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BURIED PIPING ANALYSIS

Al
Alwyn
(al)
( l) Kaye
K
Altech Engineering Inc.,
9309- 96 Str Edmonton, AB, Canada T6C-3Y6
00 780 65976 eml: altecheng@shaw.ca
g@
ph/fx: 001-780-4659762
Disclaimer -The information provided herein is provided for training purposes only and without warranty of any kind and
may or may not be suitable in any particular case or application. In no event shall the author or COADE or its suppliers be
liable in any way for indirect
indirect, special
special, or consequential damages of any nature,
nature including without limitation,
limitation lost business
profits, or liability or injury to third persons, whether foreseeable or not, regardless of whether COADE or its suppliers
have been advised of the possibility of such damages.

Objective of this session

In this session we will:


Discuss current practices of pipeline modeling &
analysis
Examine the data inputs for sound buried piping and
pipeline stress analysis
Make suggestions for sound input data
data, especially
where information is not known or available
Learn the inputs, generate some results &
conclusions
Briefly discuss some key equations.

Specialty or particular analysis cases are not included : The


methodology is general and an overview for training purposes only.

Buried Piping

buried piping is a composite design of elements which must be


integrated successful installation depends on all components
working together
the designers assumptions about native soil and bedding conditions
& final soil /trench conditions will undermine or validate the analysis
hence the data should be carefully selected and executed
obtain field installation information monitor the trenching and
installation process if possible
possible. (To enable the validity of the
analysis.)
when installation is outside the designers control or scope a proper
prescriptive package developed from the engineers design basis
and analysis is imperative.
pipeline companies, operators, engineers and many other
organizations have standard practices to enhance quality reduce
cost and simplify and accelerate installation. These will affect the
calculation inputs.

Terminology

Anchor blocks or paddle flanges are employed to restrain the pipeline


and may be rigid or flexible
f
and may have a diversity factor
f
when
combined or used with combined lines. See next page.
Virtual anchor (VAL). The length of pipe which supplies sufficient restraint
f
from
axial
i l ffriction
i ti tto b
balance
l
axial
i l growth
th based
b
d on anticipated
ti i t d axial
i l lload
dd
due
to temperature and pressure is a virtual anchor length. This is a computed
length along the pipeline created when sufficient soil restraint is generated by
soil friction or soil holding
holding the pipe which equals or exceeds the displacement
growth of the pipeline which is trying to overcome the frictional resistance. In
free body force terms the total frictional resistance force is greater than the
combined thermal expansion growth force plus any longitudinal force present.
A VAL may be inherently developed in the ground depending on the length of
pipeline soil conditions, depth of burial, compaction, pipeline coating, contact
friction etc. ). Note; If sufficient (VAL) length of pipe is available, the pipe upstream of the
VAL cannot affect the pipeline downstream of the VAL,
VAL and vice versa.
versa

Stiffness. All elements and restraints including the soil have a stiffness
which must be determined to perform a satisfactory analysis.

Terminology

Contd ;

Anchor blocks & Anchor or Paddle Flanges are often required for
substantial thrust restraint and for load transfer between the piping
and the soil.

Anchor
Flanges

Soil Models

support is key to any analysis


Caesar II models soils as springs of stiffness equivalent to the soil data

Bili
Bilinear
springs
i

All the world is a spring - especially true for buried piping

Modeling limits

boundary conditions are


ground entry/exit
anchor blocks if applied
virtual anchor; inherently developed and hence its location
may vary for different loading conditions and load cases
long pipelines achieve static equilibrium which avoids the
need to model or analyze whole pipelines
similitude can often be used to simplify the analysis. Employ
standard or repeatable
p
design
g elements to simplify
p y the
analysis and all aspects of the work execution also.
too many elements doesnt make a better solution. Examine
for and focus
for
focus on
on areas of interest

General Modeling Techniques

Build the piping model first {error check it} and then select
the buried modeler to create the buried (soil) model.
Use explorer to locate the folder and example file. Use
the existing piping model UGA5.C2
UGA5 C2 to avoid
complications . In the lab we will convert it to a buried
model and run the analysis.
Make yourself a copy of the file UGA5 for the lab
example 1 in case you make an entry mistake and need
to recover the file.
file
Attendees can copy the original files using the the
Conference Procedure (or the MASTER FILES folder
/directory shown next page)

Separate sheets of the step by step inputs is attached for easy data input
reference.

