Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Industrial Ethernet
Issues and Requirements
Marzio Pozzuoli
RuggedCom Inc. - Industrial Strength Networks
Concord, Ontario, Canada
Presented at University of Toronto
for the
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society / IEEE Communications Society
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Industrial Strength Networks
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Industrial Ethernet
Ethernet on the plant floor
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Dominant LAN technology at the enterprise layer in the 80s & 90s!
Higher speeds (10/100/1000Mbps) help drive the PC networking revolution.
Switching Hub (Bridge) Technology eliminates collisions and improves
performance.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Schneiders
Schneiders
Transparent
Transparent Factory
Factory
Siemens
Siemens ITlution
ITlution
EtherNet/IP
EtherNet/IP
IT
ABBs
ABBs -- Industrial
IndustrialIT
6
All
All have
have one
one thing
thing in
in common
common Ethernet
Ethernet technology
technology on
on the
the factory
factory floor!
floor!
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Industrial Strength Networks
Schneiders
Schneiders -- Transparent
Transparent Factory,
Factory, based
based on
on Modbus/TCP
Modbus/TCP over
over
Ethernet.
Ethernet.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Allen-Bradleys EtherNet/IP
A-Bs
A-Bs -- EtherNet/IP:
EtherNet/IP: The
The IP
IP Stands
Stands for
for Industrial
Industrial Protocol.
Protocol.
ControlNet
ControlNet &
& DeviceNet
DeviceNet Application
Application Layers
Layers over
over Ethernet.
Ethernet.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Ethernet in the
Substation!
Even electric utilities do it
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Industrial Strength Networks
Utilities and vendors under the auspices of EPRI developed the Utility
Communications Architecture (UCA2.0 / IEC 61850)
A collection of standards to allow for a Utility communications architecture
Supporting: multi-vendor IED interoperability, real-time control over a
substation LAN and a seamless flow of information across the entire Utility
enterprise.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Traditional Substation
Inter
Inter IED
IED control
control signaling
signaling done
done via
via wiring
wiring or
or low
low speed
speed serial
serial communications.
communications.
Limited
Limited to
to simple
simple schemes
schemes due
due to
to cost
cost and
and complexity
complexity of
of wiring
wiring
and
and limited
limited performance
performance capabilities
capabilities of
of communications.
communications.
11
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ALL
ALL IEDs
IEDs are
are connected
connected via
via aa single
single connection
connection (or
(or dual
dual redundancy)
redundancy) to
to the
the
LAN.
LAN.
Simple
Simple or
or complex
complex control
control schemes
schemes are
are possible
possible with
with no
no increased
increased wiring
wiring
costs
costs or
or complexity.
complexity.
Other
Other real-time
real-time data
data (e.g.
(e.g. analog,
analog, status)
status) can
can be
be shared
shared across
across ALL
ALL IEDs.
IEDs.
12
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PC
10/100Mbps Ethernet
E th e rn e t S w itch
Digital Relay
Metering IED
IEC 61850-9-2
Process Bus LAN
RTU
PLC
LTC
E th e rn e t S w itch
100Mbps Ethernet
Digital
CT/VTs
Modern
Switchgear
13
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30
25
26.3
2000
2005
20
20.1
18
15
10
6
11.1
9.2
7.78.2
4
8.5
3.5
t
rn
e
Et
he
D
s
Pr
of
ib
u
FF
Bu
s
I/O
-B
Re
m
ot
e
Ne
t
ev
i
ce
bu
s
M
od
0.1
Source: VDC Global Markets and User Needs for Industrial Distributed/Remote I/O, Second Edition
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5,000,000
4600000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2900000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
1200000
718,000
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: Ethernet At The Device Level Worldwide Outlook by ARC Advisory Group, June 2001
18
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Industrial Strength Networks
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Industrial Strength Networks
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Industrial Strength Networks
Industrial
Electric Fields
Phenomena
Phenomena Encountered
Encountered
Magnetic Fields
Electrostatic Discharge
Conducted High Frequency Electrical Transients
High Energy Power Surges
Ground Potential Rise during ground faults
Climactic Variation: Temperature & Humidity
Seismic / Vibration
Pollution: Dust, Metallic Particles, Condensation, Solar Radiation
21
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Industrial Strength Networks
IEC 61000-4-5
IEC 61000-4-6
IEC 61000-4-8
IEC 61000-4-11
CE Requirements
Generic Immunity Standard for Industrial Environments
Enclosure Contact
ESD
Enclosure Air
Radiated RFI
Enclosure ports
Signal ports
Burst (Fast Transient)
D.C Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
Surge
D.C Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
D.C Power ports
Induced (Conducted) RFI
A.C. Power ports
Earth ground ports
Magnetic Field
Enclosure ports
A.C. Power ports
Voltage Dips & Interrupts
Test Levels
+/- 4kV
+/- 8kV
10 V/m, 80 to 1000Mhz
+/- 1kV @ 5kHz
+/- 2kV @ 5kHz
+/- 2kV @ 5kHz
+/- 1kV line-to-earth
+/- 0.5kV line-to-earth/line
+/- 2kV line-to-earth, +/- 1kV line-to-line
10V @ 0, 5-80 MHz
10V @ 0, 5-80 MHz
10V @ 0, 5-80 MHz
10V @ 0, 5-80 MHz
30 A/m @ 50, 60 Hz
>95% reduction for 250 periods
Pass/Fail Criteria
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
C
* Performace criterion A refers to continuous operation of the DUT as intednded during, and after test. Performance criterion B refers to spontaneous
recovery after the test with no loss of function or operational performance. Performance criterion C refers to allowable temporary loss of function with
recovery through the device controls.
