1.

a.
Term
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Fibonacci Series (F)

Generatio
Value
n
1
1
F1 + F2
2
F2 + F3
3
F3 + F4
5
F4 + F5
8
F5 + F6
13
F6 + F7
21
F7 + F8
34
F8 + F9
55

Lucas Series (L)

Generation
Value

L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1
3
4
7
11
18
29
47
76
123

L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9

b. Find the sum of alternate Fibonacci pairs

Ie. f ( n )=Fn 1 + F n+1
So, find the sum of these numbers, when substituting n as different
numbers
Let n = 2

Let n = 5

f ( n )=F n1+ Fn +1
f ( 2 )=F 21 +F 2+1
f ( 2 )=F 1+ F 3
f ( 2 )=1+2
f ( 2 )=3
But:

L2=3

f ( n )=F n1+ Fn +1
f ( 5 )=F 51+ F 5+1
f ( 5 )=F 4 +F 6
f ( 5 )=3+ 8
f ( 2 )=11
But:

f ( 2 )=L2
F 21+ F 2+1 =L2

L5=11

f ( 5 )=L5
F 51+ F 5 +1=L5

Let n = 8
f ( n )=F n1+ Fn +1
f ( 8 )=F 81+ F8 +1
f ( 8 )=F 7 + F 9
f ( 8 )=13+34
f ( 8 )=47
But:

L8=47

f ( 8 )=L8
F 81+ F8 +1=L8

Fn 1 + F n+1=Ln
Therefore it seems that the addition of alternate terms of the Fibonacci
series (ie. Fn 1 + F n+1 ) gives a result, which is the same in the term in the
Lucas series under the same n value (eg. F7 1 + F 7+1=L7 )
2.
a.
i. Find sum of the squares of the first three numbers of the Fibonacci
series

F 21+ F 22 + F23
12 +12+ 22
1+1+4
6

And find the product of the third and fourth terms of the Fibonacci
series
Product=F 3 F 4
Product=2 3
Product=6
Therefore, as both results in an answer of 6, it can be stated that:
F21 + F 22+ F 23=F 3 F 4
ii. Find sum of the squares of the first five numbers of the Fibonacci
series

F 21+F 22 +F23 +F 24 +F 25
12 +12+ 22+ 32+ 52
1+1+4 +9+25
40
And find the product of the fifth and sixth terms of the Fibonacci
series
Product=F 5 F 6
Product=5 8
Product=40
Therefore, as both results in an answer of 40, it can be stated that:
F21 + F 22+ F 23 + F 24 + F25 =F5 F 6
From part i and ii of this question, it seems that the sum of the
squares of the Fibonacci series, up to a certain term number (ie.
2
2
F1 ++ F n ) is equal to that term multiplied by the proceeding term
(ie. Fn F n+1 ).
F 21 ++ F 2n=F n F n +1
b. Therefore, find the sum of:
Consider:

F22 + F 23+ + F 2n2+ F 2n1 + F2n

F22 =F 2 F 2
2
F2 =F 2 ( F 2+1F 21)
F22 =F 2 ( F 3F1 )

terms=F 22+ F 23 + F24 ++ F 2n2+ F 2n1 + F2n

F2 ( F 3F 1)+ F 3(F 4 F2 )++ F n2 (Fn1F n3 )+ F n1 ( F nF n2 )+ Fn ( F n+1 Fn1 )

F2 F3 F 2 F 1 + F3 F 4F 3 F 2 ++ F n2 F n1F n2 F n3 + F n1 F nF n1 F n2+ F n F n +1F
Therefore it seems that all the terms will cancel one another out,
leaving the outer two terms ( Fn F n+1F2 F1 ) left. This means
that the remaining terms can be removed from the equation.

F 2 F 1 + Fn F n+1
F 22 + F23 + F 24 ++ F 2n2 + F2n 1 + F 2n=F2 F1 + F n F n+1
Therefore it has been shown that the sum of the square of the Fibonacci
series from the second term onwards is equal to the product of the last and
its preceding term subtracting the product of the first and second term.
This however is only the sum of the second term onwards; so to find the
sum of the squares of all the terms, the square of term one must be added
to the equation. So:
F 22 + F23 + F 24 ++ F 2n2 + F2n 1 + F 2n=F2 F1 + F n F n+1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
F 1 + F2 + F 3+ F 4 + + Fn 2 + F n1+ F n=F 1F 2 F 1+ F n Fn +1
F 21 + F22 + F 23+ F 24 + + F2n 2 + F 2n1+ F 2n=(1 1)(1 1)+ Fn F n+1
F 21 + F22 + F 23+ F 24 + + F2n 2 + F 2n1+ F 2n=F n F n +1
So, as shown, the sum of all the squares of the Fibonacci series up to n is
given by the product of the last term and the next term (ie. Fn F n+1 ). This
agrees with what was found in part a of this question.
3.
Term Number

