / Electrons:
16
Number of neutrons
16
Classification
Non Metal
Crystal structure
Orthorhombic
Colour
Yellow
British Spelling
Sulphur
IUPAC spelling
Sulfur
Table No.15 : Shows comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur:

Property
Rhombic
Monoclinic
Plastic
Colour
Shape
Specific gravity
Melting point
Boiling Point
Yellow crystals
Octahedral
2.06
112.8 0 C
444 0 C
Yellow crystals
Needle shaped
1.96
119 0C
444 0 C
Dark yellow amber

No definite shape
1.92
No sharp melting point
444 0 C
Therapeutic use97 :
Sulphur has bitter astringent taste with a peculiar strong smell.
It increases bile secretion, acts as laxative, alternative and diuretic.
It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.
In larger doses it acts as purgative.
29
Rasa Sindoora
Sulphur is useful in cough, Asthma, General debility, Enlargement of spleen, chronic

fevers etc.,
Biological importance of sulphur98:
Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult human body
contains around 170 gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the amino acids, cysteine,
cystine, and methionine.
Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion and
absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.
Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect
development of hairs and nails.
Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk Products
(Cheese), seafood and meat protein. Inorganic forms of mineral-sulphide, sulphates and
sulphites are not needed in the diet.
NIMBU99,100
It is an important Dravya of Amla Varga. In Rasa Classics, it is explained for
Shodhana and Marana of various Metals and Minerals.
Latin name
Citrus medica
Family
Rutaceae
Synonyms:Amlajambira,
Amlarasa,
Jantumari
Nimbuka
Dantaghna
Shodhana
Rochana
Jambeera
Description:
Leaflets are elliptic, oblong, racemes short, flowers small, petals usually four. Fruits
usually small, globose or ovoid, rind thick or thin. Pulp pale, very acidic.
Useful parts:
Phala, Twak and Patra
Major Chemical Constituents:
Fruit juice of Nimbu contains citric acid 10%, Phosphoric acid 4%, Sugar 10.9%,
Cellulose, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Citrine 76%, Citrol 7.8% and Sulphuric acid.
30
Rasa Sindoora

Distribution
It is available throughout India.
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties
Rasa
Amla
Guna
Guru, Tikshna
Virya
Ushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Karma
Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna
Dosha
Kapha Vata shamaka, Pittavardhaka
Vyadhi Prabhava
Agni Mandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi,

Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa, Shwasa and Krimi roga.
In the present study Nimbuka swaras is used for Bhavana of Hingula.
GODUGDHA
Acharya charaka explained Godugdha under Gorasa varga101. It is much appreciated
for the therapeutic purpose.
Synonyms :
Ksheera, Gavya, Gavyadugdha, Dugdha, and Payasa, Dhenudbhava
Physical properties: Cows milk is an opaque, white or yellowish white emulsive, faintly
alkaline fluid, a little more viscous than water with specific gravity in between 1.027 to
1.037102.
Properties:
Rasa
Madhura
Guna
Guru, Mridu, Snigdha, Bahala, Picchila, Shlakshna, Manda,Prasanna.
Veerya :
Sheeta,
Karma :
Jeevaneeya, Brumhaneeya, Rasayana, Ojo vriddhikara,Vrushya, Balya,
Medya,
Doshagnata: Vata, Pitta
Rogagnata: Rakthapitta, Trishna, Kshata, Ksheena, Shwasa, Kasa, Panduroga,
Gulma, Udara, Athisara, Jwara, Daha, Shotha, Yonirogas, Bhrama, useful in
Gadavikaras.
31
Rasa Sindoora

Contents of fresh milk :
Water
87%
Phosphorus
0.1%
Total Solids
13%
Sodium
0.15%
Fat
3.68%
Iron
1-2 ppm
Total proteins :
3.39
Citric acid
0.2%
Sugar
4.94
Calcium
0.72%
In the present work, godugdha was used for gandhaka shodhana, through Bhoodhara
puta method.
HARIDRA103
In the present study haridra was used for shodhana of Hingulottha parada. It is
considered under shirovirechana gana by Charaka and shleshma samshamana by Sushruta.
Botanical Name
Curcuma longa
Family
Zingiberacae
Synonyms:
Nisha
Varavarnini
Gouri
Kanchani
Yoshitpriya
Hattavilasini
Krimighna
Vernacular Names
Hindi
Haldi
English
Turmeric
Bengali
Halud
Gujarati
Haldar
Kannada
Arashina
Malayalam
Manjal
Chemical constituents:
Volatile oil 5-8%, Curcumin, Vitamin A, Protein-6.3%, minerals-3.5%, carbohydrate-69.4 %.
Pharmaco therapeutic properties :
Rasa
Tikta, katu
Guna
Ruksha,lakhu
Virya
Ushna
Vipaka
Katu
Karma
Varnya, lekhana, ruchya, raktaprasadana, vedana

sthapana
32

Rasa Sindoora

Doshakarma :
Kapha vata shamaka
Rogaghnata
Kushta, Prameha, vrana, arsha, raktavikara, sheetapitta
VATA104
It is one among Pancha valkala dravyas. In Samhitas it is catogorised under
Nyagrodhadi and Mutrasangrahaneeya gana.
Botanical Name: Ficus Bengalensis Linn.
Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Nyagrodha, Raktaphala, Skandhaja, Vaisravana, Sringi, Bahupada, Dhrva, Ksiri.
Description : It is a very big tree possessing supporting roots and therefore may spread upto
miles sometimes. It is commonly found all over India. Vata Srnga (leaf buds) are famous for
their utility in pumsavana kriya.
Chemical constituants of Bark leucoanthocyanin, tiglic acid, - sitsterol a D
glucoside.
Useful parts: Bark, Latex, leaf, leaf bud, hanging root, fruit.
Properties :
Rasa Kashaya ;
Guna Guru, Ruksha;
Virya Shita ;
Vipaka Katu
Karma Kapha pitta hara, Mutra sangrahaneeya, Varnya, Sthambhana.
In the present study, Vatankura is used for Bhavana of Kajjali i.e. a pre material of Rasa
Sindhura.
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW
In present study Pharmaceutical process mainly includes three steps:
1. Processing of raw drugs i.e. shodhana of Hingula and Gandhaka
2. Intermediate procedures
3. Final procedure i.e. preparation of Kupipakwa rasayana.
Hence in this section, review on concept of Shodhana, Satvapatana, Murchana and Jarana is
carried out. Also classical literary data of pharmaceutical procedures and Yantras related to
present study are reviewed.
33
Rasa Sindoora

SHODHANA:
Definition:
The process which eliminates the blemishes is called Shodhana 105.
Shodhana is a process intended for the removal of impurities in a substance by
implementing prescribed methods like Bhavana, Swedana, Dhalana etc with prescribed
drugs 106.
Advantages of Shodhana:
Eradicates visible and invisible impurities.
Reduces toxic effects.
Removes adulterants present in drug.
Makes hard matter brittle which helps in easy incineration.
Enhances therapeutical properties
Suitable for further processing.
Shodhana of Gandhaka:
Shodhana is carried out by adopting various methods like:
Swedana
Nirvapana
Bhavana.
Koormaputa.
Damaru yantra.
Methods:
1. Pour the liquefied Gandhaka into the Bringaraja swarasa and do the swedana in the
same swarasa. Repeat the procedure for 7 times.107
2. A cloth is tied over the mouth of the pot containing milk. Pour the melted Gandhaka
and Ghrita over the cloth. Gandhaka falls into the pot. Heat this pot over mandagni for
one ghati. Then wash it with water.108
3. Gandhaka is melted along with Tila Taila or Sarshapa taila or Tusumbha taila in an
iron pan. Now the molten Gandhaka is poured into a pot containing milk covered by
cloth109.
34
Rasa Sindoora

4. A cloth covered pot is taken which is containing milk. Gandhaka churna is spread
over the cloth. Now this apparatus is kept in a pit up to its neck. Close it with sharava
and to this agni was given by Koormaputa110
5. Finely powdered Gandhaka is placed in Damaru Yantra and subjected to heat for four
prahara.
In the present work koormaputa method was implicated for Gandhaka shodhana.
Shodhana of Hingula:
Seven Bhavanas of Lakucha Swarasa.54,55
Seven Bhavanas of Ardraka Swarasa.55
Seven Bhavanas of Nimbu Swarasa.55
Seven Bhavanas of Meshi Ksheera followed by seven bhavana of Amla Varga

Dravya55.
Seven Bhavana of Amla Varga Dravya followed by seven bhavana of Mahishi

Ksheera.56
Shodhana of Parada:
Mercury is naturally consisting of earthy impurities, toxic chemical compounds along
with it. So it should be purified by means of Mardhana, Swedana, Kshalana, patina etc.,
specific techniques with the help of specific herbal extractions. Purification has been carried
out into two methods
1)
Samanya shodhana Vyadhi nashanartha
2)
Vishesha shodhana Rasayanartha

Samanya shodhana:
Parada is triturated with Grihadhooma, Haridra Choorna, Wool Fibres and Istikachoorna
for 1 day and then washed with Kanji and filtered through a four folded cloth. It is said to
be devoid of Naga Doshas.111
Parada is triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa and Kshara traya for 3 days
and then wash with Kanji. The Parada gets devoid of sapta doshas.112
Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for three days and filtered. Then add Lashuna equal to
Parada & Saindhava Lavana part of Parada when lashuna turns black wash in kanji.113
Parada is triturated with Kumari, Chitraka, Rakta Sarshapa, Brihati and Triphala kwatha
for three days.114
35
Rasa Sindoora

Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for 7 days and filter it. Then triturate with Griha
dhuma, Haridra choorna & Ishtika choorna for 3 days & wash with kanji.115
Parada is triturated with Guda, Trikatu, Ajamoda, Pancha Lavana, Chitrakamoola,
Triphala, Trikshara, Dhattura and Sarshapa for 7 days. 116
Parada is triturated with Lashuna and Saindhava Lavana on tapta khalva for 7 days.117
Vishesha Shodhana:
Vishesha shodhana are indicated to remove the specific and toxic impurities by
specific methods. These are called as Samskaras. There are 18 number of samskaras
mentioned in Rasa classics for removing specific impurities and also for enhancing qualities
of Parada.
Ashtadasha Samskaras118:
Swedana
Niyamana
Jarana
Mardana
Deepana
Ranjana
Murchana
Gagana Bhakshana
Saarana
Utthapana
Charana
Sankramana
Patana
Garbhadhruti
Vedha
Rodhana
Bahyadruti
Bhakshana
SATVAPATANA:
It is the process of extraction of metal or satva from the mineral. Nagarjuna was the
first to mention the process of satvapatana in Rasendra mangala.
Etymology of the word Satvapatana:
The word satvapatana comprises two words satva and patana.
Satva: Means the existence of Supreme being, the true essence.119
Patana: Means the act of causing to fall, laying low.120
Thus the word Satvapatana means extraction of essence or active principle.
The process of Satvapatana is carried out for dravyas like Abhraka, Makshika,
Haratala, Manashila, Gairika, Hingula etc. Different procedures are explained for different
dravyas.
36
Rasa Sindoora
Hingula Satvapatana:121,122
Aims:
To obtain the mercury which is free from all the seven Kanchuki doshas, so that it can
be used for all purposes.
Properties of such Parada resembles with Astasanskarita or gandhakajeerna Parada.
Dravyas Used For Mardana Of Hingula Before Procedure:

1. Nimbu swarasa
2. Nimba patra swarasa
3. Paribhadra swarasa
4. Changeri swarasa.
Yantras:
1. Urdhwa and Adhapatana yantra
2. Vidyadhara yantra
3. Damaru yantra.
Method:
Fine powder of hingula is triturated with any above said mardana dravyas for three
hours and chakrikas are made. The chakrikas are kept in Damaru yantra or Paatana yantra.
Proper Sandhibandhana is done. This is subjected to Kramagni upper pot is kept cool by
placing the wet cloth. After 6 hours of Kramagni its allowed to cool. After complete cooling
Sandhibandhana removed, collect the Parada
particles mixed with soot. In case of
Adhapatana yantra paste of Hingula is applied inside the upper pot.
MURCHANA AND JARANA:

While scrutinizing the innumerable Rasa Shastra texts, some Rasacharyas narrate that
the manufacturing process of Rasasindoora comes under the Murchana process and others
claim that it is a process of Jarana. According to Ayurveda Prakash Jarana and Murchana are
synonyms123.
Kim cha Murchana Jarana Iti Anarthantaram prayaha ||
Murchana123,124, 125
Murchana is a process in which mercury with or without Sulphur is converted into
such a form which is suitable for internal usage. It is claimed that through this process
37
Rasa Sindoora

mercury compounds develop a definite disease curing capacity, without producing any
untoward effect. Murchana facilitates palliability of Mercury.
Murcchana is a procedure of preparing an esculent chemical compound of Mercury
which is distinct from Bhasma. Murchana is a process to transfer the Mercury into a Murchita
state by means of sulphur etc and after doing this process the end product can not be
converted into preceding state easily. Murchita Yogas are efficacious by all means and the
end product can be used as it is for medicinal purpose.126
Appearance of Murchita state of Rasa:
When its firmness, unstability and liquid form are transformed into the softness,
stability and solid form; appears like Kajjali then it should be claimed that this is the stage of
Murchita. Some times Murchita Parada may be obtained in various colours127.
Murchana Vidhi and Lakshana128, 129:
When Shuddha Gandhaka triturated with Suddha Parada it looses its gurutva and
chapalatva and transforms into fine blackish (Kajjalabha) powder. Apart from black colour,
of murchita parada may vary according to the ingredients used. Murchana done with Haratala
gives yellowish colour, manashila gives orange colour.
Without shadguna Gandhaka jarana, parada is not potent to cure the diseases. He
explained murchana should be done by performing jarana in different Yantras. He mentioned
2 types of Valuka Yantra for this purpose. He also mentioned Antardhooma, Bahirdhoma
shadguna Gandhaka jarana processes.
Benefits of Murchana123, 124:
1. Murchita Parada with different Anupanas according to diseases it cures all the
diseases.
2. Murchita Parada is beneficial for deha siddhi.
3. Murchita Parada is useful as Dehartha and for Amaratva.
Types of Murchana123, 130, 131:
According to different Rasa classics Murchana may be broadly divided into 2 types
1. Sagandha with Sulphur
2. Nirgandha without Sulphur
Both sulphurous and non sulphurous murchana is subdivided into 2 groups.
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Rasa Sindoora

1. Sagni With the help of fire.
2. Niragni Without the help of fire.
It is again subdivided into 3 groups. On the basis of smoke
1. Bahirdhooma
2. Anthardhooma
3. Nirdhooma
Sagandha Murchana is again subdivided into 5 types:
1. Gandha Pisti Ex. Kajjali
2. Gandha Baddha Ex. Rasa parpati.
3. Gandha Jeerna Ex. Rasa Sindoora.
4. Rasa Gandha Kajjali
5. Dhatu Pisti Ex. Rajata pisti, Kanaka pisti, Tamra pisti, Abhraka pisti, Loha pisti.
First and Foremost Kalpana of Sagandha Murchana is Kajjali, base of other
preparations like parpati, Pottali, Kupipakwa, and Karaliya Rasayanas.
Examples of Parada Murchita Rasaoushadis132:
1. Khalveeya Rasayana Ex. Kajjali, Tribhuvana keerthi Rasa etc.
2. Parpati Kalpana Ex. Rasa parpati, Swarna parpati etc.
3. Kupi pakwa Rasayana Ex. Rasasindoora, Rasa Karpoora etc.
4. Pottali Rasayana ex. Hema garbha pottali, Hamsa Garbha pottali etc.
Jarana:
Jarana is the 13th mercurial operation. When mercury is turned into such a state
through Bida Yantradi as to absorb any other substance swiftly it is called Jarana131.
When Gandhaka etc are mixed with mercury get assimilated or absorbed into the
mercury. This process is called Jarana134.
By various process of consuming Gandhaka etc in mercury through the Valuka
yantra, Dola yantra, Kacchapa yantra etc is called jarana Karma135.
Signs of Samyak Jarita Parada:
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Rasa Sindoora

Jarana hi naama Galana Patana Vyatirekena Grasta Ghana Hemadi Rasasya Hemadi
Rasasya poorvavasta pratipannatvam ||
The process in which Mercury is made to absorb and assimilate the substances like
Gold, Mica etc as Grasa added into it (Hg). There will not be increase in weight of Mercury.
It means that after distillation and straining the swallowed substances like Abhraka, Suvarna
etc do not remain distinct and Mercury remains in its preceding state and its weight does not
alter. Thus state has been termed as Jarana136.
Many types of procedures for Gandhaka Jarana are described in Ayurveda Prakasha,
with the ratio between Parada and Gandhaka starting from 1:6 or even 1:100 or 1:1000 ratios
respectively.
During Gandhaka Jarana through Valuka and Ishtika Yantra if Agni is increased Rasa
Sindoora is formed. Here Parada has to be separated to continue the process of Jarana.
Types of Jarana137, 138:
a) Bhuchari Jarana (Abraka Jarana)
b) Khechari Jarana (Ratna Jarana)
Gandhaka Jarana
Gandhaka Jarana is of 2 types
i. Antardhooma
ii. Bahirdhooma
Antardhooma Gandhaka Jarana through Kacchapa yantra or Bhoodhara yantra
through closed Kupi or moosha or vessel is done. In this procedure Gandhaka Jarana is slow.
Bahirdhooma This process is done through Valuka yantra in a open vessel. This
procedure is very fast.
First Gandhaka Jarana should be done on moderate fire. Then Abhraka, Swarna
makshika, swarna, Vanga, Naga and Ratna etc should be processed through Jarana. Without
Gandhaka Jarana, Parada does not posses the property of digestion. So dhatus can not be
digested139.
There is a difference between Murchana and Jarana. Few Rasacharyas claimed that
actually these are two stages of Mercury.
Considering all these references it can be said that the process of Kajjali is Sagandha
Niragni Murchana and Rasasindoora is Sagandha Sagni Murchana
40
Rasa Sindoora
KAJJALI
Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni Parada yoga. The purified Parada and Gandhaka are
intimately mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to convert it into a smooth, blackish
powder, free from any shining particle is called Kajjali.
Definition:
Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha||
Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||
Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa
and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid. This is called
Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles140.
Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi, which is having Slakshnatva
and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali141.
Synonyms : 142
Kajjali, Kajjalika, Kajjala
Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali: 143

It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the proportion of th, , equal, double,
triple etc., to that of Parada.
Method of Adding Dhatus To Parada:

Kajjali is to be prepared by adding any other dhatu to parada, for ex. Swarna, Rajata,
etc should be in the form of thin leaves.
Naga, Vanga etc should be in the druta form.
Kajjali Siddha Lakshans: 144, 145
Krishna Varnata
Blackish colour
Slakshnatva
Smooth to touch
Sukshmatva
Subtleness like anjana
Rekha purnatva
Settles in between fine lines of finger
Nischandratva
Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed

with water. This mixture when exposed to sun,
should show absence of any shining particles.
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Rasa Sindoora