IEC
IEC 61000-6-2
61000-6-2 required
required for
for CE
CE mark
mark compliance
compliance for
for electronic
electronic equipment
equipment
(e.g.
(e.g. PLCs)
PLCs) in
in industrial
industrial environments.
environments.
IEC
IEC 61000-6-2
61000-6-2 should
should be
be the
the minimum
minimum requirement
requirement for
for networking
networking
equipment
equipment in
in industrial
industrial environments.
environments.
22
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Industrial Strength Networks
Industrial
Industrial users
users are
are often
often taking
taking the
the common
common sense
sense approach
approach in
in specifying
specifying
that
that the
the Ethernet
Ethernet networking
networking equipment
equipment be
be us
us robust
robust as
as the
the IEDs
IEDs
connecting
connecting to
to it.
it.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Continuous
Continuous
Phenomena
Phenomena
Radiated
Radiated RFI
RFI
Induced
Induced RFI
RFI
Power
Power freq.
freq. Magnetic
Magnetic Field
Field
Slow
Slow Voltage
Voltage Variations
Variations
Harmonics,
Harmonics, Interharmonics
Interharmonics
Ripple
Ripple on
on d.c.
d.c. power
power supply
supply
Power
Power Frequency
Frequency Voltage
Voltage
Transient
Transient Phenomena
Phenomena
(High
(High Occurrence)
Occurrence)
Electrostatic
Electrostatic Discharge
Discharge
Voltage
Voltage Dips
Dips
Lightning
Lightning
HV
HV Switching
Switching by
by Isolators
Isolators
Reactive
Reactive Load
Load Switching
Switching
Transient
Transient Phenomena
Phenomena
(Low
(Low Occurrence)
Occurrence)
Power
Power Frequency
Frequency Variation
Variation
Power
Power System
System Faults
Faults
Short
Short Duration
Duration Power
Power Freq.
Freq.
Magnetic
Magnetic Fields
Fields
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Industrial Strength Networks
E th e rn e t S w itch
Digital Relay
Metering IED
RTU
PLC
LTC
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Industrial Strength Networks
Reliability
EMC
Environmental
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Power
Power Ports
Ports
(P/S In)
Enclosure
Enclosure Port
Port
Signal
Signal Ports
Ports
APPARATUS
(Local)
(Field)
E th ern et S w itch
(P/S Out)
Functional
Functional Earth
Earth
Port
Port
(To HV)
(Telecom)
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CONTROL BUILDING
(Switch Yard)
High Voltage
Equipment
SHIELDED AREA
(if any)
TELECOM
ROOM
Power
Line
Carrier
(T)
Remote Earth
(L)
PROTECTION
IED KIOSK
(L)
(P)
(F)
(H)
(F)
(F)
Earth Network
Ethernet Sw itch
Ethernet Sw itch
Typical Locations of
Substation Ethernet Equipment
28
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UTILITY IEC 61850-3 (61000-6-5) Communications Networks and Systems In Substations (Jan 2002)
TEST
Description
IEC 61000-4-2
ESD
IEC 61000-4-3
Radiated RFI
IEC 61000-4-4
IEC 61000-4-5
Surge
IEC 61000-4-6
IEC 61000-4-8
Magnetic Field
IEC 61000-4-29
IEC 61000-4-11
IEC 61000-4-12
Damped Oscillatory
IEC 61000-4-16
IEC 61000-4-17
Enclosure Contact
Enclosure Air
Enclosure ports
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Earth ground ports3
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
D.C Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Earth ground ports3
Enclosure ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
D.C. Power ports
Test Levels
Severity Levels
+/- 6kV
3
+/- 8kV
3
10 V/m
3
+/- 4kV @ 2.5kHz
x
+/- 4kV
4
+/- 4kV
4
+/- 4kV
4
+/- 4kV line-to-earth, +/- 2kV line-to-line
4
+/- 2kV line-to-earth, +/- 1kV line-to-line
3
+/- 4kV line-to-earth, +/- 2kV line-to-line
4
10V
3
10V
3
10V
3
10V
3
40 A/m continuous, 1000 A/m for 1 s
N/A
30% for 0.1s, 60% for 0.1s, 100% for 0.05s
N/A
30% for 1 period, 60% for 50 periods
N/A
100% for 5 periods, 100% for 50 periods2
N/A
3
2.5kV common, 1kV differential mode @ 1MHz
3
2.5kV common, 1kV differential mode @ 1MHz
3
2.5kV common, 1kV differential mode @ 1MHz
30V Continous, 300V for 1s
4
30V Continous, 300V for 1s
4
10%
3
Issued
Issued January
January 2002
2002 in
in recognition
recognition of
of the
the proliferation
proliferation of
of Ethernet
Ethernet in
in the
the
Substation.
