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1 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb
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___________________________
Arakaner Eitihash : Autit O Bartaman (A History of Arakan :
Past & Present) Writen by: Dr. Mohammed Yunus,
Published by: World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY)
Eastern Province, Dammad, K.S.A.
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 2

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‫بسن اهلل الرحون الرحين‬
‫الحود هلل رب العالوين والصالة والسالم على رسوله سيدنا ونبينا هحود وآله وصحبه‬
! ‫ وبعد‬،‫أجوعين‬
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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq:
AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq
AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gªK-D ivRv MY
†ReyK kvn (1531-1553)
e‡½i myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡b wØZxq weRq
wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593)
†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)
ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)
†mwjg kvn wØZxq (1622-1638)
PZz_© Aa¨vq:
AvivKvb iv‡Rï n«vm I cZb
bicwZ KZ…©K AvivKvb wmsnvmb Rei`Lj
_v‡Wvwg›Uªv Ges m›`v _y`v¤§v
AvivKv‡b kvn myRvi cjvqb
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cÂg Aa¨vq
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lô Aa¨vq:
†eacvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb

mßg Aa¨vq:
weªwUk‡ì `L‡j AvivKvb
cÖ_g G¨vs‡jv-evg©vb hy× (1823-1825)
AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1525-1947)
Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax evwg©R RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb
1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ
eyw_Ws Gi msNl©- µvwš—jMœ
AvivKv‡b cybivq weªwUk AbycÖ‡ek
evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb
Aóg Aa¨vq:
AvivKvbxiv †Kb Ò‡÷BUÓ gh©v`v AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv
beg Aa¨vq:
¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evg©vi Aax‡b AvivKvb
gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb
msm`xq MbZš¿Kvjxb mg‡q AvivKvbx‡ì ivR‣bwZK Kg©©KvÊ
(1948-1962)
`kg Aa¨vq
†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb
AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve
we.Gm.wc.wc miKvi KZ…©K AvivKvb‡K Ò‡÷BUÓ Aby‡gv`b
wKs WªvMb Acv‡ikb (1978)
†b DB‡bi bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb
AvivKv‡b Gm.Gj.I.Avi.wm Gi wbh©vZb
f~wgKv:-
evg©vi eZ©gvb kvmK †kªYx `vex K‡i †h Gi cÖK…Z Avwèvmx b„-†Mvôx

g‡½vjxq RvwZ †Mvôx n‡Z D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb evg©vq cÖavbZ AvUwU
b„-m¤cÖ`vq i‡q‡Q| †hgb- eg©x, kvb, KvPxb, Kv‡ib, Kvqv, †gvb, wPb
Ges ivLvBb (AvivKvbx †eŠ×)| Giv Avevi wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ 135 wU b„
†Mvôx‡Z wef³| evg©vq G¨vwi‡qbxq †Kvb b„-‡Mvôx wQj, GgbwK †ivwn½v
m¤cÖ`vq (AvivKvbx gymwjg) †K ch©š— Giv cwi®‥vi fv‡e A¯^xKvi
K‡i| eZ©gvb mg‡q evg©vq hv‡ì g‡a¨B fviZxq ‣ewkó¨ Av‡Q
Zv‡ì‡K we‡`kx A_ev we‡`kx es‡kv™¢Zy ev ÔKvjvÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`qv
nq| Zviv KZw`b a‡i †mLv‡b emevm Ki‡Q Zv †`Lv n‡‪Q bv| e„wUk
Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evg©vqI
nvRvi nvRvi †jvK cÖevmx n‡q Xy‡KwQj| cÖK…Z BwZnvm bv Rvbvi
Kvi‡Y AwaKvsk ch©‡e¶K fviZ n‡Z AvMZ cÖevmx, fviZxq •ewk‡óï
AwaKvix RbgÊjxi mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb Rb‡Mvôx †ivwn½v
mgcÖ`vq‡K ¸wj‡q †d‡j| †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei ‡× evg©vi miKvi I
gM m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU †Rviv‡jv AccÖPvi cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K LvwbKUv ¤vb
K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡‪Q, AvivKv‡b cÖK…Z we‡`kx Kviv? Zvn‡j wK AvivKvb

g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi cÖK…Z Avevm f~wg? G mKj cÖ‡kœi h_v_© Reve
cÖ`v‡bi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q G MÖ‡š |
HwZnvwmK ‡cÖ¶vc‡U, AvivKvb evg©vi GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki †P‡q c~e© fvi‡Zi

mxgvš—eZ©x GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e AwaK ¯^xK…Z| cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z `kg
kZvwã‡Z g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-egx©‡ì AvMgb ch©š— AvivKvb e„nËi
fvi‡Zi GKwU f~LÛ wQj| hvi Rbmgwó wQj e‡½i RbM‡Yi gZB|
evg©vbiv hv‡ì‡K †gv½jxq Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i, †m me

AvivKvbx †e․×iv (ivLvBb) g~jZ Avwiqvb gvNv`v †e․×‡ì eskai
wQj| hviv Aóg kZ‡Ki w`‡K fvi‡Zi wenvi ivR¨ n‡Z cÖevmx n‡q
GLv‡b cvwo Rwg‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z Zviv nvbv`vi †gv½jxq‡ì
mg‡MvÎxq n‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvivKvb- gymjgvb I †e․× Dfq RvwZ
†Mvwô‡K wb‡q me©`v GKwU ¯^vaxb I ¯^vZš¿ gh©v`v A¶zbœ ‡i‡L‡Q| hwÌ
1430 mv‡j ev`kvn †mvjvqgvb kvn& KZ©„K gªyK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi c~‡e©
†mLv‡b wewfbœ mgq egx© I †gvb‡ì n¯—‡¶c cwijw¶Z n‡Zv|
1430 mv‡j e‡½i kvmK myjZvb RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn KZ©„K

†mvjvqgvb kvn AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b cybtcÖwZwôZ nb| 1430 mvj
n‡Z 1638 mvj ch©š— KwZcq Rei `LjKvix kvmK e¨ZxZ mKj
kvmKB ag©vš—wiZ gymwjg kvmK †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni (biwgLjv) eskai
wQ‡jb| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i e‡½i
mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Ggb Mfxi I †m․nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© wQj †h, HwZnvwmKiv
AvivKvb‡K e‡½i KiìvR¨ g‡b KiZ| e‡½i myjZv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq
AvivKvb weR‡qi mgq Gi mxgv‡iLv †h cwigvY wQj, cieZ©x‡Z Avi
KLbI †m mxgv‡iLv AwZµvš— nqwb| wKš‧ 1538 mv‡j e‡½ ¶gZvi
cvjve`‡ji P‡µ AvivKvbx kvmK RveyK kvn 1540 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii
gZ PÆMÖvgmn `w¶Y-c~e© e‡½i GKwU Askwe‡kl `Lj K‡ib| wKš‧
GwU cieZ©x‡Z Avev‡iv e‡½i myjZvb‡ì KiZjMZ nq| 1582 mvj
†_‡K 1666 mvj ch©š— cÖq GKkZ eQi PÆMÖvg AÂj AvivKvbx‡ì
mivmwi kvmbvaxb wQj|
1430 mvj †_‡K e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Mfxi m¤úK© wQj| cÖvq
GKkZ eQi a‡i AvivKvb I eZ©gv‡bi PÆMÖvg GKB kvmKvaxb _vKvi
ciI wKfv‡e GKRb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i †h cÖvK-e„wUk mgq †_‡K
AvivKv‡b gymwjg RbemwZ wQjbv? wQjbv GB `yB GjvKvi Rb‡Mvwôi
g‡a¨ ag©xq Ges mvs¯‥…wZK †Kvb m¤úK©?| `xN© mgq †_‡K AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi AvMgb Ges gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi my`„p Ae¯ v‡bi K_v †Kvb
wbi‡c¶ HwZnvwmK A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z c‡¶,
AvivKv‡b †mvjvqgvb kvn KZ…©K gªK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K
†mLv‡b gymjgvb‡ì msL¨v e„w× Ges Zv‡ì ¶gZv ¯ vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
1582 mv‡j PÆMÖvg `L‡ji ci †gvMj‡ì cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨

AvivKvbx kvmK‡ì‡K cZ©yMxR‡ì mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡qwQj| cieZ©x
cwiw¯ wZ‡Z 1638 mv‡ji ci AvivKv‡bi `ye©j kvmK †kªYx Zv‡ì Dci
GZUvB wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡owQj, hvi d‡j PÆMÖv‡gi mxgvš—eZ©x AÂj
¸‡jv wdwi½x (cZ©yMxR) `my¨‡ì GKwU †Mvcb AvLovq cwiYZ n‡jv|
1650 mv‡ji GKRb ch©UK wj‡L‡Qb †h Rj`my¨ I jy‡Uiv‡ì
mnvqZvq cZ©yMxRiv PÆMÖv‡g Zv‡ì GK ai‡bi mve©‡f․gZ¡ Kv‡qg
K‡iwQj| †mLv‡b mgy`ª c‡_ I ¯ j c‡_ Zviv cÖwZwbqZB WvKvwZ I
jyUZivR KiZ| Zviv wbgœ e‡½i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Ackvmb I g‡Mi gyjyK
Kv‡qg K‡iwQj| gM‡ì mnvqZvq cZ©yMxR‡ì G b„ksmª AcK‡g©i
ì b Zv‡ì‡K N„wYZ ÔRj`my¨Õ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
AvivKv‡bi †e․× kvmK mvb`v _y`v¤§v KZ©„K fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ

kvn& myRv‡K Avkªq †`qv Ges ciewZ©‡Z Zuv‡K nZ¨v Kivi d‡j †gvNj
I AvivKvbx kvmK‡ì ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wZ³ n‡Z _v‡K| GiB d‡j
cieZx©‡Z ¯ vqx fv‡e PÆMÖvg AvivKvix‡ì nvZ Qvov n‡q hvq| kvn&
myRv I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì MYnZ¨vi ci AvivKv‡bi `yÕwU fMœx cÖwZg
m¤cÖ`v‡qi (‡ivwn½v I gM) g‡a¨ Zxeª Aš—Ø›© Ø m„wó nq, hv ewg©‡ì
AvivKvb `Lj Kivi mvnm †hvMvq| weªwUk‡ì wbKU †_‡K evg©vi
¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hwÌ evwg©Riv AvivKvb `Lj‡K
•ea cÖgv‡Yi ‡Póv K‡i, wKš‧ BwZnvm evi evi G K_vB ¯§iY Kwi‡q
†`q †h, Zviv me©`vB AvivKv‡b GK`j we‡`kx AvMÖvmx I `Lj`vi
evwnbx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q|

evwg©R‡ì g‡b G fxwZ GLbI bvov †`q †h, GKw`b AvivKv‡bi
BwZnvm cybivq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i Ges AvivKv‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì
mKj AcZrciZv ¯ wMZ n‡q hv‡e| G Rb¨ Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z m¤¢eci
mKj wec` we`~wiZ Kivi eë¯ v Zviv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z
mg~n wec` n‡‪Q AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv| Zv‡ì g‡bi Mfx‡i jvjvwqZ
†mB fxwZ `ywifyZ Kivi Rb¨ mycwiKwíZ fv‡e †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡ì
wei ‡× b„ZvwË¡K ïw× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q|

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
f~wg I Rbmgwó
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbt
AvivKvb eZ©gv‡b evg©vi GKwU cwðgv cÖ‡`k hv 1784 mvj ch©š— GKwU
¯^vaxb †`k wQj| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq, AvivKv‡bi †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯ vi
¸i Z¡c~Y© cÖfve i‡q‡Q Zvi BwZnvm cwiµgvi Dci| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖvq
†kl ch©š— mgq a‡i ZrKvjxb AvivKvb wb‡R‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ wn‡m‡e
eRvq ivL‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj ïay gvÎ Gi †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯ v‡bi Kvi‡YB|
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi me©‡gvU AvqZb wQj cÖvq 20,000 eM© gvBj|
GwU e‡½vcmvM‡ii c~e©K‚j msjMœ cvnvox f~wgi mi  Ask we‡kl| GwU DËi-
`w¶‡Y we¯—…Z Z‡e DËi w`‡K GKUz cÖmvwiZ Ges `w¶‡Y mi  n‡q wb‡P
†b‡g‡Q| GwU DËi cwð‡g evsjv‡`k‡K, DË‡i fviZ‡K Ges DËi c~‡e© Pxb
cvnvo‡K Qzu‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡bi c~e© cv‡k¦© Aew¯ Z myD‪Q ce©Zgvjv ÒAvivKvb
BDgvÓ GwU‡K evg©vi g~j fy-LÛ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKwU cÖvK…wZK
gvbwP‡Îi iƒc w`‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Gi 176 gvBj mgy`ªmxgv Ges ¯ j
mxgv‡iLv i‡q‡Q hv HwZn¨MZ fv‡e `~i cÖv‡Pï cÖ‡ekØvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
cwð‡g 360 gvBj we¯—…Z DcK~jxq mxgv‡iLv AvivKv‡bi mgy`ª †hvMv‡hvM‡K
mnR K‡i‡Q| Avi G †f․‡MvwjK my‡hvM-myweavi Kvi‡YB AvivKvb I Gi
msjMœ DcK~jxq GjvKvq Ñ hv GLb PÆMÖvg e‡j cwiwPZ Ñ e‡½i g~j f~wgi
Zzjbvq cuvP kZ eQi c~‡e© Bmjv‡gi AvMgb N‡U‡Q|
me© mvKz‡j¨ AvivKv‡b †gvU mvZwU eo b`x i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv bvd, gvqy,
Kvjv`vb, †jg‡iv, Avb, Zvb¸c Ges m¨vÛyI‡q| bvd b`x AvivKvb I
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgv‡iLv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Kvjv`vb AvivKv‡bi `xN©Zg
b`x hv cvnvox AÂj n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx I mgy`ª e›ì
AvwKqve n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Kvjv`v‡bi b¨vq Ab¨ mKj b`xI
wKQz •ewPÎ mn mgy‡`ªi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Gi me b`xB cÖevngvb Ges

mviv eQi mnR †b․-PjvPj †hvM¨| Gi †Kvb b`xB evg©v †_‡K DrcwË nqwb|
GKvi‡YB BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, evg©vi Zzjbvq e‡½i mv‡_
AvivKv‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Mfxi wQj Kvib ¯ j c‡_i PvB‡Z †b․ c‡_i †hvMv‡hvM
ZrKvwjb †hv‡M mnRZi wQj| d‡j †m mg‡qi e‡½i mywbw`©ó wKQz ag©-
†e․×, wn›`y A_ev Bmjvg- AvivKv‡bi agx©q Ae¯ vi Dci GKB mg‡q Mfxi
cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj| AvivKvb cÖK…Z c‡¶ PÆMÖvgevmxi Rb¨ GKwU
AbyeZ©b| c~e© e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi DË‡ii ¯ j fv‡Mi Mfxi eÜz‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y Ges 1203 mv‡j e‡½ gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv nevi ci gymjgvb‡ì
mvs¯‥…wZK I ivR‣bwZK cÖfve AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m weivU Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv
†i‡LwQj| 1403 mv‡j AvivKv‡b gymwjg weR‡qi ci ¯ j c‡_ evg©vq cybivq
Bmjvg cÖmv‡ii KvR evavMª¯— n‡qwQj `Õy‡`‡ki ga¨¯ ‡j Aew¯ Z KwVb
cvnvox cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y|
AvivKvb cvnvo-ce©Z, Mfxi AiY¨, b`x Ges bvjv †ewóZ GKwU †`k| Gi
¯ j fv‡Mi AwaKvsk GjvKv eb-R½‡j †Niv| Gi DË‡ii Ask we¯—…Z
cvjwjK mgZj f~wg Øviv MwVZ Ges `w¶‡Yi Ask mi  Ges cvnvox| Gi
†ek K‡qKwU mgy`ªK~jeZx© Øxc i‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ ÔivgixÕ I †Q`yev me© e„nr|
KvqyKcvqy Dckn‡ii K‡qK gvBj DË‡i ivgix Øx‡ci DcK‚‡j Mfxi cÖvK…wZK
†cvZvkªq i‡q‡Q| G Mfxi mgy‡`ªi cÖvK…wZK †cvZvkªqwU gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
mßg iYZixi gZ A‡bK eo eo RvnvR‡K Avkªq w`‡Z cv‡i| DËi
AvivKv‡bi gvqy, Kvjv`vb I †jgi  DcZ¨Kvi cvjwjK gvwU GZB De©i †h
GK mgq G AÂj‡K ÔavbvfvwZÕ ev avb fvÊvi ejv nZ| AvivKv‡b avb
Drcv`‡b GZUvB cÖmviZv I mdjZv jvf K‡iwQj †h wØZxq wek¦hy× ïi 
ch©š— Gi AwZwi³ Drcvw`Z avb e¨vcK cwigv‡Y PÆMÖvg, KjKvZv, gv`ªvR,
Kj‡¤^v Ges †KvwP‡b ißvbx Kiv n‡Zv| 1950 mv‡j ïaygvÎ AvwKqve AÂ‡j
50wU Pv‡ji Kj wQj hvi meKwU‡Z mviv eQi 24 N›Uv KvR Kiv n‡Zv| avb
QvovI AvivKvb Gi cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †e‡o IVv †m¸b Mv‡Qi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj|
ïi i w`‡K Avie ewYK‡ì hviv AvivKv‡b Zv‡ì ¶y`ª evwYR¨ K‡jvbx cÖwZôv
K‡iwQj, Zviv g~jZt GLvbKvi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I f~wgi •ewPÎ Ges
GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡ì AgvwqK eënv‡i gy» n‡qB Zviv Zv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zviv
Zv‡ì Pjgvb mgy`ª hvÎv cybivq Pvjy Kivi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b ¶wYK Ae¯ v‡bi

mgq AvivKvbxq †j․n I KvVÑhv Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ e‡j cwiwPZ wQjÑ w`‡q Zv‡ì
RvnvR •Zwi KiZ I †givgZ KiZ| Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ QvovI AvivKv‡bi eb-
R½‡j cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †m¸b MvQ I Ab¨vb¨ fvj gv‡bi KvV Rb¥vq| ARmª
cwigv‡Y euvkI cvIqv hvq GLv‡b| ivevi Ges Pv Pv‡lI AvivKvb AMÖYx
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gi my`xN© mgy`ªK~j gv‡Qi Rb¨ mg„×kvjx| mgy`ª DcK~j
I b`xbvjvq †Ni •Zwi K‡i gvbm¤§Z ißvbx †hvM¨ wPswo Drcv`b Kiv nq|
AvivKvb LwYR m¤ú‡Ì mg„×kvjx| †mLv‡b mywbwðZ †c‡Uªv‡ji Ges LwYR
m¤ú‡ì fvÊvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ GLb ch©š— †m¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiZ¨³ Ae¯ vq
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AvivKv‡b Kvjv`vb b`xi m¤§y‡L Aew¯ Z AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx Ges Zv
AvivKv‡bi cÖavb mgy`ª e›ì wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—ixY ¯ j
c_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯^‡ívbœZ| GLv‡b †Kvb †ijc_ †bB| evg©vi mv‡_ Gi
†hvMv‡hvM n‡q _v‡K cÖavbZt AvKvk c‡_ I mgy`ª c‡_| evg©vi mv‡_ ¯ j
c‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ AvivKv‡b cvnvox AÂ‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wZbwU iv¯—vI
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hLb G¸‡jv ïaygvÎ ï®‥ †g․my‡g eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Gi Rjevq~ gvSvwi
ai‡bi| GLv‡b wZbwU ¯^Zš¿ FZz i‡q‡Q - G¸‡jv n‡jv- kxZKvj, MÖx®§Kvj
Ges el©vKvj| GLv‡b eQ‡i cÖvq 200 BwÂ e„wócvZ n‡q _v‡K|
AvivKv‡bi ey¨rcwË I BwZnvmt
ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU mywbwðZfv‡e Aviex A_ev dvimx fvlv n‡Z wbM©Z|

Dfq fvlv‡ZB Gi A_© GKB ai‡bi| GwU AviKvb (‫ )أركن‬kãwUi weK…Z
iƒc, Ges kãwUi eûePb i K&b (‫ )ركن‬hvi A_©- LuywU ev ¯—¤¢| Bmjv‡gi
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ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwU Bmjvg I kvwš—i f~wgi Zvrch© enb K‡i| GLb †h GjvKvwU
AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q, ïi ‡ZB G cwifvlvwUi A_© wbiƒcY Kiv
LyeB `yiƒn e¨vcvi wQj| wKš‧ AwaKZi mZ¨ NUbv n‡jv, 1430 mv‡j
†`kwU‡Z gymjgvb‡ì weR‡qi ci ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|

ZrKvjxb ¯^vaxb e½ myjZvb‡ì ivRKxq fvlv wQj dvimx Ges Zviv AvivKvb
Rq K‡i 1845 mvj ch©š— dvimx‡K `vßwiK fvlv wn‡m‡e Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|
G mKj AvivKvb ivRviv hviv e‡½i myjZvb‡ì mv‡_ DËg m¤úK© eRvq
†i‡L Pj‡Zv ZvivB g~jZt Gi bvgKiY K‡iwQj AvivKvb| AvivKvb ivRviv
dvimx fvlvq we‡kl cvi`kx© wQj| ÒAvivKvb ivRv‡ì Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK
gZev` wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡MwQj| hLb GUv Zv‡ì wbKU Lye AvqË n‡q
G‡jv ZLb Zviv †`L‡jv †h GUv AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ
jvf K‡i‡Q|Ó1
AvBb-B-AvKevi, evnvwi¯—vb-B-Mv‡qex Ges Ôwmqvi-Dj-gyZvqvL&wLixbÕ

MÖš ¸‡jvi †jLKMY kãwU‡K AviLvb&K ( ) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv mvgvb¨
cwieZ©bmn ÔAvjgMxi bvgvÕ Ges Ôdv‡Zwnqv-B-Bewiqv MÖ‡š  G‡m‡Q|
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K‡i‡Qb, ÔAvivKvbÕ (Arracan ) ÔAvivKyÕ (ARRacoo), ÔIivKvbÕ
(Orrakan) Ges AvivKvb (Arrakan) e‡j| Ges fb wjÝ‡Kv‡Ub GUv‡K
AvivKvb (Arakan) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv AvaywbK bv‡gi AwaK wbKUeZx©|
KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msiw¶Z †ek K‡qKwU gy`ªvi g‡a¨ GKwU gy`ªv Ggb cvIqv
hvq ‡h †mwU AvivKvbxq kvmK myjZvb evnv`yi kvn KZ…K© 965 wnRix‡Z
(1557-58 mvj ) evbv‡bv n‡qwQj| G gy`ªvwUi GKcv‡k dvimx fvlvq
ÔKvwjgviÕ Qvc Ges Ab¨cv‡k ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwUi Qvc jvMv‡bv| Zuvi c~e©m~ix
myjZvb †gvnv¤§` kvn& KZ…K
© 962 mv‡j evbv‡bv GKB ai‡bi Qvc hy³ Av‡iv
†ek wKQz gy`ªv cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv fvi‡Zi KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msi¶Y Kiv
n‡qwQj| GKB Qvcv¼ wewkó †gvnv¤§` kv‡ni Avg‡ji gy`ªv weªwUk hv`yN‡i
1
Arakan's place in civilization in the Bay in Journal of the Burma
Research Society (JBRS), Fiftieth Anniversary publications. No. 2. P.P.
491-2

msiw¶Z Ae¯ vq cvIqv hvq| R‣bK HwZnvwmK gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒGUv mZ¨
†h dvimx Drm eB¸‡jv‡Z ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU ÔAviLvb&KÕ (Arkhank) A_ev
mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨mn wjwce× Av‡Q| GUv n‡Z cv‡i †h, BD‡ivcxq iƒc ( )
AvivKv‡bi Zzjbvq RbwcÖq Aviexq iƒc ( ) ev LuywU kãwU gy`ªv
cÖ¯Z
‧ Kvixi wbKU AwaK cwiwPZ wQj| Avi G Kvi‡YB gy`ªv cÖ¯Z ‧ Kvix †m
†`‡k cÖPwjZ Ab¨ bvg e¨wZ‡i‡K gy`ªvi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb Ô AvivKvbÕ|
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gy`ªvi QvcvsKb¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Ô AvivKvbÕ

bvgwU 16Õk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ch©š— eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwUi Dc‡i ewY©Z fvlv¸‡jv GKwU GKK-wew‪Qbœ `„óvš— wn‡m‡e

Av‡m bvB| AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ weL¨vZ ¯ vb, b`x I ce©Zgvjv Aviex A_ev
dvimx bvg AvK&Bqve (EK-ab ) hvi dvimx A_© - GK cvwbi †`k| †hgb
ejv nq cvbRve (Panj-ab) A_©- cÂ cvwbi †`k| b`x¸‡jvi bvg †hgb
ÔKvjv`vbÕ (eyw×gvb), ÔbvdÕ (mœvq~), KzjvcvÄv ( c‡biRb wkw¶Z e¨w³) meB
Aviex A_ev dvimx kã fvÊvi †_‡K G‡m‡Q| G kã¸‡jv AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU cwiPq enb K‡i| Gfv‡e AvivKvb Ges
AvivKvbxqiv gymjgvb‡ì cÖZxKB enb K‡i|
hwÌ mvaviY aviYv Abyhvqx AvivKv‡bi mKj RbMY gymjgvb Ges

†e․×‡ì‡K GK‡Î AvivKvbxq ejv DwPZ, Z_vwc `yfv© M¨ ekZ KwZcq
HwZnvwmK m¤ú~Y© fyj wb‡`©kbvq ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU‡K ïaygvÎ ÔgMÕ
(ivLvBb) k‡ãi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi †e․× m¤cÖ`vq
wb‡R‡ì‡K ÔivLvBbÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i| Zviv ÔAvivKvbxqÕ cwifvlvwU‡K
evgx©R fvlvq ÔivLvBbÕ A‡_© eënvi K‡i| Gi Øviv Zviv GUv eyS‡Z Pvq †h
ÔAvivKvbÕ I ÔivLvBbÕ kã `yÕwU GKwU Ab¨wUi cÖwZkã| Z‡e Gi ga¨ †_‡K
gymjgvb‡ì‡K ev` †`qv nq †h‡nZz gymjgvbiv ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq bq| wKš‧
welqwU cwi®‥vi fv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q GKRb weªwUk Avwg© †Rbv‡i‡ji †jLbx‡Z|

whwb wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb Awfhv‡b Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb
wj‡L‡Qb- hLb Avgiv AvivKvb n‡Z Awfhvb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQjvg wVK
Zvi cieZx© mg‡q AvivKvbxq I gN‡ì g‡a¨ f~wg Ges ¶gZvi Rb¨ e¨vcK
msNl© n‡qwQj| ‡gRi G¨vb‡_vbx Bifxb bv‡gi Av‡iK weªwUk Kg©KZv© whwb
AvivKvb •mb¨ `‡j KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ò me© cÖ_g gNiv hy×Uv‡K
Zv‡ì wbqš¿Yvax‡b †i‡LwQj, KviY Zviv wQj †MvQv‡jv Ges A¯¿-k‡¯¿
mw¾ZÓ| wKš‧ †h‡nZz Zviv DË‡i Xy‡K c‡owQj †m‡nZz Zviv †mLv‡b K‡Vvi
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj| Zviv †mLv‡b ïay AvUKB nqwb eis cðv`cmiY
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|
‡ivqvs/ †ivnvs / †ivmnvs (cÖvPxb AvivKvb) t
‡ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmnvs cwifvlvwU cÖvPxb Kv‡ji wb`k©b enb K‡i| GwU

AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb bvg| m¤¢eZ cwifvlvwU Aviex kã ivngvb ( ) n‡Z
wbM©Z hvi A_© †Lv`vi Avkxe©v`cyó f~wg| Avie I cvi‡mï cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi
ewYKMY G bvgwU Ò‡fmvjxÓi cªvPxb iv‡Rï Dci Av‡ivc K‡ib| P›`ªvq
AvMg‡bi Kgc‡¶ GKkZ eQi c~‡e© Zviv †fmvjxq iv‡R¨ AvMgY K‡ib|
RvnvR `yN©Ubvq Avie ewYKMY †f‡m †f‡m cwðg AvivKvb DcK~‡ji GKwU
Øx‡c †c․‡Qb| ØxcwUi bvg Òing †evixÓ hvi Aviex A_© ÔAvj-vni Avkxe©v‡ì
f~wgÕ| G cwifvlvwU GLbI mvgvb¨ cwieZ©bmn evwg©R fvlvq ivgeªx wn‡m‡e
cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Avi Bs‡iRiv GwU‡K weK…Z K‡i bvg †i‡L‡Q ÔivgnxÕ| beg
I `kg kZvwãi Avie †f․‡MvwjKMY ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ ev ÔivngvÕ f~LÊ
Øviv ÔivngÕ ivR¨‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z GwU †ivnvs/†ivmvs/†ivqvs G iƒcvš—
wiZ nq| Be‡b Lyi`vèxn bvgK GK Avie †f․‡MvwjK e‡j‡Qb-miYØxc
(mvBjb) Gi c‡i ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ| †mLv‡b AvRe ÔBDwbKY©Õ cÖvYx
Ges †QvU †QvU Dj½ †jvK evm KiZ| HwZnvwmK gvmy`x miY Øxc I fviZ
mvMixq Øxç‡jvi c‡iB GwU‡K b`x Zxi¯  †`k wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G

mKj eY©bv e¨vcK Abyfw~ Z wb‡q Av‡m †h ivngx ev ivngv e½‡cvmvMi Ges
gvjv°v cÖYvjxi gv‡S wbKUZg DcK~j f~wg‡Z Aew¯ Z| Z‡e Gi mwVK
Ae¯ vb Luy‡R †ei Kiv LyeB KwVb| GUv †LuvR Ki‡j cvIqv hv‡e †h ÔRvwRivÕ
kãwU ïaygvÎ ÔØx‡ciÕ A_©B cÖ`vb K‡ibv eis b`x Zxi¯  f~wg‡KI eySvq|
†mvjvqgvb bv‡gi GKRb ewYK Ñ whwb beg kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q GLv‡b
emevm K‡i‡Qb Ñ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h ivn&gxÕi ivRv LyeB ¶gZvai wQj| hvi
50,000wU nvZx I 150,000 Rb •mb¨ wQj| GgbwK eZ©gvb hy‡MI
AvivKv‡bi R½‡j Ges PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox AÂ‡j e¨vcK cwigv‡Y ey‡bv nvZx
cvIqv hvq| m‡e©vcwi, GUv Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Avie †f․‡Mvwj‡Ki
ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ‡K AvivKvb †ejvf~wg Ô‡ivnvsÕ Gi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv
n‡qwQj| Bs‡iR ågYKvix i¨vd wdm ivngx ivR‡K ÔgMÕ‡ì GKwU †`k
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gMÕiv wQj AvivKv‡bi †e․× Rbmgwó|
m¨vi G.wc dvqix (A.P. Phayre) Avie †jLK‡ì ÔivngxÕ ivgy kã Ø‡qi g‡a¨
ey¨rcwËMZ m¤úK© Ly‡R‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ivgy `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU ¯ vb
kw³ai iv‡Rï Aewkóvsk| hv Avie †jLK‡ì Øviv ivngv, ivngx ev i ngx
wn‡m‡e weåvš— n‡q‡Q| m¨vi G.wc. dvqixi G AwfgZ‡K mwVK wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Kiv hvq bv| KviY ÔivgyÕ KL‡bv GKwU ivRkvwmZ iv‡óªi †P‡q †ekx wKQz wQj
bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z welq n‡‪Q BwZnv‡mi †Kvb mg‡qB Gi ¯^vZš¿ Ae¯ vb m¤ú‡K©
wKQz Rvbv hvq bv | Ggb wK hw` GUv a‡i ‡bqv nq †h ivR¨wU beg I `kg
kZvãx‡Z Aw¯—Z¡ jvf K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j GUv †Rvi w`‡q ejv hv‡e
†h GwU Dcgnv‡`kxq kw³ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó e„nr ivR¨ wQj bv| †QvU GKwU
ivR¨ nIqv‡Z GwU Kv`vwPrB DËi fvi‡Zi cÖavb kw³¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zvi
†mbvevwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q|
cviZ c‡¶, Avie †jLK‡ì ÔivngÕ iv‡Rï eY©bv ÔivgyÕ iv‡Rï eY©bvq Lye
KgB cÖvavb¨ ‡c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ †ivnvs ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|

1310 mv‡j msKwjZ ivwk`ywÏ‡bi GKwU MÖ‡š  AvivKv‡bi bvg Ô‡ivnvbÕ
wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q hv †ivnvs Gi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e mv`„k¨c~Y©| wZwb
wj‡L‡Qb †h ÔivnvbÕ (AvivKvb) †`kwU Lvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Aaxb¯— f~wg|
HwZnvwmK Ges NUbvcÄx †jLKiv h‡_ó cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i e‡j‡Qb- cÖvPxb
AvivKvb‡K †ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs ejv n‡Zv| evwg©R BwZnvm ÔÔ myBRvs KvBgvÕÕ
(Chuijang ky athe ) MÖ‡š  D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h evg©v †m mgq wZb fv‡M
wef³ wQj, hvi GKwU Ask kvmb KiZ PvKgv ivRv| PvKgviv Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K ivRv evwb‡qwQj| Zvi bvg wQj ÔkvLvwjqvÕ (
mK‡ji Øviv wbe©vwPZ)| Zvi †Kvb cyÎ mš—vb wQj bv eis ïay gvwbKex bv‡gi
GKRb Kb¨v mš—vb wQj| Zvi ¯^vgx ev½vjx‡ì c‡¶i wQ‡jb Ges 1118-
1119 mv‡j †ivqvb (AvivKvb) bvgK †`‡k gN‡ì mv‡_ hy× K‡i‡Qb|
gvwbKexi ci Zvi cyÎ gvwbKMÖx †mLvbKvi ivRv nb Ges Gici Zvi cyÎ
Ôgv`vwjqvÕ ivRv nb| Zvici gv`vwjqvi cyÎ ivgv †VvsRv ivRv nb| Avi ivgv
†VvsRvi cyÎ wQj Kvgvj †PMv| Zvi kvmbvg‡j Ô†ivqvbÕ Gi mv‡_ †m †`‡ki
cÖevmx PvKgv‡ì GKUv hy× n‡qwQj| wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb ÔivRgvjvÕ D‡jL
K‡i‡Q †h wÎcyivi ivRv Ôavwbqv gvBbKvÕ PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Ô‡ivmvs
gvi`vb bvqvibÕ †K †mLvbKvi MfY©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| GK&
DcvL¨v‡bi Aci GK RvqMvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ivRv Ô‡ivmvsÕ iv‡Rï
i‡Ü« i‡Ü« †c․‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mUv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvici
ivRv †ivmvs ivR¨‡K cy‡ivcywi Aaxb¯  Kivi cwiKíbv wb‡q Zvi ivRavbx‡Z
wd‡i Avm‡jb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ÔgMÕ (†e․×)†ì‡K-Sywgqv gvN Ges †ivqvb gM G `yB †kªYx‡Z

wef³ Kiv nq| GUv Bw½Z K‡i †h †ivqvb gvNiv c~e© cwiwPZ †ivnvs n‡Z
G‡m‡Q| Giv Df‡qB AvivKv‡bi Avjv`v b„-‡Mvôxi Aš—f³©y | mß`k kZvwãi
weL¨vZ ivRKwe kvn& AvjvIj fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ kvn myRvi g„Zyï ci
Zvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv‡K wb‡q GKwU †kvKMuv_v iPbv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb
†ivnvb Ges †ivwn½v ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Kwe Zvi
Aci `yÕwU weL¨vZ †jvKMuv_v-mvqdzj gyj&K ew`D¾vgvj I wmKv›`vi bvgv

