Sequence of Moods

Indicative tenses divided in two: Primaryreferring to present or future

timeand Secondaryreferring to past time. The primary main verb
governs a subjunctive in the dependent clause; a secondary main verb
governs an optative in the dependent clause. These sequences are
called primary and secondary, respectively.
Present, Future, Perfect Indicative Subjunctive Mood (tense shows
aspect only)
Imperfect, Aorist, Pluperfect Indicative Optative Mood (tense shows
aspect only)

Purpose Clauses: , , ()
X does Y in order that ________________ .
So, what is the tense of the Y being done (the main verb)? Is that tense
primary or secondary? Check. Next, what is the tense of the dependent
verb? Does it show repeated/progressive aspect or simple aspect?
Primary sequence is translated with may; secondary with might.

Position
I. Attributive position: the article of the noun modified precedes the
adjective modifying that noun.
1) the good man
2) the man the good
3) man the good
**these are phrases, NOT complete sentences
II. Predicative position: the adj. agrees with a noun + article, but the
article does not precede the noun.
1) the man good
2) good the man
3) the men good

**the adjective here is called the predicate adjective, i.e., one that
stands in predicate position. the sentence, which amount to, e.g., the
man is good, is called a nominal sentence. noun, article, and adj. in
nominal case. there can also be a predicate noun: the book gift
the book is a gift.

Conditional Sentences
A sentence of two statements, one making an assumption and the
other drawing a conclusion or expressing what follows, e.g., If I buy a
cow, then my wife will finally love me. There are six formulas given:
1) Future More Vivid Conditional Sentence
+ subjunctive future indicative
does will do
If you eat this turd, I will buy you a car.
2) Future Less Vivid CS
+optative + optative
should do would do
Should you fail the exam, he would buy you ice cream.
3) Present General CS
+ subjunctive present indicative
does does
When/If ever I feel fat and sassy, I go for a walk and listen to
Kelly Clarkson.
4) Past General CS
+ optative imperfect indicative
did did
When Fido farted, the cats fled the room.

5) Present Contra CS
+ imperfect indicative + imperfect indicative
were doing would be doing
Were we to beat them, we would be crowned champions of the
universe.
6) Past Contra CS
+ aorist indicative + aorist indicative
had done would have done
If you had listened to me, you would have been a star.

Gen. of Personal Agent; Dative of Pers. Agent and Dat. of

Means
1) Genitive of Personal Agent
With passive verbs the person by whom the action of the verb is
carried out is expressed by the preposition + the genitive case of
the agent:
I was taught by Homer.
Here, by Homer would be expressed by the genitive case of
Homer.
2) Dative of Personal Agent
But with the perfect and pluperfect cases, the dative is used, without
any proposition, i.e., without :
The turkey has been slain by the mad scientist. (the preceding
expressed by
the dative case of scientist.
3) Dative of Means or Instrument/Instrumental Dative
As well, the things used to do something, the things by means of which
something is done, is put in the dative, sans preposition:
They were stopped by a giant wall.

Substantive Use of Adjective

In Greek, the article, adjective, and noun all convey gender, number,
and case:
(Hes a good boy.)
He -- singular, masculine, accusative
good -- singular, masculine, etc.

singular, masculine, nominative
singular, masculine, nominative, etc.
Hence, the noun may be omitted:
(He [obviously a boy] is good.)

This is called a substantive use of the adjective, and these
substantive adjectives (substantives) do everything a noun can do.

Substantive Use of Article

Similarly, the articleaccompanied by an adverb, prepositional phrase,
or other modifiermay be used as a substantive:
(The men on the island...)
... this is the plural, masculine, nominative article, hence: the
men
... ... ...not on the island...

The Articular Infinitive

The infinitive is the noun of a verbe.g. potatoes suck and writing
sucks (English often expresses with the gerund form) or to poop is
humanthus, this verbal noun may be used as a subject, as a direct
object, as an indirect object of sorts, or with a preposition:
Infinitive as subject

- To err is human.
Infinitive as direct object
- I desire to believe (i.e., to have faith).
Here, I is the subject performing the action of desiring
the desired
object is to believe or to have faith.
- I ordered Bob to kiss my ass.
Here, both Bob and to kiss (inf.) are in the accusative,
i.e., both are
objects of the main verb (I) ordered.)
Infinitive etc.
-To err is human Erring is human
When the infinitive is accompanied by an article it is called an
articular infinitive. The infinitive has tense and voice; the
accompanying article conveys the infinitives case. It will be the neuter
singular form of the definite pronoun: , , , .
The desire to learn is noble. In Greek: the desire of learning
(genitive) is

The Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun can introduce a dependent clause that modifies a
noun or pronoun:
The asshole who ran me off the road died in a helicopter crash.
The millionaire whose dog died when his helicopter crashed was
less of an asshole than the rest of them.
The heiress to whom his millions went was a professional clown
by training, but an amateur pole dancer in spirit.
The clown-school teachers whom I hired were the crme de la
crme.
None of the underlined relative clauses are complete sentences, but
are part of complex sentences with an independent clause/verb. The
relative pronoun refers to its antecedente.g., who refers back to
that asshole, the one that ran me off the roadand has the same
NUMBER and GENDER. However, its CASE is determined by the
pronouns function within its own clause:
whom we sacrificed

Here, whom functions as the object of our sacrifice and is

therefore in the
objectivethat is, the accusativecase. But:
to whom we sacrificed
will have a dative relative pronoun.
Compare the definite articles to the relative pronouns:
Relative Pronoun

The Definite Article

S.

S.
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.
P.
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.

masc.
neuter
nom.

gen.

dat.

acc.

P.
nom.

gen.

dat.
acc.

fem.

masc.

fem. neuter

Note that the relative pronouns each possess both accent and rough
breathing marks, and have lost the s present in the definite article.
Independent Subjunctive
The subjunctive has been seen in 1) the latter part of purpose clauses
when the main verb is in a primary tense, and 2) the Future More Vivid
( + subj. fut. indicative) and Present General ( + subj.
present indicative) conditional sentences. It is also used in independent
clauses:
1) Hortatory Subjunctive
-expresses the will of the speaker using the first person of the
present or
aorist subjunctive
-its negative is
-tense shows aspect only
-translation:
Let us (not)
subjunctive
.
2) Deliberative Subjunctive
-expresses speakers uncertainty about an action to take w/ 1st
pers. pres. or
aor. subjunctive
-its negative is
-tense shows aspect only

-translation:
Am I/Are we to (not)

subjunctive

3) Prohibitive Subjunctive
-expresses a prohibition using and the second person of the
aorist
subjunctive
-tense shows aspect only
-translation:
Do not
subjunctive
.
***Any independent subjunctive can be used instead of a
future indicative in the apodosis of a FUTURE MORE VIVID
Conditional Sentence:
If we buy cake, do not hide it from your sister.

***

Omitted:
-

Partitive Genitive
Genitive of Time Within Which
Dative of Time at Which
Accusative of Extent of Time
Accusative of Extent of Space
(see pgs. 146 149)

The Independent Optative

1) Optative of Wish
-expresses a wish for the future using either no introductory
word, , or .
- negative is
-tense shows aspect
-translation:
May the God save the city.
I wish that the God would save the city.
examples on pg. 718
2) Potential Optative
-expresses an action that might possibly occur using the optative
and but no introductory word
-the negative is
-tense shows aspect
-translation:
The God might save the city.

The peace might not be destroyed.

example on pg. 718
The Demonstrative Adj./Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronouns ()
S.
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.
P.
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.

masc.

fem.
neuter

Vocabulary Notes: Units 1 7 (what words take what cases)

Unit 1

+ accusative

+ genitive

+ dative

into, to; for (purpose) e.g., for battle

from, out of
in; or on as in on the island

all three of the above (as well as the masc., fem., singular and plural
definite articles, , , , ) are proclitics
Unit 2
+ genitive
a
within

from, away from namely, a motion away from

boundary, as opposed to from

+ genitive
+ accusative
+ dative

from (the side of)

at (the side of), at the house of
to (the side of), beside; contrary to

+ genitive

before; in front of spatially or temporally

(in the
action commanded

takes a direct object of the person commanded

accusative) and an infinitive of the

Unit 3
+ genitive

instead of

through
on account of

+ genitive
+ accusative

+ genitive
+ dative
+ accusative

concerning, about
around stationary
concerning, around circling

Unit 4
+ genitive
+ accusative

with (people)
after

+ dat
with the

with used in dative of accompaniment e.g.

help of the gods.

takes an object infinitivean infinitive

that serves as
the object of the main verb
to indicate the action one
wishes to
perform. the infinitive can take an object, direct
or indirect, of its own.
genitive of value
epexegetical infinitive
dative of reference
rules for augmentation of stems beginning with vowels
Unit 5
, ,

hostile (toward: + dative); enemy

+ genitive
+ dative
+ accusative

by (personal agent; under

under, under the power of
under (with motion); toward (of time)

, ,
, etc.

holy, sacred to (+ genitive)

rule, command (+ genitive)

Unit 6
, etc.

be a slave (to whom?: + dative)

, etc.

free (+ genitive)

+ preceding genetive

for the sake of

+ genitive
+ accusative

under; against
according to

infinitive of

takes the acc. of the person hindered and the

the action hindered

Unit 7
+ genitive

without

genitive of charge
internal/cognate accusative