Substation.
More
More tests
tests and
and higher
higher test
test levels
levels than
than IEC
IEC 61000-6-2.
61000-6-2.
Reflects
Reflects the
the substation
substation environment.
environment.
29
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Industrial Strength Networks
IEC 61000-6-5 Table 7 - Performance Criteria for the most relevant functions
(in descending order of criticality)
Functional requirements versus electromagnetic phenomena
Functions
Continous phenomena
Transient phenomena
with high occurance
Transient phenomena
with low occurance
Man-machine interface
Alarm
Data transmission and
telecommunication
Data acquisition and storage
Measurement
Temporary loss
Temporary degradation
Temporary degradation, self recovered
Off-line processing
Passive monitoring
Temporary degradation
Self-diagnosis
Temporary loss
30
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Industrial Strength Networks
IEEE
IEEE working
working on
on North
North American
American equivalent
equivalent of
of IEC
IEC 61850-3.
61850-3.
31
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IEEE P1613 Draft Standard Environmental Requirements for Communications Devices Installed in Electric
Power Substations
TEST
Description
IEEE C37.90.3
ESD
IEEE C37.90.2
Radiated RFI
IEEE C37.90.1
Fast Transient
IEEE C37.90.1
Oscillatory
IEEE C37.90
Dielectric Strength
Enclosure Contact
Enclosure Air
Enclosure ports
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Earth ground ports3
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Signal ports
D.C. Power ports
A.C. Power ports
Test Levels
+/- 8kV
+/- 15kV
35 V/m
+/- 4kV @ 2.5kHz
+/- 4kV
+/- 4kV
+/- 4kV
2.5kV common mode @ 1MHz
2.5kV common & differential mode @ 1MHz
2.5kV common & differential mode @ 1MHz
2kVac
2kVac
2kVac
Severity Levels
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Borrows
Borrows heavily
heavily from
from existing
existing IEEE
IEEE C37.90.x
C37.90.x standards
standards for
for Protective
Protective
Relaying
Relaying devices.
devices.
Fewer
Fewer tests
tests than
than IEC
IEC 61850-3
61850-3 but
but with
with test
test levels
levels just
just as
as high
high and
and higher
higher in
in
the
the case
case of
of Radiated
Radiated RFI:
RFI: 35V/m
35V/m v.s.
v.s. 10V/m
10V/m !!
Defines
Defines two
two classes
classes of
of devices:
devices:
Class
Class 11 devices
devices allow
allow communications
communications errors
errors or
or loss
loss during
during EMI
EMI type
type tests.
tests.
Class
Class 22 devices
devices allow zero
zero communications
communications errors
errors or
or loss
loss during
during EMI
EMI type
type tests.
tests.
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Industrial Strength Networks
IEC 1000-4-4
E.F.T.