MÖ‡š  †ivqvs I †ivwn½v‡ì m¤ú‡K© mgvb fv‡e eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Dc‡iv³ NUbv
I Z_¨cÖgvY n‡Z GKUv welq wèv‡jv‡Ki b¨vq cwi®‥vi †h AvivKv‡bi Avw`
bvg wQj †ivnvs, †hUv me©cÖ_g Avieiv eënvi K‡iwQj|
AvivKv‡bi RbMY:
AvivKv‡b `yÕwU e„nr b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ ‡ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq
msL¨v Mwiô RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges me©cwi Zviv Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vmx| Avi
gvN ev ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq msL¨vjNy RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges Zviv †e․×
ag©g‡Zi Abymvix| 1942 mv‡ji c~‡e© †ivwn½v Ges gvN Dfq m¤cÖ`vq KZ…K©
we¯—…Z cwim‡i AvivKvb `Lj n‡qwQj| 1942 mv‡j gymjgvb we‡ivax
`v½vKvjxb mg‡q `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡ì‡K DËivÂ‡j Zvwo‡q †`qv
n‡qwQj, †hLv‡b †e․× gNiv †`kwUi `w¶Y Aa©vsk `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj|
eZ©gv‡b Zviv ‡mLv‡b msL¨v MwiôZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j wKQz Avwèvmx evm K‡i hv‡ì AwaKvsk we‡Ølx
g‡bvfvevcbœ| Zv‡ì msL¨v GLbI Lye bMY¨| Zviv n‡jv- KvwgR, ‡gªvR,
PvDs_vQ, mvK&m, wPbÄ, PvDR, LvDs‡mvm, AvnbyQ Ges †Kvbm| cÖavb b„-
‡Mvôx n‡jv-‡gªvR, KvwgR, PvDs_vQ Ges wPbR|
†ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq t
†ivwn½v cwifvlvwU ÔivnvBÕ ev Ô‡ivmnv½xÕ kã n‡Z wbM©Z| †ivnvB Ges

†ivmv½x cwifvlv Øviv cÖvPxb AvivKv‡b emevmKvix gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôx‡K
eySvq| PÆMªv‡g emevmiZ gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ `yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ Pwi‡Îi b„-
†Mvôx cvIqv hvq| G‡ì GKwU ÔPvUMvBqvÕ I Ab¨wU Ô‡ivnvBÕ e‡j cwiwPZ|

GKB ag©g‡Zi Abymvix nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK Af¨v‡mi g‡a¨
ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q| e¯‧Zt, PÆMÖv‡gi Ô‡ivnvBevÕ †mB mKj gymjgvb hviv eg©xq
b„ksmZvi Kvi‡Y [AvivKvb (†ivnvb) †_‡K cvwj‡q G‡mwQj]| 1784 mv‡j
evg©v KZ©„K AvivKvb Rei `L‡ji †Ri a‡i|
PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÂvk fv‡Mi †ekx n‡‪Q Ô‡ivnvBÕ hviv
AvivKv‡b Zv‡ì c~e©cyi l‡ì DrcwË ‡LuvR K‡i Avie, g~i, ZzKx©,cvimxqvb,
†gvNj, cvVvb Ges ev½vwj‡ì gv‡S GKRb weªwUk Avwg© Awdmvi whwb wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i mg‡q AvivKvb evwnbxi mv‡_ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb AviKvb
gymjgvb‡ì b„-ZvwË¡K PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e †h ÔÔ fviZ I
evg©vi †h mKj gymjgvb‡ì‡K Avwg †`‡LwQ AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡ì
†_‡K m¤ú~Y© e¨wZµg| Zviv bvg, †cvkvK Ges Af¨v‡m Avie‡ì m`„k| bvix
Ges we‡kl K‡i hyeZx bvix‡ì e¨vc‡i GK ai‡bi ¯^Zš¿ Aviexq ms¯úk©
i‡q‡QÕÕ|
‡ivwn½v fvlvi Dbœqb LyeB A™¢yZ cÖK„wZi| GwU wewfbœ Avlvi mswgkªY, †h
fvlv¸‡jv nvRvi eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡b we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj|
GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv h_v_© †h gviK-BD (Mrauk-U) ivRv‡ì cÖv_wgK mgq
†_‡K 1845 mvj ch©š— dviwm AvivKv‡bi Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e eënvi
n‡q AvmwQj| †m mg‡q gªvDK-D ivRv‡ì mv‡_ e‡½i m¤úK© GZUvB Avš—
wiK I Mfxi wQj †h AvivKvb ivR mfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK mg„w× AR©b
K‡iwQj| kvn& AvjvIj, ‡`․jZ KvRx Ges gvMb wmÏxwKi g‡Zv A‡bK
gymjgvb mfvKwe AvivKvb ivRv‡ì †mev K‡i‡Qb| Zviv dvimx, Aviex
A_ev wgkª fvlv †ivwn½v‡Z mvwnZ¨ iPbv KiZ| †ivwn½v fvlv‡K Zviv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ mg„× `vb K‡iwQj Ges Ges G fvlvwU wQj g~jZt Aviex,
dvimx, evsjv I AvivKvb (ivLvBb) fvlvi mswgkªY| hwÌ †ivwn½v fvlv
AvivKvb ivRv‡ì kvmbvg‡j cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj, wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b G fvlvwUi

‡jLïƒc cÖvq wejywßi c‡_| G fvlvwU gyjZt 1784 mv‡j evwg©R nvbv`vi
KZ…K
© aŸsm cÖvß n‡qwQj Ges cieZ©x‡Z ZrKvjxb Dcwb‡ewkKMY †mUv‡K
h_vh_ msi¶Y K‡i bvB|
gM ev ivLvBb t
gM (Magh) kãwU m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e evsjv fvlv †_‡K Drcbœ| kãwUi mwVK

Zvrch© Ges P~ovš— DrcwË¯ j cwi¯‥vi | kãwUi me‡P‡q †ekx m‡š—vlRbK
DrcwË¯ j GKwU n‡‪Q hv GUv‡K fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb gvMvav-ivR cwiev‡ii
kvmbvg‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i‡Q| †e․× cÖwZcwËi n«vm ïi  nq fvi‡Z ÔgvIixÕ
(Maurya) ivR‡Z¡i cZ‡bi ci †_‡K| wLªóvb kvm‡bi ïi i w`‡K ivRv A‡kvK
†mLvbKvi ivRv wQ‡jb| µgvMZ AvU kZvwã mg‡q †e․×ev` Ges GK
i¶Ykxj eªvþY wn›`yev‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv msNl© n‡qwQj| gvMvav I cÖvPxb
wenv‡i †e․×iv i¶Ykxj wn›`y Ges cÖwZc¶ gvnvqvbv ‡e․×‡ì Øviv GZ
gvivZœKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q †h Ô‡_iv‡f`vÕ †e․×‡ì‡K eva¨ n‡q †mLvb
†_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zviv ‡mLvb †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q wn›`y ivRv kvwmZ
wfkvjx‡Z (Vesali) Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| ZLb †_‡KB Zv‡ì‡K ÔgvNÕ e‡j
WvKv nq| wKš‧ gvNvav Awfevmx‡ì g‡a¨ G‡m Avwiqvbiv Zv‡ìmn
ag©vej¤^x-g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq‡ì Af¨š—ixY weevn m¤úv`b n‡Zv|
Zviv ivR¨wU‡K 957 mvj †_‡K cÖvq cuvP kZvãxKvj a‡i KiZjMZ K‡i
†i‡LwQj| fviZxq I g‡½vjxqvb‡ì mgš^‡q m„ó bZzb k¼i (Hybrid)
RvwZ‡K eZ©gv‡bi mvaviY g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq †kªYx †_‡K AwZ
mn‡RB Avjv`v Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e eZ©gvb hy‡Mi AvivKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡ì
DrcwË Lyu‡R cvq gvMvavq| wKš‧ Zv‡ì mv‡_ g‡½vwjqvb‡ì mv`„k¨ n‡q‡Q
Ges Zv‡ì fviZxq PwiÎI nvwi‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ ÔgMÕ k‡ãi DrcwË n‡e,
gvMvax, gvNx-gvMx, gM A_ev gvN| bZzb Bs‡iwR Awfavb D‡jL K‡i †h gM,
(Mog), g‡Mb (Mogen), gM (Mogue) kã¸‡jv AvivKv‡bi bvg Ges cÂg-

‡lvok kZvwãi AvivKvbxq RbMY‡K eySv‡Z eënvi nq| Bs‡iR ch©UK i¨vd
wdP (Ralph Fitch) AvivKvb‡K Ôg‡MbÕ (Mogen) †`k wn‡m‡e mbv³
K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b AvivKvb I evsjv‡`k Dfq †`‡ki gvNiv G bvg eR©b
K‡i‡Q| Zviv `vex K‡i †h GUv Bs‡iR‡ì D™¢vweZ bZyb kã †hfv‡e Zviv
K‡i‡Q| weªwUkiv cÖv‡P¨ Av‡m Aóv`k kZvwã‡Z wKš‧ ÔgMÕ (Magh) cwifvlvwU
mßg Ges Aóg kZvwã‡ZI cÖPwjZ wQj| GLb welqwU cwi®‥vi †h gM
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AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †e․×iv g‡b K‡i| wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡‪Q, †Kb
Zviv G bvg eR©b K‡i‡Q? cÖK…Z NUbv n‡‪Q †lvok kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K
1784 mvj ch©š— cÖvq `yÕ kZ eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡bi gNiv
(magh) cZy©Mx‡Ri jyÉbKvix/`my¨‡ì mv‡_ †Mvcb AvuZvZ K‡iwQj. hv e‡½i
Rb-gvby‡li g‡b Ggb hš¿bv`vqK fq Ges AvZs‡Ki KviY n‡qwQj| Avi G
NUbv †_‡KB gvN (Magh) kãwU WvKvZ ev `my¨Õi cÖwZkã n‡q‡Q| wnsmªZv,
wbôziZv, AvBb-k„sLjv k~b¨Zv Ges Zv‡ì N„Y¨ Kvh©Kjvc Zv‡ì †`k‡K
Ôg‡Ni gyjyKÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z cÖavb mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Ôg‡Ni
gyj-yKÕ A_© AvBb-k„‫‫‬Ljv I wePvi-we‡ePbv wenxb GKwU ‡`k| Ôg‡Ni gyjyKÕ
GLb GKwU cÖev` ev‡K¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q- hvi evsjv A_© AivRKZv ev
†¯^‪QvPvwiZv|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h GivB †mB euvabnviv, wnsmª,
jyÉbKvix gvN hviv GLb AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡k gvN †e․× wn‡m‡e emevm
Ki‡Q| cÖvß mKj NUbv Ges eY©bv G wel‡q mvgvb¨ m‡›`nI iv‡Lbv †h
eZ©gvb hy‡Mi gN ev AvivKvbxq jy‡Uiv gvN‡ìB eskai| HwZnvwmK
mvnveywÏb Uvwj‡ki mß`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q GKwU eY©bv G NUbvi
mZ¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó †h, ÔgvNÕ jy‡Uiv wQ‡jv AvivKvb iv‡Rï Awaevmx|

ÒAvivKvbx Rj`myïvÓ gN Ges wdwisMx DfqB cvwb c‡_ G‡m e‡½ jyUZivR
KiZ| Zviv wn›`y I gymjgvb, bvix I cyi l, †QvU-eo, Kg-‡ewk mevB‡K
AvUK K‡i †Rvic~e©K Zy‡j wb‡q †hZ| Zviv Zv‡ì nv‡Zi Zvjy we× KiZ|
Zviv Zv‡ì cðvr‡`k w`‡q †e‡Zi jvwV XywK‡q w`‡Z Ges Zviv G‡Ki ci
Ab¨ Rb‡K Rvnv‡Ri †W‡Ki wb‡P †d‡j w`Z| cï-cvwL‡ì‡K †hfv‡e Lv`¨
Quz‡o †`qv nq wVK †mfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K mKvj I we‡K‡j Zviv ew›`‡ì Dci ivbœv
wenxb Pvj Quz‡o gviZ |
gMiv weMZ eû kZ eQi a‡i G RNb¨ bvgUv AR©b K‡i‡Q hv GLb Zv‡ì
DËim~ix‡ì Rb¨ LyeB j¾vi KviY n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| eis G bv‡gi cwie‡Z©
Zviv GLb wb‡R‡ì‡K ivLvBb ej‡Z ïi  K‡i‡Q, hv AvivKvb Ges
gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK©hy³|
AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, ÔivLvBbÕ kãwU Ôiv¶vcyivÕ ev Ôiv¶‡mi †`kÕ n‡Z

G‡m‡Q| iv¶m ej‡Z Ggb GK ‣`Z¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv †`L‡Z A‡a©K gvbyl
Ges A‡a©K cï| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `jxj cÖgvY †c․ivwYK I KíKvwnbx
wbf©i| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `vex‡K †Rviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì HwZnvwmK
†Kvb cÖgvY †bB| ivLvBb cwifvlvwU †ivqvs/wi‡Kvb k‡ãi weK…Z iƒc, hv
AvivKv‡bi cyivZb bvg| †lvok kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡qi GKRb ZzKx©
bvweK wm`x Avjx †Pwjex ÔivLvBbÕ‡K ÔivKvb&RÕ wj‡L‡Qb| GUv m¤¢e †h
Aviex aŸwb D‪Pvi‡Y mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y g‡½vjxqvb evgx©Riv AvivKvb (‫)اراكن‬
k‡ãi cÖ_g n‡Z Aviex Avwjd (‫†)ا‬K ev` w`‡q ïaygvÎ ivKvb (‫)راكن‬
D‪PviY K‡i‡Qb| hvB‡nvK, ivKvb, ivKvb&R, AviLvb&K, wiKb, Aviv‡Kv,
AviKvb cwifvlv¸‡jv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK KZ„K© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi G¸‡jvi
meB †ivqvs A_ev AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| GUv †Kvbfv‡eB Ôiv¶vcyivÕi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq, AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb †hfv‡e `vex K‡i‡Q|

gN‡ì K_¨ fvlv gwN ev ivLvBb †hgbUv Zviv e‡j-GKwU Avjv`v fvlv bq
eis mvgvb¨ D‪PviY/aŸwYMZ cv_©K¨mn GwU LuvwU evwg©R kã| ivLvBb fvlvi
Avjv`v †Kvb †jL¨ iƒc bvB| ivLvBb fvlv m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmKMY wb‡gœv³ gš—
e¨ K‡i‡Qb|
Ò ivLvBb fvlvi Avwef©ve ev cÖKvk welqK cÖkwœ U †ek KwVb| nq GwU `kg
kZvwãi g‡½vjxq nvbv`vi‡ì fvlv A_ev GwU GKv`k I Øv`k kZvwã‡Z
evg©vi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cwiï×Zv †c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ welqUv GLbI AgxgvswmZ i‡q
†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi fvlv evgx©R fvlvi gZB hv ïaygvÎ AvÂwjK fvlv wn‡m‡eB
eëüZ nq| fvlv ZvwË¡K mgm¨v¸‡jv gv_vPvov w`‡q D‡V‡Q hv mgvavb Kiv
LyeB KwVb| G cÖkUœ v DËg gxgvsmvi cÖwZ¶v Ki‡Q|Ó

wØZxq Aa¨vq
Avw` BwZnvm
abveZx mvgªvR¨ (The Kingdom of Dhannavati)t
cÖvß mKj HwZnvwmK Z_¨, HwZn¨, wnmve-wbKvk Ges DcvL¨vb G wel‡qi

w`‡KB Bw½Z K‡i †h my`~i cÖvPxb †_‡K AvivKvb wQj GKwU wn›`y ivR¨|
L„óc~e© 2666 Aã ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡ì mKj Z_¨-DcvË G
DcvL¨vb¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq †h, wLªóvb kvm‡bi cÖvq
cÖ_g kZvwãi w`‡K gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cÖvq 40 gvBj DËi-cwð‡g
Ô‡jgivÕ b`xi Zx‡i abveZx mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj| gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) wQj
cÖvPxb AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx| cÖZœZvwË¡K M‡elYvmg~n Bw½Z ‡`q †h GjvKvwU
AvR AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPZ eû eQi a‡i Zv wn›`y ivRv‡ì Avevmf~wg wQj|
AvivKv‡bi cvk¦©eZx Mv‡½q e-Øx‡ci mgmvgqxK ag©I wQj wn›`yev`| P›`ª
(Chandra) ivRv‡ì kvm‡bi PvikZ eQi c~‡e© Pxbv ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb
(Fa-Hein) (405-411mvj) wn›`y¯—vb ågY K‡ib| ZLb wn›`y¯—v‡bi kvmK
wQj ¸ßiv| eªvþY wQj me‡P‡q m‡e©vrK…ó miKvi| wKš‧ wZwb †mLv‡b nvRvi
nvRvi gvnvqvb I wnbvqvb mbœvmx‡ì AvLov n‡Z Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn K‡i Px‡b
wd‡i wM‡qwQj| G mKj AÂj †mmgq cÖvPxb †èZv‡ì MxR©v, †e․×‡ì
AmsL¨ eBcÎ Ges msiw¶Z ¯§„wZwP‡ý mg„× wQj| fviZ hwÌ GKwU †e․×
ivóª wQj bv, Zey AmsL¨ †e․× ¯ vcbv eû w`b a‡i wU‡K wQj|

Gg.Gm KwjQ (M.S. Collis) Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš  Ôw` j¨vÊ Ae `¨ †MÖU B‡gRÕ
G wj‡L‡Qb Ò g‡½vwjqvb Avµg‡Yi c~‡e©, AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK hy‡M †mLv‡b
GKwU gvÎ kni M‡o D‡VwQj hvi bvg wQj abveZx| 1924 mv‡j Avwg hLb
†mLvbKvi cve©Z¨ AÂj¸‡jv cwi`k©b Kwi ZLb †`L‡Z cvB †h †mLv‡b
AmsL¨ cv_‡ii fv¯‥h© i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wQj cÂg kZvwãi †mb hyMxq fv¯‥‡h©i
gZ| †m mg‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡ì AvMgY A¯^vfvweK wQj
bv| KviY mgy`ª c‡_ Gi †hvMv‡hvM wQj gnv mf¨Zvi †K›`ªwe›`y fvi‡Zi
mv‡_| BwjqU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Òm‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB †h e‡½vcmvM‡ii `w¶Y
DcK~jxq AÂj Ges gvjv°v AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K e„nr cwim‡i
Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †hvMv‡hvM wQj| G m¤úK©Uv P~ovš— ch©v‡q †c․‡QwQj hLb
†e․×iv cÂg I lô kZvwã‡Z kvmb ¶gZvq wQj|
AvivKvb DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx, abveZxi kvmK ivRv P›`ª mywiqvi kvmbvg‡j

AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡ì AvMgb N‡U| Ges ‡m mgq Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖ_g
kZvwãi w`‡K gnvgywY †e․‡×i cÖwZg~wZ© ¯ vcb Kiv nq|
P›`ª‡ì kvm‡bi †òkZ eQi c~‡e© (788-957) GK Zx_©hvÎx wn‡qb mvs

(630 mvj) wn›`y¯—v‡b †eov‡Z Av‡mb| †mmgq wn›`y¯—v‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb nl©.
whwb †mLv‡b wke, m~h© I ey‡×i cÖwZgv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G Av‡jvPbvq eySv
hvq †h †e․× ag©vej¤^xiv wQj D`vi g‡bi hv‡ì Kv‡Q wn›`y †èZv I †M․Zg
ey× mgvb gh©v`vevb wQ‡jb| wn›`y¯—v‡bi G ai‡bi ag©xq Kv‡Ri PP©v Zv‡ì
cvk¦©eZ©x †`k AvivKv‡bi ag©xq Kvh©vejx‡KI e¨vcK cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
D‡jwLZ mKj Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K Avgiv G wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi ‡h,
†fmvjx kvm‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b wn›`yev` I †e․×ev` DfqB e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf
K‡iwQj|

†fmvjx ivR¨ (788-957)
788 mv‡j P›`ª bv‡gi GK bZzb ivResk †fmvjx bMix cÖwZôv K‡i| G
bMixwU GKwU weL¨vZ e›ì bMi wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× cvq, †hLv‡b cÖwZeQi nvRvi
nvRvi RvnvR cY¨ enb K‡i wb‡q AvmZ| AvivKvbx DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx G
es‡ki bqRb ivRv eskvbyµ‡g 788 †_‡K 957 mvj ch©š— †mLv‡b kvmb
cwiPvjbv K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ beg mve©‡f․g kvm‡Ki bvg wQj my-iv-ZvBb
P›`ª| whwb e‡½ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Ô_yivUvbÕ bv‡gi GK kvmK‡K civwRZ
K‡ib| AZtci wZwb †mLv‡b Ô‡PUvMvsÕ (PÆMÖvg) bvgK ¯ v‡b GKwU weRq ¯—¤¢
wbg©vY K‡ib|
P›`ª ivRv‡ì ag©xq Kvh©vejx wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ cÖvPxb †mB bMixi aŸsmve‡kl
wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv nq| cÖvPxb †mB bMixwUi Aw¯—Z¡ cvIqv hvq ÔgviK-BD
(Mrauk-u) bMix n‡Z Qq gvBj `~‡i †QvU GKwU Li‡mªvZv b`xi Zx‡i Ges
e‡½vcmvMi n‡Z cÂvk gvBj wfZ‡i ¯ jf~wg‡Z| GQvov AvivKv‡b cÖvß gy`ªv
†_‡KI Avgiv †fmvjx iv‡Rï mÜvb cvB|
cÖvPxb †fmvjx bMixi aŸsmcÖvß ¯ vb Rwic Kiv nq wb wKsev Avwe®‥v‡ii

D‡Ï‡k¨ Lbb Kiv nq wb, ZeyI AwbqwgZ M‡elKiv †mLv‡b Aewkó B‡Ui
†`qvj ‡`‡L eyS‡Z cv‡i †h GwU GKwU wekvj GjvKv‡K wN‡i †i‡LwQj|
`w¶Y cv‡k¦©i †`qvjwU wQj cv_‡ii ‣Zwi| †`qv‡ji wfZ‡i AmsL¨ Kvi Kvh©
LwPZ cv_i, g~wZ© mymw¾Z ¯—¤¢ Ges dy‡ji QvcvswKZ †`qvj i‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jvi
eY©bv Avgiv Aóg kZvwãi †bMvix Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cvB| cv_‡ii G g~wZ©¸‡jv
Zv‡ì †èZvi AvK…wZ enb K‡i Ges g~j ¯—‡¤¢i Dci wk‡ei cweÎ lvu‡oi
cÖwZg~wZ© i‡q‡Q| G mKj aŸsmve‡kl Kvh©KiY I welqMZfv‡e cÖK…Z wn›`y
ag©vej¤^x‡ì ¯§„wZ wPý enb K‡i|

†fmvjx gy`ªvi Qvcv¼¸‡jv n‡‪Q- luvo, bvw›`, wk‡ei cÖwZg~wZ©, wk‡ei wÎïj,
dzj`vbxi gZ wKQz GKUv Ges bvMix Qvcv¼b| G mKj welq GUvB Bw½Z
K‡i †h †fmvjx gy`ªv¸‡jv LuvwU eªvþY HwZ‡nï ¯§„wZevnx| wKš‧ eªvþY
wb`k©bevnx G gy`ªv¸‡jv gvnvqvb ivRes‡ki mv‡_ m½wZnxb bq| GKB mg‡q
e‡½i gvnvqvb ivRviv eªþY gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb| GUv GKwU cÖgvY †h
Aóg kZvwãi e‡½i gvnvqvb †e․×ev‡ì mv‡_ wn›`yev‡ì m¤úK© KZUv
Nwbó|
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GUv aviYv Kiv hvq †h Gi agx©q BwZnvmI wQj GKB ai‡bi|
wnbvqvbev` wejyß n‡qwQj, Gi d‡j gvnvqvbev` †g․wjK wn›`yev‡ì mv‡_

mg‡SvZv K‡iwQj G A‡_© †h †M․Zgey× Zv‡ì †èZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU
†èZvq cwiYZ n‡qwQj| GgbwK c¨vbwUKev‡ì †h․b hv`yI Gi e¨wZµgx
wQj bv| GUv Zvrch©c~Y© †h Kgc‡¶ GKwU U¨vbwUK fv¯‥h© †fmvjx'‡Z
(Vesali) cvIqv †M‡Q | D‡ivwjwLZ Z_¨ cÖgvYvwì wfwË‡Z ejv hvq †h
†fmvjx ivR¨wU e‡½i wn›`y iv‡Rï c~e©m~ix| Giv gvnvqbv †e․×‡ì Abymvix
wQj Ges miKvi I RbM‡Yi Df‡qB wQj fviZxq|
AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi AvMgb

cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB Avieiv kxl©¯ vbxq mgy`ªPvix I bvweK cÖK…wZi wQj| Z…Zxq
kZvwãi cÖ_g ‡_‡KB `w¶Y Gwkqv, `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqv Ges `~i-cÖv‡Pï
†`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM wQj| †m mgq †_‡KB Avieiv AvivKvb †_‡K
mygvÎv, Rvfv ch©š— Ges gvjvKvQ mn `w¶Y Gwkqv I `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi mgy`ª
DcKyj¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ì eëmvi †QvU †QvU K‡jvYx ¯ vcb K‡iwQj| Zvici
mßg kZvwãi gvSvgvwSi w`‡K Avie‡ì Rb¨ GKwU bZzb m~‡h©i D`q N‡U|
G mgq Bmjvg GKwU gnv Ava¨vwZ¥K, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK kw³ wn‡m‡e
Avwef©Z~ nq| gnvbex (mt) Gi g„Zzï GKkZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv †iv‡gi
†P‡q ¶gZvai GKwU kw³kvjx ivR‡Z¡i cÖfyZ¡ AR©b K‡i| Zv‡ì mgy`ª
AvwacZ¨ e„w× †c‡qwQj f~-ga¨mvM‡ii `y AeevwnKv n‡Z wb‡gœ †jvwnZ mvMi
n‡Z fviZ mvM‡ii cwiwPZ mxgvbv ch©š—| †jvwnZ mvMi Kvh©Zt wQj GKwU
ÒAvie n«`Ó|
hvB‡nvK, mgy`ª mxgvbvq Zv‡ì mivmwi ivR‣bwZK wbqš¿Y wbgœ B‡›`v

DcK~jxq GjvKvi evB‡i c~‡e©i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z cÖmvwiZ wQj bv| GZ`m‡Ë¡I
Avgiv Avie emwZi AmsL¨ A™¢~Z `„k¨ †`L‡Z cvB gvjØxc, mvBj‡g Ges
Zv‡ì evwYwR¨K Kg©KvÊ Av›`vgvb, wb‡Kvei, AvivKvb DcK~j, gvjq, mygvÎv
Ges Rvfv ch©š— we¯—…Z n‡qwQj| G mgq Zviv Zv‡ì ag©xq I ivR‣bwZK
Kvh©vejx Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Dc‡fvM KiZ| G mKj AÂ‡j Bmjvg AvMgb
K‡i‡Q †Kvb ivR‣bwZK mg_©b QvovB Ges G mKj †`‡ki gvwUi mv‡_
AvZœxqZvi m¤úK© M‡o Zz‡j‡Qj kZvwã †_‡K kZvwã ch©š—| ïaygvÎ myjZvb
gvngy` KZ…K
© fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq Ges cvðvZ¨ we‡k¦ µm Ges wµ‡m‡›Ui
g‡a¨ msNl© n‡qwQj|
evg©v †M‡R‡Ui †jLK wg. Aviwe ¯§vU© (RB Smart) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb - Ò cÖvq
788 mv‡j gnvUvBs mvbw`qv wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb †mLv‡b cÖvPxb
ivgvf`x GjvKvq GKwU bZzb bMix (†fmvjx) cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l evBk

eQi kvm‡bi ci wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| Zvi kvmbvg‡j ivgix Øx‡c †ek
K‡qKwU RvnvR aŸs‡mi NUbv N‡UwQj| ejv n‡q _v‡K aŸsmcÖvß
RvnvR¸‡jvi ÔµzÕ‡ì‡K- hv‡ì‡K †gvnv¤§v`xq ag©vej¤^x ejv nq- AvivKvb
m`‡i cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì‡K †mLvbKvi MÖv‡g ¯ vqxfv‡e emev‡mi
eë¯ v Kiv n‡qwQj| Ó
AvivKvbxq DcvL¨v‡b D‡jL Av‡Q †h, GKB mg‡q gymjgvb dwKi-ì‡ekiv

c~e© †_‡KB AvivKv‡bi DcK~jxq AÂj¸‡jv‡Z ågY KiZ| eûj cwiwPZ
GKwU NUbv n‡‪Q- Ôeì †gvKvgÕ e‡j AwfwnZ gymjgvb‡ì Zx_©¯v  b¸‡jv
¯§„wZ i¶vg~jK ìMvn hv cxi eì Ïxb eìx-B-Avjg Gi Abymvixiv
AvivKv‡bi DcK~j GjvKvq wbgv©Y K‡iwQj| gvq~ GjvKvq iƒcK_vi nvwbdvi
†UvsKx Ges Lv‡qdz‡ii †UvsKx, Avgevixi evevRx kvn& †gvbv‡q‡gi ìMvn
Ges AvKv‡q‡ei cxi eì kv‡ni ìMvn G mKj NUbv Aóg kZvwãi ïi ‡Z
AvivKv‡b gigx mvaK‡ì AvMg‡bi P~ovš— `jxj enb K‡i| AvivKvb
DcvL¨vb Av‡iv Z_¨ †`q †h †c․ËwjK kvm‡bi mgq gymjgvb mvaKMY
AvivKv‡b ågY K‡iwQ‡jb| AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨v‡b ivRv AvbvIivUvi
kvmbvg‡ji GKwU NUbv D‡jL K‡i †h, Ò hLb wZwb (ivRvi Abymvix) GKwU
e‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb wZwb †mLv‡b Ava¨vwZ¥K cÖÁvevb GKRb ÔdKxiÕ‡K
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G mKj Avie eëmvqx Ges mvaKiv †mLvbKvi ¯ vbxq †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨

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Avie‡ì A‡b‡K †mLvbKvi ¯ vbxq bvix‡ì‡K we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb Ges

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ag© cwieZ©b Ges bZzb Awfevm‡bi d‡j cieZ©x kZvwã¸‡jv‡Z AvivKv‡b

gymjgvb RbM‡Yi msL¨v e¨vcK cwigvY e„w× cvq| HwZnvwmK wR.B. nvi‡f
(G.E. Harvey) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ò`kg kZvwãi ci †`kwU ¯^Kxqfv‡e †e․×
†`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj G Kvi‡Y †h †mLv‡b †gvnv¤§v`xev` (Bmjvg)
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f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
†Zi kZvwãi g‡a¨ Bmjvg Avwd«Kvi AvUjvw›UK DcK~j AÂj Ges e‡½i
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GKwU kw³kvjx gymjgvb Rbmgwó nIqv‡Z, †Zi kZvwã †_‡KB AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Av‡iv m~`„p n‡qwQj| HwZnvwmK wW.wR.B nj (D.
G. E. Hall) Dc‡iv³ eY©bvi mg_©‡b e‡j‡Qb, ÒAv‡bvqvivBUvi kvmbvg‡j
†c․ËwjKiv AvivKv‡b Zv‡ì KZ©‡„ Z¡i †NvlYv w`‡qwQj| wKš‧ 1287 mv‡ji
ci GwU& AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| Ges hwÌ 1433 mv‡j bviv‡gLjv KZ…K ©
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‡¶c wQj, Z_vwcI evg©vi Zzjbvq AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ †gvnv¤§v`xq (Bmjvgx)
fvi‡Zi m¤úK©Uv wQj m¤¢eZ Av‡iv Mfxi Ges wbweo|
GUv D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h, cvk¦©eZx© †e․× ivóª wÎcyiv A_ev wn›`y ivR¨ fvi‡Zi
cwie‡Z© AvivKvb ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gymwjg kvwmZ e½ f~wg‡Z Avkªq MÖnY
Ki‡Z AwaK AvMÖnx n‡qwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK e‡½ Zvi `xN© w`‡bi Ae¯ vb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡mi Dci GK AmvaviY cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|
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aviYvmg~n wk‡L Zvi gaëZ©x eQi¸‡jv KvwU‡q wQ‡jb| Dfq we`¨v
G‡Kk¦iev`x wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ GK n‡q Bmjv‡gi mdjZv‡K K‡iwQj Av‡iv
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( Influx of magadah Buddhists into Arakan) t
Av‡MB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡ì AvMgY ïi  n‡qwQj Lªxó
cÖ_g kZvwãi w`‡K| Aóg kZvwã‡Z wn›`y c~bR©vMi‡Yi †bZv ÔksKivPvh©¨Õi
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wb‡qwQj, hv‡Z K‡i †mLv‡b Zviv Zv‡ì ag©Uv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| D‡jL¨
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n‡qwQj|
g‡½vjxq AvµgY
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g‡½vjxq‡ì GKwU nvgjv AvivKv‡bi Dci w`‡q e‡q hvq, hv 957 mv‡j P›`ª
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(Vesali) n‡Z wn›`yev` wPiZ‡i wbg~j
© n‡q hvq| G AvµgY ïay P›`ª ivRv‡ì
BwZnvm‡KB ¯—ä K‡i †`qwb eis GKB mg‡q e‡½i cvj ivRv‡ì‡KI
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g‡½vjxqvb‡ì AbycÖ‡e‡ki d‡j e‡½ wn›`yiv Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ cybivq wd‡i
†c‡qwQj| g‡½vjxqvbiv wQj Amf¨ ev ee©i gvbyl Ges AvivKv‡b wZeŸZxq
egx©q‡ì AvMg‡bi cieZx© cvuP kZvwã wQj GKwU AÜKv‡ii hyM| wKš‧
wewRZ †`‡ki RbM‡Yi mswgwkªZ ms¯‥w… Zi cÖfv‡e nvbv`viiv wkw¶Z n‡q hvq
Ges H `xN© cvuP kZvwãKvj a‡i Zviv Pzovš—fv‡e GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡ì m`„k
n‡q hvq| wn›`yev‡ì Aš—av©b Ges g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-egx©q‡ì GKxf~Z
nIqvi ci †_‡K †KejgvÎ `yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ m¤cÖ`vq †ivwn½v I gvN- GK‡Î
AvivKv‡b kZvwãi ci kZvwã Aewa emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K|
1044 †_‡K 1077 mvj ch©š— Av‡bvivnUvi (Avbi ×v‡`fv) Aax‡b G‡m

