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LING 111. 02
A. MORPHOLOGY
1. Consider the three English words below.
rewhitened
homelessness
computationalists
-ed, -s
2. Draw the tree diagrams of the English words below. Make sure that you indicate the word
classes (i.e. lexical category) at every stage of derivation. Note that if there is a structural
ambiguity, you are expected to draw separate trees for its different meanings.
a. unfoldable
b. ungracefully
Adjective
un-
Adjective
Adjective
Verb
Verb
-able
un-
fold
-able
Verb
fold
Adverb
[able to be unfolded]
Adjective
un-
-ly
Adjective
Noun
-ful
grace
3. Consider the following sets of words from Somali, the official language of Federal Republic of
Somalia.
Set A
buug
fool
jid
book
face
street
buugag
foolal
jidad
books
faces
streets
Set B
baabaco
ilmo
qado
palm
tear
lunch
baabacooyin
ilmooyin
qadooyin
palms
tears
lunches
a. The type of morphological process, e.g. compounding, affixation etc., exemplified in Set A is
reduplication and the one in Set B is suffixation.
b. Formulate a general statement (a morphological rule/s) that states how to form the plural forms of
nouns in Somali.
i)
ii)
If a noun ends in a consonant, {a + the last consonant of the root} is added to the end of the
noun.
If a noun ends in a vowel1, {-oyin} is suffixed to the noun.
4. Consider the data below from Laz, a South Caucasian language spoken in Northeast of
Turkey.
gziri
I saw you
a. Identify all the morphemes you can detect, and give their meanings.
-es: 3rd person plural subject marker
m-: 1st person object marker
-u: 3rd person singular subject marker
g-: 2nd person object marker
st
-it: 1 person plural subject marker
zir-: saw/ to see (the root)
nd
-it: 2 person plural subject marker
-i: 1st person singular subject marker
(P.S. It should be noted that in this language 1st and 2nd person plural subject markers are the same in
form.)
b. How is the verb constructed? That is, what kinds of morphemes are strung together and in what
order?
Verb= Object marker + Verb Root + Subject Marker
c. If {car} means giving food/ feeding in Laz, how would you say the following sentences:
(1) You (pl.) fed me. mcarit
(2) S/he fed you
gcaru
B. SYNTAX
1. In terms of selectional restrictions, explain why the following are ungrammatical
/unacceptable.
It should be noted that in all instances in the data under B, the vowel is [o]. So, this suffix might be special
only for the roots that end in [o]. However, we need further data to make such a claim.
2. Write the phrase structure rules that can generate the Korean sentence below.
Terry-ka
chinkwu
eykey
Terry
friend
to
chayk-ul
book
cwuessta.
gave
TP T
VP V
PPP
T NP VP
V PP V
PNP P
NP N
V NP V
NN