Uses146:
Kajjali can be used as a single medicament along with anupana or sahapana. Ex.
kajjali with varunadi gana kashaya in Antra vidradhi.
It can be used as a base material for kupipakwa, pottali, parpati and khalvi rasayana
preparations.
BHAVANA:
The word bhavana literally means causing to be, effecting, promoting, steeping and
act of producing147.
Definition:
The process, by which drugs have to undergo Bhavana, is powdered and triturated with
suitable liquids like Swarasa, Kashaya, Godugdha till the liquid portion dries up. It is known
as Bhavana 148
Procedure:
Bhavana process is clearly explained in Bhaishajya Ratnavali as the drug in the
suitable dravya is kept for one night and triturated and dried under shade on the next day.
This process should be repeated for 3 to 7 days. Here the Drug is termed as Bhavita Dravya
and Drava as Bhavana dravya.149
Quantity of dravya for Bhavana:
According to Rasataranginikara, to a drug, liquids should be added in such quantities
by which the drug gets fully mixed up with the liquid and become wet. This is quantity of
liquid used for Bhavana150.
In case of preparation of Kwatha for Bhavana, 1 part of the drug in the form of coarse
powder is taken, boiled with 8 parts of water and reduced to 1/4th and it can be used for
Bhavana karma.151
Uses:
With the help of Bhavana, we can achieve
1. Makes the particles finer by Sanghata bhedana.
2. Purification of metals & minerals.
3. It induces new properties to the drug and at the same time enhances the properties present
in the drug.
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Rasa Sindoora

4. It acts as poorva karma for Marana of metals and minerals by changing their chemical
action.
5. Makes the metal and minerals free from blemishes.
In the present work Vatankura swaras Bhavana is given to kajjali.
KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA
Kupi pakwa kalpas are unique pharmacetical procedures followed in Rasashastra.
Where in sublimated products of mercury is obtained by ladder step heating procedures for
long hours.
Definition of Kupipakwa Rasayana152:
Kupi Iti Kacha Kupi, Pakwam Iti Agnina Pakwam Rasasya Paradasya Ayanam stanam
Arthath
Kupyam Agninam Pakwam Yadrasayanam Tat Kupi Pakwa Rasayanam ||
The process were Parada and other Dravyas are processed by heating in a specialized
bottle to prepare medicine is called Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.
History of Kupipakwa Rasayana:
Use of Kachakupi started after the 10th cent. A.D. Before this there is no reference
available regarding the same. Invention of glass occurred in Misra, Arab,
Mesopotamia countries and use of glass bottles, glass vessels also first time started
there and there after it came to India Before the invention of glass, preparation of such
type of medicine was done by using Kupis made up of iron, silver etc3.
Similarly references of Valukayantra are found from the 9th century. Because of nonavailability of Kachakupis, Sharavas or Mushas were used for Gandhaka Jarana
process.
Rasasindoora Kalpana was first time quoted by the name of
Udaybhaska
Rasa prepared by using Kachaghati (Kupi) and Siktayantra

Classification of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana153:
I. On the basis of Ingredients:
Sagandha with Gandhaka:
a. Parada + Gandhaka
Ex. Rasa Sindoora,
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Rasa Sindoora

b. Parada + Gandhaka + Anyadhatu
Ex. Tamra Sindoora, Rajata Sindoora etc.
c. Parada + Gandhaka + Adhatu
Ex. Malla Sindoora, Tala Sindoora etc.
d. Parada + Gandhaka + Adhatu +Swarna
Ex. Poorna Chandrodaya Rasa etc.
Nirgandha without Gandhaka: Ex.Rasa Pushpa, Rasa Karpoora etc.
II. On the basis of location of finished product:
a. Kantastha or Kantastha
Rasa Sindoora, Rasa Karpoora etc.
b. Talastha or Adhastha
Sameera Pannaga Rasa etc.
c. Ubhayastha
Poorna Chandrodaya, Manikya Rasa etc.
III. On the basis of manufacturing method:

a. Antardhooma Talastha Rasasindoora
b. Bahirdhooma Kantastha Shilasindoora
Procedure of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana:
The whole procedure of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana can be divided under 3 headings as follows.
1. Purva Karma
2. Pradhana Karma
3. Paschat Karma
1. Purva Karma: During Purva Karma following points are to be considered
i. Collection of instruments.
ii. Purification of ingredients.
iii. Preparation of Kajjali.
iv. Preparation of Kupi.
v. Filling of Kupi with Kajjali.
Collection of instruments:
Collection of equipments for the preparation includes Kacha Kupi, Vastra, Mrittika,
Valuka Yantra, Loha Shalakas, Copper coin, Agni bhatti, Pyrometer, Torch etc.
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Rasa Sindoora

Selection and purification of ingredients154
All the ingredients should be identified according to Rasa classics for their Grahya /
Agrahya Lakshanas and it is subjected for Shodhana.
Preparation of Kajjali 155
The preparation of the ingredients should be taken as per the reference and trituration
should be done without using any liquid till the mixture becomes lusterless. The term Kajjali
can be used for pre-material or for the mixture, which is used for making Kupi Pakwa
Rasayana.
Generally, the Kajjali has appearance of black colour but still the colour of this pre
material depends on the ingredients used.
Ex: Hinguliya Manikya Rasa Deep Orange, Rasa Pushpa Ash colour
If Bhavana is mentioned, it should be given after the completion of Kajjali and it is
dried and powdered finely.
Preparation of Kupi:
Preparation of kapadamitti (mud cloth):
A cotton cloth is cut as circularly for the base and rectangularly for the rest of the
body of bottle. The white clay Gopichandana is added with water, made it into paste form
and then applied over the cloth.
Application of Kapadamitti (mud cloth):
First at the base, then on the circumference lastly on the neck & mouth region cloth
should be applied, again one layer of semisolid clay should be given and keep it for drying.
Such 7 layers of Kapadamitti should be given.
Filling of Kajjali into Kupi 156
The Kupi should be filled up to the one third part by Kajjali so that there should be
enough space inside the Kupi for melting and boiling of Kajjali and also for the sublimation
of compound which is going to be condensed and deposited in the neck of the Kupi.
2. Pradhana Karma
Before going to start the pradhana karma some precautions should be taken, they are
Kupi should be covered temporarily with the cork while pouring the sand into Valuka
Yantra.
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Rasa Sindoora

Kupi should be placed at the centre and at height of two fingers from the bottom of
Valuka Yantra.
Pradhana Karma Mainly includes:

1) Temperature measurement
2) Heating pattern
3) Shalaka Sanchalana
4) Observations of Fumes &Flame
5) Mukhamudrana
6) Swangasitikarana
(1) Temperature measurement :
Ancient Parameters (a) Cotton, dried grass test - When cotton piece, or dried grass is kept on the Valuka
and
if it catches fire & burns then it is considered to be Tivragni.

(b) Rice test - When rice put on Valuka it blows up.
Modern parameters
Nowadays pyrometer, thermocouples, thermometers are used for measuring the
temperature
2 ) Heating Pattern:157
Heating pattern should always follow Kramavriddagni i.e. gradual
increase in
temperature. It comprises of two aspects
Heating in terms of Duration- indicates the time limit for maintainance of Mridu,
Madyama and Teevra Agni. The duration of heating pattern differs for individual Kupi
Pakwa Rasayanas.
Mridu Agni kala
includes melting of Kajjali
Madyama Agni kala -
includes boiling of kajjali and shalaka sanchalana
Teevragni kala
includes sublimation of the product.
Heating in terms of Temperature158- indicates the temperature limit for maintainance of

Mridu, Madyama and Teevra Agni. It can be taken approximately as,
Mridu Agni - Room Temp. to 2500C.
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Rasa Sindoora

Madhyama Angi - 2500C to 4500C.
Tivra Agni - 4500C to 6500C.
47
Rasa Sindoora

I stage- Mrudu Agni (125 - 250c):
Stage of Liquification of Kajjali.
1. In this stage of heating Sulphur fumes starts to come out of Kupi mouth.
2. Material in the Kupi completely gets melted which may be ascertained by inserting cold
shalaka in to the Kupi.
3. This heat is maintained for the prescribed time as to allow chemical reactions to begin.
II stage Madhyamagni (250 - 450c):
Stage of profuse fuming and boiling of Kajjali.
1. This stage commences from the complete melting of Kajjali and lasts till the starting
of formation of Sindura compound.
2. In this stage profuse fumes of Sulphur from the Kupi mouth is obvious.
3. Liquified Kajjali starts boiling.
4. Deposition of fumes at the neck of the Kupi may cause chocking, which may
frequently be removed by inserting Tapta shalaka in to the Kupi mouth.
5. Boiling of melted material at the Kupi is ascertained by inserting cold iron rod in the
Kupi or by visualizing through torch light.
6. It is necessary to prevent the material coming out of the Kupis mouth by maintaining
and controlling heat temperature to desired level.
7. Maintain moderate heat for the prescribed period to ensure burning of extra Sulphur
in the product.
8. Same degree of heating is maintained till boiling of Kajjali ceases.
III Stage Tivragni (450 - 650c):
Stage of appearance of flame and corking of Kupi mouth.
1.This stage commences from the formation of Sindura compound and lasts up to the
completion of Jarana of Gandhaka. As heating persists, this newly formed compound
sublimates and gets condensed at the neck and mouth of the Kupi.
2.At the end of middle stage Sulphur fumes catches fire and it takes a form of flame. In
this end stage flame appears.
3.Slowly the height of the flame starts to raise.
4.When extra Sulphur burns out completely flame disappears and this indicates the
completion of Gandhaka Jarana.
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Rasa Sindoora

5.Redness starts appearing at the bottom of the Kupi, which gets more brightened
(Sooryodaya laxana).Sindura test becomes positive.
6.Almost disappearance of fumes / flame at the Kupi mouth could be observed which is
ascertained by performing Sheeta shalaka test.
Application of Shalaka159
During the preparation of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana Sheeta Shalaka (cold rods) and Tapta
Shalaka (hot rods) are being in use. Sheeta Shalaka is used especially for noting the state of
Kajjali, whether it is in powder form, melted form or in boiling state or in sublimating
compound state.
Tapta Shalaka is used for burning the sulphur deposited at the neck region of Kupi,
otherwise sulfur may block and ultimately breaks the Kupi.
Observation of fumes and flames160:
Fumes: All the characteristics of fumes like Colour, Odour etc. must be noted. It differs
according to the ingredients. Colour may be Yellowish, Orange, Bluish or White.
Quantity may be Mild, Moderate or profuse; Odour like sulphur / arsenical Odour may be
some of the observations.
Flame: It is also an important factor while preparing kupi Pakwa Rasayanas. Timing of
appearance of flame, its colour and its duration are the important features. These features
also depend on the ingredients used.
Corking of Kupi and self cooling160,161
Deciding the proper time for corking is very important because it indicates the
completion of Kupi Paka. So before Corking few tests must have to be done to confirm
complete Gandhaka Jarana and those are:
Absence of flame
Absence of fumes
Appearance of Redness in the bottom of Kupi
If a copper coin is kept on Kupi mouth, it is covered by a white layer. But if the
presence of mercury is found on it, then corking of Kupi should be done quickly
otherwise complete loss of mercury may occur.
49
Rasa Sindoora
If a Sita Shalaka (Cold iron rod) is inserted there should not be adherence of white
fumes and product sticking to the rod should be red in colour.
But there is no appearance of flame in case of Nirgandha Kupi Pakwa Rasayanas.
Before corking 2-3 inches of sand layer should be removed aside from neck of the
Kupi, then corking of mouth of Kupi should be done with gopi chandana smeared cloth,
while doing corking the temperature is reduced for some time. After that temperature is
raised for specific time and left for self cooling. It is supposed that during this period,
forming Sindura compound starts to condense in the neck portion of Kupi and whatever the
temperature obtaining in this period is necessary for enhancement of quantity and quality of
Kupi Pakwa compound by its complete Paka process.
3) Paschat karma:
It is considered as Paschat Karma or it can also be called as final step. It includes the
following.
Removal of Kupi First sand should be removed from Valuka Yantra after that Kupi is
taken out with care (some times it may be possible that Kupi is broken inside but remain
intact due to the layers of cloth).
Scraping of outer coverings layers of cloth smeared with mud is removed and Kupi
should be cleaned with wet cloth, then mark the level of Rasayana inside the neck/ bottom.
Breaking of Kupi162 A kerosene dipped string is tied around the middle of Kupi and set the
string to fire and after the fire extinguishes, remove the burns of string with a Spatula, and
wrap it with a wet piece of cloth, it then breaks into two pieces.
Collection of product Kupi Pakwa Rasayana product which may be Kantastha or Talastha
type, should be collected carefully from the particular portion. Then the product is analyzed
to classical and modern techniques.
Importance of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana:
Kupi Pakwa Rasayana is having importance among other Kalpanas because of
following properties:
1. It is the best Rasayana.
2. Potency of these drugs remains longer period.
3. It requires minimal Dosage
4. More potent as compared to other pure herbal preparations.
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Rasa Sindoora

5. When mixed with other drugs, it reduces the dose of other drugs.
6. Due to its augmenting effect Yogavahitva.
7. Due to quicker action Ashukaritva.
8. It can cure even Asadhya Rogas.
9. Chemical bond becomes stronger in the following order Kajjali, Parpati, Pottali and
Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.
10. Significance is to introduce properties of Gandhaka into Parada and to create a
special medicinal compound.
YANTRAS
The yantras used in the present study like Khalva yantra, Valuka yantra and Koorma
puta, etc are reviewed in brief here under.
Khalva yantra: 163
It is a hollow, round or boat shaped apparatus made of iron, stone, glass or porcelain
as per need. For mercurial operations, khalvas made out of iron are preferred while for
preparing pistis, bhasmas and formulations, khalvas made out of stone are preferred.
Generally khalvas are of two types i.e. vartula and Dronyakriti Vartula khalva is made
of porcelain or stone. It should be 12 angula in radius, 4 angula in depth and 8 angula in
length.
Dronyakriti or boat shaped khalvas are generally used for mercury processing and
made of iron or stone. Their height varies from 9 to 16 angula, length 16 to 24 angula,
breadth 9 to 10 angula, depth 6 to 7 angula and thickness of their edges is 2angula.
Uses:
It is used for grinding, rubbing, triturating or mixing of drugs and liquids.
In the present study, khalva yantra is used mainly for bhavana of Hingula with Nimbu
rasa; to powder the shuddha Gandhaka, to prepare kajjali, to give bhavana for kajjali with
vatankur swarasa and to powder the final products.
Koorma puta 164:
It is explained for Gandhaka shodana, where Gandhaka is kept on cloth covering the
mouth of pot containing milk. It should be covered by sharava and vanopalas kept on it and
ignited. Shodhita Gandhaka is collected from milk in the pot.
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Rasa Sindoora
Urdhwa patana yantra:165

Yantra is made with two earthen pots, where the upper pot is bigger than the lower pot.
The upper pots pristatala should be broad enough (i.e. 16 angulas) to construct toyadhara.
The mouth of the upper pot should be inserted into the mouth of lower pot in such a way, that
the same should reach up to the neck of the lower pot. The joint of the apparatus should be
sealed air tight with the help of multanimitti smeared cloth or other sealing material. The
lower pot contains the drug which is subjected to sublimation and the outer part of the upper
part has toyadhara which facilitates the sublimation.
In the present work, urdhwa patana yantra was used to extract Parada from Hingula.
Kupi166:
Synonyms -Kupika, Siddha, Girindika etc.
Thinner glass bottles are better considered to thicker variety. Nowadays beer bottles
of green colour or amber colour are used in practice. If bottle is covered with mrittika which
is prepared in classical way then any type of glass bottle can be used for this type of
preparations.
Mrittika166:
Mud which is pandura varna, obtained in mass, sharkara yukta or reddish yellow which
sustain heat can be used. Valmika mrittika or potters mud can also be used.
Preparation of Mrittika
husk-2 parts, cotton/cloth pieces-1 part, mud 3 parts, all are kept immersed in water
and titurated well. Again little quantity of human hair is added, trituration is continued
till uniform mixture forms. It should not be allowed for drying hence kept immersed in
water for seven days with frequent trituration. Such type of mrittika should be used for
covering the Kupi. But now a days cloth smeared with gopichandana or multani mitti is
used.
Advantages of Kachakupi :
The outer surface of drug becomes soft, the vapours do not escape out, it does not
break suddenly during preparation of drug, drug can be separated easily and completely etc.
Nowadays beer bottles of green colour or amber colour are used in practice.
Valuka yantra167
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Rasa Sindoora
A loha bhanda having narrow base and wide mouth depending on the size of the Kupi
(1 taller than Kupi) should be prepared with 2 handles.
The circumference of Valuka Yantra should fit exactly over the hole of the
Agnibhatti.
It should fill 5 Adhaka sand and have a central hole of 2 to 2.5 cm at the bottom,
which should be closed with Abhraka Patra before keeping the Kupi during heating.
The dept of the vessel should be 1 vitasti pramana.
Clean sand of uniform granules is taken.
Bhatti 168
Presently the different varieties of Bhatti are in use:
Bhatti using the fire wood
Bhatti using the charcoal
Bhatti using as diesel
Electric muffel furnace
Gas furnace.
According to Acharyas Bhatti may be of any type but it should fulfill the following criteria.
1. The height of bhatti should be maintained so that the heat produced from the fuel
should properly reach the kupi and the medicine inside the kupi.
2. Air should freely enter into the bhatti for proper blowing of fire (in case of fire wood,
Charcoal is used as a fuel).
3. Smoke should not be formed inside the bhatti. It should be freely and properly
eliminated through the chimney attached to bhatti.
4. Heat should be radiated in upward direction and should not be leaking out and
sustained well. For this purpose recently fire clay is used.
5. The mouth of the bhatti over the top should hold the rim of valuka yantra exactly.
When the fire wood is used as a fuel for the bhatti the points to be considered are:
1. An iron mesh is fixed to the bhatti i.e. about a foot height from the ground level. The
advantage of this is, fire wood is kept on this mesh, so due to free entry of air, wood
properly burns out & ash gets collected at the bottom over the ground.
2. An outlet for smoke should be made at the side of the bhatti.
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Rasa Sindoora

3. Over the top at the centre a circular iron rim was placed which is of the circumference
equal to the circumference of valuka yantra. The advantage of this is fire will not
escape from top and kupi is protected from the chances of fire catch.
169
Cork
In Kupi Pakwa Rasayana procedure after complete evaporation of fumes and cessation
of flame Kupi mouth is closed with cork and is called Mudrana or Corking.
For this purpose any sticky substance which gets hardened with further heating and
which can properly fit the mouth of the Kupi are used. Cork can be made out of stone,
wood and mud.
Nowadays cork is plugged into the mouth of the bottle which is wrapped with the
cloth dipped in plaster of paris or Gopichandana.
PYROMETER:170
In the present study, pyrometer is used for recording the temperature of kupi during
kupi pakwa rasayana. Pyrometer is a contact type thermocouple which is being used for
recording higher degrees of temperature.
Pyrometer consists of K-type inconel thermocouple or sensor K-type with inconel S/S
sheath; compensating cable or extension wire and digital temperature indicator. Thermo
couples are most commonly used thermometers in practical situations. It is made up of
different combinations of metals and alloys. It consists of a pair of dissimilar electrical
conductors joined at two junctions. One junction is maintained at a reference temperature,
while the other is maintained at the unknown temperature (t). The temperature difference
produces a thermal emf (Electro motive force) which is measured by a potentiometer, precise
digital voltmeter or indicator digital / analog which converts emf to temperature. Extension
wires are made from material having nearly the same thermal emf properties as the original
thermocouple. Digital temperature Indicator is basically an electric device used to display the
temperature by getting emf signal from a thermocouple.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW
Though Ayurveda is having its unique analytical approach towards drugs, in present
era there is a necessity of modern analytical techniques.
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Rasa Sindoora

For analysis and standardization of Rasaoushadhis, knowledge of Analytical chemistry is
very much essential. So the Analytical methods adopted in the present Study and their
applications are reviewed.
Analysis means a detailed examination of substance in order to interpret or explain it.
Chemistry is concerned with the properties and interactions of the substances of which matter is
composed.
54
Analytical chemistry is a tool to gain information about the qualitative and

quantitative composition of substances and chemical species, i.e. to find out what a substance
is composed of and exactly how much.171
Qualitative Analysis: Information regarding the presence or absence of one or more
components of the sample.
Quantitative Analysis: Information which is finally obtained by measuring same physical
property that is characteristically related to the component.
Methods of Analysis:
1) Conventional Chemical analysis by volumetric & Gravimetric method analysis
2) Instrumental methods of analysis by using analytical instrumentation.
Advantages of
Chemical Methods
Instrumental Methods
Procedure is accurate and simple.
High sensitivity is obtained.
The equipment needed is cheap.
The determination is very fast.
Specialized training is usually not Even complex samples can be handled

required.
easily.
Limitations of
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Rasa Sindoora
Chemical Methods
Instrumental Methods
Accuracy decreases with decreasing

The cost of equipment is large.
amounts.
Procedure is time consuming
There is lack of specificity
Specialized training is needed.