AvivKvb †c․ËwjK‡ì Ki` iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq| AvivKvb DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx
†`kwU †c․ËwjK gZv`k© Qzu‡o †d‡j Ges wb‡Riv cybivq ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|

cieZx©‡Z cvwig bMix‡Z GKwU bZzb ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| G ivR‡Z¡i lô¨
cÖfvekvjx ivRv MvIwjqv 1133 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| cieZx©
kZvwã¸‡jv‡Z GKB GjvKvq A_ev †jg‡iv b`xi wbKUeZx© GjvKvq AmsL¨
ivResk kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i| hvB †nvK, 1287 mvj ch©š— AvivKvb ivR¨
Kg-‡ekx †c․ËwjK (Pagan) ivRv‡ì Ki` ivR¨ wQj Ges ejv hvq †h GwU
Zvi wb‡Ri ivRv‡ì‡K †g‡b PjZ wKš‧ c¨vMvb ivRv‡ì Avwac‡Zï K…ZÁZv
¯îƒc Zv‡ì cÖwZ kª×vÄwj Ávcb KiZ|
1287 mv‡ji ci †_‡K 1378 mvj ch©š— evwg©R Awaiv‡Rï †Kvb ARynvZI
wQj bv| H eQi AvivKv‡bi KwZcq †e․× gvN Avfvq hvq Ges †mLv‡b
Zv‡ì Af¨š—ixY welq¸‡jv‡Z n¯—‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i| wKš—y egx©q n¯—‡¶c
¯ vqx nq bvB Ges AvivKvb Zvi wbR¯^ c‡_B P‡j‡Q 1404 mv‡j bviv
†gBLjv AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb, whwb js‡MÖU n‡Z kvmb Ki‡Zb| Avev‡iv
Amš‧ó gvN †e․×‡ì Ab¨ GKwU `j Avfvq hvq Ges n¯—‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i|
m¤¢ve¨ wZbwU KviY MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kb KwZcq †e․× gvN Avfvq
wM‡qwQj eg©xq‡ì wbKU wb‡R‡ì ¯^vaxbZv-mve©‡f․gZ¡ mgc©Y Ki‡Z| cÖ_g
KviYwU n‡jv wek¦ e¨vcx Bmjv‡gi µgea©gvb cÖfv‡ei d‡j ivRv
bviv‡gBLjvI Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m mgq Bmjvg Avwd«Kv n‡Z ïi 
K‡i e½ ch©š— RbM‡Yi ü`q‡K Rq Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Bmjv‡gi G
µgea©gvb cÖfve †Muvov †e․×‡ì‡K AvivKv‡bi cvnvox GjvKvi eg©xq
†e․×‡ì Avnevb K‡i wb‡R‡ì ¯^vaxbZv-¯^ve©‡f․gZ¡ wemR©b w`‡Z ¶zä K‡i
Zz‡jwQj| wØZxq KviY n‡jv ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gymwjg e‡½i mv‡_ Ggb Avš—
wiK m¤úK© M‡o Zyj‡Z cv‡i A_ev Zvi gymjgvb cÖRv‡ì cÖwZ Ggb Avš—wiK
AbyMÖn †`Lv‡Z cv‡i hv †e․×‡ì wbKU Amnbxq n‡q c‡o| Z…Zxq KviYwU
n‡‪Q gymjgvb Ges gvN‡ì g‡a¨ Avš—-mv¤cÖ`vwqK hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ n‡Z cv‡i
Ges †mLv‡b ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gvN‡ì c¶ bvI wb‡Z cv‡ib| G KviY¸‡jv
†e․× m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ Am‡š—v‡li KviY n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj, d‡j Zviv egx©q‡ì
Avnev‡bi gva¨‡g ivRv bviv‡gBLjv‡K c`Py¨Z Kivi loh‡š¿ wjß n‡qwQj|
ivRv bviv‡gBLjv ZLb eg©xq‡ì nv‡Z †`kUv‡K Zz‡j w`‡q e‡½ cvwj‡q hvq|

AvivKv‡bi wZeŸZ-eg©xq‡ì `xN© cuvP kZvwãi ag©xq I mvs¯‥…wZK ‡m․nv`¨©
¯ j c‡_ AvivKvb‡K DaŸ©Zb evg©vi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡iwQj| G fv‡eB †e․×iv
AvivKv‡b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg gnvqbxq I †ekx wnbvqvb ag©vej¤^x nq|

Z„Zxq Aa¨vq
AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq
AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gviK-BD ivRvMY
AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvPz¨Z ivRv bviv‡gBLjv 1404 mv‡j e‡½ cvwj‡q hvb| wZwb
e‡½i Bwjqvm kvnx ivRv‡ì †kªô I me‡P‡q weL¨vZ myjZvb wMqvm DwÏb
Avhg kvn (1390-1411) KZ©K „ mv`‡i M„nxZ nb| †m mgq e‡½i ivRavbx
wQj cv›`yqv (wd‡ivRvev`)| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb wQ‡jb Bmjvg I Bmjvgx

wk¶vi gnvb c„ô‡cvlK| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏ‡bi g„Zyï ci ivRv M‡Yk bv‡gi
GK ivR mfvl` KZ©„K © e‡½i wmsnvmb wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ `Lj n‡q hvq| wZwb
Zvi ag©vš—wiZ cyÎ RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn& KZ…©K wbnZ nb| RvjvjywÏb
cv›`yqv †_‡K †M․‡o e‡½i ivRavbx ¯ vbvš—wiZ K‡ib| GKB agx©q Av‡eM
Abyfw~ Z I Drmvn-DÏxcbv mnKv‡i wZwb cieZ©x `yÕhy‡MiI AwaK mgq a‡i
kvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi ci 1433 mv‡j Bnavg Z¨vM K‡ib| myZivs Zvi G
`xN© 24 eQ‡ii wbe©vmbKvjxb mg‡q AvivKv‡bi ivRviv e‡½i `yÕRb me‡P‡q
†ekx wkw¶Z I avwg©K kvmK Ges weL¨vZ Ava¨vwZ¥K †bZv b~i KzZze Avj‡gi
Mfxi mvwbœ‡a¨ emevm Kivi my‡hvM †c‡qwQj| m~i KzZez Avjg ivRv M‡Y‡ki
kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb| wZwb mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e †kªôZi e‡½i myjZv‡bi wbKU
†_‡K A‡bK wKQz wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| m‡e©vcwi wZwb Bmjvg Ñ hv wQj †m
hy‡Mi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK GK AcÖwZ‡iva¨ kw³Ñ m¤ú‡K©I Ávb jvf
K‡ib| G mKj Ávb Zvi gZv`k© I Rxeb eë¯ v‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwieZ©b K‡i
†`q| HwZnvwmK‡ì fvlvq Ò wZwb †e․× ag© gZ †_‡K wd‡i G‡m †gvnv¤§`x
(Bmjvg) I wfb †`kx Rxeb eë¯ vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G¸‡jv Ki‡Z
wM‡q wZwb A¯úó fv‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb ga¨hyM n‡Z AvaywbK hy‡M, Kv‡Pi
cÖvmv` DcvL¨v‡bi bvRyK cixi †`k n‡Z nvRvi GK iv‡Zi mej D™¢U
Kíbvg~jK iPbvq| bviv‡gBLjv Bmjvg Keyj K‡ib Ges gymjgvb bvg
†mvjvqgvb kvn& MÖnY K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨vb GwU‡K Ômvgyqvb-G weK…Z
K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi ivRv Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z nIqvi ci e‡½i kvmK
RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn Zvi PÆMÖv‡gi †mbvevwnbxi AwabvqK †Rbv‡ij
Iqvjx Lvb‡K cÂvk nvRvi (50,000) •mb¨mn AvivKvb ivR¨ weRq Ges
†mvjvqgvb kvn‡K cybivq wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`qvi Rb¨ AvivKv‡b cvwV‡q
†`b|Ó
Iqvjx Lvb eªvþY‡ì‡K Zvwo‡q †`b wKš‧ wb‡RB wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i e‡mb|
wZwb Ôïqv gvbRxÕ (Shua Mangji) bv‡gi GK hei `LjKvix kvm‡Ki mv‡_
Av‡cvlÑgxgvsmvq Av‡mb Ges wb‡RB kvmb ¶gZv MÖnb K‡ib| †mvjvqgvb
kvn †M․‡o wd‡i Av‡mb| AvivKv‡b G‡m Iqvjx Lvb Zvi †Kv‡U© dvimx fvlvi

cÖPjb K‡ib Ges KvRx wb‡qvM †`b| Iqvjx Lv‡bi wek¦vmNvZKZvi msev`
ï‡b RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§v` kvn †Rbv‡ij mv`xi †bZ…‡Z¡ wØZxq Av‡iKwU †mbv
evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb Iqvjx Lvb‡K P~ovš—fv‡e civ¯— K‡ib Ges
†mvjvqgvb kvn‡K 1430 mv‡j cybivq wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`b|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK fyjekZt e‡j _v‡Kb whwb AvivKv‡bi †divix kvmK‡K
cybivq AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb n‡jb myjZvb
bvwmi wÏb kvn ev bvwRi kvn&, whwb wQ‡jb cybtcÖwZwôZ Bwjqvm kvnx
ivRes‡ki cÖ_g myjZvb wKš‧ bvwmi wÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn 1426 mvj ch©š—
kvmKB nb wb|
‡h‡nZz c`K m¤^Üxq cÖgvYvw` cÖ¯—ve K‡i †h, RvjvjyÏxb ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& †m
mgq e‡½i kvmb-KZ…‡© Z¡ wQ‡jb †m‡nZz AviKv‡b Zvi kvmK‡ì nv‡Z kvmb
fvi wdwi‡q †`qvi K…wZZ¡ Zvi DciB eZ©vq|
‡mvjvqgvb kvn Zuvi ivRavbx gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cvUvix †Kvjv

(Pattahri Quilla) bvgK GK bZzb ¯ v‡b ¯ vbvš—wiZ K‡iwQ‡jb 1433
mv‡j| Gi GK eQi c‡iB wZwb ci‡jvKMgY K‡ib| GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h
bMixwUi AwZ wbK‡U myjZvb †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni Avg‡ji GKUv gy`ªv cvIqv
†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU Abb¨ `jxj| 1203 mv‡j hLb
gymjgvbiv e‡½ cÖ‡ek Kij, ZLb †mLv‡b Zviv †Lv`vB Kiv ai‡bi gy`ªvi
cÖPjb Kij| Gi d‡j ivDK-D bMix‡ZI GKB AvK…wZi gy`ªvi cÖPjb ïi 
n‡jv| Gfv‡e AvivKvb P~ovš— gymjgvb iv‡R¨ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡jv| †iu‡bmvi
cÖfv‡e †`kwU GK AvaywbK mf¨Zvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡jv| Avi Gfv‡eB †`kwUi
gnv hyM ïi  n‡jv|

1430 †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i 11 Rb kvmK ch©vqµ‡g
AvivKv‡b kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| ZLb †_‡KB e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi
m¤úK© wQj Avš—wiK I †m․nv`¨©c~Y©| AvivKvb e½‡K kª×vÄwj cÖ`vb KiZ
Ges e‡½i KvQ †_‡K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZi `x¶v wbZ| 1531 mv‡j ÔwgbexbÕ
RveyK kvn& wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi mnvqZvq AvivKvbxiv Bmjvgx
wk¶vq wWMÖx AR©b K‡ib Ges Bmjvgx iv‡óªi †MvovcËb nq|
1430 mvj †_‡K †h 11 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì Dcvwamn

avivevwnK bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡jv|
µwgK bs bvg cvjx Dcvwa

kvmbKvj
1. †mvjvqgvb kvn& (bviv‡gBLjv)

1430-1434
2. Avjx Lvb (†gsLvix)

1434-1459
3. Kvwjgv kvn& (ev k cy)

1459-1482
4. gv_y kvn& (†`․jv)

1482-1492
5. ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& (ev k †bv)

1492-1493

6. ‡bvix kvn& (ivs AvDs)
1493-1494
7. ‡kL †gv`yjvn kvn& (mvwjsMv_y)

1494-1501
8. Bwj kvn& (†gs ivRv)

1501-1523
9. Bwjqvm kvn& (KvQvev`x)

1523-1525
10. Rvjvj kvn& (†gskv I)

1525
11. Avjx kvn& (_vUvmv)

1525-1531
GK kZvwã a‡i AvivKv‡bi DËivÂj eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k-evg©vi g‡a¨ mxgveä

wQj| PÆMÖvg †Rjv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡eB 1540 mvj ch©š— e‡½i myjZvb‡ì
kvmbvaxb wQj| AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, †gsm †g․b Gi DËim~ix †gL Lvix
ev Avjx Lvb (1433-1459) `xN© mgq e‡½i kvmb I ¶gZv n¯—vš—i K‡ib
bvB Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e wZwb ÔivgyÕ‡KI Zvi Aax‡b G‡bwQ‡jb Ges m¨vi G wc
dvqix (A. P. Phayre) Õi m cÖ  ev Kvwjgv Lvb PÆMÖvgmn e‡½i GKwU weivU
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ci, †ReyK kv‡ni †hvM¨ cyÎ myjZvb wmKv›`vi kvn& (wgb cvjvs) 1571 mv‡j
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AvivKvbx I wÎcyiv‡ì g‡a¨ `xN©¯ vqx cÖwZØw›ØZvi m~ÎcvZ NwU‡qwQj |
AvivKvbxiv cve©Z¨ AÂjmn mg¯— PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…Z © ¡ AR©b K‡iwQj Ges cÖvq
GKkZ eQi Zviv Zv‡ì KZ…Z © ¡ a‡i †i‡LwQj, c¶vš—‡i wÎcyiviv ¯ vqxfv‡e
PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…Z
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PÆMÖvg Zv‡ì `L‡j Avmvi ci AvivKvbxiv GLb †gvNj‡ì‡K mivmwi

mZK©evYx ïwb‡q †`qvi K_v fve‡Q, †h‡nZz †gvNj mgªvU fve‡Q †h, PÆMÖvg
_vK‡e Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKv‡i| weivRgvb ivR‣bwZK NUbvmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K
wmKv›`vi kvn‡K cZ©yMxR‡ì mnvqZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡ì cÖwZ bgbxq fve
cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb cZ©yMxR‡ì‡K Zvi iv‡Rï mv‡_ eëmv cwiPvjbv Kivi
Rb¨ AevwiZ my‡hvM myweav w`‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‧ cieZx©‡Z AvivKvb miKv‡ii
AhvwPZ n¯—‡¶c I A‡m․Rb¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi we`¨gvb
m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv †cvob †`Lv †`q| cZz©MxR nZ¨vKvix R‣bK G¨vb‡UvwbI †`
mDRv †Mvw`bnv (Anto de souza Godinha) AvivKvb ivRvi wei ‡× A¯¿
a‡ib Ges †Rvi c~e©K PÆMÖvg `~M© `Lj K‡ib 1590 mv‡ji w`‡K| wKš‧
cieZx©‡Z welqwU Av‡cvl gxgvsmvi gva¨‡g mgvavb n‡q hvq|

†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)
wmKv›`vi kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ †mwjg kvn (wgb ivRv MvB) 1593 mv‡j
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zvi kvmbvg‡j AvivKvb Zvi †kªô‡Z¡i Pzovš—
wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj, Zvi kvmbvg‡j Aí wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ AvivKvb
mvgªvR¨ XvKv Ges my›ìeb †_‡K ïi  K‡i †g․jwgqvb ch©š— e„w× †c‡qwQj|
ewa©Z AÂj wQj nvRvi gvBj •`‡N©iI 153 †_‡K 20 gvBj Mfxi ch©š— we¯—
xY© DcK~jxq GjvKv| †mwjg kvn KZ…K © G wekvj ivR¨ cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e
n‡qwQj K‡Vvi wek¦Rbxb †mbvevwnbx I †b․evwnbxi Kg©`¶Zvi d‡j, †h
evwnbx cÖv_wgKfv‡e myjZvb †ReyK kvn MVb K‡i wM‡qwQj| Ges evwYR¨
AwaKvi wdwi‡q †`qvi gva¨‡g Zvi †mbvevwnbxi evB‡i cZz©MxR‡ì‡KI Zvi
c‡¶ hy× Ki‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv KiwQj| wKš‧ cZ©yMxRiv Zv‡ì e¨w³¯^v_©
PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨B hy‡× †ei n‡qwQj| hLbB Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ cix¶vi
m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zviv cÖZviYvi cÖgvY w`‡q‡Q|
Zviv wQj g~jZt `yÕavi Z‡jvqv‡ii gZ| Gfv‡e hLb †ivnvs-G †K›`ªxq
miKvi kw³kvjx wQj ZLbB †Kej cZz©MxR‡ì‡K kvm‡bi g‡a¨ Ave× K‡i
ivLv †hZ| †mwjg kv‡ni kvmbvgjB AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g Ges GKgvÎ
kvmbKvj hLb AvivKvbxiv eg©xq‡ì‡K ïay weZvwoZB K‡ib wb, eis Zv‡ì
ivR¨‡K AvivKv‡bi Aš—f³
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evBb bvDs Gi g„Zzï ci AvivKv‡bi c~ev©Â‡j eg©xq‡ì ûgwK n«vm cvq| Zvi
cyÎ bv›`v evBb (1581-1599) AvivKv‡bi wei ‡× Awfhvb cyb Avnevb
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb, †h‡nZz N‡i N‡i we‡`ªvn ïi  n‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z

ivRvi cÖ_g PvPv‡Zv fvB Us¸ (Toungoo) Gi ivRcyÎ evg©vq GKwU mw¤§wjZ
AvµgY Ges jyÉ‡bi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q AvivKvb ivRvi wbKU GKwU cÎ
wj‡LwQj| AvivKvbxqiv GKwU evwnbx cvwV‡qwQj hv wmwiqvg `Lj K‡iwQj
Ges Zviv Uys¸‡ì mnvqZvq 1599 mv‡j †ç wN‡i wb‡qwQj| bMievmx Ges
Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix mevB cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj| ivRv Ges Zvi wek¦¯— cyÎ fv‡jv
AvPi‡Yi cÖwZÁvq AvZœmgcY© K‡iwQj, wKš‧ Zv‡ì‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
Rei `L‡ji gva¨‡g cÖvß wmwiqvg I †g․jwgqvb Zvi `xN© DcK~j mxgvbvi
mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb mdj n‡qwQj †mwjg kv‡ni DrK…ó
†b․evwnbx Ges Zvi cZz©MxR cÖRv‡ì ¯^Ztù~Z© Ask MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| G
jyÉ‡bi gva¨‡g bv›`v evBbÕi Kb¨v I GKwU mv`v nvZx wQwb‡q Avbv n‡qwQj|
mdj †ç Awfhv‡bi ci, AvivKvb ivRv KZ…K © wdwjc `¨ weª‡Uv bv‡gi GK
cZy©MxR •mwbK‡K mvBwiqv‡gi MfY©i wb‡qvM †`qv n‡qwQj|
DËi-cwðgvÂ‡j †gvNjiv ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi KiwQj Ges

Zv‡ì ¶gZvi cª`k©bx mK‡ji †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv Ae¯ v n‡qwQj| †mB
cwiw¯ wZ‡Z cZy©MxRiv †ewk my‡hvM myweav nvwZ‡q wb‡qwQj Ges Zviv AvivKvb
ivRv‡K e¨vcK †fvMvwš— w`‡qwQj| AvivKvb Ges cZz©MxR‡ì ga¨Kvi
eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨B •eix n‡q †Mj| 1602 mv‡j ejLvi ivRvi
wbKU †_‡K cZz©MxRiv m›`xc `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj| m›Øxc weRq AvivKv‡bi
ivRvi wbKU Zvi iv‡Rï wbivcËvi Rb¨ wec` ms‡KZ e‡q wb‡q G‡mwQj| G
†_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi ivRv cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wb‡qwQ‡jb|
cÖ_gZt wZwb w`qvs †_‡K cZz©MxR‡ì‡K weZvwoZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges 1603
mv‡j cybivq m›Øxc `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| evav wech©q m‡Ë¡I cZ©yMxR‡ì‡K
WvKvwZ, jyUZivRg~jK Kg©KvÊ n‡Z cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvqwb| `yÔ c‡¶i ga¨Kvi
•eix m¤úK© †ewkw`b ¯ vqx wQj bv| wee`gvb `yÔwU `‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU mg‡SvZv
Pzw³ ev¯—evwqZ n‡qwQj| AvivKvbxq ivRv cZz©MxR‡ì‡K Zvi iv‡R¨ Ae¯ vb
Kivi AbygwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| m›Øxc‡K Zv‡ì wbKU cybivq wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb|
mg‡SvZvi cieZx© kvwš—c~Y© K‡qKwU eQi cZy©MxR‡ì‡K Zv‡ì wfwË my`„p
Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq my‡hvM G‡b w`‡qwQj| Zviv iv‡Rï wewfbœ GjvKvq

kÎ  fvevcbœ AvKw¯§K AvµgY Pvwj‡qwQj| Zv‡ì AcK‡g© AwZó n‡q
AvivKv‡bi ivRv Zv‡ì wfwË‡K aŸsm K‡i †`qvi `„p wm×vš— wb‡jb| wm×vš—
Abyhvqx 1607 mv‡j Zvi iv‡R¨ emevmiZ cZz©MxR Awaevmx‡ì Dci
MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡jb wZwb| Zvi †mB wb‡`©k AZ¨š— b„ksmfv‡e
ev¯—evwqZ n‡qwQj| cÖvq QqkZ cZz©MxR G bxie MYnZ¨vq Zv‡ì cÖvY
nvwi‡qwQj| wKQz msL¨K †jvK e‡b cvwj‡q †Mj, Abïv Zv‡ì †b․Kvq wM‡q
Avkªq wb‡jv Ges wKQz †jvK mgy`ª cvwo w`‡q Ab¨Î P‡j wM‡qwQj hv‡ì g‡a¨
mxevm‡Uv †MvbRv‡jRI wQ‡jb|
G mgq m›Øx‡ci kvmK wQ‡jb g¨vby‡qj `¨ g¨v‡Uvm (Manuel de Mattos)

bv‡gi GK cZ©yMxR| 1607 mv‡j g¨v‡Uv‡mi g„Zz¨ Zvi GK Aaxb¯  Kg©KZ©v
d‡Zn Lvb‡K ‡mB Øx‡c GKwU ¯^vaxb gymwjg ¶z`ª iv‡Rï bgybv ev¯—evq‡bi
my‡hvM K‡i †`q| mxevm‡Uv †MvbRv‡jm d‡Zn Lv‡bi KvQ †_‡K m›Øxc
wQwb‡q †bqvi Rb¨ ej‡Li ivRvi mv‡_ GKUv mg‡SvZv Pzw³ ev¯—evqb K‡ib|
1609 mv‡j cZz©MxRiv cybivq m›Øxc `Lj K‡ib|
m›Øx‡c cZz©MxR‡ì cÖwZôv AvivKvb ivRvi Rb¨ wec` ms‡KZ e‡q G‡bwQj|
cZz©Mx‡Ri mgm¨v AgxgvswmZ †i‡LB †mwjg kvn 1612 mv‡j g„Zz¨ eiY
K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m †mwjg kv‡ni kvmbvgj GKwU hyMvš—Kvix
kvmbvgj wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwQj| hwÌ †ReyK kvn ÔivDK-BDÕ bMixi
mdjZvi eywbqv` cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‧ Pwjk eQi ci Zvi mv_©K DËim~ix
†mwjg kvn HUv‡K c~Y©v½iƒ‡c m~`„p K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j gš—e¨ Kiv hvq|
ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)

‡mwjg kv‡ni ci Zvi †R¨ôcyÎ ûmvBb kvn (wgb LvgvDs) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
K‡ib| e‡½i Dci †gvNj wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv ûmvBb kvn Ges m›Øx‡ci ivRv
†MvbRv‡jm Df‡qi Kv‡QB GKwU mvaviY wec` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| GLb
Zviv Df‡qB †gvNj‡ì wec‡¶ G‡K Aci‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wPš—v fvebv
Ki‡Q| KviY †gvNjiv PÆMÖvgmn `w¶Y e½‡K Zv‡ì K‡Vvi kvm‡bi Aaxb
g‡b Ki‡Zv| †gvNj my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb KZ©K „ fyjyqv (‡bvqvLvjx) weRqB
Kvh©Zt AvivKv‡bi kvmb eë¯ vq mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM G‡bw`‡q‡Q| ûmvBb kvn
Lye `ª Z †MvbRv‡j‡mi mv‡_ Zvi hveZxq SMov-weev` wgwU‡q †d‡j Ges
1614 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡mi ïi i w`‡K Zvi mv‡_ mw¤§wjZfv‡e ¯ j I mgy`ª
c‡_ fyjyqvi Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| ûmvBb kvn& cZy©MxR †mbvevwnbx mv‡_ wb‡q
700 hy× nvZxmn wekvj GK †mbveni wb‡q PÆMÖvg n‡Z m¤§y‡L AMÖmi nb|
Aci w`‡K Zvi †b․evwnbx †MvbRv‡j‡mi †b․evwnbxi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q cvwb c‡_
mvg‡b AMÖmi nq|
fyjyqvi †gvNj nvbv`vi Avãyj Iqvwn` †`L‡jb †h nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva

Kiv m¤¢eci bq, Kv‡RB wZwb WvKvwZqv b`x I gvQv I Lvj n‡q DËi w`‡K
cðv`cmiY Ki‡jb hv‡Z wekvj cZz©MxR-AvivKvbxq †b․eni Zv‡K ai‡Z bv
cv‡i| G my‡hv‡M Zviv †mLv‡b GKwU Aiw¶Z GjvKv †c‡q fyjyqv I b`xi
`yÕcv‡k¦©i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z e¨vcK jyUZivR Pvjv‡jv GgbwK †kl ch©š— Zviv
WvKvwZqv b`x ch©š— AMÖmi n‡jv| GKUv ch©v‡q G‡m wgÎ kw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨
fv½Y †`Lv w`j, hLb ‡MvbRv‡jm evwnbx Zv‡ì •mb¨`j‡K wdwi‡q †bqvi
wm×vš— wb‡jv| AvivKv‡bi ivRv cZz©MxR G¨vWwgiv‡ji fvB‡cv A¨v‡›UvwbI
Kvifvj‡nvmn cZz©Mx‡Ri Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K AvUK Kij| cieZx©‡Z Gi cvëv
Reve wn‡m‡e Zviv (cZz©MxRiv) AvivKvb iYZixi G¨vWwgivjmn Ab¨vb¨
Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K wN‡i ‡djj Ges iYZixi mKj gvj-m¤ú` Ges hy×v¯¿ jyU
K‡i wb‡q Ges AvivKvb ivRv‡K †gvNj‡ì mvg‡b GKvKx †d‡j †i‡L `ª Z
m›Øx‡c wd‡i †Mj| Avãyj Iqvwn` G cwiw¯ wZ †_‡K my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z e¨_©
nbwb| hvB †nvK wZwb Av‡iv †ewk Rbej I kw³-mvg_©¨ jvf Ki‡jb| wZwb
WvKvwZqv b`x cvi n‡q G‡m AvivKvb ivRvi Dci GKwU cvëv AvµgY

cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb Ges Zv‡K †gvNj cðv×veYKvix †mbv‡ì nv‡Z Zvi weivU
msL¨K •mb¨ Ges hy×-nvZx †d‡j †i‡L †dbx b`x w`‡q `ª Z cjvqb Kiv‡Z
eva¨ Ki‡jb|
m›Øxc weRq cZz©MxR kvmb ¶gZvi m‡ev©‪P AR©b wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
cZz©MxRiv GLb PÆMÖvg I †çmn e‡½vcmvM‡ii mgMÖ c~e© DcK~j weR‡qi
wPš—vfvebv Ki‡Q Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ we‡ePbv K‡i| fyjyqv Awfhv‡b
‡MvbRv‡jm KZ©„K cÖZvwiZ n‡q AvivKvbxq ivRv Zv‡ì wfwË ev Ae¯ vb‡K
aŸsm K‡i †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡jb| Aci w`‡K wdwjc `¨ weª‡Uv mvBiv‡g
wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q| 1615 mv‡ji ïi i w`‡K AvivKvbiv
m›Øx‡c Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| †MvbRv‡jm Zvi kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
ZLb wb‡R‡K wec` msKzj Ges Lye Amnvq Ae¯ vi g‡a¨ †`L‡Z cvq Ges †m
ZLb mnvqZvi Rb¨ †Mvqvq P‡j hvq| †MvbRv‡j‡mi mvnv‡hï Av‡e`b M„nxZ
n‡qwQj; Ges Zv‡K mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ †Mvqvi fvBmiq †Wvg d«vbwmm‡Kv `¨
wgbv‡Rm †iv‡fvÕi (Dom Francisco de Menazes Rovo) ‡bZ„‡Z¡
AvivKv‡b GKwU iYRvnvR †cÖiY K‡ib| Zviv 1615 mv‡ji 3iv A‡±ve‡i
AvivKv‡b †c․Qvb| GiB gv‡S AvivKv‡bi ivRv WvP (Dutch) †ì mv‡_ GKUv
†RvU •Zix K‡ib| WvPiv wQj evwYR¨ †¶‡Î cZz©Mx‡ì cÖavb cªwZ‡hvMx| 15
A‡±ve‡i AvivKvb Ges WvP‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ †h․_ evwnbx cZz©MxR AwfhvÎx
evwnbxi Dci AvµgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Zzgj y †b․hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q
`yÕc‡¶iB e¨vcK ¶q-¶wZ mvwaZ nq Ges cwi‡k‡l cZ©yMxRiv civRq eiY
K‡i| †MvbRv‡jm m›Øxc n‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib, KviY wZwb †mLv‡b Zvi
wb‡`©k cvjb Kivi Rb¨ KvD‡K Luy‡R cvbwb| Zvi nZwenej Abymvixiv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ SMov-weev` evwa‡q w`j Ges AvivKvbxq‡ì‡K ØxcwU `Lj
Kivi AbygwZ w`‡jv| 1615 mv‡j AvivKvb KZ…K © m›Øxc `Lj cZz©MxR‡ì †m
AÂ‡j GKwU mvgyw`ªK I agx©q ivR¨ cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ‡K ZQbQ K‡i w`‡qwQj|

c~e© cÖv‡š— mvBwiqvg Ges ‡ç evg©vi ivRv AvbvD‡cUjv‡bi (Anaupetlun)
Kv‡Q †n‡iwQj| wKš‧ c~e© mxgv‡š— wQqv‡gi mv‡_ evg©vi ivRvi Pzw³i d‡j
ûmvBb kvn wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯^w¯— †c‡qwQj| m›Øxc `Lj Kiv n‡qwQj Ges
evgx©R I cZz©MxR Df‡qB Zv‡ì ûgwK cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQj| G mKj
Kvi‡YB AvivKv‡bi ivRv bZzb K‡i fyjyqvi Dci Zvi AvµgY cwiPvjbv
K‡iwQj| c~e©eZx© NUbv Abyhvqx †m mgqI †gvNj Ô_vbv`viÕ Avãyj Iqvwn`
WvKvwZqv b`xi wbK‡U AwaK myweavRbK Ae¯ vb †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Luy‡R †c‡qwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK, Zvi cyÎ wgR©v b~i Avj-Øxb
AvivKvbx •mb¨‡ì‡K duv‡` †djvi Rb¨ GKUv cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Ak¦v‡ivnx •mb¨ wb‡q WvKvwZqv b`xi wbKU GKwU
Rjvf~wgi wecix‡Z †Mvc‡b IZ †c‡Z Ae¯ vb wb‡qwQ‡jb| AvivKvb ivRv
hLb †mB ¯ vbwU AwZµg Kij wVK ZLbB b~i Avj-Øxb AK¯§vr Zvi Dci
Ak¦v‡ivnx Awfhvb Pvjv‡jb| Avãyj IqvwnÌ Ab¨ w`K †_‡K G‡m Zv‡K
AvµgY Kij| kÎ  KZ…K © Pviw`K †_‡K †NivI n‡q AvivKvbx ‣mbïv
nZwenej n‡q coj| wec‡¶i AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv †Wvev-
bvjvq wbw¶ß n‡jv| Zv‡ì •mbëvwnbxi GKUv weivU Ask wbnZ n‡qwQj|
wKQz •mb¨ cvwj‡q †h‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| wKš‧ ivRv wb‡R Zvi fvB‡cv Ges
hy×-nvZxmn Kv`v gvwU‡Z AvU‡K c‡owQ‡jb| Pig msKUvcbœ gyn~‡Z© wZwb Zvi
mKj Kg©KZ©v, Zvi fvB‡cvmn mKj Rbej, hy× nvZx Ges Ab¨vb¨ hy×
DcKiYvw` mgc©Y Kivi cÖ¯—ve w`‡q Ôkvwš—Õ cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| ïay ¯^xq cÖvY I
e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv i¶v K‡i Zv‡K wdwi‡q †`qvi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡jb| Avãyj
Iqvwn` Zvi G Av‡e`b MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges wZwb ïaygvÎ AvivKvb ivRv‡K
GKvKx PÆMÖv‡g wd‡i hvevi AbygwZ w`‡jb|
1616 mv‡ji †deª qvix gv‡m †gvNj my‡e`vi Kvwkg Lvb PÆMÖvg n‡Z AvivKvb
ivRv‡K weZvwoZ K‡i H ¯ vb `Lj Kivi Rb¨ Avãyj bvex Gi ‡bZ„‡Z¡
†mLv‡b GKwU Awfhvb cvVv‡jb | mxZvKz‡Êi wbKU LvUMv‡i †gvNj •mb¨‡ì
AMÖMwZ _vwg‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| AvivKv‡bi ivRv LvUMv‡i GKwU •mb¨ NuvwU
¯ vcb K‡iwQj Ges cÖvq 1000 iYZix Øviv †mUv‡K mymw¾Z K‡iwQj|

