Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question One

(b)
d
d
x sin 2 x ) = 1.sin 2 x + x. ( sin 2 x )
(
dx
dx
2
= sin x + x.2sin x cos x

(a)

dx

16 x 2

= sin 1
4 0

1
= sin 1 sin 1 0
2

=
6

= sin 2 x + x sin 2 x
(c)
7

( 2n + 3 )
n= 4

= 3 4 + 2 ( 4 + 5 + 6 + 7)
= 12 + 2 ( 22 )
These solutions are

= 56
(d)

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

kx + lx1 ky2 + ly1

,
P is 2
k + l
k +l
1 1 + 2 2 5 1 + 7 2
=
,

1 + 2
1 + 2

5 9
= ,
1 1
= ( 5,9 )
(e)
By the factor theorem, x + 3 = 0 is a factor of the polynomial
if x = 3 is a solution of the equation x3 5 x + 12 = 0
For x = 3 :

( 3 )

5 ( 3) + 12 = 27 15 + 12
= 0

Therefore x + 3 is a factor of x3 5x + 12
(f)
Let u = 1 + x x = u 1
0

15 x 1+x dx
-1

= 15

du = dx

1+ 0

1+1
1

( u 1)

3
2

udu

1
2

= 15 u u dx
0

3
52
2u
2u 2
= 15

5
3

2 2
= 15
5 3
= 4

Joel Nothman

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question Two

(a)

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + x

f ( a ) = lim

f ( a + h) f ( h)

(b)

(i)

h 0

3 ( a + h ) + a + h 3a 2 a
2

= lim
h 0

(ii)

h
3a + 6ah + 3h 2 + a + h 3a 2 a
= lim
h 0
h
2
6ah + 3h + h
= lim
h 0
h
= lim ( 6a + 3h + 1)
2

ex
x
1 + e x dx = ln (1 + e ) + C

1
2
cos
3
xdx
=
0
0 2 (1 + cos 6 x ) dx

1
1

=
x + sin 6 x

2
6
0
1
( + 0 ) ( 0 + 0 )
2

=
2
=

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

(c)
(i) There are 9! possible permutations of 9 unique letters
But the two As are indistinguishable.
Therefore the number of arrangements as required =
9!
= 181440
2
(ii)
The 5 unique consonants can be arranged in 5! ways,
4!
the 4 vowels with a repeated A in
ways.
2
4!5!
Therefore total arrangements =
= 1440
2
(d)
9

2 1
x =
x

r
9
1
2 9r
Cr ( x )

x
r =0

r =0

r =0

Cr ( 1) x
r

2( 9 r )

xr

Cr ( 1) x183r

Therefore for constant term, the power to which x is raised = 0

18 3r = 0
r=6
The term is: 9 C6 ( 1) x1818
6

= 84
Joel Nothman

These solutions are

h 0

= 6a + 1

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question Three

(a)

f ( x ) = sin x + cos x x

f ( x ) = cos x sin x 1

Newton's method: xn +1 = xn
Approximate root x1

f ( xn )
, x0 = 1.2
f ( xn )
1.2

sin (1.2 ) + cos (1.2 ) 1.2

cos (1.2 ) sin (1.2 ) 1

= 1.26 (3 significant figures)

These solutions are

(b)
(i)
AOB = 2APB

(In circle C2 , the angle at the centre is

twice the angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc AB )

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

AOB = 2
(ii)
TAB = AOB

(In C1 , the angle between the tangent TA and the

)
chord BA equals the angle in the alternate segment AOB
TAB = 2
(iii)
TAB = BPA + APB
(exterior angle of a triangle theorem)
2
= + APB
APB =
V BAP is isosceles (base angles APB, ABP are equal)
Therefore PA = BA (equal sides of similar triange, VBAP)

Joel Nothman

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(c)
(i)
sin ( +2 )

= sin cos 2 + cos sin 2

= sin (1 2sin 2 ) + cos .2sin cos
= sin 2sin 3 + 2sin cos 2

= sin 2sin 3 + 2sin (1 sin 2 )

= sin 2sin 3 + 2sin 2sin 3
= 3sin 4sin 3
These solutions are

(ii)
sin 3 = 2sin
3sin 4 sin 3 = 2sin
4sin 3 sin = 0

4sin 2 1 = 0
1
sin =
2
5 7 11
= , ,
,
6 6 6 6

0 2

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

For sin = 0, =0, ,2

For sin 0 :

0 2

Therefore for sin 3 = 2sin , 0 2

7 11
5
,
, 2
= 0, , , ,
6 6
6 6

Joel Nothman

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question Four

3x
1
x-2
3x x + 2
0
x2
x +1
0
x2
LHS has the same sign as y = ( x + 1)( x 2 ) , x 0. [Draw graph]

(a)

Therefore

3x
1 for 1 x < 2
x-2

Since tan 45o = 1, the ratio between the magnitudes of the y and x components of velocity = 1
But due to the negative direction of motion of the particle vertically, they are in fact opposite:
y& = 10t
V = 10t
x& = y&
x& = V

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

But we also know that x = 4000 m at this point.