The sensitivity and accuracy depends
on the instrument.
Importance of analytical chemistry: 172

Analytical chemistry has its impact on pharmaceutical research, quality control and in
clinical analysis.
Sensitive chemical and instrumental tests were employed to detect abnormal and normal
components of body fluids, chemical changes occurring in the metabolic fluids.
In pharmaceutical studies, it is important to establish the properties and therapeutic value
of a drug before the drug is available to public.
The analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is carried out
in two steps i.e. physical test and chemical test.
Physical test:
1) Determination of pH value :173
The pH value of a liquid is determined by means of a glass electrode and a pH meter.
Suitable glass electrode and pH meter of both potentiometer and deflection type are available.
The pH meter is an electronic digital voltmeter, scaled to read pH directly, and may
range from a comparatively simple hand held instrument, suitable for use is the filed, to more
elaborate bench models, often provided with a scale expansion facility, with a resolution of
0.001 pH unit and an accuracy of + 0.001 unit.
Mode of operation:
The general procedure adopted for operating pH meter is
Switch on and allow the instrument to warm up.
If the instrument is equipped with a manual temperature control, take the temperature
of the solutions & set the control to this value. Insert the electrode assembly into the
same beaker, and if available, set the selector switch of the instrument and read pH.
56

Rasa Sindoora
Adjust the Set buffer control until the meter reading agrees with the known pH of
the buffer solution.
Remove the electrode assembly, rinse in distilled water and place into a small beaker
containing a little of the second buffer solution. If the meter reading doesnt agree
exactly with the known pH, adjust the slope control with the required reading is
obtained.
Remove the electrode assembly rinse in distilled water, place in the first buffer
solution and confirm that the correct pH reading is shown on the meter.
Application:
Determination of total quantity of acid or base in same substances.
pH measurement of blood.
pH measurement of in-aqueous solvents.
2) Determination of Ash value174,175:.
Definition of Ash:
The residue remaining of incineration is the ash content of the drug. It Measures the
amount of carbon-free ash present in a prepared sample which represents the inorganic salts
naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of
adulteration.
Method:
Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after complete
incineration of the ground drug at as low temperature as possible (about 4500C) to remove all
the carbons. 2 to 3gms of the air dried crude drug has to be accurately weighed in the tared
platinum or Silica dish and incinerate at a temperature not exceeding 4500 C until free from
carbon, cool and weigh. If a carbon free ash cannot be obtained exhaust the charged mass
with hot water, residue to be collected on ash less fitter paper, incinerate the residue and filter
paper until the ash is white or nearly so percentage of ash to be calculated with reference to
the air-dried drug.
Applied aspect: Controlled incineration of crude results in an ash residue consisting of
inorganic material. The total ash usually consists of carbonates, phosphates, silicates and
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Rasa Sindoora

silica. This test can give an indication of the quality and purity of a product, as all organic
material will burn off leaving dirt, silica, etc.
3) Determination of Acid insoluble ash174,175:
Definition:
Acid insoluble ash is a part of total ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Method: The ash has to be boiled with 25 ml of dil. hydrochloric acid for 5minutes, the
insoluble matter to be collected in a Gooch crucible or an ash less filter paper, wash with hot
water and ignite to constant weight. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble ash with
reference to the air dried drug.
Applied aspect:
A high value of acid insoluble ash suggests the presence of sand, dust, dirt, stones, etc. that
get mixed during processing or are present in the parent material as contamination. The
higher value indicates inferior quality and low hygiene standards in the production process.
4) Determination of Water soluble ash:175

Method: Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in a
Gooch crucible or on ashless filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15 minutes at a
temperature not exceeding 4500C. Substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the
weight of the ash; the difference in the weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the
percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.
Applied aspect:
This acid insoluble ash particularly indicates absorbable percentage of any drug,
5) Determination of loss on drying at 1100C: 176
Method:
Weigh accurately about 2gm of drug in a nickel or silica crucible and dry in an air
over at 1100 till a constant weight is obtained. The difference is the two weighing gives loss
on drying calculate the % of loss on drying.
Applied aspect:
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Rasa Sindoora

This method is used to measure the amount of water content and other volatile
material in a sample upon drying or heat treatment.
Chemical tests:
It has been carried out to estimate the concentration of elements present in it.
Chemical tests are carried out basically by Volumetric, Gravimetric analysis and analytical
instruments.
A. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS177:
Definition: Volumetric method is an analysis which consists of determination of volume of
solution of accurately known concentration required to react completely with the solution of
substance to be determined.
Steps in quantitative analysis by volumetric method:
In volumetric method the steps involved in quantitative analysis are selection of
method of analysis, sampling, preparation of Sample solution, eliminating Interferences,
calibration, measurement calculation of results, evaluation of results and their reliability.
Classification of Volumetric Methods:
Volumetric methods involve the chemical reaction depending upon the type of
reaction involved. Volumetric methods have been classified as follows:
1. Neutralisation (Aqueous acid base) titration,
2. Non- aqueous titration
3. Precipitation titration
4. Complexometric titration
5. Redox titration
Applied aspect: Volumetric methods of Analysis are very Susceptible to high accuracy and
found to be a convenient means of qualitative and quantitative estimation of the elements.
In the present study Volumetric method was adopted for mercury% and sulfur%
estimation.
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS178
Definition:
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Rasa Sindoora

Gravimetric analysis by precipitation is the chemical analysis in which the
constituents of the substances in solution are determined by the measurement of weight of the
corresponding precipitate.
It is one among the branches of qualitative analysis and involves the separation of a
substance from the solution of the weighed sample composition. This analysis may be carried
out by precipitation electrode position and volatilization.
Principle:
Gravimetric analysis is concerned ultimately with the weighing of a substance that has
been either precipitated from the solution or volatilized and absorbed.
Traditional gravimetric determinations have been concerned with the transformation of

the element, ion or radical to be determined into a pure another chemical form that can be
readily qualified.
The mass of the element, ion or radical in the original substance can then be readily
calculated from aknowledge of the formula of the compound and the relative atomic
masses of the constituent elements.
Steps involved in Gravimetric analysis:
Precipitation of the desired constituent
Filtration
Drying
Weight of the precipitate
Applications:
Analysis of the standards which has to be used for the testing or calibration of
instrumental techniques.
Analysis requiring high occurrence, although the time consuming nature of gravimetry
limits this application to small numbers of determinations.
In the present study Gravimetric method is adopted for Sulphide estimation.
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ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE METHOD179

In the presenent study Ion selective electrode method is adopted for free mercury
analysis.
Principle:
Ion selective electrodes measure ion activities, the thermodynamically effective free
ion concentration. No oxidation reduction reactions are involved but involve ion exchange
process.
Instrumentation:
The construction of these electrodes is exactly similar to the pH responsive glass
electrode. They must of course be used in conjuction with reference electrode, and a silver
chloride electrode is usually preferred. Inner compartment of this electrode contains an
aqueous solution of known concentration of chloride of the metal ion to be determined; this
solution is also saturated with silver chloride and carries a silver electrode, which thus forms
a reference electrode.
Application:
Determination concentration of free metal ions in the sample.
Determination of metal ion concentration in the blood
TURBIDIMETRY180
In the present study this method was used to detect sulphate in Kajjali and Rasa
Sindoora.
Definition: Turbidimetry is based on the scattering of light by non-transparent particles
suspended in a solution.
Principle: Measurement of the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of the
concentration of the suspended particles forms the basis of turbidimetric analysis.
Instrumentation:
1. Sources: It is necessary to use sources providing high intensity monochromatic radiation
of wherever possible short wavelengths are used to increased the efficiency of rayleigh
scattering.
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2. Detectors : In turbidimeters, ordinary detectors such as photo tubes may be used.
3. Cells: Although we can use cylindrical cells, they must have flat faces where the entering
and exiting beams are to be passed.
4. Turbidimeters: Turbidimeter used is due pont model 430 which is more sensitive to low
concentrations of suspended particles than an ordinary turbidimeter.
Technique: The beam of light obtained from the lamp is allowed to pass through the
primary polarizer. This causes the incident beam to be plane polarized. Thus the plane
polarized light is passed through the sample. After passing through sample the beam gets
splitted up into two parts and the half silvered mirror and then detected with two separate
photocells. "A" shows maximum response, where as photocell be shows minimum or zero
response for the sample solutions having suspended particles. The ratio of signal "" to
signal "A" is considered to be a measure of the concentration of suspended particles with
the increase in the concentration of suspended particles in the sample. The response of
photocell "B" increases, while that of "A" decreases. Thus the ration of two signals is a
sensitive measures of turbidity.
Du pont model 430 turbidimeter is advantageous to use because it involves the double
beam arrangement which minimises the problem of absorption by the particles of the
solution.
Applications of turbidimetry:
1. In Inorganic analysis.
2. Bio-chemical analysis.
3. Turbidimetirc titrations
4. Phase titrations
X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD181

Definition: X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of
structural units of a substance in the crystalline state is known.
Principle:
The distance between each set of atomic planes (i.e inter atomic spaced) is
determined with the help of wave length () of x-ray beam and angle of diffraction ().by
applying Braggs Law (n = 2d sin ).
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No two substances have absolutely identical diffraction patterns. Thed spacings of
the ten most intense reflecting planes of atoms are calculated and results are compared with
the data of x-ray powder data file and identification of the sample is done.
Method:
Different methods available for x-ray diffraction are Lane photographic method,
Bragg x- ray spectrometer method, Rotating crystal method, and powder method. In the
present study, powder method of diffraction has been adopted.
Sample preparation:
The samples are ground to a fine, homogenous powder then placed in sample holder
or the specimen maybe mixed with a suitable non-crystalline binder and moulded into a
suitable shape.
As a result large number of small crystallites are oriented in all possible directions and
when x-ray beam traverses the material a significant number of particles are expected to be
oriented in such a manner that Braggs a equation for reflection from every possible inter
planar spacing becomes satisfied.
Advantages:
Rapid and accurate method for identifying the crystal structure.
Ease of sample preparation
Large library of known crystalline structure.
It is a non destructive method.
Limitations:
XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.
Trace element detection is often difficult.
Application
Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous
solid mixtures (such as our Kupi pakwa rasayanas and Bhasmas).
Determining relative abundance and actual state of chemical combination.
Only method available for determining polymorphs of a substance. The effect of
polymorphism on solubility is particularly important from pharmaceutical point of
view.
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Rasa Sindoora

Differentiation among various oxides. For e.g. difference between FeO, Fe2O3 &
Fe3O4 can be identified.
Identifying the various hydrates.
NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST (N.P.S.T.)182

In the year 1970 Namburi Hamumantha Rao from Andhra Pradesh perfected a new
technique called Namburi Phased Spot test for the analysis of coded Bhasma and Sindoora.
Principle: The basic idea of the spot test analysis seems similar to spot test or
chromatography described in modern pharmaceutical chemistry, but Namburi Phased Spot
test differs in measuring changes of colour and pattern at different time intervals.
Procedure: Whatman paper No.1 was impregnated with a suitable reagent and dried
carefully on a clean glass sheet. About 0.25 gm of the sample (to be tested) was taken in a
test tube and suitable reagent was added. The solution was slightly heated for a minute and
allowed to settle down for 24 hours shaking vigorously at frequent intervals. A drop of this
suppressant solution was carefully put with the help of dropper on the above impregnated
whatman paper. As the drop comes in contact with the paper on instantaneous characteristic
spot begins to develop and changes with the time. The change of colours and the pattern of
the spot at 3 different phases at 3 different time intervals i.e., 0 minutes, 5 minutes 20 minutes
are to be recorded.
Application :
In Namburi Phased Spot test sensitivity of reactions at different time intervals is

measured unlike the chromatography of chemistry.
The continual chemical reactions taking place gradually between 2 chemical substances
on static media at fraction of second are easily detected by their distinct colour changes
the pattern of spot which is specific to each Rasa formulation, as the standard.
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PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

(By Laser Diffraction Method)183
Introduction:
Many different techniques have been devised for determining particle size
distribution, but for a wide range of industries laser diffraction has become the preferred
choice. Laser diffraction, can be used for the non-destructive analysis of wet or dry samples,
with particles in the size range 0.02 to 2000 micron.
Principle:
Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies on the fact that particles passing
through a laser beam will scatter light at an angle that is directly related to their size. As
particle size decreases, the observed scattering angle increases logarithmically. Large
particles therefore scatter light at narrow angles with high intensity whereas small particles
scatter at wider angles but with low intensity.
Instrumentation:
A typical system consists of a laser, to provide a source of coherent, intense light of
fixed wavelength; a series of detectors to measure the light pattern produced over a wide
range of angles; and some kind of sample presentation system to ensure that material under
test passes through the laser beam as a homogeneous stream of particles in a known,
reproducible state of dispersion. The smaller wavelength of light (e.g. blue light sources)
provides improved sensitivity to sub-micron particles.
Particle Size Calculations:
In laser diffraction, particle size distributions are calculated by comparing a samples
scattering pattern with an appropriate optical model. Traditionally two different models are
used: the Fraunhofer Approximation and Mie Theory. Mie Theory is considered to be
superior.
Advantages of Laser diffraction technique:
It is a non-destructive, non-intrusive method.
It measure particles in the range from 0.02 micron to a few millimetres
The technique is equally applicable to dry or wet samples, sprays, dry powders,
suspensions and emulsions,
Rapid data acquisition a single measurement across the entire dynamic range can be
made in 0.4 milliseconds.
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PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
This section deals with preparation of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna
baliyukta Kajjali, Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora.
Aims and Objectives:
The main aim of the present study is to prepare SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR
postgraduate Pharmacy section of Taranath Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bellary.
The objective includes:
i. Selection of Raw Materials.
ii. Shodhana of Raw Materials
iii. Extraction of Parada from Hingula.
iv. Preparation of SK and TK,
v. Preparation of SBJR and TBJR.
The materials and methods used were based on Rasa Shastra literature and depending
on the practical experience.
Materials:
This includes
i. Major raw drugs.
ii. Associated Raw drugs
iii. Major equipments and associated equipments
Major Drugs:
The major Raw materials Hingula and Gandhaka were collected based on the Grahya
Agrahya Lakshnas mentioned in Rasa Classics.
i. Hingula : 1000 gms Hingula was collected from Amrit Kesari depot, Bangalore,
Which was dark red in colour, heavy with silvery white shining lines on the surface.
ii. Gandhaka : 1000 gms of Gandhaka which was yellow, crystalline, with smooth
surface and strong sulphur odour, was collected from Amrit Kesari shop Bangalore.
Associated Drugs:
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Rasa Sindoora
i. Nimbu: Collected from local market, Bellary.
ii. Milk: Fresh cow milk was collected daily for Gandhaka Shodhana.
iii. Vatankura: Fresh vatankura was collected from Bellary and juice was extracted.
Equipments:
The yantras required were Khalva Yantra, Valuka Yantra, Kacha Kupi, Bhatti etc.
Associated equipments:
These include earthen pot, gas stove, knife, juice extractor, utensils, spatula, beakers,
multani mitti, wood, loha shalakas, match stick, mud cork, funnel etc.,
Method:
The whole method of preparation includes:
i. Shodhana of Raw materials.
ii. Extraction of Parada from Hingula.
iii. Preparation of SK and TK,
iv. Preparation of SBJR and TBJR,
PRACTICAL NO: 1
Name of The Experiment
Hingulottha parada184
[Extraction of parada from hingula]
Date of Commencement
18/09/07
Date of Completion
15/10/07
Materials
Hingula, 800gms.
Nimbu Rasa 150ml.
Equipments
Damaruyantra,
spatula,
cloth,
khalvayantra,
multanimitti,
juicer,
gas
knife,
stove,cold
water, cotton cloth.
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Procedure:
Hingula weighing 800gms was taken in a khalva yantra, powdered finely.
To this 100ml of nimbu swarasa was added, mixed well and trituration was started.
Further 50ml of nimbu swarasa was added as and when needed and trituration was done
continuously for 12 hrs.
After getting the proper consistency, chakrikas were made, about the size of 3-4cm in
diameter, 2-3 mm in thickness.
The chakrikas were then allowed for drying under shade.
Then only 150gms of chakrikas were kept in an earthen pot and another pot of same size
and shape was placed over it invertedly.
Sandhi bandhana was done with a cloth smeared with multanimitti and dried.
Totally seven layers of sandhibandhana done after drying of earlier one.
Thus made damaru yantra was kept over the gas stove and mridu agni was given for 3hrs
of madhyamagni and next 3hrs of teevragni. Mean while the upper part of the pot was
kept cool by frequent changing of cotton cloth dipped in cold water.
Heat was given continuously for 6hrs.
Then it was allowed for self cooling.
After self cooling the sandhibandhana was carefully removed.
The two pots were separated and in the inner surface of the upper pot parada was
sublimated along with black soot which was scrapped and collected. And filtered through
the double folded cloth until parada appeared silvery shining.
The same procedure was repeated for three times.
Observations:
After 15mins trituration with nimbuswarasa, the red colour Hingula became brick red and
during trituration white streaks were appeared.
Chakrikas of Hingula after drying appeared dark reddish of Sindoora colour with smooth
surface
After complete cooling of damaru yantra the two pots were separated, the mercury
globules with the black soot were seen in the inner surface of upper pot.
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In the lower pot 30gms of half burnt Hingula was recovered. At the centre of the lower
pot Hingula was burnt completely, but at the sides little quantities of red coloured
material was still present.
Precautions:
Hingula was finely powdered before adding nimbuswarasa.
During mardana with nimbuswarasa spilling of material was avoided.
The chakrikas of hingula were kept in damaruyantra only after complete drying.
During the whole procedure the upper pot was kept cool by placing wet cotton
cloth frequently.
Table No16: Showing weight changes during extraction of Parada from Hingula
Date
Weight of Hingula
before procedure
Unburnt
Hingula
Parada
extracted
18.09.2007
200gms
32.5gms
123gms
08.10.2007
200gms
34gms
113gms
15.10.2007
200gms
37.5gms
109gms
25.10.2007
200gms
33gms
120gms
Results:
Weight of hingula before procedure
:800gms
Weight of half burnt hingula
:137gms
Weight of extracted parada
:465gms
PRACTICAL NO: 2
Name of the practical
Samanya Shodhana of Parada185
28.12.2007.
Date of Completion
30.12.2007.
Materials
Hingulatkrusta Parada-465gms
Haridra Churna30 gms
Equipments
Khalva Yantra,
Procedure: 465 gms of Hingulakrusta parada was taken into a porcelain mortar and 30 gms
of Haridra churna was added & triturated for 2 days and allowed for drying. After complete
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drying, powder was collected and filtered through the double folded cloth for 4 times and
washed with Kanji.
Observations:
Yellow haridra churna turned to brilliant green Asian paints at (208-4) on trituration.
Slowly parada turned into small droplets and mixed with haridra powder completely.
Powder was glittering on exposing to sunlight.
Little quantity of parada along with haridra choorna got adhered to the mortar and pestle.
Finally the collected mercury was white and silvery.
Precautions:
Throughout the procedure spillage of the material from khalva yantra is avoided.
Filtration should be carried out after the complete mixture of parada and haridra.
Small quantity of mixture (20-30 gms) each time should be filtered through double folded
cloth.
Table No 17: Showing weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada
Parada
Shodhana
Hingulak
rusta
Parada
Haridra
Choorna
Shuddha
Parada
Loss
during
Shodhana
465 gms
30 gms
458 gms
7 gms
PRACTICAL NO: 3
: Gandhaka shodhana110.
Date of commencement
: 25-10-2007
Date of completion
: 28-10-2007
Materials
: Gandhaka 1000gms
: Godugdha 12 liters
: Hot water for washing.
Equipments: Khalva yantra, Mrit patra, Cloth, Thread, Loha sharava, Camphor,
Match
box, Cow dung cakes 98 in total.