Avãyj bvex cÖv_wgK fv‡e cÖPÊ AvNvZ †n‡b †mB `~M©wU `Lj Kivi c`‡¶c
wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb †mB c`‡¶‡c e¨_© n‡q `~M©wU‡K Pviw`K †_‡K
Ae‡iva K‡i ivL‡jb| `xN© w`b a‡i Ae‡iva Pjvi d‡j †mLv‡b Lv`¨
mieiv‡ni msKU †`Lv w`j Ges Gi d‡j †gvNjMY 1616 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi
g‡a¨ Ae‡iva Zz‡j †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb †eva Ki‡ib Ges Zviv fyjyqvq wd‡i
†M‡jb|
1616 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡g e¨_© †gvNj Awfhvb ûmvBb kv‡ni cÖvwš—K bxwZ‡K Av‡iv
mymsnZ K‡iwQj| wZwb cve©Z¨ GjvKv †_‡K ïi  K‡i mgy`ª DcK~j ch©š—
PÆMÖv‡gi DËi GjvKv¸‡jv‡K Rbk~b¨ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †mme GjvKvq ebf~wg
M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb, hv‡Z †gvNj‡ì m¤¢ve¨ AvµgY cÖvK…wZK fv‡eB cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv hvq| m›Øxc `L‡ji ci cZ©yMxRiv AvZœm¤úY© Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|
ûmvBb kvn& ZLb Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM w`‡jb| †gvNj mgy`ª
Awfhv‡bi wei ‡× cZz©MxR‡ì Iqv`vK…Z mnvqZvi wewbgq ¯îƒc Zv‡ì Rb¨
e›ì bMix w`qvs †K eivÏ †`qv n‡qwQj| Gi myev‡` cZy©MxRiv w`qvs
e›ì‡K Zv‡ì cÖavb Avevm ¯ j Ges mgy`ª WvKvwZi †K›`ª we›`y‡Z cwiYZ
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wØZxq †mwjg kvn& (1622-1638)
1622 mv‡j ûmvBb kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ wØZxq †mwjg kvn& DËivwaKvix
wn‡m‡e kvmb ¶gZvq Av‡mb | AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡bi Dci †_‡K cZ©yMxR
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ivR`~Z †cÖiY K‡ib| kvnRvnvb 1624 mv‡j wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ XvKvq
G‡mwQ‡jb| ivRv wØZxq †mwjg kvn& AZ¨š— webq, bgªZv mnKv‡i Zuvi Kv‡Q
Av‡e`b K‡iwQ‡jb †hb Zv‡K ivRKxq RvqMxi`vi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Ges wZwb Avjvni bv‡g kc_ K‡i Iqv`v w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, wZwb hLb †h
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv‡K Zje Ki‡eb ZLb †m KvR wZwb ivRKxq wb‡`©kbv
we‡ePbvq Zv cvjb Ki‡eb| GUv wQj AvivKvb ivRvi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ GKwU
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wb‡Z bv wb‡ZB AvivKvb ivRv †mLv‡b Zvi wcZvi AvMÖvmx bxwZ cybtcÖeZ©b
K‡ib| mgªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi wcZvi wei ‡× GK cÖvmv` wec‡e e‡½
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K‡i AvivKvb ivRv fyjyqv GjvKvq jyÉb Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges wZwb
†m GjvKvq jyUZivR Pvwj‡q ARmª m¤ú` nvwZ‡q wb‡q cybivq wd‡i Av‡mb|
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Ges G Awfhv‡b wZwb XvKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv nb| Ab¨ GK eY©bv Abyhvqx
wZwb bMix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges Zv R¡vwj‡q †`b Ges jyUZivR K‡ib|
Ae‡k‡l wecyj cwigvY e›`x‡ì AvUK K‡i wb‡q cybivq wd‡i hvb| 1630
mvji w`‡K PÆMÖv‡gi AvivKvb MfY©i Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h, PÆMÖvg n‡Z
AvivKvbxq kvmb DrLvZ Kivi Rb¨ cZz©MxRiv XvKvq wbhy³ †gvNj MfY©‡ii
m‡_ GKwU †Mvcb loh‡š¿i Rvj eyb‡Q| wZwb h_vh_ c`‡¶c †bqvi Rb¨
wØZxq †mwjg kvn‡K NUbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡ib| wZwb ZLb 500wU wW½x
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w`qvs e›`‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvi evwnbx wb‡q avweZ nb| cZz©MxR‡ì‡K e›`x
Ki‡Z Zv‡ì Dci GKwU we¯§qKi AvµgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨
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Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Zv‡ì Dci Ae‡iva Awfhvb ¯ vqx Ki‡ZI Zv‡K wb‡`©kbv
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cybivq Zje K‡i wb‡`©k cvVvb| gvbwiK Zvi AvivKvb md‡ii ¯§„wZK_v
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cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ wQj| WvPiv AvivKvb‡ì mv‡_ eëmvwqK Kvh©vw` cwiPvjbv
Kivi Rb¨ †ivnw`s G GKwU d¨v±ix Pvjy K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni
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†`q| mKj wKQzi g~j¨ ¯^vfvweK g~‡jï Pvi¸Y e„w× †c‡qwQj| c~e©eZx© K‡qK
eQ‡ii avivevwnK km¨ NvUwZi d‡jB G `ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡qwQj| +++++

PZz_© Aa¨vq
AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï n«vm Ges cZb
bicwZ KZ…©K AvivKvb wmsnvmb `Ljt
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g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï gnvbZvi BwZ N‡U Ges cZ‡bi hyMm~wPZ
nq| Zvi g„Zyï ci Zvi cyÎ †gs mvwb DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e wmsnvm‡b
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nb| cieZx©‡Z nZ¨vKvix ‡jvKwU wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib Ges wb‡R‡K bicwZ
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Dci mKj wg_¨v cÖcvMvÊv I Awf‡hvM cywÄf~Z K‡i RbM‡Yi mg_©b Av`vq
Ki‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb, Z_vwcI GUv AR©b Ki‡Z cy‡ivcywi e¨_©

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¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b Ges Rei `LjKvix‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| hvB †nvK, Kvgvj G c`‡¶‡c e¨_© nb Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
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Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| †h‡nZz Kvgvj fyjyqvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb, ZLb cÖvq 200
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9000 Zvi AvivKvbxq Abymvix‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Rvnv½xibM‡i †c․‡Q hvb|
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ai‡bi 650wUi AwaK iYZix wb‡q c~Y©gvÎvq e‡½i wei ‡× †b․ Awfhvb
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G‡m ‡gNbv b`xi gy‡Li Kv‡Q Zvi ‡mbvevwnbx I †b․evwnbx‡K mwµq Kivi
gva¨‡g Avmbœ ûgwKi mdj †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib| hwÌ AvivKvbxq hy× eni
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cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z kvn myRv cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª AvivKv‡bi mnvqZv wbivcËv Kvgbv

K‡i| wZwb Zvi cwievi cwiRb Ges f³ Abymvix‡ì wb‡q AvivKv‡b P‡j
Av‡mb| †h‡nZz AvivKv‡bi ivRv Zv‡K Rvnv‡R K‡i g°vq wb‡q hvIqvi
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n‡Z ÔGK nvRvi GK iv‡ZiÕ D™¢U Kí Kvwnbx‡Z Avwef©~Z nb|Ó
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g‡½vwjqvb‡ì wbKU †_‡K G gZev` (Bmjvg) wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡M
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cÖwZôv Ki‡jv| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQ‡ii Rb¨
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AbymiY Ki‡jv| 1531 mv‡j wgb web (RveyK kvn) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
Ki‡jb| Zvi mv‡_ AvivKvbxqiv Zv‡ì gymwjg wk¶vq D‪P wWMÖx AR©b
Ki‡jb Ges gymwjg iv‡Rï wfwË ¯ vcb Ki‡jb|
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GUjvm Ae Iqvì wnm‡UvwiÓ gvbwP‡Î AvivKvb‡K GKwU DËi cwðg evg©v
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„ †kvwlZ nq| G gvbwPÎ

MÖ‡š i †jL‡Ki g‡Z bviv‡gBLjvi evsjvq cjvq‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b
B‡Zvg‡a¨B gymwjg kvmb cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges wek¦ gymwjg BwZnv‡m ¯ vb
K‡i wb‡qwQj| 1406 mv‡j AvivKv‡b Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ eg©xq ivRv‡K Avnevb
Kiv, KwZcq wec`Mvgx †e․×‡ì Rb¨ GUv GKUv DËg KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
Gi wfwË‡Z †KD hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, ivRv ZLbI gymjgvb wQ‡jb bv
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wQj wn›`y I †e․×| GZ`m‡Ë¡I wZwb †mLv‡b gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv
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Gwkqv, ga¨ cÖvP¨ cÖfw„ Z GjvKv n‡Z gymjgvbiv GLv‡b Avm‡Z _v‡K|
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hyM †hLv‡b †m hy‡Mi GKRb mvaviY ch©‡e¶K Bmjvg wfbœ c„w_ex‡Z
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wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, gymwjg mvjZvbvZ‡K DbœwZ Ges mdjZvi GKwU
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kvwmZ n‡eb|
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gymjgvb‡ì f~wgKv‡K Lye †QvU K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| BwZnvmweìv
AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨vb n‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e ZË¡ D‡jL K‡i AvivKvb m¤ú‡K©
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AvZœmgc©Y K‡ib wb| wZwb †`kwUi KZ©Z „ ¡ MÖnY K‡ib, hZ`~i m¤¢e wZwb

ivgyI AwaKvi K‡ib| Zvi DËim~ix ev m cÖ  ev Kvwjgvmv (1459-1482)
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Kvh©Z, H ivRviv hw` evsjvi wPý Qzu‡o †d‡jb, Zvn‡j AvivKvb ivRv‡ì
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Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi Kx cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q?
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(1430-1530) †h GMvi Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb evsjvi mv‡_
Zv‡ì mK‡jiB Lye Aš—i½ m¤úK© wQj| Zviv BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ Ges Bmjvg
mewKQzB evsjv †_‡K wk‡LwQjb| GgbwK Zviv gymwjg wk¶vq D‪P wk¶v MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m ‡Kv_vI †KD Lyu‡R cv‡e bv †h D‡jwLZ ivRviv
PÆMÖv‡gi cy‡ivcywi `L‡ji c`‡¶c wb‡qwQj A_ev GUv‡K `Lj K‡iwQj|
GgbwK Zviv BwZnvmwe`M‡Yi KZ©K „ evsjvi mvgš— wn‡m‡e †LZve
†c‡qwQ‡jb|
W. Gm. we. Kvbyb †Mv (Dr. S. B. Qanungo) Gi g‡Z, KwZcq BwZnvmwe`

gymjgvb bvgavix AvivKvb ivRv‡ì cÖK…Z cwiPq LyR‡Z Pvb, hviv PÆMÖvg
kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡ì g‡Z, evsjvi GKwU As‡ki Dci we‡kl K‡i
evsjvi GKwU cÖ‡`k PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zv‡ì Awaiv‡Rï ¯§„wZ wPý wn‡m‡e
AvivKvbxq ivRviv gymwjg bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb| Ab¨ GK RvqMvq D‡j-wLZ
BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb ÔÔ`yÕ eQ‡ii GK msw¶ß kvm‡bi ci wZwb gviv
hvb| Zvici †`․wjqvi cyÎ ivb As ¶gZvq Av‡mb Ges 1494 mv‡j Aí
K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨ kvmb K‡ib| Zvi c‡i H GKB eQi ivb As Gi gvgv
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PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…Z
© ¡ wQj gymjgvb‡ì nvZ Qvov|Ó

wKš‧ Avgiv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK m~Î n‡Z Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`
ivRviv gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivb As Gi gymwjg bvg byix kvn Ges
ZvQv jvs Mv_v Gi gymwjg bvg †kL gayjvn kvn|
Ab¨ RvqvMvq GKB BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Ò ivb As †_‡K _vZvQv

(Thatasa) ch©š— AvivKv‡bi mKj kvmK PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zv‡ì KZ©Z„ ¡ a‡i
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G e³‡eï wecix‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, H mKj ivRv gymwjg bvg aviY
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 ivb As = byix kvn
 ‡mwjs Mv_y = †kL gayjvn kvn
 ‡gs ivRv = Bwj kvn
 Kvmvev`x = Bwjqvm kvn
 ‡gs m I = Rvjvj kvn
 _v‡ZQv = Avjx kvn|
gviK-BD hy‡M AvivKv‡bi `yB ivRv Bwjqvm kvn I Avjx kv‡ni cÖvß KwZcq
gy`ªv †_‡K Zv‡ì gymwjg bvg ivLvi cÖK…Z NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni ci bvivcvw`Mx (Narapadigyi) wmsnvmb Rei`Lj
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fvlv gy‡Q †djv nq Ges Zvi Dfq cv‡kB AvivKvb fvlvi Qvcv¼b Kiv nq|
BwZnvmwe` dvqvix (Phayare) `vex K‡ib †h, 1638 mv‡j PÆMÖvg †gvNj
my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi Aaxb¯  nq Ges Gi d‡j dvmx© / bvMix fvlv wejyß
n‡q hvq| wKš‧ HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †hgb Hall (3) cwi®‥vi K‡i †h 1666
mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg‡K wdwi‡q †bqv nqwb| GUv cwi®‥vi fv‡e Bw½Z K‡i †h
PÆMÖvg wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq| eis †m gymjgvb n‡Z cv‡i A_ev bvI
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MÖx (†mwjg kvn), wgb dvjvDs (wmKv›`vi kvn), wgb LvgvDs ( †nvmvBb kvn)
Ges w_wi †_v`v¤§v (wØZxq †mwjg kvn) Pv‡ci gy‡L wQ‡jb †h, Zviv gymwjg
bvg ivL‡eb bvwK Zv‡ì c~e©myix‡ì Dci Av‡ivwcZ Z_vKw_Z kZ©¸‡jv c~iY
Ki‡eb| Zv‡ì DËim~ixiv gymjgvb wQj bv Ges hviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B evsjvi
kvmb n‡Z weZvwoZ n‡qwQj| GLv‡b hyw³ ms½Z fv‡e Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq
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wQj|

ReyK kv‡ni g„Zyï ci w`°v (Dikka) bv‡gi GK mvaviY †jvK wmsnvmb
`Lj K‡ib| wZwb R‣bK m njv (Saw Hla) KZ©K „ mgw_©Z Ges †gs †m‡°qv
KZ©K
„ Abym„Z wQ‡jb| Giv mevB wQ‡jb mvaviY ‡jvK| Zv‡ì gymwjg bvg
wQj bv | KviY Zviv gymjgvb wQ‡jb bv| wKš‧ †gs †m‡°qvi (Sekkya) ci
•ea DËivwaKvix wgb dvjvDs ev wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593) KZ©K „
wmsnvmb cybi ×vi nq| Zvici Zvi cyÎ ivRv MÖx ev cÖ_g †mwjg kvn
(1593-1612), Zvici Zvi cyÎ wgb LvgDs ev †nvmvBb kvn, Zvici Zvi
cyÎ w_ wi _y`v¤§v ev wØZxq †mwjg kvn wmsnvm‡b Av‡mb | G‡ì mevB
gymjgvb bvg aviY K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni g„Zzï ci gM †e․×MY KZ…K ©
wmsnvmb `L‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï cZb ïi  nq| Zviv `xN© mgq
a‡i AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| Z‡e G‡ì †KDB gymwjg bvg aviY K‡ibwb|
gviK-BD ivRvi we`vq †_‡K Avgiv ¯úó †`L‡Z cvB †h hviv •ea
DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb ZvivB †Kej gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| KviY Zviv
wQ‡jb gymjgvb| Ab¨ w`‡K Rei`LjKvixiv †Kvb gymwjg Dcvax MÖnY
K‡ibwb| ¶gZvi Rb¨ gymjgvb I †e․×‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZØw›ØZv mve©¶wYK fv‡e
Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1666-1710 mvj ch©š— Kvgvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ gymjgvb
Zxi›`vRiv ivR‣bwZK ¶gZv cy‡ivcywi n¯—MZ K‡i iv‡L| m›`v _vw`Zv Ges
_vgvWv `yÕRbB gymjgvb wQ‡jb Ges Zviv Kvgvb Zxi›`vR‡ì eskai wQ‡jb,
hv‡ì‡K BwZc~‡e© ivgwi‡Z weZvwoZ Kiv n‡qwQj| AvivKv‡bi †kl ivRviv
gymjgvb wQ‡jb- G e³‡eï mg_©‡b HwZnvwmK wW. wR. B. nj †h gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb Zv GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨t
Ò1691 mv‡j myRvi Abymvixiv Zxi›`vR †hv×v wn‡m‡e ¶gZvq AwawôZ

wQ‡jb...| Zviv B‪Qv Abyhvqx ivRv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Zv Ges AciRb‡K ¶gZvq
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1692 mv‡j Zviv ivR cÖvmv` R¡vwj‡q †`q Ges 12 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Zviv Zievix
Ges Av¸b e‡q wb‡q mg¯— †`‡ki Dci cÖKvk¨fv‡e Ny‡i †ewo‡q‡Q Ges
†hLv‡b B‪Qv †mLv‡bB †ewo‡q‡Q| †klZK, Zviv R‣bK ivRv KZ©„K civwRZ
nq whwb 1710-1731 mv‡j ivRv mv›`vwfhvqv (Sandawizaya) wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv
†c‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡ì‡K ivgwi‡Z Zvwo‡q †`b| †mLv‡b Ges w_b Mv‡bU

I AvwKqv‡ei wbKU _vivM‡Y Zv‡ì eskaiMY Kvgvb bvg aviY K‡i wU‡K
wQj| Zviv AvivKvb fvlvq K_v ej‡Zv wKš‧ Bmjvgx wek¦vm I AvdvMvbxq
•ewkó¨ Aej¤^b Ki‡Zv| Zv‡ì †kl ivRv _vgvWv (1782-1785) cÖnmwbK
fv‡e cÖ_g ivRvi bvg aviY K‡ib Ges wZwb wQ‡jb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
¶gZvai kvmK| AvivKvb ivRvMY KZ©K „ cÖPwjZ gy`ªvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, H
mKj ivRv wQ‡jb gymjgvb| myjZvb Avwj kv‡ni Avg‡ji GKwU gy`ªv- hv
m¤cÖwZ gviK-BD iv‡R¨ cvIqv †M‡Q- Zv‡Z dvmx© fvlvq Qvcv¼b †`L‡Z
cvIqv hvq| †hLv‡b †jLv Av‡Q|
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Avj-vn G ivR¨‡K wPi¯ vqx Ki b|Ó
gy`ªvwUi Aci cv‡k dvmx© fvlvq †Lv`vB Kiv Av‡Q †h,
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†KD hw` gy`ªvq Qvcvw¼Z †jLv¸‡jv g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Zvn‡j
Zvi g‡a¨ G m‡›`n _vK‡e bv †h gy`ªv cÖPjbKvix gymjgvb wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb
a‡g©i n‡eb| hw` †KD Rei`¯—x K‡i G KvR K‡i Zvn‡j ‡m wbwðZ
Bmjv‡gi agx©q BwZnv‡mi wei ‡× KvR K‡i‡Q| Òa‡g©i g‡a¨ †Kvb
evaëvaKZv ev evovevwo †bB|Ó gymjgvbiv Kv‡iv B‪Qvi wei ‡× Bmjvgx
Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡Z ev AbymiY Ki‡Z Zvi cÖwZ Pvc ev ej cÖ‡qvM
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cQ›` K‡iÑ hwÌ AvivKvb evsjvi myjZvb‡ì KZ…©K ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q, gy`ªvq

Kvwjgv LwPZ K‡i‡Q Ges dvmx© fvlv‡K Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wn‡m‡e eënvi
Kivi gva¨‡g AvivKvb ivRviv gymjgvb bvg ivLvi PP©v Ae¨nZ †i‡L‡Q| G
cÖm‡½ GKRb BwZnvmwe‡ì gš—e¨ GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨t
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Dcvwai mv‡_ mv‡_ gymjgvb Dcvwa eënvi Kivi †iIqvR Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q|
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GUv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h †mLvbKvi Rb mgwói g‡a¨ GKwU weivU Ask
gymjgvb cÖRv| Zviv mn‡RB ivRv †NvwlZ wfb ‡`kx ev wfbœ a‡g©i †Kvb
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ch©š— ivRviv †Kb gymwjg bvg avib K‡ib bvB Ges gy`ªvq Kv‡jgvi Qvcv¼b
†`b bvB? hwÌ Zviv e¨vcK gymwjg RbMY Aa~¨wlZ PÆMÖv‡gi DËi cwðg
GjvKvi kvmb ¶gZvi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| hwÌ Zviv gymwjg bv‡g bvg
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gymjgvb wQ‡jb Ges Zvi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv gymjgvb‡ì ixwZ Abyhvqx

Pj‡Zv †m‡nZz †m mg‡q fviZ‡K wn›`y ivR¨ ejvi Avi †Kvb Dcvq wQj bv|
Abyiƒc fv‡e hwÌ AvivKv‡b †e․× I gymjgvbiv evm Ki‡Zv Ges †h‡nZz
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hvB †nvK, †Kvb KviY †bB †h †Kb ivRviv myjZvb nIqvi B‪Qv †cvlY
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e‡j WvKv ‡nvK|
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fvlv| †gvNj fvi‡Zi Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wQj dvmx©| hwÌ †mLvbKvi mvaviY
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wQj dvmx©| hwÌ †mLvbKvi cÖRv mvaviYiv wewfbœ fvlvq K_v ej‡Zv| hw`
AvivKv‡bi kvmKiv Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wn‡m‡e dvmx©‡K cÖwZôv bv Ki‡Zv Ges
AvivKv‡bi RbM‡Yi mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q Bmjv‡gi
g~j¨‡eva bv wkLv‡Zv Zvn‡j AvivKv‡b gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôvB †cZ bv|
eZ©gv‡b AvivKv‡b Ges gymjgvb Aa~¨wlZ Ab¨vb¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Ggb GKRbI

Agymwjg e¨w³‡K cvIqv hv‡e bv †h gymwjg bvg aviY K‡i Av‡Q| hLb †Kvb
e¨w³ ag©vš—wiZ n‡q Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i ZLb †m Zvi cyivZb eskMZ bv‡gi
mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU gymwjg bvg MÖnY K‡i| GKRb gM ‡e․× k ‡f jy gs (Shwe
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`„óvš— †ck Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb GLb kvn‡bIqvR k †f jy gs bv‡g mev©waK
cwiwPZ| GUv A‡bK c~e© ‡_‡K Abym„Z GKwU HwZn¨| †Kvb GKRb e¨w³
gymwjg bv‡gi Abyiƒc bvg †Kej ag©xq eB¸‡jv‡Z Luy‡R †c‡Z cv‡i| †hgb

Bû`x I Lªxóvb hviv bex Beªvwng ch©š— Zv‡ì c~e© cyi l‡ì DrcwË Zvjvk
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gymwjg bvg aviY Ki‡Zb Zviv mK‡jB Kvh©Z gymjgvb wQ‡jb| evwZwfqvq
WvP gM †iwR÷v‡i wjwLZ G wel‡qi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© GKwU Z_¨ GLv‡b
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ÒAb¨ GKwU ¸i Z¡c~Y© `vex n‡jv AvivKvbxq gv‡q‡ì WvP mš—vb‡ì‡K

evwZwfqvi Kv‡Q mgc©Y Kiv| evwZwfqvq Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj †h, G mKj
wkï‡ì‡K gymjgvb wn‡m‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv nw&PQj Ges avwg©K WvP
Kvjwfwbóiv fxlY fxZ n‡q c‡owQj| WvP wkï‡ì wcZviv iv‡óªi †ndvR‡Z
wQj| hw` kvmKiv ‡e․× n‡Zb Zvn‡j wkï‡ì‡K †e․× ag©vej¤^x wn‡m‡eB
M‡o ‡Zvjv n‡Zv| †h‡nZz H wkï‡ì‡K gymjgvb wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj
†m‡nZy ejv hvq †h, AvivKv‡bi kvmKivI gymjgvb n‡q _vK‡eb|Ó
kvm‡Ki c` QvovI gymjgvbiv iv‡óªi A‡bK ¸i Z¡c~Y© c` `Lj K‡i

†i‡LwQ‡jb| G mKj c‡ì g‡a¨ wQj cÖavbgš¿x, wmwbqi gš¿x, mwPe, MfY©i,
KvRx, mfvKwe, †mbvcÖavb cÖfw„ Z| HwZnvwmK m~Î g‡Z, wØZxq †mwjg kvnx
Avg‡ji cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb j¯‥vi RywRj/ j¯‥vi IqvwRi bv‡gi GK gymjgvb
e¨w³| ¸‡oB‡iv (Guerriro) Gi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, R‣bK iƒgx ivRvi Dci
¸i Z¡c~Y© ¶gZv we¯—vi K‡ib| Kwe ‡`․jZ KvRx I Kwe AvjvI‡ji
†jLbxmg~n †_‡K G wel‡q A‡bK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq †h, gymjgvbiv
Dc‡ivwjwLZ c`¸‡jv AwaKvi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| GmKj e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨
wQ‡jb- j¯‥vi DwRi, Avkivd Lvb, †KvivBkx gvMb VvKzi, †mvjvqgvb •mq`
gymv, •mq` ‡gvnv¤§` Lvb, be ivR gRwjm Ges ‣mq` kvn cÖgLy |

hvB †nvK, gymwjg ivRv‡ì PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨ †_‡K eySv hvq †h AwaKvsk
gymwjg ivRv wQj cÖvPxb AvivKv‡bi Av`x Awaevmx| ivRvi c` Qvov Ab¨vb¨
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cieZx©‡Z †h mKj †jvK GLv‡b Awfevmb MÖnY K‡iwQj Zviv n‡jv Aviex,
wgmix, wmixq, ZzKx© , Avwewmwbqvb, †ivgx (evqRvbwUqvb), †Lvivmvbx, DR‡eM,
DËi fviZxq, `vw¶bvZëvmx, Avmvgxq, ev½vjx, †KvUvwbwQ, G¨vwmbx,
†KvwQbxR, ga¨ Gkxq Ges Av‡iv A‡bK †`kxq| AvivKvb ivRv‡ì
kvmbvg‡j †h mKj Bmjvgx HwZnvwmK ¯§„wZ wbwg©Z n‡qwQj Zv AvR ch©š —
we`¨gvb Av‡Q| eZ©gvb gvs _v MY MÖv‡gi wbK‡U wbwg©Z gymv gmwR` wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj 14k kZvwã‡Z, gviK-BD GjvKvi wbKU KvIqvjs MÖv‡gi wbKU
mvbw`Lvb gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj †Rbv‡ij mvw›` Lvb KZ©K „ cÂ`k
kZvwã‡Z, Avjg jmKvi gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj 1668 mv‡j AvaywbK
wgbivqv kn‡ii wbKU ivDs MÖv‡g wcÖÝ myRv KZ…K © myRv gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj
1661 mv‡j wgbZvqvweqv‡b| weL¨vZ KvRx KZ…K © KvRx gmwR` wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj Ges AvwKqv‡ei me©e„nr gmwR` gymv †Ìqvb gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj
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wb©gvY K‡iwQj| wKš‧ 1784 mv‡j †ev`vIwdqv KZ©„K †`kwU `Lj nIqvi ci
wZwb e¨vcK msL¨K gmwR` gv`ªvmv‡K aywjm¨vr K‡i †`b| GgbwK ivRKxq
jvB‡eªix R¡vwj‡q †`qv nq Ges wn›`y-‡e․× Ges Bmjvgx hy‡Mi ¯§„wZ
wPý¸‡jv‡K aŸsm K‡i †`qv nq| †ev`vIwdqv (Bodawphaya) AvivKv‡b
we‡kl K‡i gymwjg ¯ vcZ¨ aŸs‡mi RvqMvq Av‡iv A‡bK c¨v‡MvWv Ges
cÖwZg~wZ© ¯ vcb K‡ib| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvivKvb‡K GKwU †e․× Aa~¨wlZ
AÂ‡ji iƒc †`qv| KviY Aviex I dvimx Qvcv¼ †Lvw`Z cÖ¯—i-‡cU I cÖ¯—i
LÊ AvRI †m mKj c¨v‡MvWv¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv m¤¢e|

e‡½i gymwjg mvjZvbv‡Zi mvs¯‥…wZK ms¯ú‡k© G‡m AvivKvb iv‡Rï
cwimgvwß ïi  nq cÂ`k kZvãx †_‡K| e‡½ AvdMvb ivóª †f‡½ hvIqvi
d‡j hLb ivR‣bwZK Aw¯ i Ae¯ v †`Lv w`‡qwQj, Ges †gvNj‡ì µgea©gvb
AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y AvdMv‡bi wewkó e¨w³iv Ges Ab¨vb¨ c`¯  gymjgvb evsjvi
c~e©vÂjxq †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvwj‡q Av‡m| G‡ì ga¨ †_‡K Aí K‡qK Rb †jvK
AvivKvb ìev‡i Avkªq cvq| †mLv‡b Zviv miKv‡ii K‡qKwU ¸i Z¡c~Y© c`
c~iY K‡i| G mKj †jv‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq †ek KÕRb Awfevmx gymjgvb
eyw×Rxex evsjv mvwn‡Zï PP©v Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
†h mKj cÖL¨vZ gymjgvb Kwe mß`k kZvwã‡Z AvivKvb ivR ìev‡i

c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡qwQ‡jb Zviv n‡jb- †`․jZ KvRx, AvjvIj, gvMb wmwÏKx
(VvKzi) Ges gvi`vb| Kwe †`․jZ KvRx Avkivd Lv‡bi Aby‡iva Ges
c„ô‡cvlKZvq Zvi ÒmZx gqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbxÓ wj‡LwQ‡jb| GKRb nvbvdx
gymjgvb wn‡m‡e wZwb NUbvi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb wØZxq †mwjg
kv‡ni Dc‡`óv I cÖwZi¶v gš¿x| †`․jZ KvRx Zvi c„ô‡cvlK Avkivd Lv‡bi
D‪P cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb, whwb Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv Awfevmx gymjgvb‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZv
K‡i‡Qb| Giv n‡jb- mvC`, kvqL, †gvNj Ges cvVvb| G‡ì cvkvcvwk
wQ‡jv eªvþY,¶Îxq, I ï`ªMY| †`․jZ KvRx Zvi iPbvejx cwic~Y© Kivi
c~‡e©B gviv hvb cieZ©x‡Z Kwe AvjvIj †m¸‡jv mgvß K‡ib| AvjvI‡ji
wcZv wQ‡jb dvZvn ev‡ì gRwjm KzZz‡ei gš¿x| GK`v, hLb AvjvI‡ji
wcZv Zvi cyÎ‡K mv‡_ wb‡q †b․Kvq K‡i b`x c‡_ wbgœ evsjvi w`‡K
hvw‪Q‡jb, ZLb Zviv cZ©yMxR Rj`m~¨ KZ©K
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nb Ges AvjvIj AvnZ Ges e›`x nb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb wb‡R‡K AvivKv‡b
Lyu‡R cvb, †mLv‡b wZwb AvivKvb ivRvi GKRb †mbv Kg©KZv© n‡q hvb|
GKRb `¶ ‣mb¨ nIqvi cvkvcvwk AvjvIj wQ‡jb GKRb gnv weÁgvbe,
Kwe Ges MvqK| Aviex, dvimx, ms¯‥Z … , evsjv Ges wnw›`mn †ek K‡qKwU
fvlvq Zvi h‡_ó `¶Zv wQj| AwZ mZ¡i Zvi G ¸Yvejx gvMb wmwÏKxi
`„wó‡K AvK…ó K‡i, whwb cici `yÕRb ivRvi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb| gvMb wb‡RI
GKRb wk¶vwe` I Kwe wQ‡jb| Ak¦v‡ivnx †mbv`j †_‡K wZwb AvjvIj‡K

gy³ K‡ib Ges Zv‡K wZwb Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq ivRKwe wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`b|
gvwjK †gvnv¤§` RvBwm iwPZ GKwU weL¨vZ wnw›` †ivgvw›UK gnvKve¨
ÒcÙveZxÓ evsjvq Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Zv‡K `vwqZ¡ †`b| AvjvIj
mdjZvi mv‡_ Abyev‡ì KvR mgvß Ki‡jb| Zvi ÒcÙveZxÓ mgvß nq
m¤¢eZ 1651 mv‡j| Zvi cieZ©x KvR wQj weL¨vZ Avie¨ iRbxi †ivgvw›UK
Mí Òmvqdzjg~jK ew`D¾vgvjÓ| GUv mgvß n‡qwQj m¤¢eZ 1655-1659
mv‡j| Gi cieZ©x‡Z wZwb dvimx Kwe wbRvg MRbex iwPZ Ònv¯—-cvBKviÓ-
(mvZ †`k‡cÖgx) m¤úv`‡bi Kv‡R nvZ †`b| 1660 mv‡j ivRcyÎ kvn myRvi
AvivKv‡b cjvq‡bi ci G iPbvwUi KvR mgvß nq, †mLv‡b G cjvq‡bi
NUbv D‡jL Av‡Q| kvn myRvi mv‡_ Zvi m‡›`nRbK wKš‧ A¯úó RwUjZvi
Kvi‡Y AvjvIj‡K †R‡j cvVv‡bv nq| hvB ‡nvK Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B Kwe
‡Rj †_‡K Qvov †c‡jb Ges wZwb gvmy` kvn bv‡gi GKRb cÖfvekvjx Kwe
Ges AvivKvb ìev‡ii gwš¿ †mvjvqgvb wmwÏKx KZ©„K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e mg_©b
†c‡q cybivq ¯^ c‡` envj n‡jb| †k‡li R‡bi Aby‡iv‡a BDmyd Mv`vi
dvimx Kv‡Ri Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb ÒZzndvÓ iPbv Ki‡jb| G‡m Bmjv‡gi
Kg©KvÊ I ch©‡e¶Y Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ 1664 mv‡j Zvi GK
KvRwU mgvß nq| myjvqgv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv Ges ZviB Aby‡iv‡a cieZ©x‡Z
AvjvIj †`․jZ KvRxi ÒmZx gqbv I ‡jvi P›`ªvbxÓ Gi evKx Ask mgvß
K‡ib| AvjvIj Zvi e„× eq‡m AvivKv‡bi GK ¸i Z¡c~Y© gwš¿ gRwjk
b‡fvivR Gi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib| ‡m mgq AvjvIj wbRvg MbRexi
weL¨vZ MÖš  ÒwmKv›`vi bvgvÓ evsjvq Abyev‡ì KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib|
wmKv›`vi bvgv wQj Av‡jKRvÊv‡ii Awfhv‡bi mgq cvi‡m¨ D™¢~Z PgK
m„wóKvix Mímg~‡ni msKjb| G¸‡jv QvovI AvjvIj Zvi e„× eq‡m A‡bK
KvíwbK Ges wjwiK KweZv iPbv K‡ib| hwÌ Zvi cÖavb iPbv¸‡jv wQj
Abyevàg©x ev dvimx iPbv †_‡K msKjb, Avi G wbq‡gB AvjvIj Avb›`
†c‡Zb| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e wZwb wQ‡jb evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKRb gnvb Kwe|
AvjvI‡ji c„ô‡cvlK gvMb VvKziI AMva cÖwZfvi AwaKvix GKRb Kwe

wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb wmwÏKx cwiev‡i Rb¥ jvf Kiv GKRb gymjgvb| wKš‧

