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Al
Alwyn
(al)
( l) Kaye
K
Altech Engineering Inc.,
9309- 96 Str Edmonton, AB, Canada T6C-3Y6
00 780 65976 eml: altecheng@shaw.ca
g@
ph/fx: 001-780-4659762
Disclaimer -The information provided herein is provided for training purposes only and without warranty of any kind and
may or may not be suitable in any particular case or application. In no event shall the author or COADE or its suppliers be
liable in any way for indirect
indirect, special
special, or consequential damages of any nature,
nature including without limitation,
limitation lost business
profits, or liability or injury to third persons, whether foreseeable or not, regardless of whether COADE or its suppliers
have been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Buried Piping
Terminology
Stiffness. All elements and restraints including the soil have a stiffness
which must be determined to perform a satisfactory analysis.
Terminology
Contd ;
Anchor blocks & Anchor or Paddle Flanges are often required for
substantial thrust restraint and for load transfer between the piping
and the soil.
Anchor
Flanges
Soil Models
Bili
Bilinear
springs
i
Modeling limits
Build the piping model first {error check it} and then select
the buried modeler to create the buried (soil) model.
Use explorer to locate the folder and example file. Use
the existing piping model UGA5.C2
UGA5 C2 to avoid
complications . In the lab we will convert it to a buried
model and run the analysis.
Make yourself a copy of the file UGA5 for the lab
example 1 in case you make an entry mistake and need
to recover the file.
file
Attendees can copy the original files using the the
Conference Procedure (or the MASTER FILES folder
/directory shown next page)
Separate sheets of the step by step inputs is attached for easy data input
reference.
Contd.
OpentheexistingexamplefileUGA5
p
g
p
Ifdesignerwasstartingfromscratchthepipeinputfileisselected
Contd.
GroundEntry
Contd.
Pipeline materials are normally specialized materials eg have much higher UTS
values than p
pipe
p in other industries and operate
p
closer to yyield with narrower margins
g
between Yield and UTS.
Pipeline materials are normally supplied by custom Mill Run Orders however standard
and other piping code materials are frequently used for many pipelines or parts of
pipelines Attention to the proper selection and application of the correct code and
pipelines.
code limits (break points and spec changes) is essential.
Analysis is Elastic, but because the analysis in Caesar is beam element and Pipeline
Analysis by other normal simplified methods encompasses general pressure, primary
loading and bending stress methods.
General Pipeline analysis is not a linearized through the section Local Analysis
unless a specific local analysis is undertaken by separate analysis (other than C2).
Pipeline design codes do not allow materials to operate in the Plastic Range although
frequently local stresses may result in local deformations or discontinuities or locally high
stress levels. Care and engineering judgment is essential to assess the location and
potential for specific areas which will require additional or more detailed analysis. Pipelines
may operate under plane stress or plane strain and analysis of both is frequently required
required.
Plastic/FRP has specific and limiting properties and characteristics which require special
attention (see end of notes)
SelectthePipelineCode
SelectthePipelineMaterial
Selectingthecode
insertsmaterial
allowables provided
thisboxischecked
Modeling; Contd
Complete
p
the Parent (p
(prelim.)) model first then ERROR
CHECK it before trying to make buried model
ERRORCHECK button
NotesFYI
WarningsRead ,dontnecessarilyneedfixing
RUN button(aftererrorsfixed)
WONTRUN (untilerrorsfixed)
The
The input
Th
i
t fields
fi ld are presented
t d iin th
the ttable
bl b
below.
l
Th
The user
can enter known values here or perform what if scenarios.
Fortunately since about 1988 the load and stiffness data are
computed by CAESAR II (unless of course we want to use our
own or other values in these fields).
The
.
[there is additional discussion of the formulas for these load & stiffness calculations at the end of the presentation]
The
Soil Models
We have to pause input on the above spreadsheet to briefly discuss where
the numbers to enter come from while examining the input spreadsheets
Note; Once the soil model(s) are entered CAESAR II will perform these long and
tedious calculations as long as we understand the proper input data.
Soil Modeling
; Compaction
Soil Models
contd.
; discussed
; example to do in lab
Soil Models
contd.