Method:
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500gms of Gandhaka was coarsely powdered in a khalwa yantra.
2 liters of fresh cows milk was taken in earthen vessel, mouth of which was covered with
a single layer of clean cotton cloth and tied properly with a thread.
Powdered Gandhaka was then spread over this cloth and pot was kept in a pit having the
sufficient depth to fit the pot up to its neck.
A Loha sharava was kept covered over the mouth of this pot, without touching the mouth
of the pot.
18 cow dung cakes were spread over this sharava and fire was set with help of camphor.
After swanga sheetha the pot was removed out from the pit, cloth tied over the mouth was
removed, granules of shodhita Gandhaka which were immersed in the milk were
separated, washed with hot water thoroughly and dried under shade.
This procedure was repeated for 2 times by using fresh cows milk.
For remaining 500 gm of raw Gandhaka, same procedure was followed.
Table No. 18. Showing observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch)
Date
Quantity of
milk taken
No. of
Vanopalas
used
Wt. of
Gandhaka
taken
Wt. of Shuddha
Gandhaka
obtained
Time taken
for Swanga
Sheeta
25.10.2007
2 ltrs.
18
500 gm
480 gm
4 1/2hrs
26.10.2007
2 ltrs.
16
480 gm
466 gm
4hrs
27.10.2007
2 ltrs.
15
466 gm
457 gm
4 hrs
Table No. 19. Showing observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch)
Date
Quantity of
milk taken
No. of
Vanopalas
used
Wt. of
Gandhaka
taken
29.10.2007
2 ltrs
18
500 gms
Wt. of
Shuddha
Gandhaka
obtained
480 gms
30.10.2007
2 ltrs
16
480 gms
465 gms
4 hours
31.10.2007
2 ltrs
15
465 gms
450 gms
4 hours
Time taken
for Swanga
Sheeta
5 Hours
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Rasa Sindoora
Table No. 20. Showing physical changes during Gandhaka Shodhana
Particulars
Colour of Sulphur
Before Shodhana
Yellow
After Shodhana
Pale yellow
Form of Sulphur
Crystalline
Granular
Smell of milk
No Smell
Smell of Sulphur
Colour of milk
White
Yellowish white
Observations:
All the mud particles and dust which was present in Gandhaka was separated out over the
cloth during the first procedure.
Shodhita Gandhaka was in granular form and few were streak like, fully immersed in the
milk. Few granules were seen floating on the milk.
Shodhita Gandhaka was of bright yellow coloured and shiny.
The number of cow dung cakes used were decreased from 1st to 3rd procedure, the heat of
which was sufficient to melt the Gandhaka.
Precautions:
Fresh cows milk was used for each procedure, Quantity of milk was sufficient so that
Gandhaka granules were completely immersed in it.
Pit was dug sufficiently big so that the pot can be kept till its neck inside the pit.
Loha sharava was kept over the pot so that it was not touching the mouth of the pot/cloth.
After each procedure Gandhaka was washed with hot water till the remnants of milk was
removed completely and after each procedure it was dried well.
Table No. 21. Showing weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana
Weight of
Gandhaka
Raw
I Batch
II Batch
Total
500 gms
500 gms
1000 gms
Shodhit
457 gms
450 gms
907 gms
Loss after shodhana
43 gms
50 gms
93 gms
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Rasa Sindoora
PRACTICAL NO: 4
:Preparation of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali37
20.11.2008.
Date of completion
25.01.2008.
Materials
Hingulotha parada 300 gms

Shuddha Gandhaka 300 gms
Apparatus
Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.
Procedure:
300 gms of Hingulotha parada was put in Khalva, to this finely powdered Shodhita
Gandhaka was added and triturated.
Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali lakshanas were
observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black, smooth, lusterless powder.
Observations:
As soon as trituration started, at the centre of the Khalwa, sulfur in contact with the
mercury attained yellowish grey colour.
After 5 minutes of trituration, smaller mercury globules got separated from central
bigger globule.
After 10 minutes yellow colour of Gandhaka changed to yellowish green.
After 15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared grey coloured and tailing of mercury
was seen.
After 25 minutes mixture appeared super grey coloured with small shiny globules.
After 40 minutes mixture appeared cement coloured between which yellow streaks
were seen while triturating.
No mercury globules were seen after 1 hour of mardana. Shining was present, mixture
was Cairo dust colour (Asian paints premium Emulsion).
After 2 hours mixture appeared blackish Grey coloured.
After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish coloured. Shiny particles were
observed.
After 18 hours mixture appeared black coloured. Tests of Kajjali i.e., Rekhapurnatva,
Varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.
Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 40 hours.
73
Rasa Sindoora
After 55 hours Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the compound.
Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 72 hours of Mardana
Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.
After 80 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made wet then
rubbed and was exposed to sunlight, shining particles were observed.
Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.
After 100 hours, shining particles were reduced in number.
After 120 hours, about 8 to10 shining particles were counted.
For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued upto 130
hours.
Average to & fro movements of peshani were 14-15 times/ minute.
Table No.22:
Showing different phases of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali during
preparation.
Hours
Observations
At 0 minute
Parada + Gandhaka
After 10 minutes
Gandhaka changed to yellowish green
After 15 minutes
Tailing of Parada observed
After 25 minutes
Grey colour with mercury globules
After 40 minutes
Dark grey colour with yellow streaks
After 1 Hour
Absence of Parada globules
After 2 Hours
It turned to blackish Grey
After 6 Hours
Blackish colour with shiny particles
After 18 Hours
Test for Kajjali was absent
After 40 Hours
It turned to black fine powder
After 55 Hours
Attained Rakhapurnatva and Shlakshnatva
After 72 Hours
Varitara and unama tests were positive
After 100 Hours
Shining particles were still present
After 120 Hours
8-10 shining particles were counted.
After 130 Hours
Showed completion of Kajjali lakshanas.
Table No. 23:Showing Physical properties of Kajjali

74
Rasa Sindoora
Color
Black
Form
Fine powder
Taste
Tasteless
Odour
Sulphur
Touch
Soft and smooth
Appearance
Anjana sadrush
Precautions:
Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.
Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.
Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.
The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise /Anti Clockwise
direction.
Khalwa should be kept covered when the work is not in progress.
Results:
Quantity of Shuddha Parada
300 gms
Quantity of Shuddha Gandhaka
300 gms
Weight of Kajjali
580 gms
Loss of weight
20 gms
PRACTICAL NO: 5
Name of the practical :Bhavana of vatankura swarasa to Samaguna baliyukta kajjali37
Date of commencement : 27.01.2008
Date of completion
: 30.01.2008
Drugs used
: Kajjali-580 gm,
Vatankura swarasa-150ml.
Apparatus
: Khalwa yantra, Mixer grinder, Spatula and filter.
Procedure:
Kajjali was taken, to this 150 ml vatankura swarasa was added, mixed well and left over
night for soaking in khalva yantra.
The next day mardana was carried out till it gets completely dried, finely powdered and
stored in a glass container.
75
Rasa Sindoora
Observations:
Vatankura was greenish red in colour.
Vatankura was grounded in mixer grinder and swarasa was extracted by squeezing
through cloth.
The Colour of Vatankura Swarasa was dull red or poppy (Asian paints premium
Emulsion) and Kashaya rasa predominantly, non sticky in consistency, facilitated the easy
trituration.
For complete wetting of Kajjali vatankura Swarasa required was 70 ml.
Trituration was carried out until the subhavita Lakshanas were observed.
After complete drying, it attained typical smell of vatankura swarasa.
Precautions:
Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before the process started.
Adding Vatankura swarasa in according to the need i.e., Swarasa must be sufficient to
soak the Kajjali.
The pestle should move entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti clockwise
direction.
Trituration should be carried out until the kajjali is completely devoid of liquidity.
Result:
Initial weight of Kajjali
580 gms
Weight of Vatankura swarasa Bhavita Kajjali
588 gms
Weight gained
08 gms
PRACTICAL NO: 6
Preparation of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali34
01.02.2008.
Date of completion
13.03.2008.
Drugs used
Hingulotha parada 150 gms

Shuddha Gandhaka 450 gms
Apparatus
Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.
76
Rasa Sindoora
Procedure:
150 gms of Hingulotha parada was put in Khalva, to this finely powdered Shodhita
Gandhaka was added and triturated.
Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali lakshanas were
observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black, smooth, lusterless powder.
Observations:
As soon as trituration started, sulfur in contact with the mercury attained yellowish grey
colour and mercury globules were started appearing.
After 5 minutes of trituration mercury globules were mixed with sulfur, leaving major
quantity of mercury at the centre.
After 10 minutes yellow colour Gandhaka was started changing to yellowish green. After
15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared blackish yellow colored and tailing of mercury
was seen.
After 25 minutes mixture appeared super grey coloured with small shiny globules.
After 40 minutes mixture appeared cement coloured between which yellow streaks were
seen while triturating.
No mercury was seen at the centre of mortar after 45 minutes of mardana. Shining was
present, mixture was Cairo dust colour (Asian paints premium Emulsion). After 2 hours,
mixture appeared blackish grey coloured.
After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish coloured. Shiny particles were
observed.
After 18 hours mixture appeared black coloured. Tests of Kajjali i.e., Rekhapurnatva,
varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.
Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 32 hours.
After 45 hours, complete Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the

compound.
Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 60 hours of Mardana
Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.
After 80 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made wet then rubbed
and was exposed to sunlight, shining particles were observed.
77
Rasa Sindoora
Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.
After 100 hours, 5 to 8 shining particles were counted.
For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued upto 110 hours and
no shining particles were seen.
Average to & fro movements of peshani were 20-22 times/ minute

Table No 24: Showing different phases of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali during preparation.
Hours
Observations
At 0 minute
Parada + Gandhaka
After 10 minutes
Gandhaka changed to yellowish green
After 15 minutes
Tailing of Parada observed
After 25 minutes
Grey colour with shiny globules
After 40 minutes
Cement colour with yellow streaks
After 45 minutes
Absence of mercury at the centre of the morter
After 2 Hours
It turned to blackish Grey
After 6 Hours
Blackish colour with shiny particles
After 18 Hours
Test for Kajjali was absent
After 32 Hours
It turned to black fine powder
After 45 Hours
Attained Rekhapurnatva and Shlakshnatva
After 60 Hours
After 80 Hours
Shining particles were present.
After 100 hours
5 -8 shining particles were counted
After 110 Hours
Showed completion of Kajjali lakshanas.
Table No. 25: Showing Physical properties of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali

Color
Black
Form
Fine powder
Taste
Tasteless
Odour
Sulphur
Touch
Soft and smooth
Appearance
Anjana sadrush
78
Rasa Sindoora
Precautions:
Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.
Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.
Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.
The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise /Anti Clockwise
direction.
Khalwa should be kept covered when the work is not in progress.
Results:
Quantity of Shuddha Parada
150 gms
Quantity of Shuddha Gandhaka
450 gms
Weight of Kajjali
555 gms
Loss of weight
45 gms
PRACTICAL NO: 7
:Bhavana of vatankura swarasa to Triguna baliyukta

Kajjali
: 14.03.2008
Date of completion
: 17.03.2008
Drugs used
: Kajjali-555 gms
vatanura Swarasa- 200ml.
Apparatus
: Khalwa yantra, Mixer grinder, Spatula and filter.
Procedure:
Kajjali was taken; to this 200 ml vatankura swarasa was added, mixed well and left over
night for soaking in khalva yantra.
The next day mardana was carried out till it gets completely dried; it was then finely
powdered and stored in a glass container.
Observations:
Vatankura was greenish red in colour.
Vatankura was grounded in mixer grinder and swarasa was extracted by squeezing
through cloth.
79
Rasa Sindoora
The Colour of vatanura Swarasa was dull red or poppy (Asian paints premium Emulsion)
and Kashaya rasa predominantly, non sticky in consistency, facilitated the easy
trituration.
For complete wetting of Kajjali vatankura Swarasa required was 100 ml.
Trituration was carried out until the subhavita Lakshanas were observed.
After complete drying, it attained typical smell of vatankura swarasa.
Precautions:
Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before the process started.
Adding Vatankura swarasa in according to the need i.e., Swarasa must be sufficient to
soak the Kajjali.
The pestle should move entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti clockwise
direction.
Trituration was carried out until the kajjali is completely devoid of liquidity.
Result :
Initial weight of Kajjali
555 gms
Weight of Vatankura swarasa Bhavita Kajjali
565 gms
Weight gained
10 gms
PREPARATION OF
SAMAGUNA AND TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

The whole procedure of Rasasindoora was categorized under 3 headings :
1. Purva Karma (Pre-procedural)
2. Pradhana Karma (Procedural)
3. Paschat Karma (post procedural)
1. Purva Krama :
a. Preparation of Kacha Kupi
b. Filling of Kajjali into Kachakupi
c. Placing of Kacha Kupi in Valuka Yantra
2. Pradhana Krama :
a. Heating Schedule (Kramagni tapa)
b. Observation and recording of temperature
80
Rasa Sindoora
c. Corking of Kacha Kupi and self cooling of the apparatus.
3. Pashchat Karma ;
a. Removal of Kacha Kupi from Valuka Yantra.
b. Breaking of Kach Kupi.
c. Collection of Final Product.
PRACTICAL NO: 8 Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
Practical No- 8A
Name of the Experiment
Preparation of Kacha Kupi
07/02/08
Date of completion
15/02/08
Materials
A green colored beer bottle, Cloth,

Gopichandana, Water, Scissors
Procedure:
A green colored glassy beer bottle of 750 ml capacity was selected. It was washed and
dried properly.
A cloth piece of 6 cm length and breadth; smeared with gopichandana was applied
over the bottom of the bottle and dried.
Next the body of the bottle was wrapped with the cloth, measuring 116 cm 4 cm
length and breadth respectively which was smeared with paste of gopichandana. It
was covered in circular fashion starting from bottom upto the mouth of the bottle.
Allowed to dry well.
Next day, after complete drying, another cloth strip smeared with gopichandana was
applied over the former layer.
The body of the bottle was wrapped totally with 7 layers and the bottom with 8 layers.
Observations:
Kupi went on becoming thicker and thicker.
It took 24 hrs for each layer to dry.
Precautions:
Glass bottle was selected in which there was no air bubble.
Each layer was put after complete drying of previous one.
Tight packing was done especially over bottom.