AvivKvb kvmKiv Zv‡K VvKzi Dcvwa w`‡qwQj| AvivKvb kvmKiv D‪P c`¯ 
Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K Giƒc A‡bK Dcvwa w`Z| gvMb VvKzi Aviex, dvimx, wn›`x
Ges evsjvq Lye cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| Zvi Kvwe¨K iPbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ïay
ÒP›`ªveZxÓ GLb ch©š— Avwe¯‥…Z n‡q‡Q| ivRcyÎ exifb I ivRKb¨v
P›`ªveZxi ga¨Kvi fv‡jvevmvi Mí-Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ G MÖš Lvwb‡Z mvwn‡Zï
gbb I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvMb m¤¢eZ 1660 mv‡j gviv hvb| Zvi
mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji Kwe wQ‡jb †`․jZ KvRx| wZwb AvivKv‡bi KvwPcyi‡K Zvi
(AvjvI‡ji) Rb¥¯ vb wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| Zvi eY©bv g‡Z, GKUv
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Djvgv Ges kvqL eªvþY Kvq¯ ‡ì mv‡_ GK‡Î wQ‡jb,
Zviv mK‡jB mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb, Ôbwme bvgvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wZwb
GKUv gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| •ewk‡óï w`K w`‡q hv wQj †g․wjK Ges hv
Aviex I dvimx iPbvi Dci wfwË K‡i iwPZ nqwb eis mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji
mvgvwRK Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ|
H mKj Kwe‡ì ØvivB AvivKv‡b mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj hv

Aóv`k kZvwãi †kl ch©š— `xN© mgq a‡i Ae¨vnZ wQj| GLb Avgiv Aci
GK ¸i Z¡c~Y© gymjgvb Kwe Avãyj Kwig L›`Kv‡ii bvg Rvb‡Z cvwi| wZwb
e‡jb Zvi †c․p `v` imyj wgqv wQ‡jb AvivKvb ivRvi Aax‡b GKRb Kv÷g
Kg©KZ©v Ges Zvi `v`v gvQvb Avjx wewfbœ fvlvq `¶ wQ‡jb| myZivs †`vfvlx
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| Avãyj Kwi‡gi wcZv Avjx AvKeiI wQ‡jb GKRb
wkw¶Z e¨w³| Avãyj Kwig mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi bvgK GK m¤ú`kvjx
ewY‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi Aby‡iv‡a Avãyj Kwig 1789 mv‡j,
`yj-v gRwjk (Dulla Majlish) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU dvimx iPbvi evsjv Abyev`
K‡ib| c~‡e© wZwb ÔnvRvi gvmv‡qjÕ I ÔZvgg AvbRvixÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Av‡iv `yÕwU
iPbvi KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib| hvi wfwË wQj dvimx iPbv| AvivKv‡bi Ôev›`viÕ
bvgK GK MÖvg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Kwe Avãyj Kwig e‡jb, Ò †m MÖv‡g evm
KiZ KvRx, gydZx, Djvgv, ag©xq dKxi Ges ì‡ek| †mLv‡b emevmiZ D‪P
c`¯  gymjgvbiv ivRvi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y©fv‡e Avjvc Av‡jvPbv KiZ| hLbB
†Kvb GK Mixe †jvK †m MÖv‡g †eov‡Z AvmZ, Zv‡K KLbI Lvwj nv‡Z

wdwi‡q †`qv nZ bv| bvgvR covi Rb¨ mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi KZ©K
„ †mLv‡b
GKwU gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wZwb mgv‡R mycwiwPZ nb| †m
MÖv‡g †ek wKQz Djvgvi AvMgb NU‡jv, Zviv bvgv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i wbqwgZ
Z`viKx Ki‡Zv| Rygv Ges wbqwgZ bvgvR cov‡bvi Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g Zv‡ì
GKRb‡K LZxe I Aci Rb‡K Bgvg wb‡qvM ‡`qv n‡qwQj|
lô Aa¨vq
†ev`vIdvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb (1784-1824)
gviK-BD kvm‡bi cZb wQj †ivwn½v‡ì Rb¨ GK gvivZ¥K ûgwK, †h‡nZz

gviK-BD Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq wQj ev¯—weKfv‡e I mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e Bmjvgx
fveavivi| myZivs gviK-BD cZ‡bi ci G me wKQzB aywjmvr n‡q †Mj|
nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Ges RvZxqZvev`x †e․×‡ì‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|
gymjgvb •mb¨, wkíx Ges cÖ‡K․kjxmn Kgc‡¶ wek nvRvi (20,000)
e›`x‡K AvivKv‡bi cvnvox GjvKv w`‡q ga¨ evg©vq Zvwo‡q ‡`qv n‡qwQj|
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi †jvK cw_g‡a¨ gviv †Mj| †e․×‡ì kª‡×q
ÔgnvgywYiÕ cÖwZg~wZ© evgv©q wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj| G cÖwZg~wZ©wU GL‡bv g¨vbWvj
kn‡ii AvivKvb c¨v‡MvWvq eZ©gvb Av‡Q| †ev`vIdvqvi •mbïv gymjgvb I
wn›`y‡ì AcÖZzj AwfwjLb I ¯§„wZ wPýmg~nI wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq|
AvivKv‡bi Dci †ev`vIdvqvi 40 eQ‡ii kvmb GKwU bRxi wenxb •¯îvPvi

I wbôziZvi wb`k©b enb K‡i| †jvK‡ì‡K †Rvic~e©K †mbvevwnbx‡Z fwZ©
Kiv n‡Zv Ges †Rvic~e©K Zv‡ì Øviv wewfbœ KvR Kiv‡bv n‡Zv| mvaviY
gvby‡li mvg‡_©ï evB‡i AwaK nv‡i Ki msMÖn Kiv n‡Zv| nvRvi nvRvi
AvivKvbxq e›`x‡ì‡K evgv©q c¨v‡MvWv wbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R cy‡iv mvZ eQi a‡i
µxZ `v‡mi b¨vq KvR Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| †evÌdvqvi KZ©K „ †Rvic~e©K cwikªg
I †Rvic~e©K †mbvevwnbx‡Z Kv‡R eva¨ Kiv Ges ¯ vbxq Kg©KZ©v‡ì AhvwPZ
n¯—‡¶c AvivKvbxq‡ì‡K Av‡iv wew‪Qbœ K‡i Zzjj Ges Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K
nvRvi nvRvi †jvK mxgvš— GjvKv w`‡q cvwj‡q PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvq P‡j †Mj| ejv
n‡q _v‡K 1798 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKv‡bi `yÔ Z…Zxqvsk †jvK Zv‡ì gvZ…fw~ g
†Q‡o P‡j wM‡qwQj| ïay 1798 mv‡jB Kgc‡¶ `k nvRvi (10,000) †jvK
PÆMÖv‡g Xy‡K c‡owQj Ges Zvi cieZx©‡ZB Av‡iv eû †jvK Zv‡ì‡K
Abymib K‡iwQj| B÷ BwÊqv †Kv¤úvbx G mKj †jvK‡ì PÆMÖvg †Rjvi
`w¶Yvs‡k Ae¯ vb Kivi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb AvcwË Kij bv| LvwbKUv gvbweK
Kvi‡Y Ges LvwbKUv †m AÂ‡j RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj|

1811 mv‡j wKs †ewis wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ AvivKvb kiYv_©x R‣bK wQbweqvb
(Cinbyan) eg©xq‡ì wei ‡× GK we‡`ªvnx evwnbx msNe× Ki‡jb| wZwb GKwU
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K evwnbx‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡jb, †Kv¤úvbxi mxgvbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges AvivKv‡bi mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i †ivnvDs
(Mrohaung) G Ae‡iva Ki‡jb| hwÌ wZwb †Rvic~e©K †ivnvDs Gi `Lj
wb‡Z e¨_© n‡jb, wKš‧ `~‡M©i i¶xevwnbx‡K G k‡Z© AvZœmgc©Y Kiv‡Z eva¨
Ki‡jb, †h Gi RbM‡Yi Rxeb I m¤úwË‡K Aegy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| hvB‡nvK,
`~‡M©i i¶xevwnbxi AvZœmgc©‡Yi ci wZwb A‡bK eg©xq ‣mb¨, Zv‡ì cwievi
Ges Zv‡ì mg_©‡Ki‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jb| 1811 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡qi g‡a¨
AvivKv‡bi mgMÖ eg©xq cÖ‡`k¸‡jv hv AvwKqv‡ei AvaywbK †Rjvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i wQbweqv‡bi n¯—MZ nq| Gi d‡j eg©xq Ges weªwUk‡ì ga¨Kvi m¤úK©
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mv‡ji w`‡K Wy evgv GwkqvIqvb (Avgv‡ì evg©v msMVb) bv‡gi GKwU bZzb
msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| Zi Y G wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡ì‡K _vwKb (gvóvi) e‡j
m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zv| Zviv mgMÖ †`k e¨vcx GKwU fviZ we‡ivax AvZ¼ cÖPvi
K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v, †K›`ªxq evg©vi Rviev‡`, c~e© evg©vi cvš viv
Ges `w¶Y evg©vi evï‡ì g‡Zv †bwUf gymjgvb‡ì‡K mvaviY fviZxq‡ì
†_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z evg©vi †e․× mvaviY e¨_© n‡qwQj| fviZxqiv
Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡ì Dci AhvwPZ
fv‡e AvµgY K‡iwQj|
BwZg‡a¨ evg©vi agx©q I ivR‣bwZK †bZviv AvivKvbxR gMm BbUz _vwKb cvwU©
(Arakanes Maghas into Thakin Party) †K msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨
AvivKv‡b Av‡mb| AvivKvb cvwU©i D‡Ïk¨ wQj weªwUk‡ì Kej †_‡K evg©v‡K
gy³ Kiv| hvB †nvK _vwKb cvwU© evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb gM‡ì
g‡b gymwjg we‡ivax N„Yv mÂvwiZ K‡iwQj| G hy‡×i D‡Ïk¨ wQj `ywU fMœx
cÖwZg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we‡‪Q` NUv‡bv| hLb we‡‪Q‡ì welqwU DV‡jv ZLb
weªwUk miKvi evg©vi wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi 24wU cÖwZwbwa `j‡K evg©v †Mvj‡Uwej
m‡¤§j‡b Avmvi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbv‡jv| m‡¤§jbwU 27 b‡f¤î, 1931 mvj
†_‡K 12B Rvbyqvix, 1932 mv‡j jÊ‡b AbywôZ nq| ‡ivwn½v‡ì †Kvb
cÖwZwbwa‡K †mLv‡b Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nqwb| KviY weªwUkiv Zv‡ì‡K fviZxq

m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ MY¨ Ki‡Zv bv| †e․× gM _vwKb Rbve Zzb As M (Mr. Tun
Aung gyaw) AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡ì †bZ…Z¡ †`q| weªwUk-fviZ †_‡K evg©vi c„_K
nIqv Ges 1937 mv‡j Af¨š—ixY ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b nIqvi d‡j
_vwKbiv kvmb ¶gZvi c~Y© wbqš¿Y cvq| wefvR‡bi gvÎ GK eQi c‡i 1938
mv‡j iv½y‡b Avev‡iv gymwjg we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| _vwKb cvwU©i †bZv
As mvb AvivKv‡b GKwU †Mvcb mdi K‡i cÖvq GKB mg‡q| †mLv‡b †g‡evb
kn‡i AbywôZ GKwU m‡¤§j‡b wZwb †hvM †`b| wZwb AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v‡ì
e¨vcv‡i Zvi bxwZ mn evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i †K․kj wb‡q
AvivKvbxq †e․× †bZv‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| BD‡iv‡c hLb wØZxq wek¦
hy× ïi  n‡jv ZLb evg©vi MfY©i KZ©K „ evg©v‡K wgÎ kw³i mv‡_ mwµq fv‡e
hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi †NvlYv †`qv nq| As mvb Ges Zvi 30 Rb mn‡hvMx
†Mvc‡b Rvcv‡b P‡j hvq| Ges †mLv‡b Zviv Rvcvbx‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq evg©v
¯^vaxbZv •mb¨ (Barma Independence Armey) MVb K‡i| 1941 mv‡ji
23 wW‡m¤î Rvcvbxiv iv½y‡b †evgv wb‡¶c K‡i| weªwUkiv evg©v Ges AvivKvb
†_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i fvi‡Z P‡j Av‡m| mv‡eK †Rbv‡ij wb DBb Gi
†bZ„‡Z¡ we. AvB. G. evwnbxi cÖ_g `jwU gDjwgqvb n‡q iv½y‡b †c․Qvq 1942
mv‡ji ïi i w`‡K| Gi d‡j evg©vq fviZxq‡ì Ges AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v‡ì
g‡b gvivZœK AvZ‡¼i m„wó nq| fviZxqiv BwZg‡a¨ m¤¢eci mKj i U w`‡q
evg©v †_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z ïi  K‡i|
1942 mv‡ji gywmjg nZ¨vhÁ
hLb weªwUkiv m‡i †Mj ZLb AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖkvmb gM ‡e․× BD wKqvI
wKb (Un kyaw Khine) Gi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q coj| Zvi Dci AvivKvb
wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡qwQj| G cÖkvmb gM‡ì‡K
AwZgvÎvq Lywk K‡iwQj| _vwKb m`mïv wewfbœ ai‡bi `ybx©wZi Kvi‡Y
miKvi KZ…K © hv‡ì Rb¨ c‡ivqvbv Rvix Kiv n‡qwQj- Zv‡ì †Mvcb

Avkªq¯ j n‡Z †ewi‡q Gj Ges cÖKvk¨ jyUZivR I `m~ë„wË ïi  Kij|
gymjgvbiv wQj Zv‡ì Avµg‡Yi wPivPwiZ wkKvi| Rvcvbx‡ì Øviv
AvwKqv‡e †evgv wb‡¶‡ci ci †mLvbKvi wewfbœ kni I MÖvg †Q‡o AwaKvsk
gymjgvb Zv‡ì wbR¯^ evox-N‡i P‡j hvq| Gi KviY wQj Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU
wg_¨v cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj †h AwZmË¡i AvwKqv‡e GKwU gymwjg we‡ivax
`v½vi cÖv`yf©ve NU‡Z hv‡‪Q|
Rvcvbxiv 1942 mv‡ji 23 †k gvP© AvwKqv‡e †evgv we‡ùviY NUvq, d‡j

A‡bK weªwUk, †MviLv, wecyj msL¨K AZ¨vaywbK me A¯¿ †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q
hvq| KwZcq Kzc_Mvgx Kv‡ib m`m¨ gM ag©vÜ‡ì kw³ Av‡iv e„w× Ki‡Z
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Gme wewµ Kij A_ev Awdmvi, cywjk Awdmvi Ges cywjk
Kb‡÷ej‡ì mKj A¯¿ AvUK Kij, †h mKj A¯¿ RbM‡Yi wbivcËv weavb
Ki‡Z weªwUkiv †d‡j †i‡LwQj| AwaKš‧ gM Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb GKwU
†b․Kv †evSvB K‡i A¯¿ I †Mvjvevi ` wKqvDKZvI Ges wgbweqvq mieivn
Kij|
_vwKb m`mïv gymjgvb‡ì jvB‡m‡ÝK…Z mKj A¯¿ AvUK Kij| myZivs

_vwKbiv GLb A¯¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡jv, Ab¨w`‡K gymjgvbiv Cgv‡bi (wek¦vm)
e‡j ejxqvb n‡q A¯¿wenxb Ae¯ vq Lvwj nv‡Z c‡o _vKj| Avmbœ aŸshÁ
Abyaveb Ki‡Z gymjgvbiv cy‡ivcywi e¨_© n‡jv| kÎ ‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kivi
Rb¨ Zviv AjxK Kíbv †cvlY Ki‡jv| Ges Zv‡ì A‡b‡K GUvB Avkv
Ki‡jv †h, Zv‡ì gM eÜyiv Zv‡ì‡K i¶v Ki‡e| gymjgvbiv msMwVZ wQj
bv Ges Zv‡ì‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi g‡Zv †KD wQj bv|

B‡Zvg‡a¨ gMiv gymjgvb‡ì Dci AvµgY Kivi mvwe©K cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY Kij|
Zviv wgbweqvq GKwU †Mvcb ‣eVK Ki‡jv Ges •eVK †_‡K Zviv wb‡gœv³
wm×vš—¸‡jv MªnY Ki‡jv|
1. wZbwU K¨vUvMwi‡Z _vwKb ‣mbïv wef³ _vK‡e| Zv‡ì g‡a¨

GK`j e›`yK, Av‡iK`j Zievwi Ges Ab¨ `j ej-g aviY Ki‡e|
2. G evwnbx¸‡jvi wPd KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb mvb wKqvI As (San

Kyaw Aung), wØZxq KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb gs wKqvI Ges Zzb njv
As (Tun Hla)| wKš‧ Avµg‡Yi wb‡`©k Avm‡e †cÖwm‡W›U _vwKb _v
hvb njv (Thakin Tha Zan Hla) Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U BD
†dv wLb Gi c¶ †_‡K|
3. G Avµg‡Yi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡‪Q wbgœiƒc:
K. AvivKv‡bi ¯^vqZ¡ kvm‡bi Rb¨ hy‡× weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK‡ì wec‡¶

Rvcvbx‡ì mg_©b †`qv|
L. †`k n‡Z mKj Kvjv‡ì‡K- mv`v Kvjv (weªwUk) Ges Kv‡jv Kvjv
(fviZxq)- Zvwo‡q †`qv Ges Zv‡ì ab m¤úwË gM‡ì Kj¨v‡Y ev‡Rqvß
Kiv|
M. ‡ivvwn½v Ges Kvgvb‡ì‡K GLv‡b _vK‡Z AbygwZ †`qv| hviv AvivKv‡b

K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i emevm Ki‡Q| wKš—y Zv‡ì‡KI PvUvMvBqv‡ì g‡Zv Zvwo‡q
†`qv hw` Zv‡ì †Kvb Kg©KvÊ AcÖZ¨vwkZ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq|
†ivwn½v Ges eg©xq‡ì AvivKv‡bi Ae¯ v‡bi AbygwZ welqK wm×vš—wU †bqv

n‡qwQj ïaygvÎ gM †e․×‡ì GKwU `‡ji AvB Iqv‡ki Rb¨| gymjgvbiv
`xN©w`b a‡i Zv‡ì cvkvcvwk emev‡mi d‡j Zviv gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZ D`vi
`„wófw½ †cvlY Ki‡Zv| ev¯—weK c‡¶, evg©vi _vwKb †bZviv Ges Zv‡ì
AvivKvbxq mn‡hvMxiv AvivKv‡bi mKj gymwjg RbMY‡K wPiZ‡i DrLvZ
Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK w`b Av‡M ‡_‡KB loh‡š¿i Rvj ey‡b AvmwQj| _vwKbiv
†`L‡jv †h, Lye `ª Z evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv wbKUeZ©x nw‪Qj Ges G wek„‫‫‬Lj I
Aw¯ wZkxj cwiw¯ wZ‡Z hw` gymjgvb‡ì‡K wbg~©j Kiv bv hvq Zvn‡j Zviv
¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq GKwU ¯ vqx gv_v e¨_vi KviY n‡q _vK‡e| AvivKv‡b
gM †e․×‡ì‡K _vwKbiv cÖ‡eva w`‡qwQj †h, Zv‡ì †e․× a‡g©i Rb¨
gymjgvbiv GKwU gvivZœK ûgwK| e¯‧Z GUv wQj `ywU fwMœcÖwZg m¤úª`v‡qi
g‡a¨ ¯ vqx wefvRb •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU K~U‡K․kj| hv‡Z K‡i Zviv wef³
RbMY‡K mn‡RB kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges AvivKvb‡K Zv‡ì ¯ vqx Dcwb‡ek
evbv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ Kzc_ Mvgx gMiv gymjgvb‡ì wei ‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡K
Ges Zviv gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ GK‡Î ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fvM Kivi cwie‡Z© Aax‡b
_vKv‡KB †ekx cQ›` Ki‡Zv| GLb, AvwKqve e¨ZxZ mgMÖ †`k †jvjyc
_vwKb‡ì Aaxb¯  n‡q co‡jv| weªwUk‡ì P‡j hvIqvi ci gyn~‡Z©B wn›`y Ges
PvUMvBqv gymjgvb‡ì †`vKvbcvU¸‡jv‡Z jyUZivR ïi  n‡jv| Gme
†jvK‡ì AwaKvskB cvwj‡q †Mj| †ivwn½v‡ì‡K Zv‡ì eÜz cÖwZg PvUMvBqv
gymjgvb‡ì Z¨vM Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`qv n‡jv| Gme RbM‡Yi cÖvq mevB
cjvqb Ki‡jv| wKš‧ a~Z© gMiv Gi ciI _vg‡jv bv| gymjgvb‡ì evRvi
G‡Ki ci GK AhvwPZ fv‡e jyU Kiv n‡jv|
BD wcwbqv w_nv (U Pinnya Thiha), BD _v Rvb njv (U Tha zan Hla),

BD mvb wKqvI Ges BD gs wKqvD cÖgLy bv‡gi AvivKv‡bi _vwKb †bZviv
gymjgvb‡ì Dci mvaviY nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`j| Gfv‡e 1942
mv‡ji 28 gvP© ee©‡ivwPZ gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ ïi  n‡jv| wgqvbweqv kniZjxi
Aax‡b Pvbwewj MÖv‡gi wbiciva gymjgvb‡ì Dci _vwKbiv Suvwc‡q co‡jv|
gymjgvbiv cÖvY c‡Y hy× Ki‡jv| wKš‧ Zviv _vwKb‡ì cÖej Avµg‡Yi gy‡L
wUK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| †h‡nZz Zv‡ì ivB‡dj¸‡jv wQj AZ¨š— ¶gZvm¤úbœ Avi
gymjgvb‡ì A¯¿¸‡jv wQj ¯ vbxq Ges gvÜvZv Avg‡ji| gM Ges Zv‡ì cÖfy
_vwKb‡ì Øviv hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q jyUZivR, nZ¨v, al©Y Aev‡a Pj‡Z

_v‡K| nvRvi nvRvi wbivciva cyi l, gwnjv Ges wkï wbnZ nq| †ivwn½viv
civwRZ nq| A‡bK †jvKRb b`x‡Z Svwc‡q co‡jv Ges A‡b‡K e‡bi g‡a¨
nvwi‡q †Mj| muvZwi‡q hvIqv †jvK‡ì‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv| gM
cïiv Zv‡ì `xN© Zievwi w`‡q Aa© g„Z cyi l, gwnjv Ges wkï‡ì‡K wbg©g
fv‡e Mjv †K‡U †dj‡jv| hviv †eu‡P wM‡qwQj Zv‡ì‡K aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q
UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †K‡U †djv n‡jv| †ivwn½v hyeZx Kb¨v Ges igYx‡ì‡K
al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv Ges wb®úvc wkï‡ì‡KI wbôzifv‡e †g‡i †djv
n‡jv| cÖwZ‡ekx gMiv Zv‡ì (†ivwn½v) Mevw`cï, avbPvj GgbwK †cvlvK
cwi‪QÌ wQwb‡q wb‡q ‡Mj| ¯^Y© †i․‡cï gZ g~jëvb wRwbmcÎ _vwKb
†bZviv wb‡q wb‡jv Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¯‧ mvgMÖx ee©i WvKvZ‡ì‡K w`‡q †`qv n‡jv
| wbivciva f~³ †fvMx‡ì i‡³ †jg‡iv b`xi cvwb †jvwnZ eY© aviY Ki‡jv|
cieZ©x w`b 29 †k gvP© w¶ß gMiv †jvs ivBP G AvµgY Ki‡jv| †ivwn½viv
cÖPÊ Avµg‡Y Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †Póv Ki‡jv | wKš‧ G‡Z Zviv civwRZ
n‡jv| A‡bK cyi l, gwnjv Ges wkï wbnZ n‡jv| A‡bK gwnjv Zv‡ì mwZZ¡
i¶vi Rb¨ b`x‡Z Suvwc‡q co‡jv| A‡bK †jvK b`x muvZwi‡q cvUvwiwKjvi
w`‡K cvwj‡q †Mj| b`xi †Kvb GKwU cvi nIqvi RvqMvq gMiv cjvqbiZ
†ivwn½v‡ì‡K AvUK Ki‡jv| cÖ_‡g Zviv Zv‡ì gvjvgvj¸‡jv wQwb‡q wbj
Zvici Zv‡ì wbg©g fv‡e nZ¨v Ki‡jv| †ivwn½v my›ìx Kb¨v I igYx‡ì‡K
Zv‡ì evox‡Z wb‡q †Mj Ges wKQzw`b Zv‡ì †h․b evmbv wbevi‡Yi ci
Zv‡ì‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jv | _vDswM‡bv Nv‡U cÖvq 15 nvRvi ‡jvK‡K wbôzi
gM‡ì Zievwii wb‡P ewj n‡Z n‡jv| cÖvq 10 nvRvi cyi l, gwnjv I wkï‡K
AvdvKvi Wvjvi gy‡L AvUK K‡i ivLv n‡jv | AvdvKvi Wvjv n‡‪Q GKwU
ce©Z ¸nv| Zv‡ì mKj‡K †mLv‡b nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|
Pvbwewj Ges wgbevB kniZjxi jygevB †kvi‡K aŸsm Kivi ci _vwKbiv

wg‡evb kn‡ii gymwjg Aa~¨wlZ ivBmvDs Ges cv‫‫‬Lv MÖv‡g AvµgY cwiPvjbv

Ki‡jv 1942 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj| MÖvg `ywUi 15 nvRvi †ivwn½v Awaevmx‡ì
cÖvq A‡a©K‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| ivgix kn‡ii wbKU wKqvDKwgqvI Rbc‡Ì
nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi c`‡¶c †bqv n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv A‡j․wKK fv‡e †eu‡P
†Mj| wKqvDKcvD kn‡ii gymjgvbiv KwZcq weªwUk •m‡bï mn‡hvwMZvq
wb¯—vi †c‡jb| Aí weªwUk •mb¨ c~e© †_‡KB †mLv‡b NuvwU K‡iwQj| 1942
mv‡ji 8 Gwcªj _vwKbiv wKqvDKUvD Ges evnvi cvovq AvµgY Ki‡jv|
AmsL¨ gymjgvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv |Zvici _vwKbiv gnvgywb, cvKZjx,
†kvwZwj, ev‡M©vqvcvov, bvqvmvi, Avgevox wd`vcvov, AvdvK, KvRxcvov Ges
ivIqvsMvqv cÖfw„ Z MÖv‡g AvNvZ nvb‡Z ïi  Ki‡jv| AvdvK MÖv‡gi me‡P‡q
abx e¨w³ Av‡e`xb, Zvi ab m¤ú` †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q ‡Mj| gM Avµg‡Yi
c~‡e© †m ej‡Zv ÔgMiv KzK‡z ii g‡Zv, Zzwg hw` Zv‡ì cÖwZ nvo Qz u‡o gvi
Zvn‡j Zviv bxie _v‡K| Abyiƒc fv‡e Zzwg hw` gM‡ì‡K A_©Kwi `vI
Zvn‡j Zviv †Zvgvi †Kvb ¶wZ K‡i bvÕ| wKš‧ nvq! †kl gyn~‡Z© Zvi ab
m¤úÌ Zv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv| hwÌ †m nZ¨vhÁ †_‡K †Kvb g‡Z
cwiÎvY †cj wKš‧ Zv‡K iscy‡i kiYv_©x wkwe‡i †kl wbk¦vm Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡jv
LyeB wb¯^t Ges fMœ ü`q Ae¯ vq|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ AvZvivDs Ges †cvbvMwi n‡Z gymjgvbiv duvKv n‡Z _vK‡jv Ges
_vwKb Avµg‡Yi f‡q cvwj‡q †Mj| AvwKqve kn‡ii c~‡e©i gymjgvb MÖvg-
Pvb`vgv †gIiKzj, KzBwbcivs, mvjcvov, Z‡qbcvov I ZvIKdz Ges
cvDKZvI kniZjxi MÖvg My‡jv‡Z _vwKb‡ì Avµg‡Yi fxwZ weivR KiwQj|
Abyiƒc fv‡e †ivwn½v MÖvg-†UvWvBs, †bvqvLvjx, †Rvjvcvov, wRRv Ges wKg‡K
_vwKb AvµgY I aŸs‡mi Rb¨ Uv‡M©U Kiv n‡qwQj|
Gwcª‡ji †k‡li w`‡K iv‡_WvDs I eyw_WvDs kniZjx‡Z cÖPÛ AvµgY

Pvjv‡bv nq| eyw_WvDs kniZjxi KvD‡mvb ch©š— MÖvg¸‡jv aŸsm I R¡vwj‡q
†`qv nq| eyw_WvDs Gi DË‡i Uvs evRvi Ges Zvi Pvicv‡ki MÖvg¸‡jvI

gM‡ì Avµg‡Yi wkKvi nq| †j½yBb MÖv‡gi gymjgvbiv gvÎ GKwU wW.we
e›`yK wb‡q ex‡ivwPZ fv‡e gM‡ì wei ‡× hy× K‡i| wcÖbKs Gi †ivwn½viv
†b․Kvq K‡i gvq~ b`x cvi n‡q AvwKqve Øx‡c †c․‡Q| cw_g‡a¨ gMiv Zv‡ì
Dci ¸wj Pvjvq| d‡j A‡bK †jvK b`x‡Z Wy‡e gviv hvq| gwR Ges
iv‡_WvDs kniZjxi AvbyK cÖvs Ges †KvWvDs MÖv‡gi gymjgv‡biv Avkª‡qi
Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cjvqb K‡i P‡j hvq | gvqyi‡UK, †Rvdivs Ges ivRvi wej
MÖv‡gi e¨vcK msL¨K gymjgvb Zv‡ì MÖvg ‡Q‡o AvwKqv‡e Avkªq †bq|
Avjvni A‡kl AbyMÖ‡n AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv wb‡R‡ì‡K nvbv`vi‡ì
AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wKQz A¯¿ msMÖn K‡iwQj Ges wKQz cÖwk¶Y
MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM ‡c‡qwQj| AvwKqv‡e gymjgvb‡ì AvµgYvZ¥K Ges
cÖwZi¶vg~jK cÖ¯w‧ Z AvivKvb‡ì e„nr cwim‡i AvZw¼Z K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j
Zviv gymjgvb‡ì Dci cÖPÊ AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi mvnm †cj bv| wKQz `yó
gM‡K AvwKqv‡ei RveŸvi Mvqvdvivq Zvwo‡q †`qv n‡jv|
eg©xq Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj gymjgvb we‡ivax nZ¨vh‡Á Drmvn hywM‡qwQj| G

nZ¨vh‡Á gvbyl I m¤ú‡ì e¨vcK ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| 1 jv‡Li ‡ekx gymjgvb
G nZ¨vh‡Á wbnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Aa~¨wlZ MÖvg aŸsm K‡i †`qv
nq| Kvjv`xb b`xi c~e©cv‡oi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô GjvKvmg~n gymwjg
msL¨vjNy GjvKvq cwiYZ nq| wKš‧ gvbweK mf¨Zv Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai wePv‡i
Gi ¶wZ wQj Av‡iv †ekx| 1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vhÁ AvivKvbxq‡ì g‡b Ggb
GKwU A‡gvPbxq Kv‡jv `vM †jcb Ki‡jv †h Gi ¯§„wZ ¯§iYvZx Kvj †_‡K
AvivKv‡b emevmiZ `ywU fwMœcÖZxg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cybteÜzZ¡ cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î
GKwU eo evav wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|
eyw_WvDs Gi hy×- µvwš—Kvjt

1942 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡ji †kl mßv‡ni w`‡K, hLb gM‡ì cÖPÊ AvµgY
AwMœKv‡Êi b¨vq `ª Z Qwo‡q cowQj ZLb KvIqvmb, †Mv`ygcvov, wmbw`civs,
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gymjgvbiv Avjx Bqs Gi wgi Avn‡g` †Rvbvj, Avãyj ReŸvi †`vfvlx, Aveyj
ev‡mi †P․ayix cÖg‡y Li gZ cÖL¨vZ me gymjgvb‡ì ‡bZ…‡Z¡ gM‡ì AMÖhvÎv
cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ GKwÎZ nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ kZ kZ mvnmx †hv×v wKjvWvDs
Gi gv÷vi myjZvb Ges nvbPyivZvi byi Avn‡g` Rvbv‡ji gZ e¨w³‡ì
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evwnbxi mv‡_ †hvM †`q| wKš‧ gymjgvb hviv AvivKv‡bi gaëZ©x GjvKvq
g„Zyï gyL †_‡K †eu‡P wM‡qwQj Zviv GLb gymjgvb‡ì kw³‡Z kvw³kvjx n‡q
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †bkvq gË n‡q DV‡jv Ges Zviv Zv‡ì wbnZ wcÖqRb‡ì i‡³i
e`jv wb‡Z eyw_WvDs Gi hy‡× ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡jv|
gymjgvbiv mKj w`K †_‡K eyw_WvDs kni‡K wN‡i ‡dj‡jv Ges Gi cÖwZ
GKwU Kvh©Ki Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Ki‡jv| hy× ïi  n‡q ‡Mj| Awek¦vmx gM Ges
wKQz Pxbv Awaevmx cywjk dvuwoi ev¼vi Ges Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi feb n‡Z
cÖwZ‡iva AvµgY Ki‡jv| K‡qKw`b ci hLb eyw_WvDs Gi civRq Pzovš—
n‡q †Mj ZLb eyw_WvDs Gi fxZ mš¿¯— gM I Pxbviv eyw_WvDs, AvivKvb
†RwUi w÷gv‡i nvgv¸wo w`‡q Av‡ivnY Ki‡jv| wKš‧ gMiv Pxbv cwievi‡K
w÷gv‡i DV‡Z AbygwZ w`j bv| Zv‡ì G ai‡bi AvPiY Pxbv‡ì‡K G‡ZvB
†¶wc‡q Zzj‡jv †h Zviv GLb gM‡ì w÷gv‡ii Dci ¸wj el©Y Ki‡Z
jvM‡jv| ZLb w÷gviwU gM‡ì fwZ© K‡i wb‡q †Q‡o hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‧ Z
wbw‪Qj| fxZ mš¿¯— †jvKRb hLb w÷gv‡ii wbivc` cv‡k wM‡q wfo Rgv‡jv
ZLb w÷gviwU KvZ n‡q D‡ë †Mj Ges cvwb‡Z Wy‡e †Mj| Gfv‡e `ywU
w÷gvi hvÎx mnKv‡i AvivKvb †RwU‡Z Wy‡e †Mj| Ab¨ GKwU w÷gvi cvwj‡q
†h‡Z m¶g n‡jv| wKš‧ R‣bK dzi K ivRv KZ©„K GB w÷gviwUI Avµvš—
n‡jv Ges †m GUv‡K Wywe‡q w`j| w÷gvi¸‡jv Wy‡e hvIqvi msev` ï‡b gM
†e․×iv wQbœ wfbœ n‡q co‡jv Ges Zviv cvnv‡oi wfZi cvwj‡q †Mj|
eyw_WvDs gymjgvb‡ì Øviv `Lj n‡jv| ZLb gymjgvbiv cjvqbiZ gM‡ì

wcQ‡b Lye †Rv‡i GKUv avIqv w`j| eyw_WvDs Gi civR‡qi Lei c~e©
GjvKvi _vwKb‡ì AMÖhvÎv‡KI _vwg‡q w`j| KvIqvmb Ges iv‡_WvDs
kniZjxi ivvRvi wej ch©š— mgMÖ GjvKv gymjgvbiv ¯^vaxb Ki‡jv|
gymjgvb‡ì c¶ †_‡K Abyiƒc Avµg‡Yi f‡q gvDsWvD Gi gMiv bvd b`x
AwZµg K‡i weªwUk kvwmZ GjvKvq cvwj‡q †Mj| Avµvš— GjvKvi gymjgvb
Ges †e․× kiYv_©xiv iscyi Ges w`bvRcy‡i Avkªq wbj| ZLb gvDs`vD
kniZjx, eyw_WvDs kniZjx Ges iv‡_WvDs kniZjxi wKQz Ask mn mgMÖ
GjvKv gymjgvb‡ì Øviv cÖwZwôZ kvwš— KwgwUi kvmbvax‡b G‡jv| Rbve
Igivn wgqv kvwš— KwgwUi cÖavb wbe©vwPZ n‡jv|
1942 mv‡ji 1jv †g †Rbv‡ij CmvÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ RvcvbxR B‡¤úwiqvj Avwg©