General Modeling Techniques

Contd.

Use existing piping model UGA5.C2 to avoid complications

OpentheexistingexamplefileUGA5
p
g
p
Ifdesignerwasstartingfromscratchthepipeinputfileisselected

General Modeling Techniques


Preliminary (Parent) Piping model

Contd.

Note: the simple supports which will ultimately become


buried will be overwritten by CAESAR II as soil supports
with stiffness's computed from the input soils data.
GroundExit

GroundEntry

Preliminary (Parent) Piping model showing initial supports

General Modeling Techniques


Crossings

Contd.

Pipelines buried under concrete or asphalt roadways or


culverts that are designed to support vehicular or other
loads require less soil cover.
There are many sources for rules and guidance such as
API RP 1102 ; STEEL PIPELINES CROSSING RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS

The calculations described herein do not cover situations


such as railway, highway, water crossings or other
special cases.

Modeling; select the applicable Pipeline Code.

Pipelines can be built to a variety of International Codes;


even with changes from one code to another by altering
the selected code in the window below at the appropriate
node number where the code or specification change
occurs.
Eg. switching from B31.4 - 2006 Pipeline Transportation
Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons to B31.3
B31 3 - 2008 P
Process
Piping at the plant boundary or fenceline. [note BS 8010 P2
S2.8 is under PD8010]

Note; We will employ Z662 the Canadian Pipeline Code


for all the node numbers.

Modeling; Insert the Pipe Properties from the


Pipespec data.

Pipeline materials are normally specialized materials eg have much higher UTS
values than p
pipe
p in other industries and operate
p
closer to yyield with narrower margins
g
between Yield and UTS.
Pipeline materials are normally supplied by custom Mill Run Orders however standard
and other piping code materials are frequently used for many pipelines or parts of
pipelines Attention to the proper selection and application of the correct code and
pipelines.
code limits (break points and spec changes) is essential.
Analysis is Elastic, but because the analysis in Caesar is beam element and Pipeline
Analysis by other normal simplified methods encompasses general pressure, primary
loading and bending stress methods.
General Pipeline analysis is not a linearized through the section Local Analysis
unless a specific local analysis is undertaken by separate analysis (other than C2).
Pipeline design codes do not allow materials to operate in the Plastic Range although
frequently local stresses may result in local deformations or discontinuities or locally high
stress levels. Care and engineering judgment is essential to assess the location and
potential for specific areas which will require additional or more detailed analysis. Pipelines
may operate under plane stress or plane strain and analysis of both is frequently required
required.
Plastic/FRP has specific and limiting properties and characteristics which require special
attention (see end of notes)

Modeling; select the applicable Pipeline Code.


Choices for selecting the applicable piping codes are in the drop down in the material
button, which is selected at the first element for which the code applies. Automatic CAESAR
column duplication keeps and applies these values to all the subsequent spreadsheets
(piping elements) until the value is changed in the appropriate spreadsheet field.

SelectthePipelineCode

SelectthePipelineMaterial

Modeling; select the applicable Pipeline Code.


Note; for pipeline codes eg. B31.4, B31.8 or Z662 the Allowable Hot and Cold
stresses are not automatically filled in as for normal Caesar materials input
under ASME and other piping codes because to date there are no hot and cold
allowable tables provided in those codes. [Only Sy is used as filled in when the
Allowable Stress box is checked.]
Notealsothematerial
lilistingcurrentlyonly
ti
tl
l
goestoX80andU100
materialalthoughX90
andother(higherand
i t
intermediatestrength)
di t t
th)
materialsareavailable
andmaybeused.Inthat
caseentertheactual
values.
l

Selectingthecode
insertsmaterial
allowables provided
thisboxischecked

Modeling; Define Design Conditions in the


Preliminary (Parent) Piping/Pipeline Model.

Operating and Design pressure and temperature.