81

Rasa Sindoora
PRACTICAL NO: 8B
:Kupi purana with samguna baliyukta kajjali156
: 24/06/08
Date of completion
: 24/06/08
Materials
: prepared kupi, funnel, weighing

Machine, samaguna baliyukta kajjali.
Procedure:
A glass funnel was kept over the mouth of the bottle.
Kupi was filled slowly with prepared 150 gms of kajjali.
Precautions:
Kajjali was again triturated for half an hour before filling the kupi.
Inner aspect of the kupi was cleaned and dried properly with a clean cloth tied over a
stick.
Care was taken to spread the kajjali uniformly inside the kupi.
PRACTICAL NO: 8C
Placing of Kupi in Valuka yantra
24/06/08
Date of completion
24/06/08
Materials
Valuka yantra, sand, sieve, Abhraka patra, bottle

filled with Samaguna baliyukta kajjali
Procedure:
A conical shaped Valuka yantra with the following measurement was taken:
Height - 24 cm and Circumference - 93 cm at top, 80 cm at bottom
At the centre of the base it was having a hole of 2cm in diameter. It was having two
strong handles fixed on both sides of its mouth which had a circular rim, which fits
exactly on the iron ring of bhatti.
This valuka yantra was properly placed in the Bhatti.
The hole at the centre of base of vessel was closed with two abhraka patras of 4 cm
width and 1.5 cm thickness.
82

Rasa Sindoora
Now, Valuka which was cleaned, dried, filtered through mesh No.20 was poured in
Valuka Yantra over the Abraka patra, for a height of two angula.
Kupi with kajjali was kept over it and tip of the thermocouple was placed at the level
of base of the kupi.
Then whole of the Valuka yantra was filled with valuka up to kanta bhaga of kupi.
The valuka yantra required 18 kg of valuka.
Precautions:
Care was taken to avoid fall of sand into kupi, while filling sand in the valuka
yantra.
Kupi and thermocouple were kept straight.
Valuka used was free from mud particles.
PRACTICAL NO-8D
Name Of the Experiment
Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora37.
25/06/08
Date of completion
27/06/08
Materials: Bhatti, valuka yantra, Karpoora, match box, wood, pyrometer, shalaka, cloth,
torch, copper coin etc.
Procedure:
After keeping the entire apparatus ready, Pooja was done, by chanting "Aghora
mantra".
With help of karpoora fire was set by 10.30 am.
Temperature was recorded for every 5 minutes with the help of Pyrometre.
Gradual increase in temperature was maintained throughout the procedure.
For the first two hours mrudvagni was given. The temperature was maintained
between 2000C - 2500C.
Next for 4 hours the temperature was gradually raised to madyamagni i.e, between
2500 C- 4500C.
83
Rasa Sindoora
Next for 6 hours teevragni is maintained, temperature varying between 4500C 6500C. During this period neck of the bottle frequently cleared by red hot shalaka.
Flames ceased after 10 hours. Sooryodaya laxana was observed after 11 hours, then
sand around the neck was removed and burning coal was also taken out to reduce the
temperature.
Mukhamudrana was done after 12 hours by placing the cork and then it was tightly
wrapped with the mud smeared cloth.
Again teevragni is maintained for next three hours.
Then the apparatus was allowed to cool on its own.
Table No26: Showing observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasa Sindoora.
Date
Time
Duration
Temp
Observations
25/06/08 10.30am
0 hour
290C
Agni started.
11.40 am
1 hour
1850C
Light fumes started. Kajjali can be
seen through the torch light.
12.30 pm
2hours
2440C
Dense white fumes appeared.
Unable to see the kajjali through the
torch light
2.30 hours
2680C
Sheeta shalaka was inserted and to
1.05 pm
its tip dull blackish material got
adhered, suggesting the initiation of
melting.
2.10 pm
3.30 hours
3280C
Slight yellow fumes were seen.
3.00 pm
4.30 hours
3530C
Dense
yellow
fumes
were
persisting.
3.55 pm
5 hours
3990C
Partially melted material was seen
as the thick fumes were reduced.
4.20 pm
5.30 hours
5030C
Liquification of the material started,
material was in semisolid state.
5.00 pm
6.30 hours
5690C
Material completely melted
0
5.50 pm
7 hours
581 C
Material started boiling, hot shalaka
inserted, flame raised to 3.5 inch
height above the kupi, dancing of
the mercury is observed, and blue
flame persisted after taking out the
shalaka.
6.10 pm
7.30 hours
6190C
While inserting the hot shalaka
flame raised up to the height of one
foot.
6.30 pm
8 hours
5920C
Blue flame still exists.
7.30 pm
9 hours
5790C
Hot shalaka insertion continued to
remove the choking of sulfur, blue
84
Rasa Sindoora
8.35 pm
10 hours
5570C
9.50 pm
11 hours
6080C
10.30 pm
12 hours
5600C
1.30am
15 hours
6680C
27/06/08
flame still persists.

Blue flame was ceased. Small
amount of product was taken out
rubbed over a porcelain mortar and
it yielded red color.
Light fumes were observed.
Sooryodaya laxana was present.
Greyish discoloration was observed
over the copper coin.
Mukhamudrana
was
done.
Teevragni was started.
Teevragni was stopped.
Precautions:
Valuka Yantra should be placed firmly over the rim of the Bhatti.
The thermocouple of pyrometer should be inserted properly in Valuka Yantra.
The maintenance of temperature was done carefully with the help of pyrometer.
Steady rise in temperature was maintained.
Care was taken while inserting hot shalaka.
Corking should be done after cessation of fumes, flame and appearance of Suryodaya
lakshanas.
Copper coin test, Sindhura test should also be done before corking to confirm Aushadhi
sidda laxanas.
Mud cork was scraped properly in such a way that it should fit exactly to the inner surface
of the mouth of the Kupi.
The sand was removed upto Kanta Bhaga before corking.
The Kacha Kupi should be taken out from Valuka Yantra only after it was cooled on its
own.
PRACTICAL NO: 8E
Name of Practical
Breaking of kupi162
27/06/2008
Date of Completion
27/06/2008
Materials
Knife, Thread, Kerosene, Matchbox, Kupi

containing SBJR, clean container.
Procedure:
85
Rasa Sindoora
The bottle was carefully removed from the valuka yantra. The outer layer of the bottle
was scrapped carefully with the help of a knife to remove the gopi chandana coating. The
kerosene dipped thread was tied around the bottle, 2-3 inches below the circular rim of the
product and was set to fire. When the thread burned, it was wrapped with the wet cloth then
the bottle broke into two halves. Rasasindhoora was obtained as a whole block just by
tapping the bottle
Observations:
After taking out the Kupi from Valuka Yantra, the upper portion was black in colour.
After complete removal of layers the bottle was cleared then shiny and dark colour
sublimated product was observed.
There was a thick collection of medicine in the neck region, where as the lower portion
contained grey coloured residue.
Block of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora was shiny greyish red coloured.
Precautions:
The bottle was separated into two halves only after the breaking noise and no force was
applied to separate the bottle.
The upper part of bottle should tap carefully so that bottle should not crack.
The Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora was weighed and procured in airtight container.
Results:
Total hours of preparation
-15 hours
The amount of Kajjali taken
-150 gm
The amount of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora obtained
- 79 gm
The amount of residue at the bottom
- 1 gm
Loss of weight
- 70 gm.
86
Rasa Sindoora
Graph
1:
showing
Hours
v/s
Temp
of
Samaguna
balijeerna
Rasasindoora

800
700
Temp in 0C
600
550
615
608 590
575 592 593
650 668 650
510 517
500
421
400
311
300
347
244
200
176
100
29
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Hours
Descriptive Statistics:
Mean
: 464.824
Std Dev
:184.868
Std. Error
: 44.837
Median
: 540.000
PRACTICAL NO: 9 Preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

PRACTICAL NO: 9A
Preparation of Kacha Kupi
07/02/08
Date of completion
15/02/08
Materials
A green colored beer bottle, Cloth,

Gopichandana, Water, Scissors
Procedure: Same as practical no: 8A

Observations: Same as practical no: 8A
Precautions: Same as practical no: 8A
87
Rasa Sindoora
PRACTICAL NO: 9B
Name Of the Experiment
:Kupi purana with Triguna baliyukta kajjali 156
: 18/03/08
Date of completion
: 18/03/08
Materials
: 150 gm of Triguna baliyukta kajjali

Prepared kupi, funnel, weighing machine.
Procedure: Same as practical no: 8B

Observations: Same as practical no: 8B
Precautions: Same as practical no: 8B
PRACTICAL NO: 9C
: Placing of Kupi in Valuka yantra
: 18/03/08
Date of completion
: 18/03/08
Materials
: An iron vessel, sand, sieve, Abhraka patra, bottle

filled with Triguna baliyukta kajjali.
Procedure: Same as practical no: 8C

Observations: Same as practical no: 8C
Precautions: Same as practical no: 8C
PRACTICAL NO: 9D
: Preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora34.
: 18/03/08
Date of completion
: 20/03/08
Materials: Bhatti, valuka yantra, Karpoora, match box, wood, pyrometer, shalaka, cloth,
torch, copper coin etc.
Procedure:
Preparation was started with pooja and chanting "Aghora mantra".
With help of camphor fire was set by 8.00 pm.
Temperature was recorded for every 15 minutes with the help of Pyrometer.
Heat was given by gradual increase in temperature.

88

Rasa Sindoora
For the first six hours mridvagni was given. The temperature was maintained
between 2000C - 2500C.
Next for seventeen hours the temperature was gradually rais ed to madyamagni i.e,
between 2500 C- 4500C.
Next for ten hours teevragni is maintained, temperature varying between 4500C 6500C. During this period neck of the bottle frequently cleared by red hot shalaka.
Flame was ceased after 26 hours. Sooryodaya laxana was observed after 28 hours 30
minutes.
Copper coin test, sindoora test and sheeta shalaka test were positive, indicating
aushadhi siddha laxanas.
Sand around the neck was removed and burning coal was also taken out to reduce the
temperature.
Mukhamudrana was done after 33 hours by placing the cork and then it was tightly
wrapped with the mud smeared cloth.
Again teevragni is maintained for next six hours.

Then the apparatus was allowed to cool on its own.
Precautions: Same as practical No 8D

Table No 27: Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora.
Date
Time
Duration
Temp
Observation
18/03/08 8.00pm
0 hour
300C
Agni started
9.30pm
1.30 hours
2180C
Very light white fumes were
observed inside the kupi.
11.00pm
3hours
1910C
White fumes coming out of kupi
19/03/08 3.30am
7.30hours
2970C
Yellow fumes are started
0
4.30am
8.30hours
282 C
Dense yellow fumes were observed
6.00am
10 hours
3080C
12.30pm
16.30 hours
3510C
1.30pm
17.30 hours
3570C
4.00pm
20 hours
4100C
4.35pm
20.30 hours
4450C
Material can be seen through torch,

liquification started.
Bubbles appeared one after other on
the surface of liquefying material
Thick semisolid product adhered to
sheeta shalaka
Bubbling still present along with
slight sulfur fumes
Kajjali completely melted.
89

Rasa Sindoora
20/03/08
5.00pm
21 hours
4480C
6.10pm
22 hours
4600C
6.30pm
7.00pm
22.30 hours
23 hours
4670C
4690C
8.00pm
8.45pm
24 hours
24.30 hours
5150C
5100C
9.00pm
25 hours
5090C
9.50pm
25.30 hours
4870C
10.15pm
26 hours
5000C
12.45am
28.30 hours
5900C
4.50am
32.30 hours
6300C
5.00am
11.00am
33 hours
39 hours
6200C
6310C
Movement of the molten kajjali was

appreciated through torch.
Dark reddish shining boiling
material seen through torch light.
Thick yellow fumes inside the kupi.
Inserted hot shalaka. 5 inch height
flame appeared.
Dense yellow fumes persisting.
Insertion of hot shalaka continued.
Blue flame appeared at the mouth of
the kupi & dancing of mercury is
observed after taking out the
shalaka.
After inserting hot shalaka 10 inch
height flame emerged.
Little product rubbed in porcelain
mortar which yielded red colour.
Blue flame still persists.
Extinction of blue flame. Dense
sulphur fumes still persist.
Sooryodaya laxana appeared. Fumes
still persist.
Grayish discoloration of copper
coin. Sheeta shalaka inserted, light
fumes emerged out of it. Product
adhered to it was non sticky.
Corking was done.
Temperature recording carried out
for 6 hours.
PRACTICAL NO: 9E
Name of Practical
Breaking of kupi 162
21/03/2008
Date of Completion
21/03/2008
Materials
Knife, Thread, Kerosene, Matchbox, Bottle

containing TBJR, clean container.
Procedure: Same as practical No 8E

Observations:
After taking out the Kupi from Valuka Yantra, upper portion of kupi was black in colour.
After complete removal of layers, the bottle was cleared; shiny and dark colour sublimate
was observed at the neck region of kupi.
90
Rasa Sindoora
There was a collection of medicine in the upper portion of the neck region, where as the
bottom of the kupi contained grey coloured residue.
Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora was shiny greyish red coloured.
Precautions: Same as practical No 8E

Results:
The amount of Kajjali taken
-150 gm
The amount of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindhoora obtained
- 37 gm
The amount of residue at the bottom
- 1.5 gm
Loss of weight
- 111.5 gm.
Graph 2: showing Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

700
Temperature
600
579
515
500
629 631
607
545
592
543
510
445
410
400
340
300
297
200
374
308
226
215
198
353
380
100
30
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
39
Hours
Descriptive Statistics:
Mean
429.643
Std Dev
168.133
Std. Error
31.774
Median
416.000
91
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
ANALYTICAL STUDY
Present study has been undertaken for physical and chemical analysis of Samaguna
baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna baliyukta Kajjali, Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora by Ayurvedic and modern parameters.
In the present study analysis is done for four samples.
SK-Sample No-1
TK- Sample No-2
SBJR-Sample No-3
SBJR-Sample No-4
Aims and objectives:
To study physico-chemical properties of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR
To study qualitative and quantitative properties of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR by Volhard
method, Gravimetric method, Turbidimetric method, and X-ray diffraction method.
To study the colour spots of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR by Namburi phased spot test
(N.P.S.T).

Physico-chemical analysis was carried out with Classical and Modern parameters.
Physical tests:
The study of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done at P.G Department of Rasa Shastra,
T.G.A.MC, Bellary
Ganesh Consultancy and Analytical Services, Mysore.
Particle size analysis of all four samples is carried out at Indian Institute of Sciences,
Bangalore.
Chemical Tests:
Qualitative and Quantitative chemical tests of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR were done at
Ganesh consultancy and analytical Services, Mysore.
X-ray diffraction method for crystallographic study of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done
at Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc), Bangalore.
92
Rasa Sindoora
By- Dr Revati.G.Huddar
Analytical Study
Namburi Phased Spot test of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done at P.G Department of
Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.MC, Bellary.
CLASSICAL PARAMETERS
The ancient Parameters were carried out for SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR at Rasa Shastra Dept. TGAMC, Bellary.
Table No. 28. Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK.
Test
Varna
Sparsha
Gandha
Rekha
Purnatva
Varitaratva
Nischandratva
Observation
Black colour
Smooth and soft.
Slight Sulphur Smell.
When fine powder of Kajjali was rubbed between the thumb and index
finger it entered the furrows of the fingers.
When finely powdered Kajjali was carefully Sprinkled into a test tube
containing water, Kajjali was floating over the water.
Luster less i.e., No shining particles were observed.
Table No. 29 Showing classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna
balijeerna Rasasindoora
Test
Varna
Rasa
Sparsha
Gandha
Rekhapurnatva
Observation
Sindoora
Not perceivable
Slakshna and Mrudu
Not perceivable
When the Rasa Sindoora was rubbed between the thumb and index
finger it entered the furrows of the fingers.
Varitaratva
When finely powdered Rasa Sindoora was carefully Sprinkled into
a test tube containing water, Sindoora floats on water.
Nischandratvam There were no shining particles in the finely powdered Rasa
Sindoora even when it was rubbed in between thumb and index
finger and made wet, observed in the bright Sunlight.
Nirdoomatvam The Rasa Sindoora was sprinkled over the red hot coal. There was
no emission of smoke.
93
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
MODERN PARAMETERS
Physical Tests:
1. ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERS:
a) Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali
Colour
Black
Odour
Faint.
Touch
Fine powder
Taste
Palatable
b) Triguna baliyukta Kajjali;

Colour
Black
Odour
Faint
Touch
Fine powder
Taste
Palatable
c) Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Colour
Reddish brown
Odour
Odourless
Touch
Fine powder
Taste
Palatable
d) Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Colour
Reddish brown
Odour
Odourless
Touch
Fine powder
Taste
Palatable
2. DETERMINATION OF PH VALUE.
Materials:
Glass electrode
PH meter
Buffer tablet
(PH - 4 ) Acid - 0.05H Potassium hydrogenphthalate,
(PH 8 ) Alkali - 0.05H Sodium tetraborate.
Beakers
SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each- 1gm.

94
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Method: Operate the PH meter and electrode system according to the manual instructions.
Standardizing the meter and electrodes with 0.05H Sodium borate when measuring an
alkaline Solution.
At the end of a set of measurements, take a reaching of the solution used to
standardizing the meter and electrodes. This reading should not differ by more than 0.02
from the original value at which the apparatus was standardized.
Now in 5ml of water 1gm of sample was put and PH is determined for the solution.
Results:
Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali
-6.65
Triguna baliyukta Kajjali
-7.74
Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -6.20

- 7.85
3. DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE

Materials:
1. Silica crucible.
2. Electronic weighing machine.
3. Electric furnace.
4. SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR 2 gm
Procedure:
Two grams of accurately weighed sample was taken and transferred to the cleaned,
dried and weighed Silica crucible and was subjected to ignition using electric furnace at
4500C for an hour. Silica crucible was taken out from the furnace and was allowed to cool,
and was weighed. After cooling from the weight of the ash obtained, the ash value of sample
was calculated.
Result:

-0.13%
-0.12%
Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -0.01%

- 0.15%
95
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
4. DETERMINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH
Material:
Silica crucible.
Burner
Whatmans filter Paper
Electronic weighing machine.
Dil HCl - 25ml.
Conical flask.
Ash of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR
Method:
2gm of sample is digested with 25 ml dil hydrochloric acid for 5 min, then filtered
through whatmans paper and was washed with water.
The residue was taken in a crucible dried and ignited, allowed to cool and weighed.
Result:
-0.08%
-0.08%
-Nil
-0.13%
5. DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE ASH

Material:
Burner
Whatmans filter Paper
Water
Ash of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR
Method:
Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in a ashless
filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding
4500C, substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash; the difference
in the weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash
with reference to the air dried drug.
96
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Results:
-0.01%
- 0.02%
-Nil
- 0.05%
6. DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON DRYING AT 1100C

Materials:
Silica crucible
Electronic weighing machine
Electronic air oven
SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each 1 gm.
Method:
One gram of sample was taken in a Silica crucible and accurately weighed, heated on
electric air oven upto 1100C for 3 hrs.
Again weighed the difference and weight was
calculated.
Result:
-0.59%
- 0.70%
-0.05%
- 0.02%
Chemical tests:
1) ESTIMATION OF TOTAL MERCURY BY VOLHARD METHOD:
Reagents:
1. Conc Sulfuric acid
2. Potassium permanganate
3. Oxalic acid
4. Ferrous Sulphate Solution
5. Ferric ammonium Sulphate Indicator
6. Potassium thiocyanate Solution
Sample preparation:
97
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Transfer known quantity of samples to Kjeldal flask fitted with short stemmed funnel
add 5ml of conc Sulfuric acid and mix. Add 0.5 to 1 gm of potassium permanganate in small
portions with vigorous shaking. Rince down with 5ml of conc Sulfuric acid. Shake the flask
for 30 minutes. Then heat gradually to boiling. Remove from heat without cooling, add small
portion of oxalic acid until the manganous dioxide has been reduced and dissolved. Cool and
dilute to 100ml.
Method:
A known quantity of solution is taken in a conical flask. Oxidise any Mercurous
mercury or Nitrogen oxides by adding 0.1 M potassium permanganate solution dropwise with
stirring until the pink colour persists for 5 minutes. Remove excess of permanganate by
adding just enough 0.1 M Ferrous Sulfate Solution. Add 1.5 ml of ferric ammonium sulfate
indicator, cool to 150C and titrate with potassium thio cyanate solution.
Hg % = (V) (A) 100
W(1000)
V= Volume of the thiocynate solution
A= Mercury equivalent of thiocynate
W= Sample weight contained in aliquote.
Result:
-40.42%
- 30.56%
-82.40%
- 84.82%
2) ESTIMATION OF MERCUROUS MERCURY AND MERCURIC MERCURY:

To find Mercurous Mercury and Mercuric Mercury, further calculations are done on the basis
of percentage of total mercury.
Table No 30 : showing results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury
Sample
Mercurous Mercury
Mercuric Mercury

Samaguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora
Triguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora
14.17%
12.32%
14.36%
26.25%
18.24%
68.04%
14.06%
70.76%
98
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
3) ESTIMATION OF FREE MERCURY BY ION SELECTIVE ELETRODE
METHOD
Materials:
Ion selective electrode
Beaker
Method:
Take a known quantity of sample in a beaker. Add 100ml of water and filter. Collect
the filtrate. Aliquote of the sample is taken and analysed the free mercury by ion selective
electrode method.
Results:
-Traces
- Traces
- Nil
- Nil
4) ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR BY ESCHKA METHOD (Gravimetrically)

Materials:
Eschka mixture and other reagants.
Crucible
Whatman filter paper.
Method: 1 gm of sample is ground to pass 80 mesh sieve and 3 gm of Eschka mixture (2

part of calcined magnesium oxide and 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate) is added.
Intimately mix in a crucible and cover with another 2 grams of Eschka mixture. Ignite the
content till all the carbon is burnt. Cool the crucible.
Add 10% barium chloride solution with constant stirring, to precipitate all the
sulphates and a small excess. Filter the Solution with whatman filter paper and collect the
precipitate and weigh it as Barium Sulphate.
Calculation: Wt. of BaSO4 x 0.1373x100
Amt. of sample
= % of Sulphur.
99

Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Results:
-48.49%
- 66.89%
-16.16%
- 14.43%
5) ESTIMATION OF FREE SULPHUR, SULPHIDE FORM OF SULPHUR

To find free Sulphur, Sulphide form of Sulphur, further calculations done on the basis of
percentage of total Sulphur.
Table No.31: showing results of Free Sulfur and Sulphide form of Sulfur
Samples
Samaguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora
Triguna balijeerna
Rasasindoora
Free sulfur
22.34%
40.80%
Traces
Sulphide form of sulfur

20.06%
18.91%
15.19%
Traces
13.51%
6).DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD.

