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written by: Kayla Griffin edited by: Noreen Gunnell updated: 3/26/2014
Proving identities is a big part of any trigonometry class (or method of study). Here, you will find a
basic method that will work on every problem, an example of how to use it, and additional tips and
tricks to save you some time.
Essential Identities
The trick to proving trig identities is intuition, which can only be gained through experience. The more
basic formulas you have memorized, the faster you will be. The following identities are essential to all
your work with trig functions. Make a point of memorizing them.
Quotient Identities:
tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x)
cot(x) = cos(x)/sin(x)
Reciprocal Identities:
csc(x) = 1/sin(x)
sec(x) = 1/cos(x)
cot(x) = 1/tan(x)
sin(x) = 1/csc(x)
cos(x) = 1/sec(x)
tan(x) = 1/cot(x)
Pythagorean Identities:
sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1
cot2A +1 = csc2A
1+tan2A = sec2A
(For a list of other important identities, see the Trig Cheat Sheet article in this series.)
Extra Tips
Get both sides of the equation in the same functions. You dont always have to use sin
and cos, but its easier to compare when both sides are composed of similar functions
Make sure all your angles are the same. Using sin(2A) and sinA is difficult, but if you use
sin2A = 2sin(x)cos(x), that leaves sin(x) and cos(x), and now all your functions match. The same
goes for addition and subtraction: dont try working with sin(A+B) and sinA. Instead, use sin(A+B)
= sin(x)cos(x)+cos(x)sin(x) so that all the angles match.
3 main ways to solve: Convert right side to left side [direct right-left], convert left side to
right side [direct left-right], or convert both sides to the same function [meet in the middle]
If you need to add more powers (or remove them), use cos^2(x) + sin^2(x) = 1. You
can always multiply by 1 without changing the meaning, so therefore you can always multiply by
cos^2(x)+sin^2(x).
Once you get the hang of it, you will begin to see patterns. For instance, in the example
above, you might notice right off that the left side is difference of two squares and do that first.
Then, you quickly simplify to cos^2(x) = sin^2(x), which tells you which double angle identity to
use.
If you keep getting stuck on a problem, take a break. Come back with a clean sheet of
paper, and start over from the beginning. Often, it helps to change the direction (from left-right to
right-left).
Let someone else read through your work, just to see if they follow it and can give a
new perspective. When you stare at the same equations for too long, youll likely start to miss
things that you would have noticed at the beginning.
TRIG HELP
Everything you need to know to get through your trig class. Whether in high school or college, the
tips, tricks, formulas and methods you need can all be found here.
1.
A Guide to Proving Trig Identities
2.
Ace the Trig Exam With This Study Guide
3.
Functions List for Trigonometry