N t Use
Note;
U 300
300psig
i O
Operating
ti pressure and
d 350
350psig
i D
Design
i
pressure for example 1
Installation temperature is a critical factor in the modeling
analysis and outcome. The expansion formulation Ldt
means that the starting temperature has a large effect
because of the large lengths involved in pipelining.
pipelining
Note; Use 60F install temp & 80F Operating for example1.
Cold climates have special features needing attention and
specific deign and analysis measures eg. moisture
increases stiffness very significantly right up to total rigid
crossings, pools of water or ground
. anchoring especially at crossings
entry exit

Modeling; select the Pressure & Temp.


Completing and checking the Preliminary (Parent) Piping/Pipeline Model.
Model

Dont BURY a BAD Model

Modeling; Contd

Complete
p
the Parent (p
(prelim.)) model first then ERROR
CHECK it before trying to make buried model
ERRORCHECK button

NotesFYI

WarningsRead ,dontnecessarilyneedfixing

RUN button(aftererrorsfixed)

WONTRUN (untilerrorsfixed)

The

Buried Soil Modeller

The input
Th
i
t fields
fi ld are presented
t d iin th
the ttable
bl b
below.
l
Th
The user
can enter known values here or perform what if scenarios.
Fortunately since about 1988 the load and stiffness data are
computed by CAESAR II (unless of course we want to use our
own or other values in these fields).

The regions which have a soil model (and hence soil


restraint) against the pipe are marked in the boxes from
mesh as buried to the end mesh. Eg. the start & end
nodes for soil modelling would
o ld be at gro
ground
nd entr
entry and
ground exit nodes in the CAESAR PIPELINE MODEL.

The

Buried Soil Modeller; .

The input fields are presented in the table below.

.
[there is additional discussion of the formulas for these load & stiffness calculations at the end of the presentation]

The

Buried Soil Modeller;

Next step is to Create the Soil Model Data.

Soil Models
We have to pause input on the above spreadsheet to briefly discuss where
the numbers to enter come from while examining the input spreadsheets

The soils data needed for input


p would normally
y come from
the soils report. It is standard for these required values to
be provided. On many occasions that may not be available.
For analysis prior to soils testing
testing, or to test what
what ifif studies
the values can be estimated or previously collected (or
assumed) values can be employed.
For these reasons the Caesar Technical Manual and User
Guide provide sample values and explanations and more
are provided herein. There are many sources of literature
for Pipe Burial depth deflection calculations.
Depth Pipe burial depth calculations are based on
S
Spangler's
l ' d
deflection
fl ti and
d Von
V Mise's
Mi ' b
buckling
kli equations.
ti

Note; Once the soil model(s) are entered CAESAR II will perform these long and
tedious calculations as long as we understand the proper input data.

Soil Models Soils Types

Type of soil . The specific locations ability to support pipe


depends on the type of soil
soil, degree of compaction and condition
of the soil, i.e. density and moisture content. A stable soil is
capable of providing sufficient long-term bearing resistance to
supportt a buried
b i d pipe.
i
U
Unstable
t bl soils
il such
h as peat,
t organic
i soil,
il
and highly expansible clays exhibit a significant change in
volume with a change in moisture content.
For cohesive soils (clays) or granular-cohesive soils, if the
unconfined compressive strength per ASTM D2166 exceeds
1500 Ib/ft2, the soil will generally be stable.
For cohesive soils, if the shear strength of the soil per ASTM
D2573 is in excess of 750 Ib/ft2, the soil will generally be stable.
For sand,
sand if the standard penetration "Blow"
Blow value,
value N
N, is above
10, the soil will generally be stable

Soil Models Stiffness

Soil stiffness is either native (the condition of undisturbed


soil)
il) or hi
higher
h stiffnesss
tiff
can be
b achieved
hi
db
by compaction,
ti
either natural compaction or mechanically induced
compaction.
The measure of stiffness is given as the Proctor Density
Soils types are grouped into "stiffness categories" (SO).
Th are designated
They
d i
t d SC1 th
through
h SC5
SC5. SC1 iindicates
di t a
soil that provides the highest soil stiffness at any given
Proctor density
y and higher
g
numbered soil classifications
(SC2-SC4). SC5 soils are unstable and should not be used
as backfill or bedding.

See table next pg.

Soil Modeling

; Compaction

Soil Models

contd.