Coupling
Coupling
Data Frames
33
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Transient
Generator
Copper CAT5 Cable
Coupling
Coupling Medium
Medium
IEC 61000-4-4
Electrical Fast
Transients
Data Frames
Media
Converter
Fiber Optical
Cable
Media
Converter
Network Analyzer
Simulator
(SmartBits)
34
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Industrial Strength Networks
Power System
Current Waveform
Fault
= 16.7ms
= 16.7ms
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Industrial Strength Networks
EUT
Signal
Port
AC
Metallic
Plane
(grounded)
Fiber Optical
Connections
DC
DC Power Source
Schaffner NSG2070-1
CDN-AF2
Power
150KHz 80MHz
Ground
Strap
SmarBits 600
Communications Tester
EUT
Grounding
Connection
80 cm
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Look ma no collisions
S W
Tx
Rx
Tx
I T C
Rx
Tx
Rx
Full-Duplex
Ports
IED
IED
#1
#1
IED
IED
#2
#2
IED
IED
#N
#N
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MAC
DESTINATION
ADRESSS
MAC
LENGTH
SOURCE
OR
ADRESSS
TYPE
DATA
FCS
Ethernet Frame with new VLAN IEEE 802.1Q & Priority IEEE 802.1p Tag.
SYNCH
PREAMBLE
MAC
DESTINATION
ADRESSS
MAC
SOURCE
ADRESSS
802.1p
PRIORITY
802.1Q
VLAN
ID
LENGTH
OR
TYPE
DATA
FCS
Allows
Allows priority
priority tagging
tagging of
of mission
mission critical
critical frames
frames 802.1p
802.1p
Allows
Allows isolation
isolation &
& grouping
grouping of
of IEDs
IEDs into
into virtual
virtual LANs
LANs 802.1Q
802.1Q VLAN
VLAN
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In-coming Frames
Priority
Queue
Mapping
Low-Priority Queue
41
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High-Priority Queue
In-coming Frames
Priority
Queue
Mapping
Low-Priority Queue
Real-time
Real-time control
control packets
packets can
can be
be assigned
assigned to
to higher
higher priority.
priority.
Ensures
Ensures real-time
real-time control
control messages
messages will
will get
get through
through even
even during
during network
network congestion.
congestion.
Priority
Priority can
can be
be tag
tag header
header based
based or
or MAC
MAC address
address or
or port
port based
based for
for legacy
legacy IEDs.
IEDs.
42
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S W
VLAN
VLAN
11
IED
IED
11
IED
IED
22
IED
IED
33
I T C H
IED
IED
44
Protective
Protective Relaying
Relaying IEDs
IEDs
IED
IED
55
IED
IED
66
IED
IED
77
IED
IED
88
VLAN
VLAN
22
Data
Data collection
collection IEDs
IEDs
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HMI
Computer
S W
I T C H
VLAN
VLAN
11
VLAN
VLAN
22
IED
IED
11
IED
IED
22
IED
IED
33
PLC
PLC IEDs
IEDs
IED
IED
44
IED
IED
55
IED
IED
66
IED
IED
77
IED
IED
88
Data
Data collection
collection IEDs
IEDs
Traffic
Traffic from
from data
data IEDs
IEDs in
in VLAN
VLAN 22 isolated
isolated from
from IEDs
IEDs in
in VLAN
VLAN 11
HMI
HMI Computer
Computer can
can communicate
communicate to
to both
both
44
VLAN
VLAN can
can be
be tag
tag header
header based
based or
or MAC
MAC address
address or
or port
port based
based for
for legacy
legacy IEDs.
IEDs.
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Industrial Strength Networks
S W
Multicast Traffic
IED
IED
11
IED
IED
22
IED
IED
33
Producer
Producer IEDs
IEDs
I T C H
IED
IED
44
IED
IED
55
IED
IED
66
IED
IED
77
IED
IED
88
Consumer
Consumer IEDs
IEDs
Multicast
Multicast Traffic
Traffic from
from Sensor
Sensor IEDs
IEDs can
can be
be assigned
assigned by
by the
the Switch
Switch to
to specific
specific
Consumer
Consumer IEDs.
IEDs.
For
For example,
example, Multicast
Multicast Traffic
Traffic from
from the
the Producer
Producer IEDs
IEDs 1,
1, 2,
2, 33 &
& 44 can
can be
be assigned
assigned
only
only to
to the
the consumer
consumer IEDs
IEDs which
which require
require itit (e.g.
(e.g. IEDs
IEDs 66 &
& 8).
8).
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Industrial Strength Networks
100m
10/100Mbps
10/100Mbps
RJ45
RJ45 Ports
Ports
PLC is the
consumer IED
46
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Industrial Strength Networks
2.
3.
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Industrial Strength Networks
Bandwidth
Bandwidth scales
scales linearly
linearly allowing
allowing for
for aa wide
wide variety
variety of
of possible
possible
configurations.
configurations.
Support
Support of
of IGMP
IGMP (Internet
(Internet Group
Group Management
Management Protocol)
Protocol) allows
allows for
for
multicast
multicast message
message filtering
filtering and
and producer-subscriber
producer-subscriber groupings.
groupings. 48
Equivalent
Equivalent Layer
Layer 22 protocol
protocol is
is GMRP.
