SUBJECT:

ANALOG ELECTRONICS

TITLE:
STUDY OF IC741 & IC555
DATE :

IC741:
The purpose of these experiments is to introduce the most important of all analog building blocks, the
operational amplifier (op-amp for short). This hand-out gives an introduction to these amplifiers and a
bit of the various configurations that they can be used in. Apart from their most common use as
amplifiers (both inverting and non-inverting), they also find applications as buffers (load isolators),
adders, subtractors, integrators, logarithmic amplifiers, impedance converters, filters (low-pass, highpass, band-pass, band-reject or notch), and differential amplifiers.
Amplifiers, in general, taking as input, one or more electrical signals, and produce as output, one or
more variations of these signals. The most common use of an amplifier is to accept a small electrical
signal and increase the voltage or power, for example the amplifiers inside of a stereo.
OP-AMPs (OPerational AMPlifiers) are a fundamental building block for handling analog electrical
signals. An op-amp is a differential to single-ended amplifier, i.e. it amplifies the voltage difference
Vp Vn = Vi at the input port and produces a voltage Vo at the output port that is referenced to the
ground node of the circuit in which the op-amp is used.
Typically an OP AMP has two inputs called + and -, ( or VIN+ and VIN-) and a single output. The
output depends only on the difference of the voltage on the two inputs. If the difference of the two input
voltages is VIN , then the output voltage is VOut = VIN* Avi. This defines the (voltage) gain (Avi).
Ideal characteristics:
1) Infinite voltage gain A.
2) Infinite input impedance so that almost any signal can drive it and there is no loading of the
preceding stage.
3) Zero output impedance so that output can drive an infinite number of other devices.
4) Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero.
5) Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signals from 0 to can be amplified without attenuation.
6) Infinite common-mode rejection ratio so that the output common-mode noise voltage is zero.
7) Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously with input voltage changes.
Comparison of the LM741 against the ideal OP-AMP:
Sr.
No.
1
2
3

Characteristic
Input Resistance
Output Resistance
Voltage Gain

Ideal

Typical for real 741

6 M
50
50000 to 100000
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4
5
6
7

Bandwidth
Offset voltage
Input Current
Voltage difference of inputs

0
0
0

1 MHz , changes at 0.7 V/sec

1 MV
30 nano Volts ( 3 X 10-8 volts )
????

Standard OP-AMP vs. Ideal OP-AMP model:

FIG. 1: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PRACTICAL OP-AMP and IDEAL OP-AMP.

Pin configuration:

FIG. 2: PIN CONFIGURATION OF IC741 AND IC741

Pin
1
2
3
4

Name
Offset null
Inverting input
Non-inverting
input
-VEE

Purpose
Since the op-amp is differential type, input offset voltage must be
controlled so as to minimize offset. Offset voltage is nulled by
application of a potentiometer between pin-1 and pin-5.
All input signal at this pin will be inverted at output pin-6.
All input signal at this pin will be processed normally without inversion
Rest is same as pin-2
This pin is the negative supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage
operating range for 741 is -5 to -15 V dc.
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Offset null

Output

+Vcc

N/C

Same as pin-1.
Output signals polarity will be the opposite of the input signals when
this signal is applied to the op-amps inverting input. Output signals
polarity will be the same as the inputs when this signal is applied to the
op-amps non-inverting input.
This pin is the positive supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage
operating range for 741 is +5 to +15 V dc.
Not connected.

Specifications:

Supply Voltage 18V

Internal Power Dissipation 310mw
Differential input voltage 30V
Input Voltage 15V
Operating temperature range 0C to 70C

Applications:

Non-inverting amplifier
Inverting amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator Low Pass,
High Pass,
Band pass and Band Reject Filters

Features:

No External frequency compensation is required

Short circuit Protection
Off Set Null Capability
Large Common mode and differential Voltage ranges
Low Power Dissipation
No-Latch up Problem
741 is available in three packages: 8-pin metal can, 10-pin flat pack and 8 or 14-pin DIP

IC555
Basically, 555 timers is a highly stable circuit capable of functioning as an accurate time-delay
generator and as a free running multivibrator. When used as an oscillator the frequency and duty
cycle are accurately controlled by only two external components, a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C).
The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling wave forms.
Pin configuration:

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FIG. 3: PIN CONFIGURATION of IC-555

Pin
1

Purpose
Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)
The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2
TRIG
of CTRL voltage (hence TRIG is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being 2/3 VCC by
default, if CTRL is left open).
OUT
This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC or GND.
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does
RESET not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG
which overrides THR.
CTRL Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

THR

DIS

VCC

2
3
4

Name
GND

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that
at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).
Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase
with output.
Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the
variation.

A functional block diagram of 555 timer is given below. The device consists of two comparators two
transistors, a flip-flop and buffered outputs stage and three resistors of 5kohm each (highlighted with
yellow pen) connected in series. These three resistors produce 1/3 and 2/3 voltage levels for controlling
the action of trigger and threshold comparators inside the IC. Due to this arrangement of the three
resistors, the IC has a typical code number as IC555.

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FIG.4: A FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 555

Specifications:

Supply Voltage 5V to 18V

Maximum Current rating 200mA
Minimum Triggering Voltage - (1/3) VCC
Operating temperature range 0C to 70C

Applications:

Astable Multivibrator
Schmitt trigger
Free running ramp Generator
Monostable Multivibrator
Frequency divider
Pulse structure

Features:

Timing from micro seconds through hours

Monostable and Astable operation
Adjustable duty cycle
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Ability to operate from a wide range of supply voltages

Output compatible with CMOS, DTL and TTL (when used with appropriate supply voltage)
High current output that can sink or source 200 mA
Trigger and reset inputs are logic compatible
Output can be operated normal ON and OFF
High temperature stability

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