Contd
Contd
The best reference for pipeline test methods & report outcomes is from
http://sig.sut.org.uk/pdf/PipelineGeotechInvestigGuidNotes%20Rev0300.pdf
Thesedefaultvaluesinsertedby
CAESAR;alterasappropriate
Thermalexpcoeffisbroughtforwardfromthepipematerialintheparent(preliminarymodel)spreadsheet
Soil Models
The CAESAR II Users Guide Section 18 has good help fields [ and the online help (F1) ].
Either the friction coefficient [Note if Su the undrained shear strength (for clay) is entered
below this field may be left blank.]
f
= soil density (Required value) pipeline stress engineer should discuss with the
soils engineers. Almost always comes from Soils Report.
H
Typically for clays the friction coefficient would be left blank and would be automatically
estimated by CAESAR II as Su/600 psf.
If Su is given (i.e. have a clay-like soil), then Ftr should be multiplied by Su/250 psf.
If the overburden compaction multiplier is given then Ftr is multiplied by this value also.
= overburden compaction multiplier ; typical values are based on the Compaction or Proctor Number:
see previous
i
T
Table
bl above
b
:R
Recommended
d dB
Bedding
ddi and
dB
Backfill
kfill M
Materials
t i l
1-1.5
for no compaction or dumped (loose fill)
2-4
for 75-95% compaction
5
for >95% compaction
p
>5
for very rigid or constrained pipes
Higher values can be used if warranted eg slurry concrete mix (such as used at corners) or frozen ground.
This value is used in the soil restraint equations to generate the restraint ultimate loads and stiffness's.
dQu dQd = yield displacement factors, typical values are:
The yield displacement from EDA (Eng. Design Associates) is given as a range of D/25 to D/60 but that
source does not differentiate between axial and lateral versus uplift (above the pipe) and down (bedding
below the p
pipe).
p ) These are typically
yp
y all different values unless the soil is extremely
y homogenous
g
and equally
q
y
compacted for the region of influence all around the pipe . Normally the undisturbed or compacted bedding
under the pipe has higher stiffness and lower yield displacement factor (down).
Also the lateral pipe trench walls will have different values from the backfill material placed adjacent to the
pipe depending on the compaction level and the width of the trench.
= thermal expansion coefficient, use the standard values for the pipeline material - eg from
the material tables Section VIII Part IID or standard material reference. [units in L/L/deg. xE-6 ].
The thermal exp
p coefficient is brought
g forward from the p
pipe
p material in the p
parent (p
(preliminary
y model)) spreadsheet
p
T
= temperature change, enter the temperature differential of the pipeline : (install operating)
This is used to determine the growth and propensity of the pipeline to overcome soil friction.
f
= friction coefficient
coefficient, soil to soil coefficient from above:
= friction coefficient, soil to pipe coefficient below:
= coating factor used in the American Lifelines Alliance Sand/Gravel Soil Model
Do NOT confuse soil to soil friction coefficient with the friction factors of soil against various coatings (or
as F used in American Lifelines Alliance Sand/Gravel Soil Model) . This only occurs at the pipe adjacent to
the soil and does not govern the soil behavior and the soil spring model. This does govern however in
computing the axial load and travel of the pipeline necessary to overcome the soil friction holding the pipe.
This is also inherent in the length required to develop full restraint of the pipeline (virtual anchor length).
These values are more conservative
than often used (eg. for steel or plastic)
and will yield higher friction loads. Often
it is wise to bound the solution using
half the above to generate higher
displacements and hence higher bending
stresses (but lower frictional loads).
.
Thermalexpcoeff.isbroughtforwardfromthepipematerialintheparent(preliminarymodel)spreadsheet.
= dry
y soil density
y ; typical
yp
values are
= effective soil density (Required value) pipeline stress engineer should discuss with the soils engineers.
The specific and real numbers at a location almost always come from the Soils Report. But note they can vary from
position to position so an average value is used unless specific location data is required for a local problem area.
.
H
c
= soil cohesion of backfill ; convert values to psi
0 psf
(0psi) . for loose dry sand
580-720 psf (4-5psi) for soft clay.
1500 psf (10.4psi) for hard clay.
.
dT
= yield displacement factor, axial ; soil displacement at which Ultimate Axial Load is
developed - typical values are;
Dense sand 0.4 in (2.5mm)
Loose sand 0.2 in (5mm)
Stiff clay
0.3 in (7.5mm)
Soft clay
0.4 in (10mm)
dP
= yield displacement factor, lateral ; soil displacement at which Ultimate Lateral Load is
developed
values are calculated from: dP = 0.04( H + D/2)
but the resulting value must be limited to a Max.Multiplier x OD
( this multiplier between 0.1 to 0.15 is entered in this field )
Note: Where specific values could alter the outcome test result data should be requested from the soils engineer
and/or soils analysis report.