Materials:
Due pont-model 430-turbidity meter.
Method:
1gm of sample is added with 9 ml of hydrochloric acid i.e., 1:9 proportion and 1ml of
conditioning Reagent is added, to this add a spoonful of Barium chloride crystals.
The turbidity is measured with the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of
concentration of the suspended particles by means of turbidity meter.
Results:
-18.27%
-15.55%
-2.93%
- 2.76%
100
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
7) X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY
Materials:
Brukar's D-8 Advance X-ray diffractometer and is equipped with Cu K-alpha

(Lambda-1.5 406) radiation and graphite monochromator operated at 40KV/30mA.
Method:
Sample was well grounded to 200mesh and air dried. The X-ray diffractometer scans
were made on randomly oriented Samples form 3-650 2-theta (d=29.42 to 1.43angstorm)
with a step size of 0.020 and one second time per step.
The 2-theta value and intensity of the peak (counts) are represented on X and Y-axis
respectively. Higher the value of counts represents higher the crystallanity of the phase.
For identification of each phase, minimum 3 strong peaks were chosen and compared
with standard X-ray Powder Diffraction file (XPDF).
Table No.32: Showing XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali.
Identified
Angle 2 d space
Peak
Intensity
No
5
26.249
3.395
100
8
30.4
2.94
23
18
43.606
2.076
33
22
51.7
1.768
26
23
54.26
1.691
10
25
63.32
1.469
6
XPDF No:73-1593
Name of standard : Metacinnabarite (HgS)
Crystal structure: Cubic
Lattice : Face centered
Standard
d space
Intensity
3.390
2.9358
2.0759
1.7703
1.695
1.4679
99.9
28.9
36.1
25.8
4.4
3.5
Note:
Totally 29 peaks were identified in SK sample at different angels (2) ranging from 15.26 to
86.28.
6 strong peaks were chosen as strong with their relative Intensity and compared to standard X
ray powder diffraction file (XPDF).
101
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
5th peak with relative intensity of 100% was considered as significant at 26.2490, having
3.395 d space value.
The d values of standard Metacinnabar (3.390, 2.9358, 2.079) were almost similar to
identified SK values (3.395, 2.94, 2.076).
The intensity % of Metacinnabar (99.9, 28.9, 36.1) was approximately matching with the
intensity % of (100, 23, 33) respectively.
Table No.33: Showing XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali.
Standard
Identified
Peak Angle 2 d space Intensity d space
Intensity
No
8
26.273
3.392
100
3.390
99.9
11
30.4
2.94
22
2.9358
28.9
22
43.647
2.074
31
2.0759
36.1
26
51.66
1.769
25
1.7703
25.8
29
56.7
1.623
7
1.695
4.4
32
70
1.344
8
1.4679
3.5
XPDF No:73-1593
Name of standard : Metacinnabarite (HgS)
Crystal structure: Cubic
Lattice : Face centered
Note:
Totally 33 peaks were identified in TK sample at different angels (2) ranging from 11.36 to
86.22.
6 peaks were chosen with their relative Intensity and compared to standard X ray powder
diffraction file (XPDF).
8th peak with relative intensity of 100% was considered as significant at 26.2730, having
3.392 d space value.
The d values of standard Metacinnabar (3.390, 2.9358, 2.0759) are almost similar to
identified TK values (3.392, 2.94, 2.074).
The intensity % of standard Metacinnabar (99.9, 28.9, 36.1) is approximately matching with
the intensity % of (100, 22, 31) respectively.
102
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Table No.34: Showing XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
Identified
Angle 2 d space
Peak
No
2
3
4
6
8
12
26.422
28.094
31.121
43.526
45.71
54.54
Intensity
3.373
3.176
2.874
2.079
1.985
1.683
100
30
98
25
21
18
Standard
d space Intensity
3.359
3.165
2.863
2.074
1.980
1.679
100
30
95
25
20
25
XPDF No:6-0256
Name of standard : Cinnabar (HgS)
Crystal structure : Hexagonal
Lattice : Primitive.
Note:
Totally 24 peaks were identified in SBJR sample at different angels (2 ) from 24.64 to 88.5.
2nd peak with relative intensity of 100%. was considered as significant at 26.4220, having
3.373 d space value
The d values of standard cinnabar (3.359, 3.165, 2.863) were almost similar to identified
SBJR values (3.373, 3,176, 2.874).
The intensity % of Cinnabar (100, 30, 95) was aproximately matching with the intensity % of
(100, 30, 98) respectively.
Table No.35: Showing XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
Peak
No
2
3
4
6
8
12
Identified
Angle 2
d space
26.348
28.021
31.048
43.449
45.6
54.477
3.383
3.184
2.88
2.083
1.989
1.684
Intensity
92
32
100
21
20
19
Standard
d space
Intensity
3.359
3.165
2.863
2.074
1.980
1.679
100
30
95
25
20
25
XPDF No:6-0256
Name of standard : Cinnabar (HgS)
Crystal structure : Hexagonal
Lattice: Primitive.
103
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Note:
Totally 23 peaks were identified in TBJR sample at different angels (2 ) from 24.62 to 88.36
4th peak with relative intensity of 100%. was considered as significant at 31.0480, having
2.88 d space value
The d values of standard cinnabar (3.359, 3.165, 2.863) were approximately matching to
identified TBJR values (3.383, 3,184, 2.88).
The intensity % of standard Cinnabar (100, 30, 95) was slightly varying as compared with
intensity % of TBJR (92, 32, 100).
8) NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST.

Date of commencement: 20/09/2008
Date of completion: 24/09/2008
Materials:
10% potassium iodide papers,
Centrifuge test tubes
Aquaragia
Dropper
SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each 1gm.
Method:
1 gm of sample was taken in centrifuge test tube and 2ml of aquaragia was added drop
by drop. The mixture was allowed to react for 30 minutes. It was then heated gently for 1
minute. The reactants were allowed to react for 48 hrs, by shaking the test tube now and
then. A drop from this prepared solution was dropped on 10% potassium iodide paper and
the colour changes on the papers were observed in 3 phases.
1st phase
0-5 min.
2nd Phase
5 min-20 min
20 min-1 day.
rd
Phase
This procedure was adopted for 1gm of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR.
104
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
Observation and Result:
1. Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali:
1st phase (0-5min):
Immediate drop was of brick red colour. It developed dull grey coloured spot at the
centre which was gradually turning to white colour. This centre spot was covered by brick red
coloured circle which was darker near the centre spot, lighter at the periphery. Further it was
encircled by dark brown periphery.
2nd phase (5-20min):
At the centre of the white spot very dull brown ring was developed. Intermediate
brick red colour faded and encircled by red ring. Outer brown periphery slightly faded.
3rd phase (20 min- 48 hours):
Centre white spot remained as it is. Red ring became very dark and prominent
forming the outer margin of the spot. Brown periphery completely disappeared leaving white
colour in its place.
2. Triguna baliyukta kajjali:
1st phase:
Immediate drop was of brick red colour, within no time brown circle started
appearing. Central spot was of brick red coloured. It was having white margin encircled by
brick red coloured intermediate circle. This brick red colour not reached upto periphery.
Outer brown circle was very prominent.
2nd phase:
No significant changes were observed during this phase. Colour spot was same as in
1st phase.
3rd phase:
There was complete disappearance of outer brown circle in place forming a white
circle.
And remaining colour spot appeared same as before.
105
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
3. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
1st phase:
Immediate drop was of brick red colour. Drop was slowly spreading; developed brick
red coloured centre spot having white coloured margin; surrounded by brick red coloured
intermediate circle. Dull brown peripheral circle was forming around the red ring.
2nd phase:
Central spot, intermediate brick red circle remained unchanged; peripheral red ring
was much prominent, while outer brown periphery was diminished.
3rd phase:
Central spot remained the same; intermediate brick red circle was bright near the
centre and dull at its periphery; encircled by prominent bright red ring. Outer brown circle
was completely disappeared.
4. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
1st phase:
Immediate drop was of brick red coloured. Suddenly it developed central grey
coloured spot having white margin, encircled by thick brick red rays which were not
extended upto periphery and surrounded by dark brown peripheral circle.
2nd phase:
Central spot was replaced by white color; very dull brown coloured ring was seen in
the centre spot on keen observation. Intermediate brick red circle reached upto peripheral
brown circle.
3rd phase:
Central white spot and intermediate brick red circle remained same which was
encircled by bright red ring and outer brown periphery was completely disappeared leaving
white circle in its place.
Note-In all above tests brick red colour was identified as Sianna colour by what color
mobile software. Brown colour was identified as brown by what color mobile software.
106
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
9) PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (By Laser Diffraction Method):

Material: Malvern Mastersizer instrument.
SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR each 1gm.
Method: Laser diffraction method
Sample passes through the laser beam as homogeneous stream of particles and it leads
to scattering of light over a wide range of angles. Based on this scattering pattern of sample,
particle size distributions were calculated comparing with appropriate optical model.
Result:
1. Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali:
10% of the sample was having Particle size less than 2.74 m (micrometer).
50% of the sample was having Particle size
<7.15 m
< 16.41 m
2. Triguna baliyukta kajjali:

< 3.89 m (micrometer).
< 9.38 m
< 21.02 m
3. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora:

< 0.22m (micrometer).
<4.96m
<12.93 m
4. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora:

<0.22 m (micrometer).
<5.34 m
<18.68 m
107
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
SAMAGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI
108
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
TRIGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI
109
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
110
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
111
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
112
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
113
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
114
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
115
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
116
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
117
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
118
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
119
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
120
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
SAMAGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI
121
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
TRIGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI
122
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
123
Rasa Sindoora
Analytical Study
TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
124
Rasa Sindoora
Results
RESULTS
A) COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:
Table No 36: Showing Comparative pharmaceutical results of SK and TK
Contents
SK
TK
Weight of shuddha Parada
300 gms
150 gms
Weight of shuddha Gandhaka
300 gms
450 gms
Total hours of preparation
130hours
110hours
Weight of Kajjali
580 gms
555 gms
Loss of weight
20 gms
45 gms
Colour
Dark black
Dull black
Table
Smell
Altered sulfur smell Altered sulfur smell
Taste
Tasteless
Tasteless
Appearance
Anjana sadrush
Anjana sadrush
Form
Fine powder
Fine powder
Touch
Soft
Very soft
Quantity of vatankur swarasa
150ml
200ml
No.37: Showing comparative observations during preparation of SK and TK

Observations
Whole of Gandhaka changed to yellowish green
Time duration
SK
TK
After 10 min
After 15 min
Disappearance of large mercury globule from the centre After 30 min

of the mortar
Absence of mercury globules
After 11/2 hrs
After 25 min
Completely turned to black colour
After 21/2hrs
After 3 hours
Very fine powder
After 45 hrs
After 32 hours
Attained complete Rakhapurnatva
After 55 hrs
After 45 hours
After 70 hrs
After 62 hours
Complete nischandratva
After 130hrs
After110hours
After 1 Hour
125
Rasa Sindoora
Results
Graph 3: showing comparative pharmaceutical results of SK and TK
580
600
555
500
450
400
300
300
300
SK
TK
200
150
130
110
100
20
45
0
Qty of Parada
Qty of Gandhaka
yield
loss of wt
total hrs of prpn
Table No 38: Showing Comparative pharmaceutical results of SBJR and TBJR

Contents
SBJR
TBJRS
Weight of kajjali taken
150 gms
150gms
Product obtained
79 gms
37 gms
Residue at bottom
1 gms
1.5 gms
Loss of weight
70 gms
111.5 gms
Length of the conical block of Rasasindoora
7 cm
3 cms
Thickness of the Rasasindoora block
2.5 cms
2.5 cms
Total duration of preparation
15 hours
39 hours
Table No 39: Showing comparative observations during preparation of SBJR and TBJR
Observations
White fumes coming out
of kupi
SBJR
244 C ( After 2 hours)
TBJR
191 C ( After 3 hours)
Appearance of yellow
fumes
3280C ( After 3.30 hours)
Complete melting of
kajjali
5690C ( After 6.30 hours )
Insertion of hot shalaka
5810C ( After 7 hours)
Totally 12 times inserted
Totally 20 times inserted.
126
Rasa Sindoora
Results
Maximum height of the

flame after insertion of hot
shalaka
One foot
One foot
Duration of blue flame

persisted at the mouth of
kupi
Three hours
One and half hour.
Cessation of flame
Sooryodaya laxana
5900C (After 28.30 hours)
Mukhamudrana
6200C (After 33 hours)
Duration of teevragni after

corking
Three hours
Six hours
Graph 4: showing comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR
160
150150
140
120
111.5
100
79
80
70
60
39
40
20
0
37
SBJR
TBJR
15
1 1.5
kajjali taken
time
yield in gms residue in
in gms
duration in
gms
hrs
loss in gms
127
Rasa Sindoora
Results
B) COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY:
1) Comparative Results Of Physical and Chemical Tests
Table No. 40: Showing comparative Results of physical and chemical tests
Contents
SK
TK
SBJR
TBJR
Colour
Black
Black
Reddish
brown
Reddish
brown
Odour
Faint
Faint
Odourless
Odourless
Touch
Fine
Fine
Fine
Fine
Taste
Palatable
Palatable
Palatable
Palatable
PH Value
6.65
7.74
6.20
7.85
Ash value
0.13%
0.12%
0.01%
0.15%
Acid insoluble ash
0.08%
0.08%
nil
0.13%
Water soluble ash
0.01%
0.02%
nil
0.05%
Loss on drying
0.59%
0.70%
0.05%
0.02%
Free Mercury
Traces
Traces
Nil
Nil
Total Mercury
40.42%
30.56%
82.40%
84.82%
Mecurous mercury
14.17%
12.32%
14.36%
14.06%
Physical Test :
Chemical test:
Mercuric mercury
26.25%
18.24%
68.04%
70.76%
Free sulphur
22.34%
40.80%
Traces
Traces
Total sulphur
48.49%
66.89%
16.16%
14.43%
18.91%
15.19%
13.51%
Sulphide sulphur
20.06%
Sulphate sulphur
18.27%
15.55%
2.93%
2.76%
Based on above quantitative analysis further calculations were made using atomic
weight of mercury and sulfur to know the % of probable compounds present in the
samples.
Table No. 41. Showing percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR
and TBJR.
Samples Mercuric sulphide (HgS) Mercurous sulphide (Hg2S)
SK
45.72%
26.38%
TK
38.70%
24.28%
SBJR
80.06%
15.70%
TBJR
82.77%
15.26%
128
Rasa Sindoora
Results
2) COMPARATIVE XRD STUDY :

Table No. 42: Showing comparative XRD results of SK & TK
Samaguna kajjali
Triguna Kajjali
Angle 2
d space
Intensity
Angle 2
d space
Intensity
22.939
3.877
29
22.967
3.872
82
26.249
3.395
100
26.273
3.392
100
26.6
3.351
44
30.4
2.94
23
30.4
2.94
22
43.606
2.076
25
43.647
2.074
31
51.7
1.768
26
51.66
1.769
25
Both the kajjalis are compared with XPDF: 73-1593

Metacinnabar (HgS), with Cubic crystal structure, having Face Centered Lattice
CUBIC CRYSTAL (Face centered lattice)
Table No. 43: Showing comparative XRD results of SBJR & TBJR
SBJR
TBJR
Angle 2
d space
Intensity
Angle 2
d space
Intensity
26.422
3.373
100
26.348
3.383
92
28.094
3.176
30
28.021
3.184
32
31.121
2.874
98
31.048
2.88
100
43.526
2.079
25
43.449
2.083
21
45.71
1.985
21
45.6
1.989
20
54.54
1.683
18
54.477
1.684
19
Both SBJR & TBJR are compared with XPDF: 06-0256

Metacinnabar (HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having Primitive Lattice
129
Rasa Sindoora
Results
HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL (Primitive)
3) COMPARATIVE NAMBURI PHASED SPOT ANALYSIS:
Phases
1st phase
2nd phase
3rd phase
Table No. 44: Showing comparative NPST STUDY

SK
TK
SBJR
TBJR
Dull grey
Saffron colored Saffron colored
Dull grey
colored centre
central spot
central spot
colored centre
spot turned to
having white
having white
spot turned to
white.
margin;
margin;
white.
saffron colored
circle fills
intermediate
space
completely,
Intermediate
saffron color
circle bright
near the centre
dull at the
periphery,
Intermediate
saffron color
circle bright
near the centre
dull at the
periphery,
encircled by
dark brown
periphery
Dull brown
circle seen in
white centre
spot.
encircled by
brown
periphery
Same as 1st
phase
encircled by
light brown
periphery
Peripheral red
Central white
spot
brown
periphery
disappeared.
Intermediate
saffron color
circle is striated
& bright near
the centre dull
at the periphery
encircled by
dark brown
periphery
was
prominent.
Dull brown
circle seen in
white centre
spot.
Central saffron
circle
Central saffron
circle
Central white
spot
brown
periphery
disappeared.
brown
periphery
disappeared.
brown
periphery
disappeared.
ring
4) COMPARATIVE PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS:

Table No. 45: Showing comparative Particle size value of 50% of the sample.
SK
TK
SBJR
TBJR
<7.15 m
<9.38 m
<4.96 m
<5.34 m
130
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
PHOTOS
Fig. 1
Raw Gandhaka
Fig.4
Fig.2
Fig.3
Shodhana of Gandhaka
Koormaputa
Fig.5
Shodhita Gandhaka
Fig.7
Extraction of Parada
Fig.6
Raw Hingula
Fig.8
Shodhana of Parada
With haridra
Hingula bhavana
Fig.9
Shodhita Parad
131
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Kajjali at various stages

Fig.13
Vatankuras
Fig.16
Weighing of Kajjali
Fig.19
Filling of valuka
Fig.14
Fig.15
Vatankura Swarasa
Vatankura Bhavana
Fig.17
Filling of Kupi
Fig.18
Placing kupi in valuka yantra
Fig.20
Completed valuka yantra
Fig.21
Bhatti
132
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
Fig.22
Fig.23
Insertion of hot shalaka
sulphur fumes
Fig 25
Sindoora test
Fig.28
Corked Kupi
Fig.31
Breaking of the bottle
Fig.26
Suryodaya laxana
Fig.29
Kupi after swangsheeta

Fig.32
Collection at the neck of kupi
Fig.24
Copper coin test

Fig.27
corking of kupi
Fig.30
Kupi after scraping

Fig.33
Residue at the bottom
133
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
Fig.34
Samaguna R S
Fig. 35
After powdering
Fig.36
Triguna R S
NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST OF KAJJALI

& RASA SINDOORA
1) SAMAGUNA KAJJALI
Fig.37
Fig.38
First phase
Second phase
Fig.40
First phase
2) TRIGUNA KAJJALI
Fig.41
Second phase
Fig.39
Third phase
Fig.42
Third phase
134
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
3) SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
Fig.43
Fig 44
First phase
Second phase
Fig45
Third phase
4) TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA
Fig.46
First phase
Fig 47
Second phase
Fig.48
Third phase
135
Rasa Sindoora
Photos
INSTRUMENTS
Fig 49
X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER
Fig 51
TURBIDOMETER
Fig 50
pH METER
Fig 52
LASER DIFFRACTION
INSTRUMENT
136
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
DISCUSSION
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has
thought.
Discussion is the key area of any research work, as new ideas are generated here. In
this section Results of the study are discussed in the light of both classical and modern
concepts and reasoning is done in every step of the study.
It has been dealt under 3 headings:
Review of literature
Pharmaceutical study
Analytical study
DISCUSSION ON REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Discussion on Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.
Rasasindoora is a Sagandha, Sagni, Kantastha, Bahirdhooma Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.