(JIA) Ges †ev ivb As Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg©v b¨vkbvj Avwg© AvivKvb d«›U
(BNAAF) AvivKvb B‡qvgvi Dci w`‡q wbgœ evg©vi ‡cÖvg n‡Z wgbevqvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv ïi  Kij| wgqvbevqv kniwU wQj AvivKv‡b _vwKb mgw_©Z
Rvcvbx‡ì mì `ßi| gMiv Ges †e․× wf¶ziv Zv‡ì‡K Dò Af¨©_bv
Rvbv‡jv Ges AvivKvb `L‡j †R. AvB. G. †K mvnvh¨ Kivi †Rvi cÖwZkÖ wZ
w`j| 3iv †g Rvcvbx •mb¨ Ges we. Gb. G m`mïv AvwKqv‡ei K‡qK gvBj
DËi-c~‡e© Aew¯ Z †cvbv wRqv‡b †c․Qj| Rvcvbx‡ì Ae¯ vb evavMÖ¯— K‡i
Kvjv`vb b`x‡Z weªwUk †b․ NuvwU ¯ vcb Ki‡jv| 5 †g weªwUk ‡b․evwnbx †mLvb
†_‡K D‡V †M‡j Rvcvbxiv cvIKZvI n‡q AvwKqv‡ei w`‡K AMÖmi nq| 7 †g
†Kvb cÖwZ‡iva QvovB Rvcvbx‡ì Øviv AvwKqve `Lj n‡q hvq|
H w`‡bB †ev ivb As Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg©v b¨vkbvj Avwg© (we. Gb. G) AvwKqv‡e
Xy‡K c‡o Ges Avgevox Ges gvbycvov GjvKvi wÎkRb gymjgvb‡K wbg©gfv‡e
nZ¨v K‡i| fxZ mš¿¯— MÖvgevmx Zv‡ì Ni-evox †Q‡o cvwj‡q hvq| we. Gb.
G-Gi •mb¨ Ges gMiv MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z Xy‡K c‡o Ges Zviv Mevw` cïmn
gymjgvb‡ì mKj m¤ú` wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvwKqv‡e Rvcvbx •mb¨‡ì

Dcw¯ wZ `y®K…wZKvix I WvKvZ‡ì nvZ †_‡K †jvKR‡bi Rxeb i¶v Ki‡Z
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jv| mgMÖ AvivKvb GjvKv Ry‡o GKwU A¯^w¯—Ki
kvwš— weivR Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†gÕi cÖ_g Aa©vs‡k _vwKb †bZ…e„›` mn we. Gb. G. Gi GKwU evwnbx GKwU
cvnviv †b․Kvq K‡i evw_WvDs Gi w`‡K gvqy b`x‡Z cwiågY K‡i| ZxieZ©x
gymjgvb‡ì †¶wc‡q ‡Zvjvi Rb¨ Zviv Zv‡ì Dci ¸wj el©Y K‡i| wKš‧
BRnvi wgqv †P․ayixi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j mvnmx gymjgvb †mB †b․KvwU‡K wmw›`cvs
Ges †Mv`ygcvovi gvSLv‡b cvKovI K‡i †d‡j| msN‡l©i cvëv Avµg‡Y
weªwUk Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb ¸wj we× n‡q gviv hvq| cvnviv †b․KvwU Avi
mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi bv n‡q wcQ‡bi w`‡K wd‡i hvq| G NUbvi msev` ï‡b
gM Ges Rvcvbxiv iv‡M AwMœkg©v n‡q D‡V| wKš‧ Rvcvbxiv wPš—v fvebv K‡i
†`L‡jv †h iv‡_WvDs, eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gymjgvb‡ì mg_©b e¨ZxZ
Zv‡ì Rb¨ evg©vq `Lj Awfhvb m¤úbœ Kiv LyeB KwVb n‡q co‡e Ges Zviv
AveviI cwðg w`‡K ZvwoZ n‡e| GUv QvovI Rvcvbxiv Rbve myjZvb
gvngy`, GW‡fv‡KU Rbve ‡gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Ges _vwKb mgw_©Z bvwmi
DwÏbmn A‡bK cÖfvekvjx I MY¨gvb¨ gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv
K‡i| Rvcvbxiv gvDs`vD G GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j cvVvq| cÖwZwbwa `jwU MVb
Kiv n‡qwQj gymjgvb‡ì c¶ †_‡K ‡gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb I BD †cv wLb Ges
we. Gb. G Kg©KZ©v †ev Bqvb bvs, †ev Bqvb wKs Ges †ev gvBI wbqv›U Ges
KwZcq gM m`m¨‡ì wb‡q| G cÖwZwbwa `jwU 8 Rvbyqvix wkK`vi cvovq
GKwU Rbmfv Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| mfvq we. Gb.G Ges gymjgvb
†bZ…e„›` e³e¨ iv‡Lb| Zviv hy×iZ `ywU m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ kvwš— cÖwZôvi
e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Dc¯ vcb K‡i| Zviv hyw³ †ck K‡i †h, Rvcvbx‡ì
wec‡¶ hvIqv gymjgvb‡ì ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ¯ vbxq
gymjgvbiv kiYv_©x‡ì mv‡_ hy³ n‡q bvw¯—K‡ì †`‡L †bqvi Rb¨ †¶v‡f
†d‡U c‡o| bvw¯—Kiv gymjgvb‡ì Dci e¨vcK nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡q wQj|
gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` Ges Zv¤^x mv‡ne ag©vÜ gymjgvb‡ì‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨
h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡jb| D‡jL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, mfvq Dfq `jB A‡¯¿ k‡¯¿

mymw¾Z wQj| m„ó †kvi‡Mv‡ji g‡a¨ nVvr K‡iB e›`y‡Ki ¸wji AvIqvR
†kvbv †Mj| Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ ¸wj wewbgq n‡jv| †ev Bqvb bs, †ev Bqvb
wKb Ges †ev gvq~ bvD›U gM‡ì w`K †_‡K gviv †Mj Ges Ab¨w`‡K Bbv
Avwgb, Avey eKi, nvweeyjvn, †g․jfx Avãym mvjvg Ges †g․jfx Avãyi
ingv‡bi cyÎ gymjgvb‡ì c¶ †_‡K G msN‡l© wbnZ nj| Aewkó gMiv
cvwj‡q †Mj| †gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Ges †cv wLb Df‡q we. Gb. G KZ©K „
†MÖdZvi n‡q †R‡j †cÖwiZ n‡jv| Zv¤^x mv‡neI †MÖdZvi n‡jb Ges Zv‡K
AvwKqv‡ei †Kvb GK †Mvcb RvqMvq e›`x K‡i ivLv n‡jv| wKš‧ Rvcvbxiv †h
†Kvbfv‡e wZbRb gymjgvb †bZv AvU‡Ki welqwU †R‡b †Mj| Rvcvbxiv
gymjgvb‡ì‡K `ª Z †Q‡o †Ìqvi Rb¨ †ev ivb As †K wb‡`©k w`j| †m
Zv‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ wQj|
Af~¨š—ixY mv¤cÖ`vwqK I ag©xq msNvZ ¶wYK mg‡qi Rb¨ AvivKvbx‡ì

AMÖhvÎv‡K evavMÖ¯— Ki‡jv| wKš‧ ax‡i ax‡i Zviv gvq~ DcØx‡c Xy‡K co‡jv
Ges eyw_WvDs I gvDs`vD kni A‡±ve‡ii g‡a¨ `Lj K‡i wbj| Rvcvbxiv
†mB GjvKvq A‡bK¸‡jv cÖwZi¶vg~jK Ae¯ vb •Zwi Kij Ges kÎ ‡ì
Ae¯ v Rvbvi Rb¨ fviZxq mxgvš—eZ©x n‡jv| bvd b`xi cwðg †_‡K weªwUkiv
B‡Zvg‡a¨&B m‡i wM‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡b weªwUk‡ì cybtcÖ‡ek
weªwUkiv Av‡MB K·evRvi I †UKbv‡d Zv‡ì Dcwb‡ek cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj|

wf-†dvm© (V-Force) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ GKwU †Mv‡q›`v msMVb AvivKvb ¯ vbxq
gymjgvb‡ì mgš^‡q M‡o D‡VwQj| hwÌ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Zviv wQj
cÖwk¶Ynxb| wKš‧ cieZ©x‡Z mvwe©K wf-†dvm© weªwUk‡ì †Mv‡q›`v KvVv‡gvi
GKwU Myi Z¡c~Y© I AZ¨š— g~jëvb Ask wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V| AvwKqve
Awfhv‡bi c~‡e© weªwUk Kg©KZ©viv Rvcvbx‡ì wbqwš¿Z GjvKvq cÖ‡ek Kivi

Rb¨ m¤¢eci mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wf-‡dvm© Gi msM„nxZ Z‡_ï Dci
wfwË K‡i Zviv cieZ©x‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Awfhvb Pvjvq| kZKiv 99 fvM
AvivKvbx gymjgvb weªwUk‡ì mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|KviY Rvcvbxiv wQj
Zv‡ì wPi `ykgb gM‡ì eÜz| KwZcq Ggb gymjgvbI wQj hviv †Mvc‡b
Rvcvbx‡ì mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Zv|
1942 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤î †_‡K kyi  K‡i weªwUk evwnbx gvq~ b`xi Dfq cvk
w`‡q AvwKqv‡ei GKwU †Rviv‡jv Awfhvb Pvjvq| hwÌ ïi  †_‡K g‡b
n‡qwQj †h, mewKQyB weªwUk‡ì fv‡jvi R‡b¨ Pj‡Q, Rvcvbx ev¼vi †_‡K
cÖPÊ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb nq weªwUk ‣mbïv| weªwUk evwnbx AveviI cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY Ki‡jv| 1943 mv‡j b‡f¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv AvwKqv‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨
Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‧ Z wbj| †mbv BwZnvm we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq 1944
mv‡ji cy‡iv eQiwU‡Z DËi AvivKv‡bi `y `j †mbvevwnbxi g‡a¨ m¤úK©Uv
LyeB b„ksm Ges `yj©f| A‡bK RvqMvq weªwUk Ges Rvcvbx •mbïv m¤§yL hy‡×
wgwjZ n‡qwQj|
DËi cwðg fviZ-evg©v mxgvš— w`‡q AMÖmi nIqvi cvkvcvwk weªwUk evwnbx
AvivKv‡bi g‡a¨ Xy‡K c‡o Ges 1944 mv‡ji cÖvq †k‡li w`‡K AvwKqve,
wKqvKcy Ges mvb‡`v‡q `Lj K‡i| 1945 mv‡ji AvM‡ói c~‡e©B wbgœ evg©v‡K
Rvcvbx‡ì nvZ †_‡K gy³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e evg©v AveviI kvwš—c~Y©fv‡e
weªwUk‡ì `L‡j P‡j hvq| 6 AvMó wn‡ivwkgvq me© cÖ_g cvigvbweK †evgv
wb‡¶c Kiv nq| 9 AvMó bvMvmvwK‡Z wØZxq cvigvbweK †evgv wb‡¶c Kiv
nq| 1945 mv‡ji 2iv †m‡Þ¤î Rvcvbxiv AvZœmgc©Y K‡i|
weªwUk‡ì wd‡i hvIqvi cieZ©x‡Z gymwjg we‡ivax `v½v Ges AvivKv‡b `ywU
e„nr kw³i jvMvZvi hy‡×i d‡j gymjgvb‡ì e¨vcK ¶wZ n‡qwQj| hv my`~i

cÖmvix cÖfve m„wó K‡iwQj| mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½vi Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi A‡bK
gymjgvb‡K DËivÂ‡j P‡j †h‡Z n‡qwQj| AvivKvb •mbëvwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ
GKRb weªwUk Kg©KZ©v wj‡L‡Qbt
Òhy‡×i c~e© gymjgvb Ges †e․× Df‡qi Øviv AvivKvb cy‡ivcywifv‡e `Lj
n‡qwQj| Zvici 1941 mv‡j Dfq m¤úª`vq wejyß n‡q c‡o Ges ci¯úi
hy‡× wjß n‡q c‡o| †gvUvgywUfv‡e hy‡×i djvdj wQj †h- gMiv †`kwUi
`w¶Y Aa©vs‡ki KZ©Z „ ¡ MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges gymjgvbiv DË‡ii evKx Aa©vs‡ki
KZ©Z„ ¡ wb‡qwQj|Ó
GKB †jLK wb‡gœv³ fvlvq Zv‡ì mvn‡mi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb, ÒZviv wQj
K‡Vvi Ges cwikªgx gvbyl... Zviv wQj msMwVZ Ges cÖwkw¶Z| Av‡iv we¯—
vwiZ ej‡Z †M‡j ejv hvq Avwg Zv‡ì GKwU e¨vUvwjqv‡bi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q
hy× K‡iwQjvg| Zviv Avgvi mv‡_ Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Awaevmx‡ì gZB &AvPiY
Ki‡jv| Avwg †`Ljvg †h Zviv `xN© w`b a‡i GKwU kÎ fvevcbœ †`‡k evm
Ki‡Q| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Zviv GiB g‡a¨ †eu‡P Av‡Q| Zv‡ì‡K Bû`x‡ì mv‡_
Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i...Ó|
AvivKvbx gymjgvbiv LyeB wek¦¯—Zvi mv‡_ weªwUk †mbv‡ì †mev K‡i|

weªwUk‡ì Rb¨ Zviv Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡Zv, hy× Ki‡Zv Ges gvivI †hZ|
m¤¢eZ Zviv g‡b Ki‡Zv Zv‡ì fwel¨Z iwPZ n‡e weªwUk‡ì weR‡qi
gva¨‡gB | weªwUk‡ì mdjZvi Rb¨ Gme †jvK‡ì Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi
wel‡q GKB ‡jLK Zvi Abyfw~ Z e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e t
ÒG mKj †jvK e¨ZxZ Avgiv AÜ Ges ewai _vKZvg| Zv‡ì mvnvh¨B

Avgv‡ì †PvL I Kvb Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡ì †_‡K Avgiv †c‡qwQ Pjgvb
we‡bv`b| Zviv my›ì g‡bi AwaKvix I `~i`„wóm¤úbœ Dcwb‡ewkK‡ì Rb¨
AvKl©Yxq me wRwbmcÎ •Zwi KiZ...| Zv‡ì fwel¨Z Avgv‡ì nv‡Z|

Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K myLx gvbyl evwb‡qwQ Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi evB‡i
GKwU my›ì ivóª evwb‡qwQ| †h †Kvb †m․Rb¨, AbyMÖn Ges fv‡jvevmv nvRvi
evi Avgv‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv|Ó
weªwUk‡ì Rb¨ Amvgvb¨ AvZœZ¨vM m‡Ë¡I †ivwn½viv cÖwZ`v‡b Kx ‡c‡qwQj Zv

AvR cwi®‥vi| Zv‡ì DËicyi liv †ivwn½v‡ì‡K AvivKv‡bi Rb¥MZ
Awaevmx wn‡m‡e ‡g‡b wb‡ZI A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡‪Q|
evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb
AvUjvw›UK mb` Abymv‡i evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ weªwUkiv cÖwZÁve×

n‡qwQj| mb`wU Dcwb‡ewkK‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖwZÁv K‡iwQj| hviv hy‡×
R‡qi Rb¨ wgÎ kw³‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| evgv©i RvZxq †bZv As mvb (Aung
San) whwb cÖ_‡g Zvi †`‡k Rvcvbx nvbv‡ì‡K mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jb|
weªwUk‡ì evg©vq cybtcÖ‡e‡ki †kl w`‡b Zvi †`k wgÎ evwnbxi c‡¶ mnvqZv
eÜ K‡i w`‡qwQj| 1945 mv‡j Rvcvbx‡ì AvZœmgc©‡Yi ci Ges hy‡× wgÎ
evwnbxi weRq jv‡fi ci evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi Av‡jvPbv Lye
†Zvo‡Rv‡o cybivq ïi  nq| 1947 mv‡ji 27 Rvbyqvix jÊ‡b AvUwj-As mvb
Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| hv GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`b K‡i| hv
Kbw÷Uz‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx MVb Ki‡Z Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ wbe©vP‡bi AbygwZ †`q|
`yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e gM ag©vÜ‡ì †Muvov g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi fvM¨

A‡bK w`b a‡i †gvnvw¼Z Ae¯ vq _vK‡jv| AvivKvb †_‡K gymjgvb
RbMY‡K wbg~©j Kivi cÖwZ`v‡b Zviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B _vwKb‡ì nv‡Z AvivKv‡bi
¯^vaxbZv Ac©Y K‡iwQj| mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v `ywU fwMœcÖZxg m¤cÖ`v‡qi ga¨Kvi
`yiZ¡‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡qwQj| †kªYx wefv‡M `ye©j n‡q AvivKv‡bi RbMY
fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i wb| hy× Pjv Kvjxb mg‡q Zv‡ì `yÕ
fwMœcÖZxg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ hw` GKZv _vK‡Zv, gM ‡e․×‡ì †_‡K c„_K n‡Z

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GK‡Î kvwš—c~Y©fv‡e emevm Kivi hw` B‪Qv _vK‡Zv Ges
gM‡ì hw` Aax‡b _vKvi B‪Qv bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv GKwU
¯^cœ wn‡m‡e Avi _vK‡Zv bv| wbwðZ GUv ev¯—‡e cwiYZ n‡Zv| A_ev
Kgc‡¶ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GUv ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb jvf Ki‡Zv Ges cieZ©x‡Z GUv
P~ovš— ¯^vaxbZvi w`‡K avweZ n‡Zv|
ax‡i ax‡i ¯^vaxbZv mwbœK‡U Avmv‡Z g~j evg©vi gymjgvb †bZviv fwel¨‡Z
AvivKv‡bi ivR‣bwZK †K․k‡ji e¨vcv‡i wfbœ gZ †cvlY Ki‡jv| 1945
mv‡ji 24 †_‡K 26 wW‡m¤î wcb gvbvq GKwU Ôevg©v eg©xq gymwjg m‡¤§jbÕ
(All Barma Barmes Muslim Conferance) AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b mKj
eg©xq gymwjg msMVb¸‡jv‡K GKwU gvÎ msMV‡b iƒc †`qvi e¨vcv‡i wm×vš—
M„nxZ nq| †h msMVbwUi bvg n‡e The Barma Muslim Congress (BMC)|
evg©vq gymwjg cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix †Kvb wew‪Qbœ msMV‡bi Rb¨ KvR bv Kivi
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n‡jb| we. G. wm As mv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Gw›U d¨vwm÷ wccjm& wd«Wg jxM (G.
Gd. wc. Gd. Gj) G †hvM †`qvi wm×vš— wbj, †h‡nZz Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zv †h
Zviv eg©xq‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v bq| ïaygvÎ ag© e¨ZxZ HwZnvwmK welq¸‡jv‡Z
gZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ wR. wm. we. Gg. G Gi Avjv`v mv¤cÖ`vwqK
cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ae¨nZ ivL‡jv| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½viv Zv‡ì
Avjv`v b„-ZvwË¡KZv, HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU Ges AvivKv‡bi Pjgvb cwiw¯ wZi
eY©bvi gva¨‡g weªwUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zv‡ì Ae¯ vb cwi®‥vi Ki‡jv| Zviv
weªwUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡ì‡K †e․× AvivKvbxq‡ì †_‡K
GKwU c„_K RvwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqvi `vex Rvbv‡jv| Ges Zv‡ì
AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`‡b Gi cÖwZcwË eënvi Ki‡jv|

Kv‡ib, KvwPb, mvb, Kvqvn cÖfw„ Z m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ AvivKv‡bi Ab¨ mKj
RvwZ eg©xq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Zv‡ì AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv‡K wemR©b w`‡q As
mvb †K evg©v BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z me©vZœK mg_©b Ki‡jv bv| Zviv c~Y©
¯^vaxbZv A_ev Zv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi ¯ vbxq ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb `vex Ki‡jv| weªwUk
miKvi ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi c~e© kZ© wn‡m‡e As mvb‡K evg©vi mKj RvwZi
mvaviY m¤§wZ jvf Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`j| As mvb mgMÖ †`‡k mdi Ki‡jb
Ges wewfbœ RvwZi †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_ K_v ej‡jb Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ gZ wewbgq
Ki‡jb| wZwb Zv‡ì‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi Iqv`v Ki‡jb| Ges wbivcËvi
wbðqZv w`‡jb| Ges •ewP‡Îï HK¨ dg~j © vi Aax‡b Zv‡ì ms¯‥w… Z I ag©
msi¶‡Y cÖwZÁve× n‡jb | wKš‧ mxgvš—eZ©x RbMY G e¨vcv‡i D`vmxb
_vK‡jv| 1946 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m As mvb AvwKqve mdi Ki‡jb Ges †mLv‡b
wZwb gymjgvb †bZ…e„›`‡K ¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq Zv‡ì h_vh_ AwaKvi
msi¶‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡jb| BD As Rvb Iqvwn Ges myjZvb gvngy‡ì ‡bZ…‡Z¡
GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j wZwb gvDs`vD Ges eyw_WvDs GjvKvq cvVv‡jb| cÖwZwbwa
`‡ji KvR wQj †mLvbKvi gymjgvb‡ì‡K G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj- G †hvM
w`‡Z msMwVZ Kiv| wKš‧ gymjgvbiv As mvb Gi G. Gd. wc. Gd. wc †Z
†hvM †`qv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡jv|
hvB †nvK, A‡bK RwUjZvmn As mvb ¯^vaxbZv DËi AvivKv‡b wewfbœ

m¤úª`v‡qi Ae¯ v wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cvs js G GKwU m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| HwZnvwmK cvs js m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1947
mv‡ji †deª qvix gv‡m| AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v e¨ZxZ mKj RvwZ‡K m‡¤§j‡b
Avgš¿b Rvbv‡bv n‡jv| Rbve iv¾v‡Ki `„wófw½i d‡j †ivwn½v‡ì‡K †nq
cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z As mvb †K mvnm cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj| Rbve iv¾vK evg©vi
mKj RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ `vex Ki‡jb| gM †e․× BD As Rvb IqvB
AvivKv‡bi mKj RbM‡Yi c¶ †_‡K m‡¤§j‡b cÖwZwbwaZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| ‡mLv‡b
mKj cÖwZwbwaivB Zv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi •ea ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi
Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡jv| wKš‧ AvivKv‡bi gM cÖwZwbwa bxie _vKj|
djvdj wQj †h AvivKvb eg©xq kvm‡bi Aax‡bB i‡q †Mj| ¯^vaxbZv DËi

evg©v †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ…K
© wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv| †h‡nZz Zviv ivR‣bwZK cÖwµqv
n‡Z weZvwoZ wQj Ges weªwUk miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K fv‡jv †Kvb wKQzB Zv‡ì
Rb¨ Avm‡Zv bv, d‡j †ivwn½viv ZLb Kv‡q`-B-Avhg gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni
wbKU GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j †cÖi‡Yi wm×vš— wbj| Rbve wRbœvn ZLb cvwK¯—v‡bi
¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy× KiwQ‡jb| gymwjg cÖwZwbwa `jwU gvDs`vD n‡Z †ei n‡q
co‡jv Ges 1947 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i Rbve wRbœvni mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡jv| Zviv
ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi msL¨v Mwiô wn‡m‡e `w¶Y AvivKvb‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi
g‡a¨ Aš—fw©y ³i Rb¨ hy× Ki‡Z A_ev DËi AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡ì ¯^vqZ¡
kvmb Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ eg©xq †bZv As mvb †K Pvc †`qvi Rb¨ Rbve wRbœvni
wbKU Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jv| wKš‧ cÖwZwbwa `j Rbve wRbœvni mv‡_ mivmwi
mv¶v‡Zi c~‡e© As mvb Gi we‡kl ivóª`~Z Rbve iwk` Zvi mv‡_ mv¶vZ
K‡ib| As mvb Gi c¶ †_‡K ivóª`~Z Rbve wRbœvn‡K Avk¦¯— Ki‡jb †h,
gymjgvb‡ì AwaKvimg~n mvsweavwbK fv‡e mymsnZ I cÖwZwôZ Kiv n‡e|
Gi Rev‡e Rbve wRbœvn cÖwZwbwa `j‡K Avk¦¯— Ki‡jb †h Zv‡ì wPš—v Kivi
‡Kvb KviY †bB | †h‡nZz AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡ì fwel¨‡Zi e¨vcv‡i As
mvb †h cÖwZkÖ wZ w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wZwb (wRbœvn) cwiZ…ß| Gfv‡e AvivKvbx
gymjgvb‡ì welqwU Ae‡njvq P‡j †Mj| evg©vq ¯^vaxbZv Avmvi Rb¨
gymjgvbMY fq I k¼vi g‡a¨ cÖwZ¶v Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|
cvs As m‡¤§j‡bi ci Kbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx Gi Rb¨ †`k e¨vcx cÖ_g

mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq 1947 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m| wKš‧ evg©vi cÖv‡`w©kK
miKvi wewfbœ †Luvov ARynv‡Z DËi AvivKv‡b wbe©vPb evavMÖ¯— Ki‡jv| Gfv‡e
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv evg©vi cÖ_g msweavb Lmov Ki‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv †_‡K
ev` c‡o †Mj| Ges wccjm fjv›Uvix AM©vbvB‡Rkb (wc. wf. I)
AvÊviMÖvD‡Ê P‡j †Mj| AvivKv‡b AwZ RvZxqZvev`x gM hviv weªwUk
cybtcÖ‡e‡ki ci AvÊvi MÖvD‡Ê P‡j wM‡qwQj Zviv AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi
¯^cœ wb‡q GLb KwgDwb÷ Ges wc.wf.I †Z †hvM`vb Ki‡jv|

Aóg Aa¨vq
AvivKvbxiv †Kb ÔivóªÕ AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv?

c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý (Pang long Conference) iv‡óªi bv‡g AvÂwjK
¯^vqZ¡kvmb M„nxZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv n‡jv- kvb, KvwPb, Kv‡ib Ges Kvqvn|
G Qvov kvb Ges KvqvnÕi `k eQi ci Zv‡ì AcmviY AwaKvi M„nxZ
n‡qwQj| Pxb AÂj mg~n we‡kl wWwfkb gh©v`vq Aby‡gvw`Z n‡qwQj| Dc‡i
D‡jwLZ c`gh©v`v †h mKj ¸Yvejxi wfwË‡Z cÖ`v‡bi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj
†m¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv-
1. GKwU ¯^‪Q †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv _vKv|
2. eg©xq‡ì Zzjbvq Ab¨ Avjv`v GKwU fvlv _vKv|
3. GKwU ¯^Zš¿ HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU _vKv|
4. GKwU Avjv`v mf¨Zv _vKv|
5. A_©‣bwZK fv‡e mg_©ëvb wkí‡`¨vM Ges A_©‣bwZK fv‡e AvZœ-

wbf©ikxj GKwU m¤cÖ`vq _vKv|
6. GKwU mymsMwVZ weivU Rbmgwó _vKv|
7. GKwU Avjv`v BDwbU wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ cwiwPwZ

†g‡b Pjvi AvMÖn _vKv|
Dc‡i ewY©Z ¸Yvejxi Av‡jv‡K Ges Dc‡i ewY©Z †`k¸‡jvi Zyjbvq

AvivKvbI †Kvb As‡k wcwQ‡q †bB| Ab¨ w`‡K AvivKvb Ôiv‡óªiÕ (State)
¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z nIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Zzjbvq Gi Av‡iv A‡bK BwZevPK I
cÖksmbxq welqvw` i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ AvivKvbxiv ivóª (State) cvIqv †_‡K ewÂZ
wQ‡jv, †Kbbv c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwaiv GUvi Rb¨ `vexB
†Zv‡jwb| hv‡nvK, AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡ì c¶ †_‡K AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
Avjv`v I ¯^Zš¿ ivóª MV‡bi `vex bv Kiv, AvivKv‡bi AwaKvsk RbM‡Yi
AvKv¶vi cÖwZdjb n‡Z cv‡i bv| evg©vi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ïi 
†_‡KB AvivKvbx †e․×iv GKwU Avjv`v iv‡óªi `vex‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUv

fv‡jv Ae¯ v‡b wQj| A_ev Zviv G `vexUv h_vh_ †dviv‡g Dc¯ vcb K‡i‡Q|
wKš‧ G wel‡q Zviv KLbI we‡klfv‡e wQj bv| jÊ‡b AbywôZ Òevg©v
†Mvj‡Uwej m‡¤§j‡bÓ wg: Zzb As MvI (Mr. Tun Aung Gyan) Gi ‡bZ…‡Z¡
cwiPvwjZ AvivKvbx †e․× cÖwZwbwa‡ì AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKUv Avjv`v ivóª
`vex Kivi mKj my‡hvM wQj| hvB †nvK, eg©xq †Wwj‡MU‡ì cxovcxwo‡Z
Zviv bxie _vKj, wKš‧ Ab¨ w`‡K kvb Ges KvwPb cÖwZwbwa `‡ji m`mïv
Zv‡ì iv‡óªi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv hyw&³ Dc¯ vcb Kij|
e¯‧Z: A‡bK c~‡e©B As mvb Ges AvivKvbx †e․× †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ GKwU
†Mvcb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj| G g‡g© †h, AvivKv‡b gymjgvb mgm¨v
gxgvsmv Kiv ch©š— AvivKvbxiv ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vex Ki‡e bv Ges G mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi ciB †Kej eg©xqiv AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e|
AvivKv‡b gymwjg msL¨v Mwiô RbM‡Yi Dcw¯ wZ AvivKvbx †e․× Ges eg©xq
Df‡qi wbKUB GKUv ev¯—e mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Zviv †f‡ewQj †h
AvivKvb hw` GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq Zvn‡j GUv Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©i
wec‡¶ hv‡e| ZvB †mLvb †_‡K gymjgvb RbMY‡K Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ me ai‡bi
c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj| Zviv GUv fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zv †h
eg©xq‡ì mg_©b Qvov ïay AvivKvbx †e․×iv G KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| mg‡qi
eëav‡b hLb Zv‡ì G j¶¨ AwR©Z n‡e ZLbB AvivKvb †e․×iv Zv‡ì
wbR¯^ ivóª cv‡e| G bxj b·vi m~Î a‡iB 1942 mv‡j gymwjg we‡ivax
nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AwaKvsk gymjgvb RbMY‡K bvd
b`xi Icv‡i Zvwo‡q †`qv| GKUv wba©vwiZ cwim‡i Zviv mdjKvgI
n‡qwQj| GK j¶ (1,00,000) wbnZ n‡qwQj Ges Kvjv`vb b`xi c~e©cv‡k¦©i
GjvKv gymwjg msL¨vjNy AÂ‡j cwiYZ n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv Zv‡ì Uv‡M©U
cy‡ivcywi AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| gymjgvb‡ì‡K cybivq iv‡_Wvs Gi Icv‡i
Zvwo‡q †`qv hvqwb Ges wecyj msL¨K gymjgvb AvwKqve Øx‡c Ges gvq~

DcØx‡cI †_‡K wM‡qwQj| hy‡×i mgq e„wUk‡ì †_‡K cÖvß A¯¿ e‡j Zviv
ZLb Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQj| ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vex
Kivi cwiw¯ wZUv AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì wbKU fxwZKi g‡b n‡qwQj| myZivs
gymjgvb mgm¨v cy‡ivcywi mgvavb nIqv ch©š— hy× cieZx© mgq¸‡jv‡Z Zviv
eg©xq‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKv‡KB cQ›` Kij|
1962 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKvbx‡ì cÖwZ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vexi cwiw¯ wZ
Av‡iv †ekx AbyK~j n‡jv, ZLb gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn B‡Zvg‡a¨B mg~‡j DrcvwUZ
n‡q‡Q Ges gM †e․×iv AvivKv‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ‣kw¶K Ges ivR‣bwZK
†¶‡Î Av‡iv †ekx AMÖmi n‡qwQj| †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡ì weivU Ask GKwU
mxgvš—eZx© †mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b e›`x wQj ZvB gymjgvb k¼v Avi †ekx ¯ vqx
nqwb| BD b~ (U Nu) wm×vš— wb‡q‡Qb †h, GUv wQj AvivKvb †e․×‡ì `xN©
cÖwZ¶xZ cÖwZÁvi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bvi mgq| wKš‧ bx DBb (Ne Win) Gi
†mbv Af~¨Ìvb Zv‡ì G `vex ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv wKQz mgq wejw¤^Z
K‡iwQj| evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ AR©‡b
AvivKvb †e․× †bZv‡ì Abxnv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq Ô AvivKv‡b ivóªÕ
Aby‡gv`b msµvš— msm`xq weZ‡K©| G wel‡q wb‡gœ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
22 †deª qvix, 1956 mv‡j ivgix msm`xq Avm‡bi cÖwZwbwa BD ev wgqvs (U