Qu and Qd
= yield displacement factors ; vertical uplift and vert download
(modelling on the soil springs) ; - from Lifelines Alliance Eqns (3-3)
qu(H)
Multiplier x H
(D)
qu(D)
sand
clay
qd
M lti li x OD
Multiplier
0.1 in (2.5mm)
0.2 in (5 mm)
=
Multiplier x OD
(or sand)
(clays)
EXAMPLE
1
.
=
=
=
=
=
=
soft clay
pipe Diameter
depth burial ,distance to top of pipe:
internal friction angle of the soil:
soil cohesion representative of the backfill:
soil density:
= .043 lb/in3
= 12 in
= 305 mm
= 59 inch = 1.4986 m. =149.86 cm.
= 19 deg.
= 4.5 psi. = 3.1 N./sq.cm.
= 75 lb./cu.ft= 1.2 tonne/m3= 0.0012kg/cm3
Ko
Balance
B
l
off ALA Inputs
I
t for
f granular
l (gravel
(
l like)
lik )
soil terms are the same as presented before.
Gravel NOT used in this exercise.
New soil model numbers are required for changing soil conditions AND
changes in soil cover.
Ground Exit
GroundExit
Wewantmore(increasedmesh)buriedsoilspringsatthecornersNodes60&140
GroundEntry
WewantburiedsoilspringmodelsfromNode50to150
User does have to decide where else to increase mesh for model refinement.
Note; none of the other Load and Stiffness data fields have to be completed
The From To
To mesh Checked boxes were to demonstrate where and
how increased mesh refinement is added. CAESAR will automatically
provide closer meshing at bends.(called Zone1)
Fig . Zone
Definitions
CAESAR USER
GUIDE pg 4-11
GroundExit
CAESAR will automatically provide closer meshing at bends.(called Zone1)
A very long run of pipe will display all three mesh zones.
G
GroundEntry
d
Thispipelineisnotlongenoughto developavirtualanchor.
We already have an anchor attheleftendpointinthemodel
Wealreadyhaveananchor
at the left endpoint in the model
ConvertinputfrompreliminarymodeltoBuriedModelwithsoil
p
p
y
.
axialgrowthcausingbendingisconcentratedatbearingpoints(e.g.tees&bends);
analysiswillprovideimprovedgrowthin&outofsoil;notegrowthshapebelow
loadscanbeusedtosizethrustblockset.al.
morereliablestiffnesssmeansmorereliableanalysis
Modeling Inputs
CAESAR Basic Model inputs (for those who wish to try the Basic (traditional) Caesar model
or manual load and stiffness entries
Su
The computed values for the Basic CAESAR II input if manually calculated (for example to
put in the soil spreadsheet
p
p
manually
y rather than CAESAR II computed
p
values ) are shown in
the Table below.
However N
H
Non Li
Linear pipeline
i li h
hardware
d
or flfluid
id response iis a special
i l case nott covered
d iin an
introductory course such as this. Also dynamics, upsets or transients and the soil or pipeline response
to unsteady state conditions are not covered and require additional engineering analysis. Corollary is
that lumped mass dynamic analysis of such buried pipe hardware in Caesar II is therefore invalid
because of the buried conversion to no mass and zero density
y.
Pipe with pipe stiffness values greater than 72 psi typically resist native backfill loads with
minimal pipe deformation. The pipe stiffness of small diameter fiberglass pipe, 1 to 8 inch
diameters, typically meets or exceeds 72 psi. Two to three feet of native backfill cover with a
soil modulus greater than or equal to 1,000
1 000 psi is generally sufficient to protect this category of
pipe from small vehicular and dead weight soil loads. Code defined Crossings are documented
in the pipeline codes . Vehicle crossings (other than infrequent small vehicles) require more
detailed loading analysis.
modulus of soil reaction. This value is not used directly in most pipeline software
calculation inputs. The American Lifelines Alliance has this excellent discussion;
Chemical
Plants
Breweries/Distilleries
Pharmaceutical/BiotechPlants
g
,
incl.Digesters,Fermenters.
Treatment
Boilers,, Pressure
Equipment,
q p
, Water Treatment & related Facilities
BioFuels
Chemicals