Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dinesh Chhajer, PE
MEGGER
1
Agenda
Power Factor Fundamentals
Power Factor (PF) vs. Voltage
Negative Power Factor Values
Excitation Current vs. Voltage
Temperature Correction Factors for PF Readings
CHL
Vs
Insulation
Ic
IT
Vs
IR
Vs
Vs
IR
CHL
=
CHG
CLG
GST
Guard
10
11
0.56
PF (%)
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
CHL + CHG
0.49
0.48
0
4
Voltage (kV)
0.7
0.6
Phase A-G
0.5
Phase B-G
0.4
Phase C-G
0.3
0.2
0
50
100
150
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
33
35
Power Factor
Each point is a
Power Factor
value!
Frequency
36
DFR Measurement
Measures Capacitance
Measures Power Factor
Measures MOISTURE % in cellulose
Conductor
Insulation parameters:
Insulation Material
Z=R+jX
Capacitive charging current
Resistive watts lost current
(heat)
Conductor or Ground
38
CHL
39
40
41
Test Setup
Windings were heated using short circuit method and
temperature was raised to 75 C
The transformer was allowed to cool for hours to bring
the oil and windings temperature closer
Test Object
43
44
Temperature Measurements
45
Transformer Temperature
The average temperature of the transformer oil was
estimated using the formula mentioned in IEEE C57.12.90
Avg oil temp = Top oil (Top Rad. Bottom Rad.)/2
Test Details
PF was measured at different temperatures as the
transformer was cooling down from 50 C to 20 C
Two different test instruments (IDAX 300 and Delta
4000) were used to perform the PF measurement at
different temperatures
All three insulations (CHL, CHG and CLG) were measured
for this analysis
47
Test Setup
48
ITC Analysis
Three different types of correction factors were used in
the case study
1) TCF, traditional temperature correction factors obtained
from standard tables
2) Measured (real) Correction Factors
MCF @ Temp X =
49
50
Observation # 1
Comparison of ITC and TCF with respect to Measured Correction Factors (MCF) for
CHL insulation
51
Observation # 1
ITC and TCF percent error with respect to Measured Correction Factors (MCF)
for CHL insulation
52
Observation # 2
Comparison of ITC and TCF with respect to Measured Correction Factors (MCF) for
CHG insulation
53
Observation # 2
ITC and TCF percent error with respect to Measured Correction Factors (MCF)
for CHG insulation
54
Observation # 3
55
Observation # 4
Conclusions
Electric apparatus have failed and will continue to fail because of
insulation deterioration.
Power factor readings are dependent on various different factors
and it is very important to understand the effect of these factors.
Test voltage, electrostatic interference, temperature, humidity,
surface losses and various other parameters can greatly influence
the PF readings.
A better understanding of the impact of these varying parameters
would help in obtaining accurate PF measurements.
59
Thank You !!
QUESTIONS ??
60