Ba Myain) KZ©K „ msm‡` `vwLj K…Z AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b msµvš—
msweavb ms‡kvab we‡ji Rev‡e miKv‡ii gš¿x †ev wLb gvDs †MBj (Bo
Khin Maung Gale) e‡j‡Qb Ò1947 mv‡j ewMIK As mvb Gi g„Zzï c~‡e©
wZwb ivLvBb wefv‡Mi ivLvBb RvwZi welq m¤ú‡K© we‡ePbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
ivLvBb †bZ…e„›`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, Zviv wb‡RivB G wel‡q wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i †h,
Zviv kvb Ges LvwP‡bi b¨vq ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ MÖnY Ki‡e bv wK e„nr evg©vi Aax‡b
_vK‡e| †mB mgqKvi ivLvBb †bZ…e„›` gvBIwQj wKqvI BD (Myochit Kyaw
U) Ges BD wcwbqv (U Pinnya) g‡b Ki‡Zb †m ivLvBb‡ì Rb¨ GKUv c„_K
ivóª _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ZvB Zviv AvivKvb‡K GKwU wefvM (Division)
K‡i ivLvi e¨vcv‡i me©m¤§wZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avi G m¤§wZ w`‡qwQj †m mg‡q
hLb msweavb Lmov nw‪Qj|

iv-Uv-bvqv (ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msMVb) m`m¨ BD njv Uzb cÖ  (U Hla Tun
Pru) 19 †deª qvix, 1958 mv‡j AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ msweavb
ms‡kvabx wej †ck Kivi mgq msm`‡K e‡j wQ‡jb †h Ò‡evwMIK As mvs
(Bogyoke Aung San) AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`b w`‡Z m¤§Z
n‡q‡Qb|Ó Zvi G e³e¨ †cvbvwRqvb GjvKvi msm` m`m¨ BD c w_b (U Paw
Thin) KZ…K © mgw_©Z n‡qwQj| wZwb `vex Ki‡jb †h, †evwMIK As mvb
AvwKqv‡ei GKwU MÖvg wK‡qU wLb Uvb G AbywôZ GKwU wgwUs G e‡jwQ‡jb
†h, GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª jvf Kivi Rb¨ AvivKvbx‡ì me©‡gvU PviwU •ewkó¨
wQj| AvivKvb miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ BD njv Uzb
(U Hla Tun) KZ…©K msweav‡bi cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabxi Rev‡e gš¿x BD ev m (U
Ba Saw) msm`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb †h hLb wZwb KjKvZvq Rvcvb wec‡ei
welq¸‡jv wb‡q KvR KiwQ‡jb ZLb wZwb BD †_Bb †c gvB›U (U Thein Pe
Myent) Gi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i AvivKvb AÂ‡ji fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi mv‡_ Avjvc K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ wbR¯^ miKvi MÖnY Kiv wK †m AÂ‡ji †jvKR‡bi Rb¨
me©mvKy‡j¨ Kj¨vYKi n‡e| Gi Rev‡e BD †_Bb †c gvB›U (U Thein Pe
Myent) ej‡jb †h, AvivKvb wefvR‡bi ci †_‡KB AvivKvbx RbMY
HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ges †f․‡MvwjK fv‡e GKwU Avjv`v ¯^Ë¡v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ
n‡‪Q &Ges GKwU wb‡R‡ì miKvi `vex Kiv Zv‡ì •ea AwaKvi| hvB †nvK,
ïi  †_‡KB ivLvBb RbMY Ges eg©xq RbMY G‡ZvUvB Avš—wiKZv mnKv‡i
KvR KiwQj †h Zviv my‡L `yt‡L evgv©i cÖwZ `vqe× wQj| G AwaKvi †fvM
Kivi gva¨‡g ivLvBbiv †ekx DcK…Z n‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges eZ©gvb mn‡hvwMZv
Ae¨vnZ ivLvi d‡j Zv‡ì ¯^vfvweK mdjZvI e¨vnZ n‡e| BD ev m (U Ba
Saw) Zvi Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb G e‡j †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j evgv©i
¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© hLb msweavb Lmov Kiv nw‪Qj ZLb wZwb iv-Zv-bvqvÕi
(Ra-Ta-Nya) mfvcwZ Ges Ggwc BD ev gvBqvs (U Ba Myaing) Gi mv‡_
mv¶vZ K‡ib| Zvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKvb wefv‡Mi AMÖMwZ
I mdjZvi Rb¨ wKfv‡e msweavb iPbv Kiv hvq| Gi Rev‡e BD ev gvBs (U
Ba Myaing) BD †_Bb †c gvB›U Gi b¨vq GKB DËi w`‡jb| BD ev m Zvi

Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j ivLvBb G Gd wc Gd Gj
(AFPFL) m`m¨ Ges iv½yb G emevmiZ ivLvBb eyw×Rxex‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU
mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj| G mfvq G Av‡jvPbv n‡qwQj †h kvb, KvwPb Ges
Kv‡ib AÂj mg~‡ni RbMY GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vwe Rvbvw‪Qj|
Avgv‡ì ivLvBb‡ì Rb¨ eZ©gvb Ae¯ vq _vKvB Kj¨vYKi n‡e, bv wK
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ miKv‡ii Rb¨ `vex KivB Kj¨vYKi n‡e? Gi Rev‡e ZrKvjxb
Ggwc, BD †KqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min) e‡jb, GUv Kiv n‡j AvivKv‡bi wbR¯^
†Kvb dvÊ _vK‡e bv| hw` Avw_©K †Kvb dvÊ bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b wKQzB
Kiv hv‡e bv| Dc‡iv‡jwLZ msm`xq weZK© †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB G hewbKv
Uvb‡Z cvwi †h, †Kb AvivKvb GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª ev (State) AR©b Ki‡Z
cvij bv|
hvB †nvK, evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi ci †h‡nZz ivLvBb‡ì Ae¯ vi w`b w`b DbœZ
nw‪Qj ZLb Zviv AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi `vex Kij| AvivKvb
ivóª AR©‡bi Rb¨ hLb msm‡ì evB‡i Av‡›`vjb ïi  n‡jv ZLb DËi
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb Gg.wcÕiv AvivKv‡b GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q
gZ cv_©‡K¨ Rwo‡q coj|
beg Aa¨vq
¯^vaxbZv cvieZ©x evg©vi Aax‡b AvivKvb
evgv©q ¯^vaxbZv Avmvi d‡j AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wgkª cÖwZwµqv m„wó
n‡qwQj| gymjgvb we‡ivax gM ‡e․×iv Lywk n‡qwQj| Zviv fvej †h Zv‡ì
†Nvi kÎ  gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi †¶‡Î Zviv DËg Ae¯ v‡b i‡q‡Q|
Zviv wPš—v Kij †h, hv Zviv weªwUk Avg‡j Ki‡Z cv‡i wb GLb Zviv Zv
Aev‡a Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e| Zviv G †e․×ev‡ì weRq Dj-vm e‡j we‡ePbv
KiZ| hvB †nvK, Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi GKwU †QvU `j, `ytL Abyfe Kij| †Kbbv
AvivKv‡bi ivRv Ges cÖRv meviB GKwU ¯^vaxb AvivKv‡bi `xN©w`‡bi ¯^cœ

Av‡Mi †P‡q Av‡iv civnZ n‡jv e‡j AbyfZ ~ n‡‪Q| Zviv Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cvij †h, Zviv GLb GKwU bZzb wKš‧ †Mvcb K‡jvbxi Aax‡b P‡j †Mj|
gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn
¯^vaxbZvi ¶wYK c‡iB Òd¨vwmev`x we‡ivax RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv msNÓ

(AFPFL) kvwmZ miKvi eë¯ v GKwU weivU msL¨K gymjgvb Kg©KZ©v
Kg©Pvix‡K PvKixPz¨Z K‡i Ges Zv‡ì ¯ v‡b AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì‡K wb‡qvM
‡`q, hviv µgea©gvb nv‡i gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei ‡× •elg¨ m„wó K‡i
Zv‡ì‡K g‡bvKó w`‡Z jvMj| Zviv Zv‡ì eo‡ì‡K Dcnvm Ki‡Zv Ges
Zv‡ì mv‡_ ‣¯îvPvix AvPiY Ki‡Zv| wKš‧ †ivwn½v‡ì wei ‡× fyj
ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ KZ…c © ¶ Av‡`․ †Kvb c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwb| Bwg‡MÖkb
(Awfevmb) KZ„©c¶ gvDs`vI, (Maungdow) eyw_WvDs (Buthidaung) Ges
iv‡_WvDs (Rathedaung) AÂj n‡Z AvwKqve ch©š— gymjgvb‡ì ZrciZvi
Dci mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc K‡i| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb kiYv_©x hviv 1942
mv‡j fvi‡Z cjvqb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj Zviv †mLv‡b wd‡i hvevi AbygwZ
†cj bv| Zv‡ì ab-m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡jv|
1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vh‡Á AvnZiv ZLbI my¯  n‡q I‡V wb, hLb eg©xq
gymjgvbMY wegvZv myjf AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q eg©xq KZ…K © 1947 mv‡j
wefvwRZ n‡qwQj| DËß KovB †_‡K Av¸‡b wb‡¶c Kivi gZ Av‡iv bZzb
kvw¯— Ges b„ksmZv gymjgvb‡ì Dci Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv
Gfv‡e Av‡iv msL¨vjNy nw‪Qj| GLb Zv‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ Ges wU‡K _vKv gnv
wec‡ì g‡a¨| R‣bK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvdi whwb KvIqvj Rvdi wn‡m‡e e¨vcK
cwiwPZ Ges whwb wQ‡jb Rvcvbx cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb †ivwn½v, wZwb RbMY‡K
msMwVZ Ki‡Z ïi  Ki‡jb| wZwb fviZ-Dcgnv‡`kxq Kwe Avjvgv
BKev‡ji MxwZ KweZv †M‡q ‡M‡q gymjgvb Rbmvavi‡Yi †PZbv‡K D¾xweZ

K‡ib Ges wZwb Zv‡ì wek¦vm, m¤§vb Ges gvnvZ¡‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Rxeb
I ab-m¤ú` DrmM© Ki‡Z AvnŸvb K‡ib| gymjgvbiv me©vZœKfv‡e Zvi G
Avnev‡b mvov †`q| Rvdi gymjgvb‡ì‡K Aš—f³ ©~ Ki‡Z I cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z
ïi  Ki‡jb| wKš‧ 1949 mvj ch©š— gyRvwn`‡ì I miKvix evwnbxi g‡a¨
D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb msNl© nqwb|
1949 mv‡j evg©vi bZzb cÖkvmb ¯ vbxq Awaevmx‡ì mgš^‡q GKwU mxgvš—eZx©
wbivcËv evwnbx MVb K‡i, hv evg©v AvÂwjK evwnbx (BTF) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
AvivKv‡b wewUGd (BTF) Gi beŸB fvM MwVZ n‡qwQj AvivKvb †e․×‡ì
wb‡q, we‡kl K‡i hviv gymjgvb‡ì wPi `ykgb wQj| AvwKqve †Rjv cÖkvmK
wKqvI BD (Kyaw U) Gi wb‡`©kbvq wewUGd (BTF) mgMÖ DËi AvivKv‡b
GKwU mš¿vmx ivR¨ cÖwZ&ôv K‡i| †gwkb Mv‡bi ¸wj‡Z gymjgvb bi-bvix
wkïiv e¨vcK cwigv‡Y nZvnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi eyw×Rxex, MÖvg cÖavb Ges
Ijvgv‡K KzKzi-Bu`y‡ii gZ nZ¨v Kiv nq| cÖvq mKj gymjgvb MÖvg‡KB gvwUi
mv‡_ wgwk‡q †`qv nq| wewUGd b„ksmZv cÂvk nvRv‡iiI †ekx kiYv_x©‡K
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Awfevmb wb‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
gymjgvb‡ì `vexmg~n wQj AwePvi¸‡jv ms‡kvab Kiv| AvBb Abymv‡i

Zv‡ì‡K eg©xq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e emevm Kivi AbygwZ †`qv Ges •¯îvPvix
Ges Ryjygkvnxi Aaxb Zv‡ì‡K civaxb bv Kiv| Zv‡ì G `vex¸‡jv
gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn‡K evavMÖ¯— K‡iwb eis Av‡iv `ª Z MwZkxjZv I cÖmviZv
†c‡qwQj| †K›`ªxq miKvi G we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ e¨¯— n‡q co‡jv, hv
evg©vi Ab¨vb¨ ¯ v‡b cÖv`yf©ve n‡qwQj Ges GUv‡K evg©vq wb‡qvwRZ Kiv Am¤¢e
n‡qwQj|

hvB †nvK miKvi ZLb we‡`ªvnx‡ì mv‡_ mg‡SvZv-Avjvc Ki‡Z †ek wKQz
c`‡¶c MÖnY Kij| miKv‡ii GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j Zv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡jv, Zv‡ì
`vex-`vIqvi K_v ïb‡jv wKš‧ G Av‡jvPbv cwi‡k‡l †Kvb djvdj e‡q wb‡q
G‡jv bv| 1949 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m BDwbqb wgwjUvix cywj‡ki 26Zg
e¨vUvwjqvb AvivKv‡b NuvwU ¯ vcb K‡i we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Kij Ges Zviv
KwgDwbó I wcwfI‡ì mv‡_ K‡i wb‡q wKqvK wcD (Kyaukpyu) mv‡›`v‡q
(Sandoway) Ges G‡ì †Rjv mì¸‡jvi cZb wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e †Kej
AvwKqve e›`‡i miKvix wbqš¿Y n«vm †c‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K gyRvwnìv mg¯—
DËi AvivKv‡bi AwaKvi wb‡qwQj| Ges AvivKvb †e․× we‡`ªvnx‡ì Aci
`j¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ì wbqš¿Y wb‡qwQj|
1951 mvj †_‡K 1954 mvj ch©š— miKvwi evwnbx¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡ì wei ‡×
evrmwiKfv‡e wekvj Avw½‡K A‡bK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj| kni Ges
cywjk duvwo †h¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡ì wbqš¿‡Y wQj, †m¸‡jv Avevi miKvwi
evwnbx‡ì Øviv cybi ×vi n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK msL¨K
†emvgwiK †jvK‡K •¯îZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡ì Dci wbh©vZb
Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡`ªvnx‡ì Av¯—vbv
m‡›`‡n A‡bK evox-Ni, R¡vwj‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| †bZ…‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Ges
`jMZ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y gyRvwnìv wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †m GjvKvi Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y
nviv‡jv| 1951 mv‡ji w`‡K gyRvwn`-B-Avhg Rvdi KvIqvj ivR‣bwZK
cÖwZwnsmvi ekeZx© n‡q wbg©gfv‡e wbnZ nb Ges cieZx©‡Z Rbve AveŸvm
bvgK GK e¨w³ ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| Rvdi KvIqv‡ji Aax‡b Kg©iZ GKRb
¸i Z¡c~Y© †jd‡U‡b›U K‡Y©j iwk` †ei n‡q Av‡mb Ges eyw_WvDs Gi `w¶Y-
c~e© wdDBgvjx GjvKvq Zvi `j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Aci GKRb `y`©vš— KgvÊvi
Kvwkg whwb cieZx©‡Z Kvwkg ivRv bv‡g e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib wZwb
wb‡R‡K †NvlYv ‡`b| †mLv‡b miKvwi evwnbx Ges gyRvwn`‡ì wewfbœ `‡ji
g‡a¨ msNl© PjwQj| 1954 mv‡ji ci Kvwkg miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU ¸i Zi
fxwZi KviY n‡q `vuovq| Ges gvIs`vI, eyw_WvDs Ges iv‡LWvDs Gi
AwaKvsk GjvKvq gyRvwnìv Zv‡ì cÖvavb¨ cybtwe¯—vi K‡iwQj| mg‡qi g‡a¨

gyRvwn`‡ì mvaviY gymjgvb RbZv †_‡K c„_K Kivi Rb¨ miKvi GKwU
kw³kvjx ivR‣bwZK c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| 25 †m‡Þ¤î, 1954 mvj, mÜ¨v
8.00 Uvq evg©vi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) Zvi †iwWI fvl‡Y
†ivwn½v‡K GKwU Avw` b„ZvwËK m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`b| ¶z`ª cwim‡i
†ivwn½v‡ì †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi cybtcÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| miKvi gymjgvb
†bZ…e„›` Ges msm` m`m¨‡ì eySv‡Z †Póv Ki‡jb †h we‡`ªv‡n hvIqvUv wQj
GKUv e„_v cÖ‡Póv †h‡nZz †ivwn½v‡ì AwaKvi BwZg‡a¨B cybtcÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| gyRvwn`‡ì g‡a¨ `jxq hy‡× e¨_© n‡q ivRbxwZweìv miKv‡ii Dci
hy‡× †Kvb weRq †`L‡Z e¨_© n‡jb| Ges gymjgvb‡ì ivR‣bwZK Kvg©Kv‡Ê
DbœwZ †`L‡Z †c‡jb d‡j Zviv RbMY‡K miKv‡ii c¶vej¤^b Ki‡Z DØy×
Ki‡jb| Af¨š—ixY hy‡× wQbœ-wfbœ gyRvwn`‡ì c‡¶ Rb m¤§wZ jvf Kiv
KwVb n‡q coj| RbM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦vm nvwi‡q Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi AcKg©
Ges wb‡R‡ì †jvK‡ì Dci AwePvi Kij| gyRvwn`‡ì evovevwo †_‡K
wb‡R‡ì i¶v Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK MÖvgevmx kn‡i ¯ vbvš—wiZ n‡jv|
G ai‡bi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i 1954 mv‡ji b‡f¤î †_‡K miKvi gyRvwn`‡ì
bxwZgvjvi wei ‡× Acv‡ikb gbmyb (Operation Monsoon) bv‡gi GKwU
we¯—…Z Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| gyRvwn`‡ì ¸i Z¡c~Y© †K›`ª¸‡jv `Lj n‡q
hvq Ges Zv‡ì KwZcq †bZv wbnZ nq| Kvwkg ZLb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cvwj‡q
†Mj| gyRvwn` Afy¨Ìv‡bi †gi `Ê †f‡½ ‡Mj| Zv‡ì `jxq KvVv‡gv‡Z
wew‪QbœZv NUvi d‡j cieZx©‡Z gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb Avev‡iv `ye©j n‡q coj|
wKš‧ GUv `xN©¯ vqx n‡jv| miKvi evwg©R Avwg©iv hv‡ì‡K gyRvwn`‡ì wei ‡×
eënvi Ki‡Zv, †mB mKj gymjgvb‡ì mnvqZvq ¯ vbxq gymjgvb‡ì mgš^‡q
GKwU †¯^‪Qv‡mex evwnbx MVb K‡ib| gyRvwn`‡ì‡K Avev‡iv wew‪Qbœ Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavbgš¿x BD by Ges cÖwZi¶v gš¿x BD ev my (U Ba Swe) 1959
mv‡j eyw_WvDs Ges gvDsWvI kni mdi K‡ib| Zviv †mB kni¸‡jv‡Z eo
eo ivR‣bwZK Rbmfv K‡ib, †mLv‡b Zviv kvb, KvwPb Ges Kv‡ib
m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq‡K evg©vi GKwU Avw` b„ZvwË¡K †Mvwó wn‡m‡e
D‡jL K‡ib| Zviv Zv‡ì‡K evg©vi bvMwiK‡ì mgvb AwaKvi cÖ`v‡biI

cÖwZÁv K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avev‡iv wefvRb NU‡jv|
†h‡nZz DËi AvivKv‡b ¯ vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvmb mnKv‡i GKwU Ògymjgvb RvZxq
GjvKvÓ (Muslim National Area) cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii cÖ¯—v‡ei wei ‡× wfbœ
AwfgZ DwÌZ n‡jv| P~ovš—fv‡e gyRvwnìv Zv‡ì A¯¿ mgc©Y Ki‡Z wm×vš—
wb‡jv Ges 1961 mvj †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B AwaKvsk gyRvwn` miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jv|
msm`xq MYZš¿Kvjxb AvivKvbx‡ì ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÊ (1948-

1962 Lªx)
Av‡MB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔKbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx (Gwm) Gi Rb¨ gvDs`vD

Ges evw_WvDs Gi `ywU GjvKv ev‡` mgMÖ AvivKvb Ry‡o mvaviY wbe©vPb
AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b gymjgvb †fvUvi wQj- mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi 98 fvM|
hvB‡nvK, ¯^vaxbZvi ci ‡mLv‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡jv Ges Rbve myjZvb
Avn‡g` I Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi G `yB wbe©vPbx GjvKv †_‡K msm` m`m¨
wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| G. wm. wbe©vPb †_‡K ïi  K‡i 1960 mv‡ji †mbv Af~¨Ìvb
ch©š— Dfq msm‡ì Rb¨ wZbwU mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq h_vµ‡g 1951,
1956 Ges 1960 mv‡j| 1951 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymjgvbiv 5wU
Avm‡b weRqx nq| Gi g‡a¨ 3wU Avmb wbgœ nvD‡R Ges 1wU Avmb D‪P
nvD‡R wQj| G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. weRqx nq 3wU Avm‡b Ges evKx
Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq iv-Uv-bvqv ev ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msN|
gymjgvb‡ì wbR¯^ †Kvb ivR‣bwZK `j wQj bv| Zviv †Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯^Zš¿
wn‡m‡e ùvwo‡q Avevi KL‡bv ev G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. Gi mv‡_ mg_©K `j
wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| 1956 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b DËi AvivKv‡bi
5wU AvmbB cybi ×vi K‡i gymjgvbiv| iv-Uv-bvqv mvwe©K Avm‡bi gvÎ GK
Z…Zxqvsk Avm‡b weRqx nq Ges evKx Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq G. Gd. wc.
Gd. Gj.| 1956 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b †h mKj gymjgvb Ggwc wn‡m‡e

wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zvivy n‡jb- Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`, Rbve Aveyj Lv‡qi,
Rbve BRnvi wgqv, Rbve Aveyj evkvi Ges Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi| iv-Uv-
bvqvÕi wbe©vwPZ weL¨vZ m`mïv n‡jb, BD wKqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min), BD
gvDs wKqvI Rvb (U Maung Kyawa Zan), BD njv Zzb cÖ  (U Hla Tun Pru),
BD mvb Zzb w_b (U San Tun Khaine), BD ev †mBb (U Ba Sein), BD
As wKqvI LvBb (U Aung Kyaw Khine), BD c †_Bb (U Paw Thein) cÖgLy |
1957 mv‡j eyw_WvDs DËi wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwU Dcwbe©vPb AbywôZ
nq, †h‡nZz Rbve BRnvi wgqvi wbe©vPb evwZj K‡i Zvi wei ‡× ivq cÖ`vb
Kiv nq| mv‡eK msm`xq †m‡µUvix Rbve myjZvb gvngy` weªwUk-fviZ AvBb
mfvq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges wZwb BD by (U Nu) gš¿x cwil‡ì
¯^v¯ ¨gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ivLvBb (†e․×) m`mïv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^vaxb AvivKvbx

ms‡kvaxq `j (IAPG) bv‡gi GKwU msMVb Kv‡qg Ki‡jv| Zviv AvivKv‡bi
Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g‡›U `vex †ck K‡i| cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q Zviv †ekx g‡bv‡hvMx wQj bv| wewfbœ GjvKvq ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi Rb¨ 1947 mv‡j ixR DBwjqvgm& Kwgkb ¯ vwcZ
n‡qwQj| B‡Zvc~‡e© AvivKv‡bi ivóªZ¡ Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖkœ `y‡i ivLv n‡qwQj|
Av‡iv wZbwU AvÂwjK kvqZ¡kvwmZ Kwgkb AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡iwQj | †m wZbwU Kwgkb n‡jv 1948 mv‡j MwVZ
gwš¿ BD bvBI (U Nyo) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Kwgkb, 1948
mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i MwVZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb Ges 1950 mv‡j
MwVZ †K‡jBm Kwgkb|
gwš¿ BD bvBI Zzb (U Nyo Tun) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb

Kwgk‡bi Aci wZb m`m¨ n‡jb G¨vKvD›U¨v›U †Rbv‡ij BD wKqvI wgb ( U
Kyaw Min) BD wZb (U Tin) Ges BD Zwb †dZ (U Tin Phet)| AvÂwjK
¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kivi cwie‡Z© D³ Kwgkb AvivKv‡bi Rb¨

wb‡gœv³ Zvr¶wYK c`‡¶ç‡jvi civgk© w`‡q miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU gaëZx©
wi‡cvU© †ck Kij|
1. A‣ea Awfevmb Kvh©Ki fv‡e `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cvwK¯—vbx

Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi Ges cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b evwg©R Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi
†Lvjv|
2. Av‡iv AwaK Kvh©Kvifv‡e we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv|
3. AvivKvb cwiw¯ wZi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM †`qv|
4. miKvwi `yb©xwZ civqb Kg©KZ©v‡ì wei ‡× Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY

Kiv|
5. AvUKZK…‡ì cvewjK j GÊ AW©vi Gi 5 Gi Aby‡‪Q‡ì AvIZvq

G‡b cybt cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv Ges hviv gyw³ cvIqvi †hvM¨
Zv‡ì‡K †Q‡o †`qv |
6. ZrKvjxb cÖavb wePvicwZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo)Õi mfvcwZ‡Z¡

1948 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) KZ…©K m¨vi ev I
Kwgkb MwVZ nq| G Kwgk‡bi Aax‡b wZbwU Dc-KwgwU MwVZ
n‡qwQj| G¸‡jvi KvR wQj h_vµ‡g Kv‡ib, †gvb Ges AvivKv‡bi
RvZxq welqvw` wb‡q Z`viKx Kiv|
cÖ‡Z¨K Dc-KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj GKRb ivóªxq cÖwZwbwa, wZbRb cÖwZwbwa

Ges PviRb mswk-ó GjvKvi cÖwZwbwa wb‡q| Pvi m`m¨ wewkó AvivKv‡bi
RvZxq cÖwZwbwaiv n‡jv BD wKqvI Bb (U Kyaw Yin), BD mvb Zzb As (U
San Tun Aung), BD _v Zzb (U Tha Tun) Ges Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`|

Zviv 1948 mv‡ji 29 †k A‡±vei Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gZvgZ †ck K‡iwQ‡jb hv
wb‡gœ Dc¯ vcb Kiv n‡jv|
1. AvivKvb welqK GKRb gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡bi

AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ Kiv|
2. AvivKvb welqK gš¿x‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AvivKvb welqK

KvDwÝj MVb Kiv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡b AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—f³ y©
Kiv|
3. msweav‡bi 12 Aby‡‪Q` Abyhvqx, AvivKvb RbM‡Yi B‪Qvbymv‡i

AvivKvbx welqK gš¿Yvjq I AvivKvb welqK KvDwÝj KZ„K ©
AvivKvb GjvKvi hveZqx Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq weavb
I AvBb Kvbyb •Zwi Kiv|
4. cuvP eQi ci G Kg© cwiKíbvi djvd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i

AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi B‪Qvbyhvqx GUv cybivq cix¶v-bxix¶v Ges
ms‡kvab Kiv n‡e| A_ev GUv cy‡ivcywi evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e|
D³ KwgwUi AvivKvbx (ivLvBb) cÖwZwbwa BD k bvI (U Shwe Baw) wb‡gœv³

cÖ¯—ve¸‡jv †ck K‡ib|
1. AvivKv‡bi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv Ges wkí

KviLvbvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv|
2. AvivKv‡bi Rbc_, ¯ jc_ Ges †ijc‡_i Dbœqb NUv‡bv|
3. D‪P wk¶v I KvwiMix wk¶vmn AvivKv‡bi gvbm¤§Z wk¶veë¯ vi

Av‡iv DbœwZ mvab Kiv|
4. ¯^v¯ ¨ I wPwKrmv eë¯ vi DbœwZ Kiv |

5. K…wl Ges evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb Kiv |
6. evg©vi DËi cwðg mxgv‡š— †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Ges

AvBb k„‫‫‬Ljv cwiw¯ wZ wVK ivL‡Z GK A_ev `yÕ e¨vUvwjqvb ivLvBb
Avwg©‡K ¯ vqx •mb¨ evwnbx‡Z †gvZv‡qb ‡`qv|
7. †evgvs †÷U (PÆMÖvg cvnvox GjvKv) Ges AvIqv wKDb (my›ìeb)

GjvKvq emevmiZ ivLvBb RvwZ‡K cybev©m‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
8. AvBb cÖYqb I ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
9. AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡q ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b Kiv|
KwgwUi eg©xq m`mïv Avjv`v iv‡óªi aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kij| wKš‧ Zviv
mycvik Ki‡jb †h, ¯^vqZ¡kvmbmn AvivKvb‡K evg©vi Aax‡b GKwU wefvM
evbv‡bv DwPZ| AvivKvb welqK gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qvi cwie‡Z© ïay RvZxq
cvj©v‡g‡›U Avwg© MV‡bi ¶gZv †`qv Ges †m ai‡bi AvivKvb wefvMxq
KvDwÝj MVb Kiv DwPZ hv n‡e Av‡iv †ekx Kvh©Ki|
Z`‡š—i Pvi eQi ci 1952 mv‡j m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb hwÌ
Kv‡ib Ges gb wi‡cvU© †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv ZeyI Zv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z ¸i Z¡c~Y©
Kvi‡Yi Rb¨B AvivKvb welqK wi‡cvU© †ck Kiv nqwb|
1950 mv‡ji 26 †k RyjvB AvivKvb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wg. †Kjxi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ †Kjx (Kelly) Kwgkb MwVZ n‡qwQj g~jZ AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ
Aby‡gv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨| G wel‡q AbymÜvb Ges Z`š—
Kiv n‡jv| wKš‧ †Kjx Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© miKvixfv‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv bv|

myZivs AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q P~ovš— wm×v‡š— Avmvi cwie‡Z© `xN©
m~wÎZvq wbcwZZ n‡jv|
cy‡iv msm`xq †gqv` a‡iB Uv-bvqv (Ta-Naya) m`mïv †ivwn½v‡ì wei ‡×

kÎ fvevcbœ AvPiY K‡i‡Q| Zviv †ivwn½v‡ì‡K KvjvP (Kalas) ÔPvUMvBq¨vÕ
e‡j Acev` w`‡Zv Ges Zviv †ivwn½v‡ì‡K Zv‡ì mgK¶ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`Z
bv| Zviv me©`v †ivwn½v‡ì fveg~wZ© weK…Z Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zv| GgbwK Zviv
gymjgvb Ggwc †ì‡K Awfhy³ Ki‡Zv| Zviv wbe©vP‡b weRqx nIqvi Rb¨ G
Gd wc Gd Gj Gi †g․b Aby‡gv`b wb‡q e¨vcK msL¨K PÆMÖvgevmx‡K A‣ea
fv‡e AvivKv‡b cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQj| Zviv †ivwn½v‡ì‡K bvMwiKZ¡
†`qvi e¨vcv‡i weiƒc g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zv| Zviv †e․× wf¶z‡ì‡K gyRvwn`
Af~¨Ìv‡bi wei ‡× Abkb ag©NU cvjb Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Zv| Ges GKwU
wn›`y ag© wfwËK ivóª cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zviv gymjgvb Ggwc‡ì wei ‡× Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Zv| †ivwn½v‡ì cÖwZ iv-Uv-bvqv m`m¨‡ì Giƒc we‡Ølc~Y© g‡bvfv‡ei
Kvi‡YB eg©xq ivRbxwZweìv gymjgvb Ggwc‡ì †_‡K Zv‡ì mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv `~‡i mwi‡q wb‡jv| 1958 mv‡j ÔGd wc Gd GjÕ hLb `yÕwU MÖ ‡c
wef³ n‡q coj, ZLb AvivKvb ivóª AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv A‡bKUv D¾¡j n‡q
DV‡jv| cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) †NvlYv Ki‡jv †h hw` 1960 mv‡ji mvaviY
wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m AvivKvbivóª‡K Aby‡gv`b w`‡e| G Gd
wc Gd Gj Gi Dfq MÖ ‡cB Zv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ w`‡K AvB G wc wR (IAPG) ‡ì
mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv Kij| wKš‧ iv-Uv-bvqv (Ra-Ta-Naya) BD by Gi Iqv`v
cvIqvi ci Zv‡KB mg_©b †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡jv| AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
welqwU AwaKvsk gymjgvbB Lye ¸i Z¡ mnKv‡i wb‡qwQj, †h‡nZz Zviv AvksKv
†eva Ki‡Zv †h gNiv hw` AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvq Av‡m Zvn‡j Zviv 1942
mv‡ji b¨vq Av‡iKwU fxwZKi cwiw¯ wZ •Zwi Ki‡e| GiB mg_©‡b DËi
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ iv‡óªi `vex Rvbv‡jv|
†h GjvKvwU n‡e gN Kg©KZ©v ev Zv‡ì cÖfvewenxb iv½yb †K›`ªxq miKvi
KZ…K© mivmwi wbqwš¿Z| Zv‡ì by¨bZg `vex wQj ‡K›`ªxq miKvi kvwmZ
GKwU ¯^Zš¿ †Rjv •Zwi Kiv| gymjgvb GgwcivI cvj©v‡g‡›U Ges MYgva¨‡g

GKB `vex Dc¯ vcb K‡iwQj| gymjgvb gh©v`vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L A‡bK
†ivwn½v mvgvwRK mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb w¶ß I D‡ËRbvKi Kg©KvÊ Pvjy
K‡iwQj|
wbe©vP‡b weRqx nIqvi ci BD by AvivKvb welqK mKj mgm¨vi Z`š— Kivi

Rb¨ GKRb Z`š— Kwgkb wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| †ivwn½v RvwgqvZzj Djvgv G
Z`š— Kwgk‡bi wbKU AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡ì Ae¯ vi Dci GKwU my`xN© I
mywe¯—…Z ¯§viKwjwc †ck K‡iwQj| Zviv GKwU Avjv`v †Rjv cÖwZôvi Rb¨
`vex Rvwb‡qwQj hvi GKwU wbR¯^ †Rjv cwil` Ges ¯ vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvmb
_vK‡e| mg‡SvZv mgvavb ¯îƒc ¯§viKwjwci †jLKMY G k‡Z© m¤§Z n‡jv
†h †RjvUv n‡e AvivKvb iv‡RïB GKwU Ask| hvB‡nvK Zviv cxovcxwo
K‡iwQj †h †Rjvi mswkó welq I Zvi mgm¨vejx Ges Kg©KZv©-Kg©Pvix
wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóª cÖavb‡K mwVK civgk© w`‡eb mswkó KvDwÝj|
†ivwn½v hye msMVb 1961 mv‡ji 31 RyjvB AbywôZ GKwU wgwUs Gi wm×v‡š—
miKv‡ii cÖwZ Avnevb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb AvivKv‡b ¯^vqZ¡ kvwmZ iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`b
bv †`qvi Rb¨| KviY 1942 mv‡ji `v½vi ci †_‡K gymjgvb I †e․×‡ì
g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK Am‡š—vl GLbI weivR Ki‡Q| evowZ mZK©Zv mnKv‡i
†ivwn½v QvÎ mOMVbI Abyiƒc wmÜvš— wb‡qwQj| Zviv mZK© K‡iwQj †h mKj
cÖwZev` m‡Ë¡I hw` ivóª cÖwZôvi e¨cv‡i wm×vš— nq Zvn‡j GUvi Rb¨
AvivKv‡bi wefvRb cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Ges gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v ¯^vqZ¡kvmb
wb®úwË n‡e|
cvjv©‡g‡›Ui gymjgvb m`mïv GKB fv‡e miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Ges Z`š— KwgwUi
Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡jv Aš—f³ y© bv Kivi Rb¨| G ai‡bi ivóª •Zwii e¨vcv‡i
Zv‡ì ‡Kvb AvcwË †bB| wKš‧ ïaygvÎ eyw_WvDs gvDs`vI Ges iv‡_WvDs