Modulus Considerations - The soil modulus is very


i
important
t t to
t piping
i i burial
b i l analysis
l i regardless
dl
off th
the soilil
type. Extensive research and engineering analysis has
shown that a soil modulus of 1,000 psi provides very good
support to all classes of pipe.
There are two Soils Modeling Techniques available in
CAESAR II

CAESAR II Basic Model


American Lifelines Alliance

; discussed
; example to do in lab

Soil Models

contd.

Soils/Geotechnical Reports Recommended reading

Follow these helpful references.


[1] Bowles Foundation Analysis
[2]http://epg.modot.org/index.php?title=320.1_Preliminary_Geotechnical_Report#320.1.4.2_Summary_for_
Preliminary Geotechnical Report Form M 41
Preliminary_Geotechnical_Report_-_Form_M-41
[3] Contractor's guide to geotechnical engineering: how to decipher a soils report
Concrete Construction, May, 2002 by Thomas A. Chapel
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NSX/is_5_47/ai_91139460/
[4] http://www.geotechnicaldirectory.com/page/Software/Laboratory_testing_(soil).html
[5] GUIDANCE NOTES ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PIPELINES
http://sig.sut.org.uk/pdf/PipelineGeotechInvestigGuidNotes%20Rev0300.pdf
[6] Geotechnical Reports in Underground Construction (ref. B.M.Bohlke Geotech Design Reports get a
Litmus Test ASCE Civil Engineering; Dec.1996, pp. 47-49)
http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/Publications/eng publications/geotech/TB GM9801 Guide Geotech Rpts.pdf
http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/Publications/eng_publications/geotech/TB_GM9801_Guide_Geotech_Rpts.pdf
[7] Geotechnical Testing, Observation, and Documentation By Tim Davis

Soil Models contd.


Soils/Geotechnical Reports

Soil Models contd.


Soils/Geotechnical Reports

Contd

It is necessary to be knowledgeable about the techniques and parameters and be specific in


acquiring the data.
This chart shows what works and what doesnt, but you will rarely obtain even a few of these
parameters.

Soil Models contd.


.Soils/Geotechnical Reports

Contd

The best reference for pipeline test methods & report outcomes is from
http://sig.sut.org.uk/pdf/PipelineGeotechInvestigGuidNotes%20Rev0300.pdf

Soil Models Inputs


Other (alternate) valid soil model numbers start with 2.
.Soil model #1 is reserved for user-defined
user defined soil stiffnesss
stiffness s.

Up to 15 different soil models may be entered for a single job


the inputs are

Thesedefaultvaluesinsertedby
CAESAR;alterasappropriate

Thermalexpcoeffisbroughtforwardfromthepipematerialintheparent(preliminarymodel)spreadsheet

Soil Models Inputs


In example1 (this lab; file UGA5) we are using Soil model #2
.New soil model numbers are required for changing soil
conditions AND changes in soil cover.

user would add other soil


models here; assume
there is only one soil
model . ie. #2

Soil Models

these are the CLASSIC Inputs

(based on PENG paper et al.)

The CAESAR II Users Guide Section 18 has good help fields [ and the online help (F1) ].
Either the friction coefficient [Note if Su the undrained shear strength (for clay) is entered
below this field may be left blank.]
f

= friction coefficient, typical values are:

0.4 for silt


0.5 for sand
0.6 for gravel

= soil density (Required value) pipeline stress engineer should discuss with the
soils engineers. Almost always comes from Soils Report.
H

= buried depth- Known or assumed

= interface friction angle for cohesionless soils ;


also used in the American Lifelines Alliance Sand/Gravel Soil Model typical values are:
sand 27 to 45 deg.
silt 26 to 35 deg.
clay 0 deg.
This is also frequently called
q
= angle of internal friction.
Note the internal friction angle is the angle at which a pile of the soil is no longer stable and slides

Soil Models Inputs


The CAESAR II Users Guide Section 18 has good help fields [ and the online help (F1) ].
Su

= undrained shear strength, typical values are:

Typically for clays the friction coefficient would be left blank and would be automatically
estimated by CAESAR II as Su/600 psf.
If Su is given (i.e. have a clay-like soil), then Ftr should be multiplied by Su/250 psf.
If the overburden compaction multiplier is given then Ftr is multiplied by this value also.

Fig. Adhesion- Undrained Shear Strength

Soil Models Inputs


The CAESAR II Users Guide Section 18 has good help fields [ and the online help (F1) ].