GMRP.
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Industrial Strength Networks
PLC
PLC
HMI
HMI
RTU
RTU
Meter
Meter
Relay
Relay
Sensors
Sensors
Remote I/O
I/O
Remote
IED
IED
IED
IEDIED
IED
IED
IEDIED
IEDIED
IED
IED
IED
(Intelligent Electronic Device)
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CASCADING ARCHITECTURE
Cost-effective
Cost-effective bus
bus architecture
architecture messages
messages cascade
cascade from
from switch
switch to
to switch.
switch.
Maximum
Maximum number
number of
of hops
hops (N)
(N) is
is determined
determined by
by worst
worst case
case latency
latency
requirements.
requirements.
1
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
Typical
Typical Switch
Switch Latency
Latency =5us
=5us ++ Frame
Frame Time
Time (100Mbps
(100Mbps Port)
Port)
Therefore,
Therefore, for
for aa 64
64 byte
byte frame
frame (512
(512 bits):
bits): the
the frame
frame time
time == 5.12us
5.12us (100Mbps)
(100Mbps)
Total
Total Latency
Latency per
per switch
switch hop
hop == 5us
5us ++ 5.12us
5.12us == 10.12us
10.12us
For
For N
N == 10
10 the
the worst
worst case
case latency
latency would
would be:
be: 10
10 xx 10.12us
10.12us == 101.2us.
101.2us.
50
IED
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RING ARCHITECTURE
N
SWITCH
PATH
2
PATH
1
IED IED
IED
IED
Fault
Fault
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED IED
IED
N-1
SWITCH
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
Rapid
Rapid (i.e.
(i.e. ms)
ms) Reconfiguration
Reconfiguration via
via IEEE
IEEE 802.1w
802.1w Rapid
Rapid Spanning
Spanning Tree!
Tree!
Typical
Typical reconfiguration
reconfiguration times
times << 50ms
50ms for
for ring
ring with
with 10
10 switches.
switches. 51
IED
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STAR ARCHITECTURE
N
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
N-1
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED
Low-Latency
Low-Latency Architecture
Architecture Any
Any IED
IED to
to IED
IED communications
communications requires
requires
only
only two
two hops.
hops.
52
IED
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Industrial Strength Networks
Fault
Fault
N-1
SWITCH
SWITCH
Fault
Fault
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
N-2
SWITCH
IED IED
IED
IED
Low-Latency,
Low-Latency, Fault
Fault Tolerant
Tolerant Architecture.
Architecture.
Able
Able to
to tolerate
tolerate failure
failure of
of uplink
uplink or
or backbone
backbone switches.
switches.
53
IED
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Industrial Strength Networks
Fault
Fault
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
Fault
Fault
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
IED
IED
Fault
Fault
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
Fault
Fault
Able
Able to
to tolerate
tolerate multiple
multiple fault
fault types!
types!
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWITCH
Rapid
Rapid (i.e.
(i.e. ms)
ms) Reconfiguration
Reconfiguration via
via IEEE
IEEE 802.1w
802.1w Rapid
Rapid Spanning
Spanning Tree!
Tree!
54
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Industrial Strength Networks
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Industrial Strength Networks
Software
Transport
Network
Data Link
Hardware
Physical
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ProfiNet
Modbus/TCP
DNP3/TCP
Application
Fieldbus HSE
Modbus/TCP
EtherNet/IP
Presentation
Session
Transport
TCP/UDP
IP
Network
IP
IEEE 802.1
Data Link
IEEE 802.1
Physical
IEEE 802.3
TCP/UDP
TCP/IP
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
TCP/IP
Ethernet
57
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Industrial Strength Networks
Rockwells EtherNet/IP
Released by ControlNet International and ODVA. The IP
stands for Industrial Protocol
Uses the CIP (Control & Information Protocol) Application
Layer from ControlNet and DeviceNet.
PROS:
Supports Object Oriented communications model
Supports publisher-subscriber model
CONS:
Difficulty in supporting legacy A-B protocols.
Source: ISA Training Institute Is Ethernet Ready for the Plant Floor online seminar.
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S W
RTU
RTU
(DNP3)
(DNP3)
I T C H
Relay
Relay
(UCA2/IEC61850)
(UCA2/IEC61850)
Meter
Meter
(Modbus)
(Modbus)
PLC
PLC
(Fieldbus)
(Fieldbus)
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Industrial Strength Networks
Key Takeaways
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Industrial Strength Networks
Thank you.