†Rjvi Ask e¨ZxZ †hLv‡b gymjgvbiv wQj msL¨vMwiô| †ivwn½v‡ì Aw¯—Z¡
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨B G †Rjv¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B GKwU c„_K BDwbU wn‡m‡e MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e| AvivKvbx‡ì Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKK ivóª MVb Kiv m¤¢eZ
ivóªwU‡K Avev‡iv bZzb i³cv‡Zi w`‡K avweZ Ki‡e|
wKš‧ AvivKvb gymjgvb‡ì msMVb (G Gg I)I AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ivóª

Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Z`š— KwgwUi wbKU †ck K…Z
GKwU ¯§viK wjwc‡Z G Gg IÕi mfvcwZ myjZvb gvngy` Ggwc we¯—vwiZ
D‡jL K‡ib †h, Zviv †Kej gvÎ `ywU k‡Z© AvivKvb ivóª‡K mg_©b w`‡e| hw`
AviKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡ì `vex¸‡jv‡K mg_©b †`q hw` iv‡óªi msweavb hw`
gymjgvb‡ì agx©q mvs¯‥…wZK A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, cÖkvmwbK Ges wk¶vMZ
wbðqZv Aš—f³ y© K‡i| bZzb AvivKvb iv‡óªi cÖavbMY ch©vqµ‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡e| ivóª cªavb gymjgvb n‡j †÷U KvDwÝ‡ji w¯úKvi n‡e GKRb
Agymjgvb Ges Zvi mnKvix n‡e Av‡iK Rb gymjgvb| Gfv‡e
avivevwnKfv‡e ch©vqµg AbymiY Kiv n‡e| GKB ai‡bi eë¯ vcbv Kvh©Ki
n‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi wb‡qvM, KwgwU Ges msMV‡bi †ejv‡ZI| GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki
Kg iv‡óªi gš¿x gymjgvb n‡e bv| gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ Kvh©Ki †Kvb AvBbB cvk
n‡e bv hw` bv Ges hZ¶Y bv KvDwÝ‡ji msL¨vMwiô gymjgvbiv GUvi Rb¨
‡fvU w`‡e| gymjgvb GjvKvq PvKzixi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóª cÖavb Zvi
gwš¿mfvi gymjgvb m`m¨‡ì civgk© AbyhvqxB KvR Ki‡e| mKj miKvwi
c`, cvewjK mvwf©m, †c․imfvi c` Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj c`¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi
†ejvq gymjgvbiv Zv‡ì RbmsL¨vi kZKiv nvi Abyhvqx GKwU we‡kl
As‡ki myweav †fvM Ki‡e| gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ eivÏK…Z †cvó¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvM
cvIqvi Rb¨ gymjgvb cÖwZ‡hvMxiv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨B cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡e| miKvi
Lye g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i gymjgvb‡ì wk¶vMZ I A_©‣bwZK cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv cyiY
Ki‡e| †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡KB Zvi ¯^xq ag© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ a‡g©i K¬v‡m Ask MÖnY
Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨K ag©xq †MvôxB mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b Zv‡ì
¯^ ¯^ ag© Abykxjb Kivi AbygwZ cv‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K Ges †h †Kvb ag©xq †Mvôx

PvB‡j Zvi wbR¯^ agx©q cÖwZóvb ¯ vcb Kivi AbygwZ cv‡e Z‡e Zv miKvi
KZ…K
© Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
gymjgvbiv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ we‡kl †ivwn½v fvlv Ges ms¯‥w… Z Dbœqb Kivi
e¨vcv‡i Ges Zv‡ì ag© m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb n‡e| gymjgvb‡ì
welq¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKRb we‡kl Kg©KZv© wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e hvi KvR n‡e
gymjgvb‡ì Awf‡hvM Ges mgm¨v¸‡jv Z`š— Kiv Ges †m¸‡jvi wel‡q ivóª
cÖav‡bi Kv‡Q wi‡cvU© Kiv| AvivKvb ivóª cÖwZôvi cieZ©x 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨
ivóª n‡Z m‡i wM‡q cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq- we‡kl K‡i DËi AvivKv‡bi †Rjv¸‡jvq
AwaKvimg~n ¯ wMZ K‡i ivLv n‡e Ges iv½y‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mivmwi
wePvi eë¯ vq cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
`xN© w`b ci miKvi gvDs`vI, eyw_WvDs cÖ‡`k Ges iv‡_WvDs cÖ‡`‡ki

cwðgvs‡k GKwU we‡kl gvq~ mxgvš—eZ©x cÖkvmb (MFA) cÖwZôv Kivi †NvlYv
w`‡jb| †hUv mivmwi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvwjZ n‡e| †mbv
Kg©KZv©MY KZ©K„ kvwmZ nIqvi Rb¨ GUvi ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb wQj bv| hw` GUv
AvivKv‡bi wePvi eë¯ vi Aaxb bv n‡Zv Zvn‡j bZzb G eë¯ vcbv †ivwn½v
†bZ…e„‡›ì mg_©b jvf Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Zv| G cÖkvm‡bi cÖK…Z ev¯—evqb Ges
Kvh©KvwiZv ïi  nq 31 gvP©, 1961 mvj †_‡K| ¯ vbxq gymjgvb‡ì Aš—
fyw© ³‡Z GKwU we‡kl cywjk evwnbx- hv Ôgvq~ B‡qÕ (Mayu Ye) bv‡g cwiwPZ-
M‡o I‡V Ges AvBb k„‫‫‬Ljv cwiw¯ wZi DbœwZ n‡Z ïi  K‡i| 1962 mv‡ji
ïi ‡ZB miKvi AvivKvb ÔivóªÕ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKUv Lmov AvBb cÖ¯Z ‧ K‡i|
gymjgvb‡ì `vexi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L gvq~ †Rjv ev` iv‡L| †mbv wece
msNwUZ nq 1962 mv‡j| bZzb G miKvi AvivKv‡b ivóª cÖwZôvi cwiKíbv
evwZj K‡ib| wKš‧ gvq~ †Rjv ZLbI we‡kl kvmbvax‡b †_‡K hvq, hv 1964
mv‡ji 1jv †deª qvix ¯îvóª welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj|

`kg Aa¨vq
†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb
AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve
2iv gvP©, 1962 mvj, ZrKvjxb evgx©R †mbv cÖavb †Rbv‡ij wb DBb (Ne
Win) GKwU i³cvZnxb †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| wZwb
msweavb wejyß K‡ib Ges msm`xq eë¯ v †f‡½ †`b| iv‡óªi mKj ¶gZv-
AvBb, wePvi Ges wbe©vnx- ¯^qswµqfv‡e Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ wec-ex KvDwÝj
(RC) Gi wbqš¿bvax‡b P‡j hvq| Avi. wm bZzb GKwU ivR‣bwZK `‡ji
†NvlYv †`q hv evg©v †mvmvwj÷ †cÖvMÖvg cvwU© ev (BSPP) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GQvov Ab¨vb¨ mKj ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| we. Gm.
wc. wc mgMÖ‡`k e¨vcx Gi kvLv-cÖkvLv cÖwZôv K‡i| AvivKv‡b †KejgvÎ
AvivKvbxq †e․×ivB (ivLvBb) bZzb G ivR‣bwZK `‡j Aš—f©~w³ †c‡qwQj|
Avi. wmÕi Dci ¶gZv cwiewZ©Z nIqvq Avi, wm AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
e¨vcv‡i cÖwZÁv Ki‡jv Ges AvivKv‡bi AwbðqZv ax‡i ax‡i †K‡U †Mj|

1963 mv‡ji †deª qvix gv‡m Avi,wm miKvi †`‡ki mgMÖ e¨vsK Ges
eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxqKiY Kij| AvivKv‡b AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K
¯ vcbv wQj gymjgvb‡ì Aax‡b| G bZzb miKv‡ii Avg‡j gymjgvbMY
e¨vcK A_©‣bwZK wech©‡qi gy‡L c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K, AvivKv‡bi Aci cÖv‡š— ¶z`ª
cwim‡i eëmv-evwYR¨ cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡b mKj evwYwR¨K
cÖwZôvb-¯ vcbv †QvU ev eo GgbwK gyw` I Pv‡ji †`vKvb †_‡K ïi  K‡i
wWcvU‡g›U †÷vi meB gymjgvb‡ì gvwjKvbvaxb wQj| G¸‡jvi meB
RvZxqKiY K‡i Avi,wm miKvi|
¶gZvq myiw¶Z wb DBb (Ne Win) Zvi cy‡iv‡bv P¶zïj AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v
gymjgvb‡ì wei ‡× cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z ïi  Kij| gymjgvb‡ì PjvP‡ji Dci
mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Ki‡Z Avi, wm miKvi AvivKvb wefvMxq KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q
GKwU cÖÁvcb †cÖiY K‡i| ivóª wbqwš¿q MYgva¨g (wgwWqv) †ivwn½v
gymjgvb‡ì‡K weRvZxq e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| wb DBb wb‡RB hLb
wZwb msev` Kg©x‡ì mv‡_ K_v ej‡Zb ZLb wZwb †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡ì
wec‡¶ we`ª cvZœK fvlv eënvi Ki‡Z| wZwb AwfgZ †`b †h, AvivKvbx
†e․×‡ì DwPZ G mKj ÔKvjvmÕ (Kalas) †ì wei ‡× h_vh_ c`‡¶c MÖnY
Kiv|
wb DBb KZ…K © wØZxq c`‡¶cwU wQj AvivKvb cÖkvmb‡K †e․×xqKiY Kiv|

†h me gymjgvb cywjm m`m¨ cÖvwš—K cÖkvm‡bi mgq wb‡qvM cÖvß n‡qwQj
Zv‡ì mevB‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv n‡qwQj bZzev evg©vi gaëZx© AÂ‡ji A‡bK
`~‡i cÖvwš—K mxgv‡š— Zv‡ì‡K e`jx Kiv n‡qwQj| Ab¨vb¨ D‪P c`¯  gymjgvb
Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K nq †Rvi c~e©K Aemi wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj bZzev Zv‡ì‡K
DËi AvivKvb n‡Z ¯ vbvš—wiZ Kiv n‡qwQj| KwZcq miKvwi Awd‡mi
†Kivbx Ges wKQz wk¶K e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj †cvó c~iY Kiv n‡qwQj eg©xq
A_ev gM‡ì Øviv, hv‡ì ga¨ n‡Z wKQz msL¨K c~e© cvwK¯—vb n‡Z m‡e gvÎ

Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| 1964 mv‡j Avi,wm cÖkvmb we‡kl gvq~ cÖvwš—K cÖkvmb
(Gg Gd G) wejyß K‡i †`q Ges †m GjvKvq ¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq wbqš¿Yvaxb
AvwKqve †Rjvi wePvi eë¯ v Avev‡iv Pvj~ K‡i| 1964 mv‡j AvivKv‡bi
mKj mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb¸‡jv wbwl× Kiv nq| G mKj
msMVb¸‡jv n‡jv- 1956 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ BDbvB‡UW †ivwn½v msMVb (URO),
1960 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ †ivwn½v hye msMVb (RYO), iv½yb wek¦we`¨vjq †ivwn½v
QvÎ msMVb (RURSA) †ivwn½v Rv‡gqvZzj D‡jgv (RJU) AvivKvb RvZxq
gymwjg msMVb (ANMO) Ges AvivKvb gymwjg hye msN (ARMY)| †ivwn½v
†j½y‡qR †cÖvMÖvg- hv evg©v eªWKvwós mvwf©m (BBS), iv½yb n‡Z m¤cÖPvi Kiv
n‡Zv- 1956 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i evwZj †NvlYv Kiv nq|
17 †g, 1964 mv‡j 50 I 100 wKqv‡Ui mKj e¨vsK †bv‡Ui gy`ªv g~j¨ iwnZ
Kiv n‡qwQj, hv cÖavbZt AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡ì Dci e¨vcK cÖfve
†d‡jwQj|
hvB †nvK, AvivKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡ì AbyMZ Kg©KZv©‡ì I ¯ vbxq we. Gm. wc.
wc m`m¨‡ì mnvqZvq mÂq K…Z mKj A‡_©i g~j¨ Av`vq Ki‡Z m¶g
n‡qwQj| †`vKvb-cvU RvZxqKiY, gy`ªvg~jïwnZKiY Ges gymjgvb‡ì
Pjv‡divi Dci mxgve×Zv Av‡iv‡ci ci †ivwn½v‡ì A_©‣bwZK †gi `Ê
†f‡½ co‡jv| AvvKvb †e․×iv RbM‡Yi †`vKvb †_‡K †fvM¨ cY¨ Lye m¯—v
`v‡g G‡b Ges †m¸‡jv Kv‡jvevRv‡i wewµ Kivi gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡RB gybvdv
nvwZ‡q wb‡jv| c~‡e© kn‡ii †h mKj Af¨š—ixY eëmv-evwYR¨ gymjgvb
eëmvwqKMY KZ…K © cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv, GLb Zvi meB P‡j †M‡Q †e․×‡ì
nv‡Z| mvgvb¨ K‡qKRb miKvwi PvKzix Rxex e¨ZxZ †Kvb gymjgvbB miKvwi
fvZv weZiY wbq‡gi my‡hvM-myweavi AwaKvix n‡Zv bv| Ab¨w`‡K mKj †e․×
GUv †_‡K my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Zv| mxgvš— e¨vwc eëmv-evwYR¨ ZLb
GK‡PwUqv wbqwš¿Z n‡Z jvM‡jv AvivKvbx †e․× I miKvwi ms¯ v¸‡jv Øviv|

wKQz msL¨K gymjgvb eëmvqx hviv Zv‡ì Rxeb evwR †i‡L eëmv-evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv KiwQj, Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì jv‡fi meUzKzB Zv‡ì eëmvi
myweav‡fvMx †e․× Askx`vi‡ì Rb¨ †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡qwQj| †mbv miKvi
AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì DcvR©‡bi mvwe©K my‡hvM-myweav •Zwi K‡i w`‡qwQj|
†mbv kvmb ax‡i ax‡i AMÖmi n‡Z jvMj Ges we. Gm. wc. wc Av‡iv †ekx
kw³kvjx n‡jv| A‡bK `wi`ª AvivKvbx †e․× gymjgvb‡ì m¤ú‡` ivZvivwZ
abx n‡q †Mj, evg©vi wewfbœ b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ hLb
N„wbZ we. Gm. wc. wc kvm‡bi Aax‡b `vwi‡`ªi KkvNv‡Z wePwjZ ZLb †Kej
AvivKvbx †e․×iv G kvmb †_‡K myweav †fvM KiwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc cÖkvmb
cy‡ivcywifv‡e ZvivB wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv, gymjgvbiv G‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AbygwZ
†cZ bv|
1967 mv‡j iv½y‡b Pvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi gvivZœK msKU
†`Lv w`j| AvivKv‡b Drcvw`Z e¨vcK cwigvY Pvj evg©vq cvwV‡q †`qv
n‡qwQj | d‡j AvivKv‡b Pvj msK‡Ui m„wó n‡qwQj| G Kvi‡YB AvwKqv‡e
†mbv miKv‡ii wei ‡× `v½v †Rvi`vi n‡qwQj| †mbv Rvš—viv AZ¨š— K‡Vvi
nv‡Z G `v½v `gb Ki‡jv| G‡Z A‡bK †jvK gviv †Mj| 1967 mv‡ji gnv
msK‡Ui mgq A‡bK gymjgvb `~wf©‡¶ gviv wM‡qwQj|
hvB †nvK, †mbv miKvi KZ©K „ AvivKvbx gymjgvb‡ì gvbweK AwaKvi

j‫‫‬N‡bi aviv jvMvgnxb fv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| †mbv Kg©KZ©vMY KZ©K „ iv‡Zi
†kl cÖn‡i †Kvb Iqv‡i›U QvovB cÖfvekvjx- cÖL¨vZ gymjgvb‡ì‡K †MÖdZvi
Kiv, Zv‡ì Dci AgvbweK wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv Ges Puv`v Av`v‡qi ci Zv‡ì‡K
†Q‡o †`qv ZLbKvi w`‡b GKUv wbZ¨‣bwgwË&K Kg©m~Px‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj|
AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯ v¸‡jv‡K Ges wePviK‡ì‡K gymjgvb‡ì Dci wbh©vZb

Pvjv‡bvi w`Kwb‡`©kbv ‡`qv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì‡K b¨vq wePvi cvevi
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡qwQj|
AvZœcÖZ¨qx gM †e․×iv cÖ‡Z¨K RvqMvq gymjgvb‡ì‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z jvMj,

Zviv Zv‡ì‡K cÖnvi Ki‡Zv& Ges Zv‡ì ab m¤ú` jyU K‡i wbZ| hLb
gymjgvbiv Zv‡ì G `ytL `y`©kvi wel‡q cywjk duvwo¸‡jv‡Z Awf‡hvM Ki‡Zv
ZLb Awfhy³ `y®K…wZKvix‡ì wei ‡× eë¯ v MÖn‡Yi cwie‡Z© wewfbœ wg_¨v
Awf‡hv‡Mi ARynv‡Z gymjgvb‡ì‡K `wÊZ Ki‡Zv| cywjk KZ©„K G ai‡bi
AvPiY gymjgvb‡ì‡K AvZw¼Z K‡i Zzj‡jv, GgbwK Zviv b¨vq wePvi cÖv_©bv
Ki‡ZI fq †c‡q †Mj| †mbv miKvi Zvi ¶gZv MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡KB Av‡iv
wbg©gZvi mv‡_ Z_vKw_Z ÔAwfevmb Z`š— AwfhvbÕ Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|
kvixwiK wbh©vZb, bvix‡ì DZ¨³ Kiv, Ges Pv`vevwRi Awf‡hvM e¨ZxZ
A‣ea Awfevmx nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wbiciva †ivwn½v‡K †Rj kvw¯— eiY
Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| wKqvKZvI (Kyawktaw), gªny vDs (Mrohaung), cvD³vI
(Pauktaw), †geb (Myebon), wgbevqv (Minbya) cÖfw„ Z kn‡ii nvRvi nvRvi
†jvK‡K Zv‡ì Nievox n‡Z †Rvic~eK © Zvwo‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| cwiw¯ wZi
wkKvi n‡q G me †jv‡Ki A‡b‡KB c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Awfevmb wb‡qwQj| 1987
mv‡j ÔG¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡jiÕ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Askwe‡kl GLv‡b
D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it evg©vq A‣ea AbycÖ‡e‡ki Awf‡hv‡M 1956 mv‡j
A_ev cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z 34 Rb ev½vjx es‡kv™¢~Z gymjgvb‡K AvUK Kivi
NUbvq G¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Mfxi D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i| wewfbœ Awf‡hvM
_vKv m‡Ë¡I G¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji D‡ØM wQj †h Zviv (ev½vjx)
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—vb n‡Z A‣eafv‡e evg©vq cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj, Zviv
cÖKZ… c‡¶ ivLvBb iv‡óªi RvZK evgx©R bvMwiK, Ges Zviv Zv‡ì msL¨vjNy
b„-ZvwË¡K esk I a‡g©i Kvi‡Y ¯ vbxq KZ…c
© ¶ KZ…K © AvUK n‡qwQj| Zv‡ì
A‡bK‡KB Awf‡hvM ev wePvi QvovB m‡›`n ekZ AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡ì
AvU‡Ki ci †_‡K Zv‡ì‡K Ges Av‡iv A‡bK‡K †R‡j e›`x K‡i ivLv
n‡qwQj| hwÌ Zv‡ì wec‡¶ ivq †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj Ges hv weeiY

Abyhvqx GK w`b n‡Z K‡qK gvm ch©š— e„w× Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zv eûhyM
Av‡MB AwZevwnZ n‡qwQj|
†e․× wbôziZv gymjgvb‡ì Rxeb‡K AwZó K‡i Zzj‡jv| cÖavbZ wek¦we`¨vj‡q

wWMÖx avix I måvš—‡ì mgš^‡q †ivwn½v eyw×Rxex‡ì GKwU `j †Mvc‡b GKwU
cÖwZ‡iva msMV‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡jv| hvi bvg †ivwn½v ¯^vaxbZv evwnbx
(RIF)| G msMV‡bi D‡Ï&k¨ wQj evwg©R •¯îkvm‡bi Kej n‡Z Zv‡ì
RbMY‡K gy³ Kiv| Avi. AvB. Gd. DËi AvivKv‡bi kni I MÖvg¸‡jv‡K
Ges g~j evg©vq emevmiZ †ivwn½v‡ì g‡a¨ KwZcq mvsMVwbK †mj cÖwZôv
Ki‡jv| G msMVb¸‡jv Zv‡ì msMÖvg-Av‡›`vj‡b †Rviv‡jv mg_©b cvIqvi
Rb¨ we‡`‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ïi  Ki‡jv| hrmvgvb¨ cyivZb gyRvwn`
`j¸‡jvi mv‡_I G msMVb¸‡jv †hvMm~Î ¯ vcb Ki‡jv| gyRvwn` msMVb¸‡jv
wKQz A¯¿-k¯¿mn AvivKv‡bi R½j¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb g‡Z wU‡K wQj|
1967 mv‡j †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡ì GKwU weivU msL¨v‡K D‡jwLZ kni¸‡jv

†_‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì‡K ‡b․Kvq K‡i eyw_WvDs G P‡j †h‡Z
eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| †mLvb †_‡K Zviv gvDs`vI G †c․Q‡jv Ges †mLv‡b `xN©
w`b Zviv †Lvjv AvKv‡ki bx‡P w`b AwZevwnZ Ki‡jv| ¯ vbxq †jvKRb
Zv‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Zv| Awfevmb KZ©„c¶ Zv‡ì‡K bvd b`x
w`‡q cvwK¯—v‡b AbycÖ‡e‡ki †Póv K‡iwQj| G mKj wbivciva gymjgvb‡ì
cÖwZ AgvbweK AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q gvDs`vI Gi gymjgvbiv Avi. AvB. Gd
†bZv Rbve myjZv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Êi wei ‡× cªwZev` K‡i Ges
GK ch©v‡q GKRb Awfevmb Kg©KZ©v cÖüZI nq| Zr¶Yvr KwZcq Avi.
AvB. Gd mg_©K †MÖdZvi n‡q †R‡j e›`x nq| †MÖdZvix Gov‡Z Rbve
myjZvb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cvwj‡q hvb| myjZvb cvwK¯—v‡b _vKv Ae¯ vq Zvi
we‡`k welqK †m‡µUvix Rbve †gvnv¤§` Rvdi, whwb we.G Rvdi wn‡m‡e
†ekx cwiwPZ, Zv‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv nq| hLb Rbve †gvnv¤§` Rvdi Avi. AvB.

Gd Gi †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY Ki‡jb| ZLb Rbve myjZvb 1970 mv‡j
evg©v KZ©„c‡¶i Kv‡Q AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jb| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb
ïi  n‡jv| Rbve Rvdi whwb cvwK¯—vbx •mbëvwnbxi mv‡_ †hvM mv‡hvk _vKvi
Kvi‡Y we‡kl cwiwPZ wQ‡jb, c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Ae¯ vb Kivi e¨vcv‡i Lye fxwZi
g‡a¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb Rvdi _vbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ cyivZb gyRvwn` evwnbxi mv‡_ m¤úK©
¯ vcb Ki‡jb Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e Zvi `‡j †hvM `vb Ki‡jb|
hy×Kvjxb mg‡q Ges hy× cieZx© mg‡q ARm&ª cwigvY AZ¨vaywbK A¯¿-k¯¿
evsjv‡`‡k Avmv ïi  Ki‡jv| Rvdi _vbx e¨vcK cwigvY A¯¿ msMÖn Ki‡jv|
Ges Zvi kw³ `ª Z e„w× †cj| K‡qK eQ‡ii Rb¨ evg©xR miKvi M‡elYv
K‡i †`L‡jv †h, mxgvš—eZx© GjvKvq Kx NUwQj| Ges Zvi (Rvdi _vbx)
Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ AÜfv‡e `„wó †dj‡jv| hvB †nvK AvivKvb †e․×‡ì Aš—‡i
GKUv Pvcv AvZ¼ weivR KiwQj| kÎ i wei ‡× hy× Kivi cwie‡Z© Rvdi
_vbx Zvi wb‡Ri †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ jyU ZivR ïi  Ki‡jb Ges wb‡Ri fvM¨
iPbvi Kv‡R e¨¯— _vK‡jb| 1973 mv‡j Rvd‡ii wei ‡× AvµgYvZ¥K ‡ekxi
fvM evgx©R •mb¨ Zv‡K Zvi mKj `~M© Z¨vM Ki‡Z Ges evg©v-evsjv‡`k mxgvš—
n‡Z cvwj‡q †h‡Z eva¨ Ki‡jv| Rvd‡ii ab m¤úwË Ges Zvi ¯¿xMY evgx©R
•mb¨ KZ…K © AvUK n‡jv| †m mgq mxgv‡š— Zvi j¨vd‡Ub¨v›U we.G Rvdi _vB
AwaKvsk Rbej‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z wbivcËv †`qvi wewbg‡q Zv‡ì‡K
we.wW.Avi. Gi wbKU AvZœmgc©Y Kiv‡Z cwiKíbv Ki‡jb| Rbve we.G
Rvdi ZLb PÆMÖv‡g wd‡i ‡M‡jb| †mLv‡b wZwb GKwU ¯ vbxq †nv‡U‡ji
eë¯ vcK wn‡m‡e KvR ïi  Ki‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb wKQz cÖexb gyRvwn`‡ì mv‡_
†hvM mvRkI Ae¨vnZ iL‡jb, hviv ZLbI Zv‡ì A¯¿¸‡jv Rgv †`qwb|
we. Gm. wc. wc miKvi KZ…©K AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b
1974 mv‡j we. Gm. wc. wc me© cÖ_g Òwccjm Ks‡MÖmÓ Avnevb Ki‡jv Ges
hv we. Gm. wc. wc KZ©K „ DÌvwcZ msweavb Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jv| bZzb G
msweavb mve©Rbxb KvVv‡gv‡Z AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jv| bZzb
AvivKvb iv‡óª kZfvM †e․× KZ…c© ¶ wb‡qvM †`qv n‡qwQj| eg©xq‡ì‡K D‪P&

c‡` Ges ¯ vbxq AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì‡K cÖkvm‡bi wb‡gœi c`¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvM
†`qv n‡qwQj| ÔAvivKvb †÷U KvDwÝjÕ wQj evg©v mg_©K AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì
wbqš¿Yvax‡b| Zviv †ivwn½v‡ì wei ‡× Avev‡iv lohš¿ †Rvi`vi K‡i|
Z_vKw_Z Awfevmb Z`‡š—i bv‡g mk¯¿ Awfhvb Pj‡Z _v‡K| gymjgvb‡ì
Dci wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv GK fqsKi iƒc aviY K‡i| wkw¶Z †ivwn½v hyeKiv
jvwÃZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì‡K miKvwi PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ
Rvbv‡bv nq| †ivwn½v‡ì Rb¨ eëmv-evwYR¨ cÖvq eÜB K‡i ‡`qv nq|
gymjgvb •elg¨ Ges gvivZœK †eKvi‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y m„ó Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËvi

Afve A‡bK gymjgvb‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mxgv‡š— Awfevmb MÖnY Ki‡Z ZvwoZ
K‡iwQj| A‡b‡K Avevi evgx©R Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K Dr‡KvP cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g g~j
evg©vq AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| gymjgvb‡ì G cÖevnUv e„w× †cj †h‡nZz we. Gm.
wc. wc miKv‡ii mgqKvj `xN©vwqZ Kiv n‡qwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc kvmb
Avg‡j wb BDb (Ue Win) GKevi mdi K‡iwQ‡jb| AvwKqve wegvb e›`‡ii
evwni †M‡U Aew¯ Z GKwU my›ì gmwR` †`‡L wZwb LyeB ¶zä n‡qwQ‡jb|
hLb †e․× †bZ…e„›` AvivKv‡bi A_©‣bwZK mdjZv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡K AewnZ
Ki‡jb ZLb wZwb Zv‡ì‡K ej‡jb †h Kvjv‡ì m¤§y‡L G ai‡bi cÖ‡R±
MÖnY Kiv wQj AcÖ‡qvRbxq| ZrKvjxb cvðvZ¨ †mbvevwnbxi KgvÊvi
†Rbv‡ij wZb I (Tin Oo), cieZx©‡Z whwb Avwg© cÖavb n‡qwQ‡jb Ges
eZ©gv‡b b¨vkbvj wjM di †W‡gv‡µmx (N.L.D) Gi †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e †R‡j
wQ‡jb, AvivKvb iv‡óªi †M‡RUavix c`¯  Kg©KZ©v‡ì GK mfvq wZwb
e‡jwQ‡jb †h miKvi AvivKv‡b D`xqgvb Kvjv mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨
20 eQi †gqv`x GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
gymjgvb‡ì‡K AvivKvb †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv‡Z AvivKvbx †e․×iv we.
Gm. wc. wc miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K D¯‥vbx †c‡qwQj| Zviv AwaK gvÎvq
AvµgYvZœK n‡q DV‡jv, †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ †jb‡`b ev AvPvi-AvPiY

Ki‡Z Zv‡ì‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxb ¶gZv †`qv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv µgea©gvb nv‡i
c‡_ Nv‡U, nv‡U-evRv‡i Ges Kg©‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z jvMj|
AvwKqve kn‡i A‡bK¸‡jv ‡Mvcb ea¨f~wgi Lei mÜvb cvIqv wM‡qwQj|
†mLv‡b DØv¯‧ wkï‡ì Ges wew‪Qbœ †jvK‡ì AcniY K‡i wb‡q wM‡q nZ¨v
Kiv nq| gymjgvb‡ì agx©q Kvh©vejx nvwm Zvgvmvi wel‡q cwiYZ n‡jv|
AvwKqv‡ei kZ eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv Rv‡g gmwR` msjMœ IqvK‡di Rwg ev‡Rqvß
Kiv n‡jv Ges †mLv‡b mvwi mvwi †`vKvb cvU wbg©vY Kiv n‡jv, Avi Gme
†`vKv‡b cÖKv‡k¨ ïKz‡ii gvsm wewµ Kiv n‡Zv| gmwR‡ì cÖ‡ek Øv‡i GKwU
weivU Wv÷web ¯ vcb Kiv n‡qwQj| hLb gmwR‡ì wfZ‡i bvgvR Pj‡Zv
ZLb gmwR‡ì w`‡K †bvsiv wRwbm cÎ Ges cv_i Quz‡o gviv n‡Zv| avwg©K
†jvK‡ì‡K Acgvb Ac`¯  Kiv n‡Zv, Zv‡ì `vwo gyÊb K‡i †`qv n‡Zv
Ges Zv‡ì Uzwc †K‡o ‡bqv n‡Zv| gmwR‡` Ges gmwR‡ì Avw½Yvq ïKi
XywK‡q †`qv n‡Zv| Kei ¯ vb mg~n D‡‪Q` K‡i †mLv‡b cvqLvbv, evm
Uvwg©bvj Ges d‡ji evMvb wbg©vY Kiv n‡Zv| gmwR` gv`ªvmv Ges cweÎ
¯ vcbv¸‡jv Aev‡a aŸsm Kiv n‡Zv| •mbïv gv‡S gv‡S RyZv mnKv‡i gmwR`
gv`ªvmvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zv Ges †mLv‡b gvZvj Ae¯ vq c‡o _vK‡Zv|
†ivwn½v‡ì Dci Ryjyg wbh©vZb Ae¨vnZ _vKvi d‡j Zv‡ì RgvUeuvav

wbôziZvi ewntcÖKvk NU‡jv| cyivZb Avi. AvB. Gd Kg©xe„›`mn GK`j
hyeK, AvBbRxexmn wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖavixiv, Wv³vi Ges nvB ¯‥zj
wk¶v_x©iv 1975 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K AvÊvi MÖvD‡Ê P‡j †Mj| we.G Rvd‡ii
†bZ…‡Z¡ Zviv mevB Ô†ivwn½v †c‡Uªv‡qwUK d«›UÕ G †hvM w`j| we. G Rvdi c~e©
†_‡KB PÆMÖv‡g KvR KiwQj| cyivZb gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi evKxiv Avi. wc.
Gd. Gi mv‡_ wg‡k †Mj| GLb Avi.wc.Gd AvivKvb n‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK
bZzb hyeK‡K Aš—fy©³ Ki‡Z jvM‡jv Ges Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ e¨v‡P wgwjUvix
cÖwk¶Y w`j|

wKs WªvMb Awfhvb (1978)
20 eQi †gqv`x †ivwn½v wbg©~j cwiKíbvi Afxó j‡¶¨ †cu․Qvi Rb¨ AvivKvb
ivóª KZ©c
„ ¶ iv‡óªi m‡e©‪‪ wbe©vnx wefvM †÷U KvDwÝ‡ji mivmwi ZË¡veav‡b
b¨vMvwgb ev wKs WªvMb Acv‡ikb bv‡g gymjgvb RvwZ-†Mvôx wbg~j © Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv Ki‡jv| G Awfhv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj gymjgvb‡ì‡K fxZ-mš¿¯— K‡i
†Zvjv Ges Zv‡ì‡K AvivKvb Z¨v‡M eva¨ Kiv| G AwfhvbwU ïi  n‡qwQj
1978 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡mi AvwKqv‡ei me© e„nr gymwjg MÖvg mvwKdviv n‡Z
Ges hv AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ mg¯— GjvKvq Qwo‡q c‡o| AvivKv‡b
gymjgvb bvix,cyi l, hyeK, e„× wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji MY †MÖdZvi, wbh©vZb, al©Y
Ges nZ¨vi Lei DËi AvivKv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kni¸‡jvi gymjgvb‡ì‡K fxlY
fv‡e nZvk Ki‡jv| cywjk, †mbvevwnbx Ges Awfevmb Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡q
MwVZ b¨vMvwgb evwnbx Lye `ª Z eyw_WvDs GjvKvq †c․‡Q †Mj Ges †mLv‡b
Zviv Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡jv| eyw_WvDs b¨vMvwgb nZ¨vh‡Ái me© wbK…ó
`„‡k¨ cwiYZ n‡jv| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb bi-bvix‡K †R‡j wb‡¶c Kiv
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cy‡iv mxgvš—eZ©x GjvKvq hy‡×i cwiw¯ wZ •Zwi Ki‡jv| 1992 mv‡ji GwcÖj
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m¤§Z n‡qwQj Ges kiYv_©x mgm¨vmn mKj ¸i Z¡c~Y© mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavY
Ki‡jv| 1992 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU wØ-cvw¶K mg‡SvZv
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AvivKv Bi BWZNVMT AZxZ Ges Ez©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvmt

AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

cÖ_g cÖKvk (evsjv ms¯‥iY):

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 2

3 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

cÖavbZt G MÖš Lvwb‡Z weMZ AvUkZ eQ‡i AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve Ges

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 4

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mywd G.Gg. Iqvwn`

7 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 8

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9 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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11 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 12

13 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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15 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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17 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 18

19 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 20

AvivKv‡bi ey¨rcwË I BwZnvmt

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 22

Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gy`ªvi QvcvsKb¸‡jv we‡k­lY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Ô AvivKvbÕ

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 26

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