In the classics we get more reference regarding Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, where
parada and Gandhaka are added in equal quantity. It may be prepared either by adding only
Parada and Gandhaka or along with other substances like Navasadar, Sphatika. Even though
both parada and Gandhaka are in equal quantity, duration of preparation varies from text to
text depending upon method (Antardooma, Bahirdhooma) and other ingredients used.
Regarding Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora only five references are available. Among
them three are similar Antardhooma methods, but the same shloka is commented in varied
way by different commentators about the proportion of ingredients. Exact duration of paka is
not mentioned for preparation of Bahirdhoom method of TBJR, but referred to prepare until
the complete Gandhaka Jarana takes place. SBJR is widely practiced Kupipakwa Rasayana;
which has standardized, established pharmaceutical procedure and analytical results. Hence
TBJR was compared with SBJR.
Different types of bahirdhooma Rasasindoora preparations are mentioned only in
Rasatarangini with different proportions of Sulfur, starting with 1:1/2 upto 1:6 (Hg:S) and
there is no specific indication for each type of Rasasindoora. But specific indications are told
for Parada which is jarita by various proportion of Gandhaka.
But it is mentioned in the classics that Samaguna balijeerna parada is having the
capacity to cure Samanya Vyadhis where as Triguna balijeerna parada is having the capacity
137
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
to cure Napumsakatva or Shandatva. All the Rasa texts have considered shadguna balijeerna
parada as more potential and effective than Samaguna, Dwiguna or Triguna.. Balijeerna
Parada. We get this type of explanation in the context of Gandhaka Jarana but not in the
context of moorchana or Rasasindoora. Hence to know whether this holds good even for
Rasasindoora or not comparative analytical and clinical studies are essential.
The clinical study on Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, by Savita. K, 2004, et al186,
showed significant result in curing Kitibha Kusta.
Apart from this, no clinical or
experimental studies are carried out based upon these specific indications of Gandhaka Jarana
for Triguna, Chaturguna, Panchaguna Rasasindoora.
Discussion on Pharmaceutical Study:
Discussion on Hingulotta parada:
Hingulotta parada was taken for the study as it is considered to be devoid of sapta
kanchuka doshas and this parada is considered to be equal to Samaguna
Gandhakajeerna parada.
Hingula was given bhavana with nimbu swarasa, which contains 5% of organic acid.
Citric acid disaggregates mineral grains and it can help in separating undesired
elements like Pb, Sn from mercury. Mechanical pressure applied by trituration and
acidic nature of nimbu swarasa disintegrates the mineral to finer state, thus facilitating
sublimation of more quantity of Parada.
Paribhadra and Changeri patra swarasa bhavana is also mentioned apart from nimbu
swaras. As nimbu swarasa is easily available and acidic, it was taken for the present
study.
Damaru Yantra was used for extraction of parada as it is easy to construct. Two equal
sized new pots were used. New pots facilitate escape of sulfur through its pores,
which makes condensation and collection of parada easier.
When heat is applied to cinnabar, the sulfur is oxidized and mercury is liberated.
Further action of fire volatilizes the mercury; mercury condenses at the upper cool part of the
pot.
138
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Isolation of Mercury occurs as:
HgS+ O2
Hg +SO2
By this sublimation procedure mercury will be free from physical impurities like
sand, mud and dissolved impurities like lead, tin and zinc.
Totally 465 gms of Parada was extracted from 800 gms of Hingula by repeating the
Urdva patana procedure for four times. Thus we extracted mercury by taking 150gm
to 250gm of Hingula each time, by this more yield can be obtained. If large quantity
of Hingula is taken at a time then more unburnt Hingula remains at the bottom of the
pot.
This Hingulakrusta Parada was subjected to samanya shodhana by triturating with

Haridra churna.
Haridra contains alcoholic constituent tumerol (C5H12O6) and
hydrocarbon Zingiberene. These may serve the role of Kanji and Grahadhum during
trituration. These along with other constituents of Haridra may fulfill all the
requirements of Parada samanya shodhana, thus it helps in removing remaining
blemishes from Parada and makes it brighter than before.
For 465 gm of Hingulakrusta Parada 30 gms of Haridra was added. 7gms loss was
observed. This loss might have occurred during the washing of Parada.
Discussion on Gandhaka Shodhana:
Gandhaka Shodhana was carried out by koorma puta method using milk as shodhana
media. Other medias like bringaraja, nimbu, ardraka swarasa, palandu swarasa and
Karanja taila, are also mentioned. These can be used depending upon the disease
conditions. But Godugdha is said to be best media because its sheeta guna, Madhura
rasa, Sheeta veerya combat with the Ushna guna, Katu rasa, Ushna veerya of
Gandhaka, making it bio-compatible.
In Koorma puta temperature reach upto 1600C, but the Gandhaka melts at 115.260C.
When Gandhaka melts it passes through the pores of cloth and falls in milk. In this
process rhombic form of sulfur might have converted to monoclinic sulfur, because
monoclinic sulfur is formed when rhombic sulfur solidifies at the melting point.
In this procedure physical impurities like sand, mud are removed by filtration and
chemical impurities like Arsenic are removed by adsorbing over to colloidal fatty
globules of milk.
139
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Sulfahydryl (SH) groups are present in lactoglobulin of milk. Release of sulfur from
these groups takes place when milk is heated. In koormaputa milk gets heat by upper
burning cow dung cakes and also by melted sulfur mixed with it. Thus released
organic sulfur from milk might have a role in detoxification of inorganic sulfur.
Discussion on preparation of Kajjali:
SK was prepared in 130 hrs where as TK was prepared in 110 hrs. TK took less time
because of more quantity of sulfur, as sufficient number of sulfur atoms are available
for each of mercury atom to react with.
There was more loss (45 gm) in TK compared to SK (20 gm), because volume of TK
was more compared to SK, even though weight of both the kajjali was same. Hence
more spillage occurred during trituration of TK.
The color of SK was dark black while the color of TK was dull black. This indicates
more amount of sulfur was in free state in TK compared to SK and quantity of
mercury sulphide (-HgS) was more in SK compared to TK.
Discussion on Vatankur Swarasa bhavana:
The purpose of bhavana to inorganic substances (like kajjali) using organic juices:
More uniform mixture of the contents will be attained in wet trituration than in dry
trituration.
For particle size reduction
Make inorganic substances suitable for body by reducing the Gunas like Shuskata,
Rukshata and teekshnata.
During kupi paka it has a definite role in proper sublimation of mercury. Carbon
along with sulfur is having the capacity to adsorb the mercury. Hence it prevents
escape of even minute quantities of mercury before complete Gandhaka jarana takes
place. Thus more yield can be obtained.
Vatankura swarasa bhavana is told for SK, where as specific bhavana is not
mentioned for TK. As we are doing comparative study, the same Vatankura swarasa bhavana
was given for TK also. Quantity of swarasa required for TK was more, this was because more
volume of the TK. After bhavana there was weight gain of 8 gm and 10 gm in SK and TK
respectively. This was because addition of solid contents of swarasa to kajjali.
140
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
DISCUSSION ON KUPIPAKWA RASA NIRMANA:
Preparation of Kupi:
Green coloured bottle was selected as it has reduced heat and ultraviolet radiation
transmittance which prevents inside material from untoward effects.
Seven coating of mud smeared cloth was done as it prevents breakage of bottle. If
proper coating is done then product does not leak out even though bottle melts at high
temperature.
Only th part of kupi is to be filled with kajjali as by large quantities there may be
overflow of boiling kajjali from the kupi.
Preparation of Valuka yantra:
Two Abhraka Pathras of the size of 4-5 cm with thickness of 0.5cm were placed over
the central hole of Valuka Yantra which acts as heat resistant and helps steady rise of
temperature, over this sand was spread upto 2 finger thickness. Pyrometer was placed
in such a way that its tip should be at the level of bottom of the bottle. Remainig
portion of valuka yantra was filled with the sand.
Maintaining continuous steady rise in temperature is bit difficult in classical bhatti,

where in woods are used as fuel. In such cases valuka plays important role in
maintaining steady rise of temperature around the kupi, so that kupi remains
unaffected by the fluctuation of temperature.
Theories behind kupi pakwa Rasayanas :
Trituration of elemental mercury and elemental sulfur forms black mercuric sulphide.
Where as reaction between mercury vapor (which is mono atomic in nature) and sulfur vapor
at higher temperature yields red mercuric sulphide
Viscosity of sulfur and even thermal expansion of mercury plays the key role in
preparation of kupi pakwa rasayanas. In kupi pakwa rasayanas mercury does not vaporize
even at temperatures more than its boiling point. This is due to high viscosity of the sulfur, as
highly viscous sulfur contains long entangled polymeric chains with more than 500,000800,000 sulfur atoms per chain.
Transition state theory or activated complex theory:
141
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Reactant molecules acquire extra energy to form activated complex upon collision.
This activated complex has high energy and hence extremely unstable and converted into
product.
Hg + S (kajjli)
reactants
[Hg++.S--]
HgS (Raasindoora)
activated complex
product
A chemical reaction takes place only when reacting molecules collide. Products are
formed only when the colliding molecules posses a definite amount of energy. In case of kupi
paka, steady rise in temperature results in increase of number of activated molecules which
have sufficient energy to form product. Thus at higher temperature reaction will be very fast.
Suppose Rasasindoora has to be prepared in lesser time, then mridu agni is maintained for
lesser time and madhyamagni , teevragni stages are attained at earlier.
Theory of lattice energy:
The theory of lattice energy is one novel scientific method of explanation.

Lattice energy: The amount of energy released when cations and anions are brought from
infinity to their respective lattice site in a crystal, and is expressed as U.
-
A+ B (solid)
+U
A+(gaseous) + B- (gaseous)
In order to occupy minimum space the ions arrange themselves systematically in an

alternating cation and anion pattern. Lattice energy depends on electrostatic forces of
attraction, which arises due to the opposite charges on the ions. Mercury is electropositive
where as sulfur is electronegative. Hence both will react to form an ionic crystal. It is a
known fact that the stability of the compound is directly proportional to lattice energy. So it is
obvious fact that our kupipakwa rasayanas are very stable formulations.
Law of conservation of mass:
An element carries with its weight entirely unchanged through the most complicated
chemical transformation. This theory can also be applied in the preparation of Rasasindoora
as there will be no reduction in the weight of mercury.
Law of definite proportions:
142
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
The proportion by weight of the constituents is always the same. It is evident by the
fact that, in the preparation of different type of Rasasindoora with varying proportion of
sulfur, the end product in all types will be having the same proportion of mercury and sulfur.
Mercuric sulfide (232.66)
mercury (200.6) + sulfur (32.06)
The compound (HgS) formation takes place with the fixed ratio of 6:1 of mercury and
sulfur respectively. Stichiometrically HgS contains 86.68% of Hg and 13.78% of S.
Discussion on comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR
Time duration mentioned for the preparation of SBJR is twelve hours, but exact
duration is not mentioned for TBJR but told to continue till complete Gandhaka jarana takes
place. It is also mentioned that 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs are required for preparation of
Ardhaguna, Samaguna, Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora respectively. On this background
we planned to prepare TBJR in 36 hrs. Even though it was a comparative study, these two
preparations were carried out for different time durations, so that impact of long period
temperature on end product can be ruled out.
Temperature pattern for SBJR:
Type of Agni
Temperature range
Duration
Mrudu Agni
Room temp. 250oC
2 hours
Madhyama Agni
250 450oC
4 hours
Tivra Agni
450 650oC
9 hours
Temperature pattern for TBJR:

Type of Agni
Temperature range
Duration
Mrudu Agni
Room temp. 250oC
6 hours
Madhyama Agni
250 450oC
17 hours
Tivra Agni
450 650oC
16 hours
Inference made during the process of SBJR & TBJR:

White fumes (2500C in SBJR &1900C in TBJR) were seen with sulfur smell which
indicated evaporation of SO2 which gets slowly increased, along with rise of temperature,
this temperature is more than the melting of sulfur (Melting point of sulfur is 1150C) but
at this stage kajjali was in the state of dry powder.
143
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Dense yellow fumes (3280C& 2970C) were observed with the perception of irritant sulfur
smell, may be due to more quantity of sulfur coming in contact with the O2. at this stage
melting of kajjali can be easily appreciated.
Choking of sulfur was seen when kajjali starts boiling (5810C & 4690C), at this stage
liquid sulfur converts to vapor state rapidly, increasing the pressure inside the kupi, hence
to prevent choking, sulfur was made to burn off by insertion of hot shalaka. By this sulfur
catches fire and starts burning by its own, thus forms burning blue flame at the mouth of
kupi.
Bottom of the kupi appeared red ( 6080C & 5900C) may be due to the reflection of red hot
bottle as the product in the Kupi already glided towards the periphery leaving control
clearance. Sindoora test was positive indicating that the compound Rasa Sindoora was
formed in the Kupi. Copper coin test was positive suggesting escape of mercury vapors;
sign for immediate corking. Cold Shalaka was introduced; no flame or fumes were seen,
indicating the complete burning of extra sulfur and condensation of sublimated product.
In SBJR all the Laxanas like emission of fumes, melting of kajjali, sooryodaya laxana
appeared at higher temperatures compared to TBJR. This is because in TBJR heat was given
for longer period, there was enough time for reaction to occur even at lesser temperature.
Hot shalaka was inserted for more number of times in TBJR as compared to SBJR.
This is due to more quantity of sulfur in TK. Blue flame persisted at the mouth of kupi for
three hours in SBJR and one and half hours in TBJR. This is because in TBJR sulfur vapors
were allowed to escape out off kupi by steady rise of temperature for long periods. And much
of the sulfur was made to burn off by frequent insertion of hot shalaka.
By taking experts opinion, after corking teevragni was given only for three hours in
SBJR. In case of TBJR, after corking teevragni was maintained for complete six hours.
Because total duration of paka is not mentioned in classics. Hence planned to maintain
teevragni for six hours after corking.
Yield was 79 gms and 37 gms in the preparation of SBJR and TBJR respectively. This
is because mercury percentage was more in SK compared to TK. All extra sulfur burned off,
sulfur required for the formation compound remained.
144
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Residue was 1gm and 1.5 gm in SBJR and TBJR respectively. Increase in 0.5 gm of
residue in TBJR, might be due to quantity of bhavana dravya was more for TK compared to
SK and frequent hot shalaka insertion might have lead to addition of ashes adhered to it.
DISCUSSION ON ANALYTICAL STUDY:
Physical appearance of both the kajjali and both the Rasasindoora were same, as
ingredients and method of preparation were same.
Kajjali : The obtained Kajjalis were black fine powder and possessed Slakshnatva and
sukshmatva which indicates the fineness of Kajjali attained by doing pressurized, uniform
and continuous mardana. Rekhapurnatva denote the fineness in particle size i.e., size has been
reduce so as to enhance bio-availability. Nishchandratva denote the absence of free mercury
state in Kajjali
Rasa Sindoora: SBJR & TBJR were obtained as greyish red shiny conical blocks. The color
of finely powdered Sindoora was reddish brown. Nishchandratva indicate absence of mercury
in elemental form. Varitaratva confirmed the fineness of the product.
Physical Parameters :
Discussion on PH:
pH of SK and SBJR was 6.65 and 6.20 respectively, indicating mild acidic nature of
the sample.
pH of TK and TBJR was 7.74 and 7.85 respectively, indicating mild alkaline nature
of the sample.
According to pH- partition concept, weak acids are better absorbed from the stomach
and weak bases from the intestine. Hence Absorption of SBJR may be early compared to
TBJR.
Difference in the pH of SK and TK is might be due to more amount of free sulfur in
TK. Even though there was no much difference in the qualitative and quantitative estimation
of SBJR and TBJR, pH of both was varying; action of sulfur vapor and temperature for
longer period might have brought this difference.
Ash value:
145
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Ash value of SK and TK were 0.13% and 0.12% respectively. This much of ash might
be due to bhavana to kajjali with vatankur swarasa, other wise there is less chance for ash to
remain in the sample.
Ash value of SBJR and TBJR were 0.01% and 0.15% respectively. These are in
negligible quantities and within the permissible limits. Purity of SBJR is 99.99%. Ash value
of TBJR was slightly more compared to SBJR, this might be due to frequent insertion of hot
and cold shalaka, which might have added sand particles and ash adhered to it.
Acid insoluble ash:
Acid insoluble ash value of both SK and TK is 0.08%. Acid insoluble ash value of
SBJR is nil and acid insoluble ash of TBJR was 0.13%. There was proportionately decrease
in the acid insoluble ash values from ash values of both SBJR and TBJR samples. As these
products possess negligible amount of acid insoluble ash which signifies the genuinity of the
products. To know the drug availability this test is helpful.
Loss on drying at 1100C:
Loss on drying value of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR were 0.59%, 0.70%, 0.05% and
0.02% respectively. This test is to detect the moisture and volatile content in the sample. This
value was comparatively more in both the kajjali; might be due to Vatankura swarasa
bhavana and free sulfur; where as this value is very negligible in both the Rasasindoora
indicating stability and more shelf life of Rasasindoora. Among both the Rasasindoora it is
least in TBJR as it was prepared applying heat for 39 hours, making it more heat resistant.
Chemical tests:
Salts of mercury exist in two states of oxidation- as monovalent mercurous salt (i.e.
Hg+) or as divalent mercuric salts (i.e. Hg++). The mercuric salts are more stable and
important but the mercurous salts can easily be converted into mercuric form.
Sulphides can be divided into smaller structural groups. They have ionic bonding and
some have metallic bonding. Sulphates are tightly bound groups and are not capable of
sharing oxygens. These have covalent bond.
The probable mercurial compounds in the finished products are mercuric sulphate,
mercuric sulphide, mercurous sulphate and mercurous sulphide. These can be calculated on
the basis of standard molecular weight and atomic weight of the same compound and the
146
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
values of quantitative analysis of samples. Sulphides of mercury are easily formed where as
sulphates of mercury are not so easily formed by procedures like mere trituration. Hence only
% of mercury sulphides was calculated.
Free mercury:
In SK and TK, free mercury was in trace levels, where as in SBJR and TBJR free
mercury was nil, which proves the nischandratva of kajjali and Rasasindoora and indicates
that all procedures were properly carried out.
Total mercury:
% of total mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 40.42%, 30.56%, 82.40% and
84.82%. During the preparation of Rasasindoora extra sulfur will be burned off, hence Hg%
is more in both the Rasasindoora; more mercury concentration in Rasasindoora indicates that
corking was done at proper time. More quantity of sulfur in TK might have prevented
mercury evaporation, hence Hg% was more in TBJR compared to SBJR.
Mercurous mercury:
% of mercurous mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 14.17%, 12.32%, 14.36%
and 14.06% respectively, which indicates complete mercury has not converted into mercuric
form. If % of mercurous mercury is more, then compound will be metastable.
Mercuric mercury:
% of mercuric mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 26.25%, 18.24%, 68.04%
and 70.76% respectively, which indicates mercuric sulphide is more in Rasasindoora than
kajjali. Among both the Rasasindoora in TBJR % of Hg++ is more which signifies formation
of the stable product.
Free sulfur:
% of free sulfur in SK and TK was 22.34% and 40.80% respectively. As mercury