= overburden compaction multiplier ; typical values are based on the Compaction or Proctor Number:

see previous
i
T
Table
bl above
b
:R
Recommended
d dB
Bedding
ddi and
dB
Backfill
kfill M
Materials
t i l
1-1.5
for no compaction or dumped (loose fill)
2-4
for 75-95% compaction
5
for >95% compaction
p
>5
for very rigid or constrained pipes
Higher values can be used if warranted eg slurry concrete mix (such as used at corners) or frozen ground.
This value is used in the soil restraint equations to generate the restraint ultimate loads and stiffness's.
dQu dQd = yield displacement factors, typical values are:
The yield displacement from EDA (Eng. Design Associates) is given as a range of D/25 to D/60 but that
source does not differentiate between axial and lateral versus uplift (above the pipe) and down (bedding
below the p
pipe).
p ) These are typically
yp
y all different values unless the soil is extremely
y homogenous
g
and equally
q
y
compacted for the region of influence all around the pipe . Normally the undisturbed or compacted bedding
under the pipe has higher stiffness and lower yield displacement factor (down).
Also the lateral pipe trench walls will have different values from the backfill material placed adjacent to the
pipe depending on the compaction level and the width of the trench.

Soil Models Inputs


The CAESAR II Users Guide Section 18 has good help fields [ and the online help (F1) ].

= thermal expansion coefficient, use the standard values for the pipeline material - eg from
the material tables Section VIII Part IID or standard material reference. [units in L/L/deg. xE-6 ].
The thermal exp
p coefficient is brought
g forward from the p
pipe
p material in the p
parent (p
(preliminary
y model)) spreadsheet
p

T
= temperature change, enter the temperature differential of the pipeline : (install operating)
This is used to determine the growth and propensity of the pipeline to overcome soil friction.
f

= friction coefficient
coefficient, soil to soil coefficient from above:
= friction coefficient, soil to pipe coefficient below:
= coating factor used in the American Lifelines Alliance Sand/Gravel Soil Model

Do NOT confuse soil to soil friction coefficient with the friction factors of soil against various coatings (or
as F used in American Lifelines Alliance Sand/Gravel Soil Model) . This only occurs at the pipe adjacent to
the soil and does not govern the soil behavior and the soil spring model. This does govern however in
computing the axial load and travel of the pipeline necessary to overcome the soil friction holding the pipe.
This is also inherent in the length required to develop full restraint of the pipeline (virtual anchor length).
These values are more conservative
than often used (eg. for steel or plastic)
and will yield higher friction loads. Often
it is wise to bound the solution using
half the above to generate higher
displacements and hence higher bending
stresses (but lower frictional loads).

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance


These are the ALA Inputs in the order presented in the
program for cohesive (clay like) soil.
.

.
Thermalexpcoeff.isbroughtforwardfromthepipematerialintheparent(preliminarymodel)spreadsheet.

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance

= dry
y soil density
y ; typical
yp
values are

= effective soil density (Required value) pipeline stress engineer should discuss with the soils engineers.
The specific and real numbers at a location almost always come from the Soils Report. But note they can vary from
position to position so an average value is used unless specific location data is required for a local problem area.

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance

.
H

= buried depth- Known or assumed

c
= soil cohesion of backfill ; convert values to psi
0 psf
(0psi) . for loose dry sand
580-720 psf (4-5psi) for soft clay.
1500 psf (10.4psi) for hard clay.

= adhesion factor ; typical values


0 -1.5
varies as the shape factor and stickiness of the soil
See Fig. Adhesion-Undrained Shear Strength above

Fig. Surface Load and Resulting Pressure

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance

.
dT
= yield displacement factor, axial ; soil displacement at which Ultimate Axial Load is
developed - typical values are;
Dense sand 0.4 in (2.5mm)
Loose sand 0.2 in (5mm)
Stiff clay
0.3 in (7.5mm)
Soft clay
0.4 in (10mm)
dP
= yield displacement factor, lateral ; soil displacement at which Ultimate Lateral Load is
developed
values are calculated from: dP = 0.04( H + D/2)
but the resulting value must be limited to a Max.Multiplier x OD
( this multiplier between 0.1 to 0.15 is entered in this field )
Note: Where specific values could alter the outcome test result data should be requested from the soils engineer
and/or soils analysis report.

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance

Qu and Qd
= yield displacement factors ; vertical uplift and vert download
(modelling on the soil springs) ; - from Lifelines Alliance Eqns (3-3)
qu(H)

Multiplier x H

Where H = depth of Burial; D = pipe OD

(D)
qu(D)
sand
clay
qd

M lti li x OD
Multiplier

0.1 in (2.5mm)
0.2 in (5 mm)
=

Multiplier x OD

(or sand)
(clays)

Soil Modeling Inputs

; American Lifelines Alliance

EXAMPLE
1
.

Note; Use for example 1 American Lifelines Alliance Model inputs


soil type:
D
H

=
=
=
=
=
=

soft clay
pipe Diameter
depth burial ,distance to top of pipe:
internal friction angle of the soil:
soil cohesion representative of the backfill:
soil density:
= .043 lb/in3

= 12 in
= 305 mm
= 59 inch = 1.4986 m. =149.86 cm.
= 19 deg.
= 4.5 psi. = 3.1 N./sq.cm.
= 75 lb./cu.ft= 1.2 tonne/m3= 0.0012kg/cm3

Soil Modeling Inputs ; American Lifelines Alliance


These are the ALA
ALA Inputs in the order presented in the program for
granular (gravel like) soil. Only two new terms are introduced. Gravel NOT used in this exercise.

= dry soil density ; typical values are

Ko

= coeff of pressure at rest ; typical value =1

If omitted value defaults to Ko=1-sin (internal Friction angle of Soil)

Balance
B
l
off ALA Inputs
I
t for
f granular
l (gravel
(
l like)
lik )
soil terms are the same as presented before.
Gravel NOT used in this exercise.

Soil Modeling Inputs

Recall ; Soil model #1 is reserved for user-defined soil stiffness's.


This Soil Model file is saved as Filename.SOI
We want to have soil modeling from nodes 50 to 150, plus increased mesh (more
soils springs) at the bends

New soil model numbers are required for changing soil conditions AND
changes in soil cover.
Ground Exit
GroundExit

Wewantmore(increasedmesh)buriedsoilspringsatthecornersNodes60&140

GroundEntry

WewantburiedsoilspringmodelsfromNode50to150

Soil Modeling Inputs

C2 automatically puts the increased mesh at the bends. In this


.
lab we did it manually
manually. User does not have to increase mesh at bends
bends.

User does have to decide where else to increase mesh for model refinement.

Note; none of the other Load and Stiffness data fields have to be completed

Soil Modeling Inputs

The From To
To mesh Checked boxes were to demonstrate where and
how increased mesh refinement is added. CAESAR will automatically
provide closer meshing at bends.(called Zone1)

Other locations for mesh refinement include

where better modeling, accuracy or detail is needed


when a branch ties into a long buried header (tees)
a local discontinuity .user-defined node within or near Zone 1
ground entry/exit

Buried pipe deforms laterally in areas immediately


adjacent to changes in directions (i.e. bends and
tees). The length over which the pipe deflects
l t ll iis ttermed
laterally
d th
the l
lateral
t lb
bearing
i llength
th
Lb = 0.75 [4EI/Ktr] 0.25
CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of
this bearing span to properly model the local load
distribution.
Either many, closely spaced, low stiffness supports
are added or a few, distant and high stiffness
supports are added.
Where the deformation is lateral, smaller elements
are needed to properly distribute the forces from the
pipe to the soil.

Fig . Zone
Definitions
CAESAR USER
GUIDE pg 4-11

Soil Modeling Inputs

C2 automatically puts the increased mesh at the bends. In this


lab we did it manually
manually. User does not have to increase mesh at bends
bends.
if you have true underground restraints, these must be added AFTER
burial as C2 removes all entered restraints on pipe that is eventually buried. (see warning below)

GroundExit
CAESAR will automatically provide closer meshing at bends.(called Zone1)
A very long run of pipe will display all three mesh zones.

G
GroundEntry
d
Thispipelineisnotlongenoughto developavirtualanchor.
We already have an anchor attheleftendpointinthemodel
Wealreadyhaveananchor
at the left endpoint in the model

Soil Models ; inserted into Piping Model


Note none of the other Load and Stiffness data fields have to be completed.
When converted to Buried Input the filename is the former filename with suffix B
Select file SaveAs to change the jobname if required.
Note ; Caesar will add /insert new nodes (as needed). existg numbering will not be altered

Note ; Caesar converts to zero densityy all p


pipe
p that is
converted to buried. It must, because soil support is
assumed universal and uniform and there is no unsupported
length or bending moment arising from unsupported mass.
Hence (mass) dynamic analysis of such buried pipe is invalid.

ConvertinputfrompreliminarymodeltoBuriedModelwithsoil
p
p
y
.

Note ;use (keep ) filename UGA5B

[B is for the buried model]

Run the Buried Piping Model

When the model is now run you


see the calculations in the
screen listing which at the end
can be captured and printed.

The stiffnesss are created as


stiffness per unit length
length. These
are multiplied by pipe length to
provide the node point stiffnesss

Soil Models ; inserted into Piping Model


Note;; Should have a filename UGA5B ..if not open
p the ***B file to work
with the buried model. In this case UGA5B.c2
Note ; there is now Soil Stiffness and Load Data
as required from Nodes 50 thru 150

Soil Models ; inserted into Piping Model


Note ; the Soil Stiffness and Load Data is computed
Note ; the Lateral Bearing Length is computed

Note the physically placed anchor


(before ground entry.) This could be
any designer selected physical anchor
anywhere in the pipeline.

Buried Piping Analysis


Significant Results ;

axialgrowthcausingbendingisconcentratedatbearingpoints(e.g.tees&bends);
analysiswillprovideimprovedgrowthin&outofsoil;notegrowthshapebelow
loadscanbeusedtosizethrustblockset.al.
morereliablestiffnesssmeansmorereliableanalysis

Modeling Inputs

; Caesar Basic Model Inputs

CAESAR Basic Model inputs (for those who wish to try the Basic (traditional) Caesar model
or manual load and stiffness entries
Su

= Undrained Shear Strength = 4.5

The computed values for the Basic CAESAR II input if manually calculated (for example to
put in the soil spreadsheet
p
p
manually
y rather than CAESAR II computed
p
values ) are shown in
the Table below.

Table . Soil Resistance properties ; example problem

Installation and field validity of Modeling


Application of these methods is based on the assumption that the design values used for
bedding, backfill and compaction levels will be achieved with good field practice and
appropriate equipment
equipment. If these assumptions are not met
met, the deflections can be higher
or lower than predicted by calculation.
Linear Versus Non-Linear the soil spring model is Bi linear (or higher ) and the soil
has non-linear behaviour. (Recall Slides 4&6)

However N
H
Non Li
Linear pipeline
i li h
hardware
d
or flfluid
id response iis a special
i l case nott covered
d iin an
introductory course such as this. Also dynamics, upsets or transients and the soil or pipeline response
to unsteady state conditions are not covered and require additional engineering analysis. Corollary is
that lumped mass dynamic analysis of such buried pipe hardware in Caesar II is therefore invalid
because of the buried conversion to no mass and zero density
y.

Modeling and Analysis of Plastic & FRP Buried pipe


The response of fiberglass/plastic pipe to burial loads is dependent on the flexibility of the
pipe wall. This pipe flexibility can be found using the "pipe stiffness" value as defined and
determined by ASTM D2412 tests
tests.

Pipe with pipe stiffness values greater than 72 psi typically resist native backfill loads with
minimal pipe deformation. The pipe stiffness of small diameter fiberglass pipe, 1 to 8 inch
diameters, typically meets or exceeds 72 psi. Two to three feet of native backfill cover with a
soil modulus greater than or equal to 1,000
1 000 psi is generally sufficient to protect this category of
pipe from small vehicular and dead weight soil loads. Code defined Crossings are documented
in the pipeline codes . Vehicle crossings (other than infrequent small vehicles) require more
detailed loading analysis.

Technical Discussion Modeling Philosophy


Note ; Many references will discuss and employ the modulus of subgrade reaction and/or the

modulus of soil reaction. This value is not used directly in most pipeline software
calculation inputs. The American Lifelines Alliance has this excellent discussion;

Technical Discussion Modeling Philosophy


Fig.

Bending Moment at Buried Pipe Bends

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l
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g
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