Fibonacci Value

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
144

Calculation for
remainder from 4
14 0=1
14 0=1
24 0=2
34 0=3
54 1=1
84 2=0
134 3=1
214 5=1
344 8=2
554 13=3
894 22=1
1444 36=0

Remainder from 4
1
1
2
3
1
0
1
1
2
3
1
0

Therefore, there seems to be a repeated pattern of: 1,1,2,3,1,0 visible when the
remainders of the Fibonacci numbers when divided by 4, are considered.
4.
a. Therefore to find a relationship between the golden ratio and Fibonacci
numbers; divide Fibonacci numbers by their predecessors:
Term
Number

Fibonacci
Number

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
1
2
3
5
8

Ratio of the
numbers (

F n+1
)
Fn
1.0000
2.0000
1.5000
1.6667
1.6000
1.6250

1.6 1.618

1+ 5
=
2

7
8
9
10

13
21
34
55

1.6154
1.6190
1.6176

Therefore, as it can be seen, from the 3rd term of the series onwards, the
ratios are fairly close to 1.6 which is in turn close to the value of the
1+ 5
golden ratio; namely
.
2
b. So, let
Prove:

1+ 5
2

1
=
1 1

Using cross multiplication

1=( 1)
1=
2
0= 1
2

Using the quadratic equation

2

1 11 ax + bx+ c
b b 24 ac
=
2a
(1) (1)24 1 (1)
=
2 1
1 1+4
=
2
1 5
=
2
1+ 5 1 5
=
2
2
Therefore, It can be seen that the positive solution of the equation

1
=
is indeed the golden ratio.
1 1
5.
a. Given equation is:

Let n = 1, and find result:

[
[

] [
] [

] [

1 1+ 5
1 1 5
Fn =

5 2
5 2

1 1+ 5
1 1 5
Fn =

5 2
5 2
1
1 1+ 5
1 1 5
F 1=

5 2
5 2

]
]

1 1+ 5
1 1 5
F 1=

5 2
5 2
1+ 5 1 5
F 1=
2 5
2 5
1+ 51+ 5
F 1=
2 5
2 5
F1= =1
2 5
But, as the first Fibonacci number is also equal to 1, the equation is true
for when n = 1
Let n = 2, and find result:

[
[

] [
] [

1 1+ 5
1 1 5

5 2
5 2
2
1 1+ 5
1 1 5
F2 =

5 2
5 2
Fn =

1 ( 1+ 5 )
F2 =
5 22

]
]

] [

1 ( 1 5 )

5
22

[
[
[ ]

1 1+2 5+ 5 12 5+5

4
4
5
1 1+2 5+ 51+2 55
F2 =
4
5
1 4 5
F2 =
5 4
4 5
F2 =
4 5
F2 =1
F2 =

]
]

But, as the second Fibonacci number is also equal to 1, the equation is

true for when n=2
b. Therefore for the equation, assume true for n = k and n = k+1
Fn +2=F n+ F n +1 , find the result

Using the equation

Fn +2=F n+ F n +1
F k+2=F k + Fk +1

] [

] [

1 1+ 5
1 1 5
1 1+ 5
F k+2=

+
5 2
5 2
5 2

[
[
[

1 ( 1+ 5 ) ( 1 5 ) ( 1+ 5 )
F k+2=

+
5 2k
2k
2k+1
F k+2=

k +1

k+1

( 1 5 )

k+1

2k+1

2
2
1 2 ( 1+ 5 ) 2 ( 1 5 ) 2 ( 1+ 5 )

+
5
22 2k
22 2k
2 2k +1
k

1 1 5

5 2

k +1

k +1

k+1

2 ( 1 5 )
2 2 k+1
k +1

2 ( 1 5 )
1 4 ( 1+ 5 ) 4 ( 1 5 ) 2 ( 1+ 5 )
F k+2=

k+2
k+2
k+2
5
2
2
2
2k+2
1
1
k
k
k+1
k +1
F k+2= k+2 [ 4 ( 1+ 5 ) 4 ( 1 5 ) +2 ( 1+ 5 ) 2 ( 1+ 5 ) ]
5 2

k +1

1
1
k
k +1
k
k +1
k+2 [ 4 ( 1+ 5 ) +2 ( 1+ 5 ) 4 ( 1 5 ) 2 ( 1+ 5 ) ]
5 2
k+2
k+ 2
4
2
( 1+ 5 )
(
) ( 4 2 + 2 )
+
1 5
2
( 1+ 5 ) ( 1+ 5 )
( 1 5 ) ( 1 5 )

F k+2=
F k+2=

1
1
k+2
5 2

[
[

F k+2=

k+2 4 +2(1+ 5)
k+2 4 +2(1 5)
1
1
k+2 ( 1+ 5 )
( 15 ) (
)
2
2
5 2
( 1+ 5 )
( 1 5 )

F k+2=

k+2 4 +2 1+ 5
k+2 4 +2 ( 1 5 )
1
1
k+2 ( 1+ 5 )
15 )
2
2
5 2
( 1+ 5
( 1 5 )

F k+2=

(
(

)
( )
(
) )

)]

4+2+2 5

k+2
k+2 (4+22 5)
1
1
k+2 ( 1+ 5 ) ( (1+2 5+5) ) ( 1 5 ) (
)
(12 5+5)
5 2

k+2 ( 6+2 5 )
k +2 ( 62 5 )
1
1
k+2 ( 1+ 5 )
( 1 5 )
( 6+2 5 )
( 62 5 )
5 2
1
1
k+2
k+ 2
F k+2= k+2 [ ( 1+ 5 ) ( 1 5 ) ]
5 2
k+2
k+2
1 ( 1+ 5 )
1 ( 1 5 )
F k+2=

5 2k +2
5
2k+2

F k+2=

] [

k+2

1 ( 1+ 5 )
F k+2=

5 2

)]

1 ( 1 5 )

2
5

k+2

But, we let n = k. So the equation can be changed to:

n +2

1 ( 1+ 5 )
Fn +2=

5 2
c.

1 ( 1 5 )

2
5

n+2

6.

So, as proven
by the proof
above, the
equation
given is true
for n, n+1
and n+2. This
means that
the equation
will be true
for all values,
as it was
found that
the equation
worked for
when n = 1
and n = 2.

Required Prove:

AD 1+ 5
=
AF
2

Firstly, find the sum of the anterior angles of pentagon ABDCE.

angles=( number of sides2 ) 180

angles=( 52 ) 180
angles=3 180
angles=540
Therefore, as given in the question, the pentagon is regular, so all
sides are the same length, and all subsequent interior angles are the
same magnitude (ie. ABD = BDC = DCE = CEA = EAB). So the
magnitude of each of these angles can be found:
5 magni tude of single angle= of anterior angles
of anterior angles
magnitude of single angle=
5
540
magnitude of single angle=
5
magnitude of s ingle angle=108

Considering AEC, AE = EC (as sides of a regular pentagon) so is

isosceles with EAC = ECA. So:
EAC + ECA+ AEC =180 (Angles in )
2 ECA+ 108=180
(Angle of regular pentagon ( AEC ),
isosceles )
2 ECA=180108

72
2
ECA=36
ECA=

But DAF = ECA = 36

(Z rule)

Considering ADF, AF = DF (sides are interior intersects of trapezium

ADCE) so
:

is isosceles with DAF = FDA = 36. To find AFD in the

DAF+ FDA + AFD=180 (Angles in )

2 DAF+ AFD=180
(Isosceles )
2 36+ AFD=180
AFD=18072
AFD=108
So to find the ratio of the sides; use the sin rule

a
b
=
sin a sinb
AD
AF
=
AFD ADF
AD sin AFD
=
AF sin ADF
AD sin108
=
AF sin 36
Using ClassPad
AD 4 ( 5+ 5)
=
AF 2 5+5
Using ClassPad again
AD 1+ 5
=
AF
2
Therefore, it has been proven that the ratio of side AD to AF is equal to the
1+ 5
golden ratio of
.
2

7.
8. To find the perimeter, let the side of the stage 0 snowflake (ie. The triangle) be
a
Stage
Perimeter

1
a+a+a
3a

2
1
12 a
3
4 a