4000
t =
V
4000
V
2
V = 40000

V = 10

For V > 0, V = 200 ms-1

Joel Nothman

These solutions are

(b)

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(c)
Let v = x&
dv dx dv
dv d v 2
&&
x=
=

=v
=
dt dt dx
dx dv 2
d v2
= 4 x
dx 2

dv d v 2
=

dx dx 2

C
v2
= 2 x 2 + 1
2
2
2
2
v = 4 x + C1
108 = 36 + C1

These solutions are

At x = 3, v = 6 3
C1 = 144
v 2 = 4 x 2 + 144
dx
dt
For v < 0:
dx
= 2 36 x 2
dt
dt
1
=
dx
2 36 x 2

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

v=

1
1
dx

2
36 x 2
1
x
= cos 1 + C2
2
6

t=

At t = 0, x = 3 :
1
C2 = cos 1
2

=
3
x
2
cos 1 = 2t +
6
3
2

x = 6 cos 2t +

= 6sin 2t +
6

Joel Nothman

www.jnothman.cjb.net

Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question Five

(a)
(i) f (0) = 2 cos1 0 =
f 1 ( x )
(ii) x = 2 cos
3

x
f 1 ( x ) = 3cos
2
(iii)
1

A =

f ( 0)

f 1 ( x )dx
These solutions are

x
= 3 cos
0
2

x
= 3.2 sin
2 0

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

= 6 u3
(b)
LHS

(q + p)

r q

(q p)
n r

n
n
r
p r q n r ( p )
r =0 r

n n r r
r
r

q p ( 1) p
r
r =0
r =0

r =0

r q

For even r , ( 1)
For odd r , ( 1)

n r

r +1
p r 1 + ( 1)

n
= 1 and such a term = q n r p r [1 1] = 0
r
n
n
= 1 and such a term = q n r p r [1 + 1] = 2 q n r p r
r
r

r +1

r +1

n
n
r +1
Therefore the overall sum, LHS = q n r p r 1 + ( 1)

r =0 r
n
n
= 2 q n 1 p1 + 2 q n 3 p3 + ...
1
3

RHS

n
Therefore, if n is odd, the last term is 2 q n n p n = 2p n
n
If n is even, the last term cancels to 0 and so r = n 1 becomes the final term in the expansion:
=
=

n n n +1 n 1
2
p
q
n 1
2nqp n 1

Joel Nothman

www.jnothman.cjb.net

Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(c)
(i) Probability of rolling r 6s is:
n 1 5
Pr =
r 6 6
r

nr

(ii)
1
5
Let p = , q =
6
6
The probability an odd number of 6s are rolled is the probability that

=
=

=
=

n
n
1
n 1
3
n 3
( p ) ( q ) + ( p ) ( q ) + ...
1
3
1
n
n
from part (b)
(q + p) (q p)
2
n
n
1 5 1 5 1
+ +
2 6 6 6 6
n
1 n 4
1 +
2
6

1 2
1 +
2 3

Joel Nothman

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

These solutions are

1 six is rolled or 3 sixes are rolled or 5 sixes are rolled and so on...
Podd = P1 + P3 + P5 + ...

as required

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question six

(a)
For n = 1 :
13 + (1 + 1) + (1 + 2 ) = 13 + 23 + 33
3

= 1 + 8 + 27
= 36 which is divisible by 9.
Therefore the proposition is true for n = 1
Assume the proposition true for n = k , k 1
Ie, assume k 3 + ( k + 1) + ( k + 2 ) = 9 N , N
3

These solutions are

We need to prove the proposition true for n = k + 1

Ie, prove that ( k+1) + ( k + 2 ) + ( k + 3) is divisible by 9
3

+ ( k + 2 ) + ( k + 3) = ( k+1) + ( k + 2 ) + k 3 + 3k 2 3 + 3k 32 + 33
3

k 3 + ( k+1) + ( k + 2 ) + 9k 2 + 27k + 27

9 N + 9k 2 + 27 k + 27

9 ( N + k 2 + 3k + 3)

by assumption
which is divisible by 9

Therefore the proposition is true for n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k 1

But it is also true for n = 1.
Therefore by mathematical induction it is true for all n 1, ie n = 1, 2,3,...
(b)
(i)
dy
dx

=
=
=

dy dt

dt dx
1
2at
2a
t

Therefore the gradient of the normal at P is

1
t

Hence the equation of the normal is:

1
y at 2 = ( x 2at )
t
3
yt at = 2at x
x + ty =

2at + at 3

Joel Nothman

www.jnothman.cjb.net

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

( k+1)

Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(ii)
Let Q be ( 2aq, aq 2 )
1
t
For PR QR the tangent at Q must be P to the normal at P
dy
1
Ie, at Q,
=
dx
t
1
q =
t
2a a
Q is therefore , 2
t t
The gradient of the normal mPR =

These solutions are

(iii)
The equation of PR is x + ty = at 3 + 2at

Adding (1) and (2) to eliminate x we get:

y
a 2a
+ ty = 3 +
+ at 3 + 2at
t
t
t
2 1
1

y t + = a t 3 + 2t + + 3
t t
t

1 1 1

t3 + t t + t t + t3
y = a
+
+

t + 1 t + 1 t + 1
t
t
t

= a t2 +1+ 2
t

Sub (3) into (1):

x

=
=
=

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

The equation of QR is x + qy = aq 3 + 2aq

1
Substituting q = :
t
y
a 2a
x = 3
t
t
t
y
a 2a
x= 3 +
t
t
t

(1)

(2)

(3)

at 3 + 2at at t 2 + 1 + 2
t

a
at 3 + 2at at 3 at
t
1
a t
t

Joel Nothman

10

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(iv)
2

x2 =
=
=
=
=

a2 3
a

2
ay 3a
These solutions are

y =

1
a2 t
t
1

a2 t 2 2 + 2
t

a2 t 2 + 1 + 2 3
t

x2
+ 3a
a

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

Joel Nothman

11

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

Question Seven

(a)
(i)
dv
d v2
=

dt
dx 2
d v2
= x 1
dx 2
C
v2
x2
=
x+ 1
2
2
2
2
2
v = x 2 x + C1
These solutions are

For x = 0, v = 1, C1 = 1
v2

= x2 2 x + 1
=

= 1 x

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

(ii)
v
dx
dt
dt
dx
t

( x 1)

Taking v > 0 at x = 0

= 1 x
1
1 x
= ln 1 x + C2
=

At t = 0, x = 0 :
0 = ln1 + C2
C2 = 0
1 x = et
For v = 1 initially, x 1 = et holds true
But under this motion, the particle always has a positive velocity
x = et + 1

Joel Nothman

12

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

HSC 2001

(b)
(i) By the cosine rule:
AP 2 = AO 2 + PO 2 2 AO.PO cos

2
AO.PO
2
= AO 2 + PO 2 AO.PO
= AO 2 + PO 2

AP 2 = h2 + h 2 cot 2 h2 cot

These solutions are

Now AO = OT cot 45o = h

And PO = OT cot = h cot
Therefore:
(1)

(ii)
AT 2 + PT 2 AP 2
cos =
2 AT .PT

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

AP 2 = AT 2 + PT 2 2 AT .PT cos
(2)

AT 2 = AO 2 + TO 2
= h2 + h2
= 2h 2
AT

2h

(3)

PT 2 = PO 2 + TO 2
= h2 cot 2 + h 2
PT

= h cot 2 + 1

But cos 2 + sin 2 = 1

cot 2 + 1 = cosec2
PT = h cosec

(4)

Subbing (1), (3), (4) into (2):

cos =
cos =

2h 2 + h 2 ( cot 2 + 1) ( h 2 + h 2 cot 2 h 2 cot )

2 2h.h cosec
2h + h cot
2

2 2h 2 cosec
1 2 + cot
=
2 2 cosec
cos
2+
1
sin
=
1
2 2
sin
1
Joel Nothman
=
( 2sin + cos )
2 2
1
1

13

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Extension 1 Mathematics Solutions

(iii)
1
2

sin +

HSC 2001

cos = R cos ( )

2 2

Feel free to derive this - I won't!

1

R =

1 1
+
2 8

5
8

(2 2 )

These solutions are

1
2
1

= tan 1

copyright 2001, Joel Nothman, and may be freely distributed, but not sold.

2 2
= tan 2
1

1
2

sin +

1
2 2

cos =

5
cos ( tan 1 2 )
8

cos ( tan 1 2 )
= cos 1
8

5
1 cos 2 ( tan 1 2 )
8
Stationary points where = 0

5
sin ( tan 1 2 )
8

sin ( tan 1 2 ) = 0

2
5
If = tan 1 2, = cos 1
= 0.659...
8
If = tan 1 2 0.1, = 0.665...
If = tan 1 2 + 0.1, = 0.665...

= tan 1 2

for 0

5
Therefore there is a local minimum at tan 1 2, cos 1

As + 0, increases towards cos-1

As

, increases towards cos

2

Joel Nothman

2 2
-1 1
2
14

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