forms a stichiometric compound with the sulfur, it is obvious that free sulfur will be more in
TK.
147
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Free sulfur was in traces in SBJR and TBJR, which implies proper paka has lead to
proper compound formation and also indicates that corking was done after complete jarana of
Gandhaka.
Sulphide form of sulfur:
% of sulphide sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 20.06%, 18.91%, 15.19% and
13.51% respectively, which indicates most of the mercury is in sulphide form.
Sulphate form of sulfur:
% of sulphate sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 18.27%, 15.55%, 2.93% and
2.76% respectively. Lesser the % of sulphate, more will be the safety, stability and efficacy
of the drug. Hence internal administration of Rasasindoora is safer than kajjali.
Calculation based on these analytical results and atomic weight of mercury and sulfur
showed:
Percentage of mercurous sulphide:
% of Hg2S in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 26.38%, 24.28%, 15.70% and 15.26%.
Percentage of mercuric sulphide:
% of HgS in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 45.72%, 38.70%, 80.06% and 82.77%.
Though ingredients and method of preparation were same in SBJR and TBJR, % of HgS
varies; application of temperature and action of sulfur vapors for long duration might have
resulted in increase in % of mercuric sulphide in TBJR compared to SBJR, more the % of
HgS then more the stability of the compound.
DISCUSSION ON XRD ANALYSIS:
X-Ray powder diffraction Data file (XPDF) contains thousands of standard

compounds, but they lack in unique compounds like our Rasa aushadhis, which are mixture
of many metals, minerals and metalloids. Hence we can just compare our sample with
standard one, but precise identification cannot be made. Thus XRD will be fraught with some
limitations in exact identification of Rasa aushadhis.
148
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
XRD of SK and TK:
It was believed that Kajjali is amorphous but XRD shows it is crystalline having cubic
structure.
Both the kajjalis were identified as Metacinnabarite with cubic crystal having face
centered lattice.
Volume [CD] of metacinnabarite was 202.44.
In standard metacinnabar graph, only ten peaks were identified, but in SK and TK
graph 29 and 33 peaks were identified respectively. These peaks might have appeared
due to free sulfur.
Highest peak count in SK was 929 (RI-100), where as in TK it was 903 (RI-100),
which indicates more crystallinity in SK.
XRD of SBJR and TBJR:
Both the Rasasindoora were identified as Cinnabar with Hexagonal crystal system
having primitive lattice.
Volume [CD] of cinnabar was 141.55. Thus it can be inferred that there is reduction
in the cell volume from kajjali to Rasasindoora.
Highest peak count in SBJR was 1441 (RI-100), where as it was 1400 (RI-100) in
TBJR, which indicates more crystallinity in SBJR.
D space of SBJR and Std Cinnabar at 100 Relative Intensity were 3.373 and 3.359
respectively, where as D space of TBJR at RI-100 was 2.88. This indicates that SBJR
XRD graph was more matching with the Standard Cinnabar pattern than TBJR graph.
Even though both SBJR and TBJR were identified as Cinnabar, there is difference in
D space and Intensity. Thus it can be inferred that there is definite difference in
crystallinity and cell volume of both SBJR and TBJR crystals.
Std Cinnabar which was compared with our samples contains < 0.1% Al, Ca, Mg, Na;
< 0.01% Fe, Mn, Si and < 0.001% Ag, Cu, Pb. These trace elements might not be
present in our samples.
Thus it can be considered that there was a difference in all the three i.e. Std Cinnabar,
SBJR and TBJR XRD pattern.
149
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
DISCUSSION ON N.P.S.T:
Namburi phased spot test was carried out to find out chromatographic standards for
SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR. The present chromatogram obtained from spot test gives
comparative results.
A comparison was made between the spottings of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR.
impregnated with 10% potassium iodide paper.
Colour spots were developed due to reaction between our sample solution and KI paper.
3HgS + 2HNO3 + 6HCl
HgCl2 + 2KI
3HgCl2 + 4H2O + 2NO + 3S ppt

HgI2 + 2KCl.
Red ppt
Hence in the colour spot, brick red color might have occurred due to HgI2.
N.P.S.T of SK and TK:
In color spot of SK, brick red colored area was more in all the three phases compared
to spot of TK. This might be due to more % of mercury in SK, because when NPST
was conducted for plane sulfur, it didnt yield brick red colour, instead formed brown
colored spot, where as brick red colored circle was present in the NPST of plane
mercury.
In all the three phases, central spot was white in case of SK where as brick red in TK,
again this might be due to more % of Hg in SK.
N.P.S.T of SBJR and TBJR:
Distinctive features among these two spots were central spot and periphery. In all the
three phases of SBJR, central spot was brick red colored; where as in TBJR it was
white colored with dull brown circle in between.
In first two phases, periphery was light brown in SBJR, where as in TBJR it was dark
brown. These variations are might be due to more % of mercury in TBJR than in
SBJR.
A comparison was made with the chromatogram of Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora
(DBJR) and Shadguna Balijeerna Rasasindoora.187. In case of DBJR white intermediate circle
inner to brown periphery was developed And it was more similar to the NPST of SBJR.
150
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
Where as in case of Shadguna Bali Jaritha Rasa Sindoora a brown coloured spot turned
grayish immediately with encircling chocolate brown periphery, emerging brown rays.
Gradually the central gray spot completely faded to white area with a thin brown circle in
between. And it was more similar to the NPST of TBJR.
Chromatograms of all the Rasasindoora were differing with each other. It indicates
that difference is there in their chemical configuration, which cannot be detected even by
modern analytical techniques.
For exact interpretation of these color spots, much experience and in-depth knowledge
of chromatographic techniques is needed.
DISCUSSION ON PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS:
All our Rasa aushadhis can be covered under Micromeritics, the science of small
particles.
Knowledge of particle size is needed for assessment of drug absorption and
bioavailability. In the present study particle size analysis was carried out with Laser
diffraction instrument, which gives information about volume under %, at different particle
size.
In SK, 50% of the sample was having Particle size less than 7.15 m; in TK less than
9.38 m.
In SBJR, 50% of the sample was having particle size less than 4.96 m; in TBJR less
than 5.34 m.
Particles smaller than 0.5m are likely to be absorbed through passive diffusion in
intestine.
In both the samples of Kajjali (SK and TK), particles measuring < 0.5 m were
absent.
In SBJR, 28.59% of particles were smaller than 0.5 m; in TBJR, 27.80% of particles
were smaller 0.5 m, indicating considerable reduction in the particle size during the
kupi paka.
In SK and TK particle size distribution begins approximately from 1.0 m. i.e. all the
particles measures more than 1.0 m.
30.88% of SBJR sample and 29.89% of TBJR sample were having particle size less
than 1 m.
151
Rasa Sindoora
Discussion
In TBJR, though the duration of paka was three times more than that of SBJR, there is
no reduction in the particle size. Which implies application of temperature for more
period, has no effect on particle size.
As particle size of SK is lesser than TK; this might have lead to proportionate
reduction in the particle size of SBJR and TBJR; hence particle size of SBJR may be
lesser than the TBJR.
As the particle size of TBJR is more compared to SBJR, this may contribute to slow,
uniform absorption and prolonged action of the drug, which may be desired in some
clinical conditions.
TBJR was alkaline in nature, having more % of mercuric sulphide and bigger particle
size than SBJR. These attributes may help in releasing the active substances at a controlled
rate, such that the amount available in the body to treat the condition is maintained at
relatively
constant
level
over
an
extended
period
of
time.
152
Rasa Sindoora
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
Rasasindoora is a Sagandha, Sagni and Bahirdhooma Kupi pakwa Rasayana.
SBJR was prepared with equal quantities of Parada and Gandhaka by kupi paka
method in 15 hours.
TBJR was prepared using one part of Parada and three parts of Gandhaka by kupi
paka method in 39 hours.
Out of 150 gm of each, SK and TK, 79 gm of SBJR and 37 gm of TBJR were
obtained.
Preparation of SBJR was easier and yield was also more compared to TBJR
Ash values in SBJR and TBJR were 0.01% and 0.15% respectively.
Free mercury was nil in both SBJR and TBJR, where as it was in traces in both the
kajjalis.
Free sulfur was in traces in both SBJR and TBJR.
Total mercury % was more in SK (40.42%) than TK (30.56%).
Total mercury % was more in TBJR (84.82%) than SBJR (82.40%). And mercuric
mercury % was also more in TBJR than SBJR.
Total sulfur % is less in TBJR (14.43%) than SBJR (16.16%).
By XRD method, both the Kajjalis were identified as Metacinnabar, having cubic
crystal structure with face centered lattice.
By XRD analysis, both SBJR and TBJR were identified as Cinnabar having
Hexagonal crystal structure with primitive lattice.
N.P.S.T of both SBJR and TBJR showed differences in their chromatogram.
Particle size analysis reveals that, 50% of SBJR sample was having particle size <
4.96 m; 50% of TBJR sample was having particle size < 5.34 m.
153
Rasa Sindoora
Summary
SUMMARY
The present study entitled with A Comparative Pharmaceutico- analytical study
of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora can be summarised briefly under
following headings.
1. Literary Study.
2. Pharmaceutical Study.
3. Analytical Study.
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusion
1. LITERARY STUDY:
It comprises the current updated literature regarding Rasasindoora, Hingula, Parada,

Gandhaka, Dugdha and Haridra; concepts of pharmaceutical procedures like Shodhana,
Bhavana, Murchana, Jarana and detail description of Kupipakwa Rasayana; yantras used for
present study and analytical procedures.
2. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:
The raw drugs Hingula and gandhaka were collected from the Amrit Kesari depot,
Bangalore, identified for Grahya Lakshnas. Then all the pharmaceutical procedures were
conducted at Post Graduate Department of Rasashastra, Taranath Govt. Medical College,
Bellary.
Shodhana of Gandhaka was carried out with koormaputa method, Parada was
extracted from Hingula by urdhwapatana procedure in damaru yantra. Parada samanya
shodhana was done by triturating it with Haridra choorna.
Samaguna baliyukta kajjali was prepared by triturating equal parts of Parada and
Gandhaka for 130 hours and then Vatankura swarasa bhavana was given. Triguna baliyukta
kajjali was prepared by triturating one part of Parada and three part of Gandhaka for 110
hours and then Vatankura swarasa bhavana was given
SBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 15 hours, using Samaguna baliyukta
kajjali. TBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 39 hours, using Triguna baliyukta kajjali
154
Rasa Sindoora
Summary
3. ANALYTICAL STUDY:
Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of all the four samples viz SK, TK, SBJR and
TBJR was carried out in PG Dept of Rasashastra TGAMC Bellary, Ganesh Consultancy and
analytical services, Mysore. X-ray diffraction study and particle size analysis were carried out
at IISc Bangalore.
4. RESULTS:
Pharmaceutical results:
9.3% of loss was observed during Gandhaka shodhana, 3.33% and 7.5% of loss was
observed in the preparation of SK and TK respectively. 58% of Parada was extracted from
Hingula. In the samanya shodhana of Parada 1.5% of loss was observed. There was 52.67%
of yield in the preparation of SBJR where as 24.67% of yield was obtained in the preparation
of TBJR.
Analytical study results:
Total mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 40.42%, 30.56%, 82.40% and 84.82%
respectively.
Free mercury was in traces in both SK and TK, where as it was nil in SBJR and
TBJR.
Total sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 48.49%, 66.89%, 16.16% and 14.43%
respectively.
Free sulfur in SK and TK was 22.34%, 40.80% respectively. And in case of SBJR and
TBJR it was in traces.
XRD patterns of SK and TK were compared with the XPDF No- 73-1593; compound
identified as Metacinnabar (HgS), with Cubic crystal structure, having Face Centered Lattice.
XRD pattern of SBJR and TBJR were compared with the XPDF No-06-0256;
compound identified as Cinnabar (HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having primitive
Lattice.
In SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR, 50% of the sample was having particle size, <7.15 m,
<9.38 m, < 4.96 m and <5.34 m respectively.
155
Rasa Sindoora
Summary
N.P.S.T. was carried out to compare the chromatogram of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR.
It was found difference in their chromatogram which cannot be analyzed by modern
analytical techniques.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
From the pharmaceutical point of view, there was much difference between
Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora. Difference was there in the ratio of
ingredients, total duration of heat and quantity of yield. In case of SBJR, duration of paka
was less but the yield was more. In case of TBJR duration of heat was more but yield was
less. From analytical point of view, slight variations were observed in quantitative analysis,
XRD
analysis
and
particle
size
analysis
of
both
SBJR
and
TBJR
156
Rasa Sindoora
Limitations Of The Study
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

It was a time bound research work.
Instrumental and investigatory facilities were minimum.
Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation was taken form outside
laboratories.
There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for pharmaceutical study.
Though bound with these limitations scholar has made her honest effort for bringing
out this scientific study successful. But for the lacunae and errors may be excused by the
learned adjudicators.
157
Rasa Sindoora
Scope For Further Study
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

Comparative Toxicological, Experimental and Clinical studies can be tried for SBJR
& TBJR.
Experimental and Clinical study of TBJR on shukravaha srotogata vikara
w.s.t
Impotency can be carried out.
Comparative PharmaceuticoAnalytical study of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

prepared by Antardooma and bahirdooma method.
Experimental study on bioaccumulation of different types of Rasasindoora can be

carried out using Thermolysis Coupled with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
Further study can be conducted to know the systemic action of different types of
Rasasindoora at cellular level.
Further chemical analysis can be studied by using advanced instrumental techniques

like EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyser), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance),
NAA (Neutron Activation Anaalysis).
To get more accurate temperature reading, temperature inside the kupi can be
recorded
with
optical
pyrometer
during
the
process.
158
Rasa Sindoora
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112. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 34 35, 81pp.
165
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113. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 27 30, 79 - 80pp.
114. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 31, 80pp.
115. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 36 - 37, 81pp.
116. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 32 - 33, 80-81pp.
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129. Acharya Dundukanatha, Rasendra Chintamani, translated by Siddinandan Mishra,
1st
edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba Orientalia, 2000, 2nd Chapter, Verse 7-8, 12pp.
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166
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131. Acharya Anantha Deva Suri, Rasa Chintamani edited by Siddhinandan Mishra Ist Edn,
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Orientalia, 2001, 247pp.
133. Acharya Somadeva, Rasendra Choodamani, Translated by Siddinandan Mishra, 1st edition,
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144. Ibid, 2nd Taranga, Version 28, 16pp.
145. Vd. Yadav Trikamji, Rasamritam, edited by Damodar Joshi, Varanasi, 2nd edition
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148. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Kashinath Shastry, 11th edition, New Delhi, Motilal
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153. Chandra Bhushana Jha, Ayurvedeeya Rasa Shastra, 2nd edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba
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155. Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankara Dvivedi, Parada Vijnaneeyam, 2nd edition, Datia, Sri
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157. Sri Siddinandana Mishra, Ayurvedeeya Rasashastra, 11th edition ,Varanasi, Chaukamba
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158. Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Rasamritam, Translated by Sri Damodhar Joshi, 1st edition,
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170
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2009

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Assistant Professor, Department of P.G.

Dr.M.S.Doddamani,MD(Ayu),,professor, Head of the Department, Department of P.G. studies in

Department of Post Graduate Studies in

It gives me pleasure to thank personally my juniors

Dr.Shweta, Dr.Ajay, Dr.Sunita.M.L, Dr.Manjunath.Pujari, Dr.Sunitha.G.S and Dr.Shrinidhi.

Dr. Revati. G. Huddar.

Koopipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vidhi

Namburi Phase Spot Test

Indian Institute of Sciences

Rasa Ratna Samuchaya

Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara

Samaguna baliyukta kajjali

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Triguna baliyukta kajjali

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Aims & Objectives

Materials and Methods

Scope for further study

Development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts.

Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of Parada &

Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases.

Dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors

Dosage of Rasasindoora according to age.

Different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific indication

Yougika doshas and their effects according to different authors.

Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics

Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses

Weight changes during extraction of parada from hingula

Weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada

Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch)

Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch)

Weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana

Different phases of Samaguna Kajjali during preparation.

Physical properties of Samaguna Kajjali

Different phases of Triguna Kajjali during preparation.

Physical properties of Triguna Kajjali

Observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa

Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna

Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK

Classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna

Results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury

Results of free sulphur and sulphide form of sulphur

XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali.

XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali.

XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna Kajjali and Triguna

Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna kajjali and

Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna balijeerna

Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna balijeerna

Comparative Results of physical and chemical tests

Percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR and

Comparative XRD results of SK & TK

Comparative NPST STUDY

Comparative particle size analysis

Hours v/s Temp of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Comparative pharmaceutical results of Samguna & Triguna

Comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR

Hingula bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa