Area of

Specialization

Biomedical Technology

QUESTION:
A mammography service examined 327
patients during the third calendar quarter of
1996. 719 films were exposed during this
period, eight of which were repeats. What is
the repeat rate?
ANSWER:
c. 1.1%
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:
a. 42 kW
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
(

)(

QUESTION:
Who completes the development of first
computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI,
Ltd.) in 1973?

QUESTION:
Apparatus for measuring blood pressure
ANSWER:
d. sphygmomanometer

QUESTION:
Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J
imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray
device, calculate the frequency in MHz.
ANSWER:
c. 10^10 MHz

ANSWER:
a. Hounsfield

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
It is the study of the response of an image
receptor to x-rays
ANSWER:
a. sensitometry
QUESTION:
A type of luminescence where the visible
light is emitted only during the stimulation of
the phosphor.
ANSWER:
a. fluorescence

QUESTION:
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to
side at its widest point, and its image on
chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what is
the magnification factor?
ANSWER:
b. 1.18
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to
that without a grid
ANSWER:
b. contrast improvement factor

QUESTION:
Analysis of persons irradiated
therapeutically with superficial x-rays has
shown that the skin erythema dose required
to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is
about
ANSWER:
c. 600 rad

10^10 MHz

QUESTION:
It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887
and won Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in
1905. It refers to the emission of electrons
from a clean metallic surface (phototube)
when electromagnetic radiation (light
waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
ANSWER:
a. Photoelectric effect

QUESTION:
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of Xray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9
ion pairs per cubic centimetre of air at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
ANSWER:
b. Roentgen

QUESTION:
ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05
to ____ Hz
ANSWER:
c. 100
QUESTION:
Radiation doses in the range of
approximately200 to 1000 rad produce the
ANSWER:
c. Hematologic syndrome
QUESTION:
Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation
through a grid ratio of patient dose with
and without grid

QUESTION:
Find the potential generated if blood
flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a
magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a volume
flow rate of 175 cubic cm per second.
ANSWER:
b. 309 uV
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:
a. colorimeter

QUESTION:
Recording of heart sounds
ANSWER:
d. phonocardiography

)(
(

ANSWER:
a. Bucky factor
QUESTION:
A radiographic single-phase unit installed in
a private office has a maximum capacity of
100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA.
What is the power rating?

QUESTION:
An optical electronic device that measures
the color concentration of a substance in
solution.

)
)

QUESTION:
Period during which heart contracts.
ANSWER:
b. Systole

QUESTION:
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin
resistance
ANSWER:
a. electrodermograph

Area of
Specialization

Digital and Data

Communications

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
(

)
(

QUESTION:
It consists of 36 unique codes representing
the 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters

SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

n = 6.35

)
(

)(
(

QUESTION:
The thick coaxial cable implementation of
standard Ethernet

ANSWER:
b. code 39

ANSWER:
d. 10 Base 5
QUESTION:
The first fixed- length character code
developed for machines rather than for
people
ANSWER:
d. Baudot Code

QUESTION:
Inaccuracies caused by the representation
of a continuously varying quantity as one of
a number of discrete values.
ANSWER:
d. quantizing errors

QUESTION:
A bit pattern or a character added to the
beginning and the end of a frame to
separate the frames
ANSWER:
a. Flag

QUESTION:
The early pioneer in the development of
error-detection and correction procedures
ANSWER:
a. Richard W. Hamming

QUESTION:
The most reliable convolutional coding
scheme for error detection
ANSWER:
c. CRC

QUESTION:
Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate
by using knowledge of the way in which
voice sounds are produced
ANSWER:
a. vocoder

QUESTION:
An IPv4 has an address space of how
many?
ANSWER:
a. 4294967296

QUESTION:
A coding scheme that records the change
in signal level since the precious sample

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

232 = 4294967296

ANSWER:
d. delta modulation

QUESTION:
For the given parameters, determine the
energy per bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz

QUESTION:
What is the bit rate of STS 1?
QUESTION:
Distortion created by using too low a
sampling rate when coding an analog
signal for digital transmission

QUESTION:
A block coding technique in which four bits
are encoded into a five bit code

ANSWER:
c. either a or b

ANSWER:
d. 22.2 dB

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

*
*

+ ;
+

QUESTION:
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can
pass only an average of 12000 frames per
minute with each frame carrying an
average of 10000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?

ANSWER:
b. 0.876Vmax

ANSWER:
c. 4B/5B Encoding

QUESTION:
A national standards organization that
defines standards in the United States
ANSWER:
a. ANSI

ANSWER:
b. 2 Mbps
QUESTION:
A signal at the input to a mu-law
compressor is positive with its voltage onehalf the maximum value. What proportion
of the maximum output voltage is
produced?

ANSWER:
a. 51.84 Mbps

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

= 2 Mbps

QUESTION:
In asynchronous transmission, one or more
bits to indicate the end of transmission
ANSWER:
d. stop bit

QUESTION:
A telephone subscriber line must have an
SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum
number of bits?
ANSWER:
c. 6.35

QUESTION:
What is the overhead (number of extra bits)
in the DS-3 service?
ANSWER:
a. 1.368 Mbps

Area of
Specialization

EST

QUESTION:
The minimum sampling rate according to
Nyquist Theorem
ANSWER:
d twice the highest frequency of
a signal

QUESTION:
It is used in wireless applications in which
stations must be able to share the medium
without interception by an eavesdropper
and without being subject to jamming from
a malicious intruder
ANSWER:
d. spread spectrum

QUESTION:
Determine the Hamming distance for the
codewords ( 10101, 11001)
ANSWER:
b. two

ANSWER:
d. klystron

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two
1)

QUESTION:
An address space is the total number of
addresses used by the protocol, such
as
IPv4 and IPv6. What is the address space of
IPv6?
ANSWER:
d.

2128

QUESTION:
QUESTION:
An error detection method which uses
ones complement arithmetic
ANSWER:
a. Checksum

QUESTION:
It is a connecting device between two
internetworks that use different models
ANSWER
b. gateway

QUESTION:
It is an undesired shift or width change in
digital bits of data due to circuitry action
which causes bits to arrive at different times
ANSWER:
c.
jitter

a. Dynamic range

QUESTION:
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps
channels using a time slot of 2 bits,
determine the frame duration.
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
d.

H.323

QUESTION:
A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200
by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors,
how many bits are needed to send the
complete contents of a screen?
ANSWER:
d.

12 Megabits

1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

In PCM system, it is the ratio of the

maximum input voltage level to the smallest
voltage level that can be quantized
ANSWER:

It is a standard designed by ITU to allow

telephones in the public telephone
network to talk to computers/terminals
connected to the internet

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:

a. 20s

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000 =
20s

QUESTION:
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that
uses velocity modulation of the electron
beam

QUESTION:
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of
each pulse represents the amplitude of the
information signal at a given time.
ANSWER:
a. PAM

QUESTION: Combination of
compression at the transmitter and
expansion at the receiver of
communications system.
ANSWER:
b. Companding

QUESTION: A device launches or receives a

wave in a transmission line or waveguide in
one direction only.
ANSWER:
b. directional coupler

QUESTION: A type of linear-beam

microwave tube that uses velocity
modulation of the electron beam
ANSWER:
d. klystron

QUESTION:
_______________ is used to position samples
of the different message signals in nonoverlapping time slots.
ANSWER:
b. TDM

1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024

QUESTION:
Combination of compression at the
transmitter and expansion at the
receiver of communications system.
ANSWER:
b. Companding

QUESTION:
A device launches or receives a wave in a
transmission line or waveguide in one
direction only.
ANSWER:
b. directional coupler

QUESTION:
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram
except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
ANSWER:
b. constellation diagram

QUESTION:
It was the first fixed length character code.
ANSWER:
b. Baudot Code

QUESTION:
It involves transmitting each character
twice.
ANSWER:
b. Redundancy

QUESTION:
The __________ provides the mathematical
justification for using a Gaussian Process as
a model for a large number of different
physical phenomena in which the random
variable, at a particular instant of time, is
the result of a large number of individual
random events.

QUESTION:
Of the following substances the most
conductor is
Choices:
a. air
c. iron
ANSWER:
A

b copper
d. salt water

ANSWER:
b. Central Limit Theorem
QUESTION:
The volt is the standard unit of
QUESTION:
A set of communication facilities allowing
direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or
multiples of) for drop and insert. A form of
cell relay, supports B-ISDN.

ANSWER:
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)

QUESTION:
A series of pulses, in which the timing of
each pulse represents the ampltitude of the
information signal at a given time.

Choices:
a. currrent
c. electromotive force
ANSWER:
C

b dish antenna
d. helical antenna

ANSWER:
d. Pulse Position Modulation

QUESTION:
A line of sight radio link operating at a
frequency of 6GHz has a separation of
40km between antennas. An obstacle in
the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how much must
the beam clear the obstacle?

QUESTION:
The type of radio wave responsible for long
distance communications by multiple skips
is the:
ANSWER:
b. Direct Wave

QUESTION:
Line of sight communications is not a factor
in which frequency range?

ANSWER:
a.11.6m
`SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

Choices:
a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave
ANSWER:
c. HF

R = 11.6m

QUESTION:
Variation in received field strength over
time due to changes in propagation
conditions.
ANSWER:
b. Fading

QUESTION:
The atomic weight of an element is
approximately determined by
ANSWER:
C. the number of protons and neutrons

QUESTION:
It represents the simplest whole number
ratio of the various types of atoms in a
compound.
Choices:
a. molecular formula
b. chemical formula
c. reactants
d. empirical formula
ANSWER:
D

b. charge
d. resistance

QUESTION:
Which of the following antenna types is not
designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz
Choices:
a. horn antenna
c. Zepp antenna
ANSWER:
C

ANSWER:
C. Repeater

QUESTION:
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on
the transmission medium after encoding
and modulation have occurred.
ANSWER:
b. Baud

QUESTION:
It was the first fixed-length character code
developed for machines rather than
people.
ANSWER:
b. Baudot Code

QUESTION:
A receiver-transmitter station used to
increase the communications range of VHF,
UHF and microwave signals is called a(n):

QUESTION:
It is a term that is often misunderstood and
commonly confused with bit rate (bps)
Choices:
a. Bandwidth
c. Baud
ANSWER:
C

b ASK
d. FSK

QUESTION:
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone
on a channel at same point in a
communication system.
Choices:
a. transmission level point
b. transmission level
c. data level point
d. error detecion
ANSWER:
A

QUESTION:
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose
of detecting errors is a form of error
detection called ___________.

Choices:
a. burst
c. error correction
ANSWER:
B

b. redundancy
d. error detection

QUESTION:
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz
signal.
ANSWER:
d. 0.075m

QUESTION:
What is the device that converts energy
from one form to another?
ANSWER:
a. transducer

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
It may be defined as any undesired
voltages or currents that ultimately end up
appearing in the receiver output.

QUESTION:
The computers that hold shared files,
programs and the network operating
system. They also provide access to network
resources to all the users of the network.

ANSWER:
b. Electrical noise
ANSWER:
a. Servers
QUESTION:
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz
bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s.
Assuming no noise.

ANSWER:
c. 10,000

QUESTION:
Microwaves are frequencies above _____
GHz.

QUESTION:
It is often used to compare the
performance of one digital modulation
technique to another.

It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that

provides transmission channels capable of
supporting transmission rates greater than
the primary data rate.

ANSWER:
a. bandwidth efficiency

QUESTION:
It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions.

ANSWER:
c.1

ANSWER:
b. FCC

QUESTION:
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter

QUESTION:
For a PCM system with a maximum analog
frequency of 4kHz, determine the minimum
sample rate.

ANSWER:
d. all of the above

Question:
Determine the peak frequency deviation
for a binary FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of
51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps

ANSWER:
a. 1 kHz

ANSWER:
a. Forward Error Correction

QUESTION:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

This OSI Layer is responsible for network

availability, data storage and processor
capacity. It also determines the type of
dialogue available.

ANSWER:
a. Session layer

QUESTION:
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of
about ______ GHz.

QUESTION:
Data Communications refers to the
transmission of ________.

QUESTION:

ANSWER:
a. 8 kHz

ANSWER:
a. High-pass

ANSWER:
a. 6

ANSWER:
a. Broadband ISDN

It is the only error-correction scheme that

actually detects and corrects transmission
errors when they are received without
requiring a transmission..

ANSWER:
a. quantization
QUESTION:
The government agencies that regulates
radio communications in the US is the
________.

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
It is another relatively simple form of
redundancy error checking where each
character has a numerical value assigned
to it.

ANSWER:
a. Checksum

QUESTION:
It is a modulation and multiplexing
technique that distributes the signal and its
sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.
ANSWER:
a. Spread spectrum

QUESTION: What do you call the accumulation

of additional sounds such as wind, street noise,
other voices that contribute to what the listener
hear?
ANSWER: b. Ambience

QUESTION:
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to
receiver with line of sight range.
ANSWER:
D. hop

QUESTION:
It is defined by the average rate at which
energy is carried out per unit area.
ANSWER:
b. intensity

QUESTION: Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232

interface on D connector, this connection
allows signals to be transmitted from the DCE to
the attached DTE whenever there is a high
probability of an error in the received data due
to the quality of the circuit falling below a
predefined level.
ANSWER:
c. signal quality detector

QUESTION: It is the electrostatic forces of

attraction between oppositely charged ions.

ANSWER:
A. ionic bonding

QUESTION: What is the process in which the

system adapts to the incoming audio level to
keep the signal large enough to fill the systems
dynamic range?

QUESTION:
A modulation process wherein both frequency
and phase remains constant while the
amplitude changes.
ANSWER:
b. ASK
QUESTION:
It is the most powerful redundancy checking
technique which is based on binary division.
ANSWER:
c. cyclic redundancy check

QUESTION:
What do you call the element with electrical
properties between those of an insulator and a
conductor?
ANSWER:
a. Semiconductor

QUESTION:
It is the term applied to any method of
extinguishing a debt, principal and interest, by
a series of payments, usually at equal intervals.

ANSWER:
C) burst error

QUESTION:
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the
quantized samples into digital code words.

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet
implementation.
ANSWER:
c. 1000 Base-T

QUESTION:
It is a digital process that allows several
connections to share the high bandwidth of a
link.
ANSWER:
a. TDM
QUESTION:
IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer?

c. encoder

QUESTION:
It is an error detection technique in which a
redundant bit is appended to every data
unit so that the total number of 1s in the unit
(including the parity bit) becomes even.

ANSWER:

a.

vertical redundancy check

QUESTION:
A local area network topology in which the
individual terminal, microcomputers or
workstations are connected directly to a
central computer.
ANSWER:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
d. 98.08 dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB
QUESTION:
Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64QAM signal.

ANSWER:
a. 12000 baud
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits
per signal element since 26 = 64.
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6
baud rate = 12000 baud
QUESTION:
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its
destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of
echo.

ANSWER:
a. amortization

QUESTION:
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the
data unit have changed.?

QUESTION:
Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing.

a.

ANSWER:
d. 0.8 dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
QUESTION:
Telephone switch that connects only to
other switches, and not to individual
customers.
ANSWER:
c. tandem office
QUESTION:
It is a form of digital modulation similar to
PSK except the digital information is
contained in both amplitude and the
phase of the transmitted carrier.
ANSWER:
c. QAM
QUESTION:
The most common circuit used for
demodulating binary FSK signals.
ANSWER:
b. PLL

QUESTION:
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is
commonly used in radar transmitters where
they can generate peak power levels in the
megawatt range.

Star
QUESTION:
The only way to achieve high data rates
with a narrowband channel is to increase
the number of bits per symbol, the most
reliable way to do this is to use a
combination of amplitude and phase
modulation known as _________.

QUESTION:
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of
4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we
modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC
regulations for now.

ANSWER:
b. Magnetron

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

d. (b) and (c)

a.

quadrature amplitude modulation

a.
8 KHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING)
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:

QUESTION:
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth
of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulations.
Choices:
a. 8
c. 36
ANSWER:

b. 6
d. 40

DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)

a. TCP/IP
Noise that is primarily caused by lightning.
Often called as Static Noise.

QUESTION:
What frequencies would be generated by
a telephone using DTMF signalling, when
the number 8 is pressed?
ANSWER:
c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz

D
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
An FM signal requires 10 times the
bandwidth of the original signal.
BW=10x4
= 40 MHz

It is a means of transmitting data by shifting

the phase angle of the transmitted signal.

ANSWER:
b. PSK

ANSWER:
D.40
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
An FM signal requires 10 times the
bandwidth of the original signal.

A modulation technique in which the

frequency of the modulated signal varies
with the amplitude of the modulating signal

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth
of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulations.

ANSWER:
c. atmospheric noise

QUESTION:
The name given for a set of standards for
communicating among computers in which
the primary purpose is to serve as a
structural guideline for exchanging
information between computers,
workstations and networks.

ANSWER:
a. AM
QUESTION:
Is a form of constant amplitude angle
modulation similar to standard frequency
modulation except the modulating signal is
a binary signal that varies between two
discrete voltage levels rather than a
continuously changing analog waveform.
ANSWER:
b. FSK
QUESTION:
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is
analogous to the general manager of the
network by providing access to the OSI
environment.
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
a. OSI

BW=10x4 = 40 MHz
QUESTION:

QUESTION:

For PCM system with the following

parameters determine the minimum
number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz,
maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5

Any transmission system which conveys

more than one signal simultaneously can
experience this type of interference due to
the reception of portions of a signal from
one channel in another channel.

ANSWER:
c. Crosstalk

a.

QUESTION:
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

Choices:
a. I=ktB
c. fa=fs-fm
ANSWER:

= 7.63
=8

QUESTION:
A network topology in which data
circulates from one computer to the next in
sequence.
ANSWER:
a. ring
QUESTION:
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear
PCM system using 8-bit quantizing
ANSWER:
c. 49.92 dB

QUESTION:
What type of digital modulation scheme
uses two or more different output
frequencies?
ANSWER:
b. FSK
QUESTION:
It is an error-correcting code used for
correcting transmission errors in synchronous
data streams.
ANSWER:
a. Hamming Code
QUESTION:
A suite of protocols that allows a wide
variety of computers to share the same
network.

b. C=2Blog2M
d. N=2^m
a.

ANSWER:
C.8
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
(
)

Application layer

QUESTION:
Network topology wherein individual
terminals, microcomputers and workstations
are connected directly to a central
computer.
ANSWER:
d. star

QUESTION:
The loss of data that occurs when two
stations transmit at the same time on a
network
ANSWER:
c.collision

QUESTION:
A term used to describe a telephone
instrument whose handset is on its cradle,
ready to receive a ring signal
ANSWER:
a. On hook

QUESTION:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

D = fsm

Designed to send characters of the

message with the specified bit rate but
without any fixed timing relationship from
one character to the next.

ANSWER:
d. PCM
QUESTION:
Simple form of redundancy error checking
where each character has a numerical
value assigned to it. The characters within a
message are combined together to
produce an error checking character.
ANSWER:
c. Checksum
QUESTION:
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set
developed in 1962 by the International
Business Machines Corporation.
ANSWER:
c. EBCDIC code
QUESTION:
The most commonly used digital
modulation scheme.
ANSWER:
d. PCM
QUESTION:
An attempt is made to transmit base band
frequency of 30khz using a digital audio
system with a sampling rate of 44.1khz.
What audible frequency would result?
ANSWER:
A.14.1kHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
fa = fs fm
= 44.1KHz 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz
QUESTION:
Calculate the capacity of a telephone
channel that has a S/N of 1023?
ANSWER:
B.30000 b/s
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of
about 3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s

= 420 x
103 b/s
= 420
Kb/s

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
The most commonly used digital
modulation scheme.

= 30 x
103 x 14

A.asynchronous
QUESTION:
Token Ring Standard

QUESTION: Handles error recovery, flow

control (synchronization), and sequencing
(which terminals are sending and which are
receiving). It is considered the media
access control layer.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

d. 802.5

Data Link Layer

QUESTION:
It is the process of extracting a phasecoherent reference carrier from a receiver
signal.

QUESTION: A MAC protocol for LANs, with

stations connected topologically or
logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN
standard.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a.

Token Ring

Carrier Recovery

QUESTION:
It is a potential problem whenever two
metallic conductors carrying different
signals are located in close proximity to
each other.

QUESTION:
A network topology where each device is
connected to a centre point and all data is
routed through that point.

ANSWER:
c. Star network

ANSWER:
c. Crosstalk
QUESTION:
What is the termed refer as the rapid
degradation of output signal quality with
channel induced errors?

QUESTION:
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a
glass tube for an active medium, dye is
circulated into the tube with a pump. A
powerful pulse of light excites the organic
dye.

ANSWER:
a threshold effect
ANSWER:
d. Liquid Lasers
QUESTION:
What was the first fixed-length character
code developed for machines rather than
for people?
ANSWER:
d. Baudot code

QUESTION:
Codes that have a restriction on the
number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a
sequence.
ANSWER:
d. Run length limited code

QUESTION:
A source whose output satisfies the
condition of statistical independence
among letters in the sequence is said to
be_____.
ANSWER:
a. Memoryless
QUESTION: Calculate the minimum data
rate needed to transmit audio with
sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample.
ANSWER:
420 Kb/s

QUESTION:
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating
0s and 1s that alert the receiving system to
the coming frame and enable it to
synchronize its input timing
ANSWER:
b. preamble

QUESTION:
Every letter was encoded into fixed length
of binary code words of length 5.
ANSWER:
b. Baudot Code

QUESTION:
The composite signal that modulates the FM
carrier.
ANSWER:
b. baseband
QUESTION:
It is a simple means of error detection. It
involves the addition of one extra bit to the
bits that encode a character.
ANSWER:
a. parity
QUESTION:
A data compression scheme that uses
fewer bits to represent more frequently
occurring characters or bit patterns and
more bits to represent those occur less
frequently.
ANSWER:

QUESTION:
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
Choices:
a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. 010000101 d.
110000101
ANSWER:
a. 100001011

QUESTION:
Showed mathematically that it is posssible
to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal
from periodic samples, as long as the
sampling rate is at least twice the
frequency of the highest frequency
component of the signal.
ANSWER:
c. Harry Nyquist

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

QUESTION:
Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.

QUESTION:
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK
signal, what is the baud rate?

ANSWER:
b. 49.92 dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:
d. 6000 Hz

DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
= 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

c. Huffman coding
QUESTION:
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in
a digital communication systems.
ANSWER:
b. Baud rate
QUESTION:
It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions.
ANSWER:
d. Quantization

baud rate = bandwidth

6000 Hz = 6000 Hz

QUESTION:
In operation, many modern codecs
achieved compresion by first encoding the
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, then
converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8bit compressed code by discarding some
of the bits. This is a simple example of:

QUESTION:
Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16QAM signal.

ANSWER:
d. Digital Signal Processing

ANSWER:
a. 8000 bps

QUESTION:
Sampling of an analog signal using a
sample-and-hold circuit such that the
sample has the same amplitude for its
whole duration.
ANSWER:
a. Flat-topped Sampling

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps

QUESTION:
It is the ratio of the largest possible
magnitude to the smallest possible
magnitude that can easily be decoded by
the digital to analog converter in the
receiver.

QUESTION:
It is an electronic device that is used for
computer communications through
telephone lines.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
b. modem

QUESTION:
The basic building block of the FDM
hierarchy.
ANSWER:
b. Message Channel

c. Dynamic Range
QUESTION:
It is the institution that developed the ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information
Intertchange).

ANSWER:
b. ANSI

QUESTION:
In early 1900s, he showed that any
composite signal is a sum of a set of sine
waves of different frequencies, phases and
amplitudes.

ANSWER:
c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier

QUESTION:
QUESTION:
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal
is transmitted down this line using a four
level code. What is the maximum
theoretical data rate?
ANSWER:
b. 18 kbps
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

a.135.42kHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:

S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000

C = Blog2(1+S/N) =
59.795 kbps

ANSWER:

Fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz

C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps

(4.5x103)log2(1+10000)

The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a

200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of
270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency shift
between mark and space.

Since both results are maxima, we take the

lesser of the two, 18 Kbps...

For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km

on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of
0.66. What is the propagation delay?
ANSWER:
a.12,6us

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6
s

QUESTION:
It allows the overall complexity of the
system to be broken down into individual
function layers- that operate essentially by
themselves.

QUESTION:
ANSWER: b. Transparency
A signal at the input to a -Law compressor
is positive, with its volatage one-half the
maximum value. What proportion of the
maximum output voltage is produced?
ANSWER:
A0.876Vo
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
This are very useful pictorial representations
that clearly show the protocol operations
such as words or convetional drawings.

b. Transmit Modulator

ANSWER:

Choices:

a.

State Transition Diagram

Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876Vo

QUESTION:
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its
destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of
echo

QUESTION:
A balanced modulator that will used in
conjuction with a microwave generator,
power amplifier, and band-pass filter, upconverts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and
amplifies the RF to the desired output
power.

QUESTION:
Pair of wires that connects the central
office to the users phone

QUESTION:
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

a. I=ktB
c. fa=fs-fm
ANSWER:

b.
d.

C=2Blog2M
N=2^m

a.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a.

Local loop

c.collision

ANSWER:
a.0.8dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
How long does it take to dial the number
784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter
digit time?

ANSWER:
a. 6.8s

QUESTION:
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5
HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the
signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation.

ANSWER:

Who invented the telegraph?

a. 50 MHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:

0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) =

6.8s

b. Samuel F.B Morse

QUESTION:
The simplest modulation technique, where
a binary information signal modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier.

QUESTION:
Used to established a point to point
connection across a network.

QUESTION:
Network that connects users who are in the
same general location
ANSWER: c. TCP
ANSWER:
c. LAN

ANSWER:
a.

Amplitude-Shift Keying

QUESTION:
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection
hierarchy and is responsible for the actual
propagation of unstructured data bits (1s
and 0s) through a transmission medium.
ANSWER:
a.

Please indicate the subject:

( ) General Engineering and Applied
Science
(/) Electronics System & Technologies
QUESTION:
In operation, many modern codecs
achieved compresion by first encoding the
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, then
converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8bit compressed code by discarding some
of the bits. This is a simple example of:

Physical Layer

QUESTION:
An attempt is made to transmit a baseband
frequency of 25kHz using digital audio
system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz.
What audible frequency would result?

ANSWER: b. 19.1kHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
fa = fs - fm
= 44.1kHz 25kHz
= 19.1kHz

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
Error-correction scheme that actually
detect and corrects transmission errors
when they are received without requiring a
retransmission.
ANSWER: a. Forward Error Correction

d. Digital Signal Processing

QUESTION:
Defines the rules of the conversation the
message passing among the network users

ANSWER:
a. network protocol

QUESTION:
Responsible for providing signals to the loop
sensing activity and sending phone signals
at the end of the loop

ensures the end to end integrity of the data

message propagated through the network
between two devices.

b.

The modulation index m is related to the

total transmitted power Pt by:

m2

Pt Pc1
2

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a. SLIC

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

Transport

where Pt =

total transmitted power, Pc = carrier power

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in
the battery of the central office with
respect to ground

It is used on long distance circuits, in an effort

to overcome echoes caused by circuit
imbalances.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a. -48

a.

QUESTION:
A network that is composed of a smaller lan
that are closely link. It is needed for areas
spread out geographically

Echo Suppresors

QUESTION:
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in
terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200
mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this
signal?

ANSWER:
c. WAN
ANSWER:
C. 23dBm
QUESTION:
How many central office allotted for each
exchange?

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) =
23 dBm

ANSWER:
b. 1

QUESTION:
It is a method of switching that provides a
separate physical path for each symbol

ANSWER:
c.

QUESTION:
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75
Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with
a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the
reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the
noise figure of the system.

space switching

QUESTION:An FM transmitter system is using

a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a very
stable 108MHz final carrier frequency. The
output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a x36
multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered
out, while the difference is fed to another
multiplier in order to generate the final
carrier frequency. What is the multiplier
value?
ANSWER: D. 72
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier
generator:
1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier >
108MHz carrier
First Multiplier output:
1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz
Mixer output:
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered
output)
36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz (difference
fed to the next multiplier)
Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz
Output = 1.5MHz x n
N = 108/1.5
= 72
QUESTION:
A/an _______ is a range of frequency in
which the upper frequency is double the
lower frequency.

ANSWER:B
QUESTION:

ANSWER:
c. octave

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

The central office detects a request for service

from a telephone by:

The total noise temperature of the antenna

and receiver is NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375.
The noise temperature is given by:

NT T 0NR 1

ANSWER:
a.

a flow of loop current

QUESTION:
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it
moves through a network. It controls and
ensures the end to end integrity of the data
message propagated through the network
between two devices.

ANSWER:
a.

Transport

where:

NT noise temp, NR = Noise ratio

Rearranging the above to find NR gives:
NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29
The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent of
the noise ratio, such that:
NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB

QUESTION:The modulation index of an AM

radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is
500W, what is the total transmitted power?
ANSWER:
C.641W

UESTION:
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a
narrowband FM receiver with deviation
maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum
intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N
input is 3:1.

ANSWER:
a. 10
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be

QUESTION:
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it
moves through a network. It controls and

10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10

QUESTION:
A small variable capacitance in parallel
with each section of ganged capacitor is
called _______.

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

= 360 td / T

QUESTION: The total transmitted power of

an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier
power of 50kW when modulated 80
percent is:

T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns

ANSWER:
a. trimmer

QUESTION: How many wavelengths long

are required for a pair of conductors to be
considered as a transmission line?

= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees

QUESTION: Which of the following is a flat

conductor separated by an insulating
dielectric from a large ground plane that is
usually one-quarter or one-half wavelength
long?

c. 66kW
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW

ANSWER:
b. microstrip

ANSWER:
c. 1/10
QUESTION: Determine the time taken for a
signal to travel down a 10 m transmission
line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.

QUESTION: One complete revolution

around a Smith Chart represents _________
wavelengths.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
d. 47.6 ns

QUESTION: One of the advantages of DSB is

the savings of great deal of power. Which
of the following is the reason why it is not
widely used?

ANSWER:
d. the signal is difficult to demodulate

a.

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
QUESTION: The maximum voltage standing
wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is
52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How
many percent of the incident power is the
reflected power?

ANSWER:
b. 26%

QUESTION: A mismatched transmission line

is also referred to as a ___________ line.

QUESTION: If the input in a transmitter is

collector-modulated, the system is called a
_______________________.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

d. resonant

b. high-level modulator

QUESTION: It is the ratio of the speed of

propagation on a line to that of light in freespace.

QUESTION: The input to an FM receiver has

a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency
deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the
permitted deviation is 4KHz?

ANSWER:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

2 = Pr/Pi
= SWR-1
3.05
SWR+1

ANSWER:

; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 =

= 3.05 1 = 0.51
3.05 +1
Thus : 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident
power

a. velocity factor

QUESTION: Which of the following is the

most widely used UTP cable that can carry
baseband data at rates up to 100 Mbps at
a range up to 100m?

ANSWER:
b. CAT 5

QUESTION: The modulated peak value of a

signal is 125V and the unmodulated
carrier value is 85V. What is the modulation
index?

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

c. parallel-resonant

a.0.47
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
m = Em/ Ec

ANSWER:
a. 108 degrees

= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz

QUESTION: At exactly one-quarter

wavelength, the short-circuited transmission
line behaves as a(an) ___________ circuit.

QUESTION: Determine the phase-shift

represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz
signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric
constant of 2.3.

ANSWER:
b. 547.8 Hz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION: What circuit is used to return the

frequency response of a signal to its normal,
flat level?

ANSWER:
b. de-emphasis

Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125

85 = 40 V

m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47

QUESTION: It is the most common means of

overcoming the problems of quantizing
error and noise.

ANSWER:
b. companding

QUESTION: ________________ means that the

characteristics and performance of an
antenna are the same whether the
antenna is radiating or intercepting an
electromagnetic signal.

QUESTION: A basic antenna connected to

a transmission line plus one or more
additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line form a

ANSWER:
a. antenna reciprocity

ANSWER: a. parasitic array

QUESTION: Which of the following methods

is used to lower the resonant frequency of a
shortened vertical antenna?

ANSWER:

QUESTION: An antenna made up of a

driven element and one or more parasitic
elements is generally referred to as a

ANSWER:
d. Yagi antenna

b. top hat loading

QUESTION: It is a phenomenon caused by

any support insulators used at the ends of
the wire antenna.

ANSWER:
b. end effect
QUESTION: Which of the following is not a
reason why most half-wave antennas are
mounted horizontally at low frequencies?
Choices:
a. physical construction is easier
b. more cost-effective
c. mounting is easier
d. support is easier
ANSWER: B

QUESTION: Which antennas usually consist

of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted
end to end?

Choices:
a. signal shape
b. electromagnetic pattern
c. radiation pattern
d. antenna pattern
ANSWER: C

QUESTION: Antennas that transmit an equal

amount of energy in the horizontal direction
are called

ANSWER: c. omnidirectional

200 3 x 10 8
200 c
s

d 200

5.5 m
f
9
11 x 10
s

QUESTION:
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular
waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm
and a desired frequency of operation of 6
GHz?

ANSWER:
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
(

Choices:
a. Hertz
b. Marconi
d. Yagi

QUESTION: A stacked collinear antenna

consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from
one another by one-half wavelengths is the

Choices:
a. focal factor
b. permittivity
c. directivity
d. horizontal range
ANSWER: C

Choices:
a. broadside array
b. end-fire array
c. wide-bandwidth array
d. parasitic array

QUESTION:
A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart.
Suppose that there is an obstacle midway
between the transmitter and receiver. By
how much must the path between the
towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid
diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?

ANSWER:
B. 10.51 m
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
(
(

QUESTION: When the characteristic

impedance of the transmission line matches
the output impedance of the transmitter
and the impedance of the antenna itself,

)
)

QUESTION:
ANSWER:
d. maximum power transfer will take place

QUESTION: A one-quarter wavelength of

coaxial or balanced transmission line of a
specific impedance connected between a
load and a source in order to match
impedances is

How far from the transmitter could a signal

be received if the transmitting and
receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m,
respectively, above level terrain?

ANSWER:
A. 44.5 km
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION: The ability of an antenna to send

or receive signals over a narrow horizontal
directional range is referred to as

( )

ANSWER: c. collinear

ANSWER: A
QUESTION: The shape of the
electromagnetic energy radiated from or
received by an antenna is called the

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER:
c. a Q section
QUESTION:

QUESTION:

By how much should two antennas be

separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz
band?

A signal propagated in a waveguide has a

full wave of electric intensity change
between two further walls, and no
component of the electric field in the
direction of propagation. The mode is

ANSWER:
A. 5.5 m

ANSWER:
D. TE20

QUESTION:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and
a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W
to the isolator, and the load is resistive with
an SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated
in the load
ANSWER:
D. 638 mW
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

1W

Pout

anti log

0 .7
10

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638 .35 mW

QUESTION:
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and
a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W
to the isolator, and the load is resistive with
an SWR of 3. How much power returns to
the source?
ANSWER:
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

1W

0 .7
anti log
10
SWR 1

0.5
SWR 1

851 .14 mW

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638 .35 mW

Preflected Pout 2 212 .78 mW
Preturned

212 .78 mW
534 .49 W
26
anti log
10

a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d.

wave trap
ANSWER:
C. isolator
QUESTION:
A metal wrapped around the parabolic
antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes
interfering nearby stations is called

ANSWER:
C. shroud

QUESTION:

Geostationary satellites are located at ____

with respect to the equator.

What is the length of the path to a

geostationary satellite from an Earth station
if the angle of elevation is 300?

ANSWER:
B. 00 latitude

ANSWER:
B. 39000 km
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
The quality of a space-link is measured in
terms of the ______ ratio.

)
)

QUESTION:

ANSWER:
B. G/T
QUESTION:
Why does the downlink frequency appear
to vary by several kHz during a low earth
orbit satellite pass?

ANSWER:
D. The distance between the satellite and
ground station is changing, causing the
Doppler effect

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

Choices:

QUESTION:

The most ambitious LEO constellation to

date is ______.

It is a microwave device that allows RF

energy to pass through in one direction with
very little loss, but absorbs RF power in the
opposite direction.

ANSWER:
A. is greater than in free space

851 .14 mW

SWR 1
0 .5
SWR 1

Pout

The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide

_________.

ANSWER:
C. Teledesic

What is the nominal uplink frequency for the

Ku band?
ANSWER:
C. 14 GHz

QUESTION:
To cover all inhabited regions of the earth,
the number of polar-orbit satellites required
is
ANSWER:
A. 1

A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance

of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms,
measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the
efficiency.
ANSWER: d. 93%
SOLUTION:
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%

QUESTION:
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish
designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation. The
owner wants to use the same dish with a
new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12 GHz)
satellites. What effect will the change in
frequency have on the gain and
beamwidth of the antenna?

ANSWER:
A. Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
decreases to 1/3 of its former value.

QUESTION:
The moon orbits the earth with a period of
approximately 28 days. How far away is it?
Assume circular orbit.
ANSWER:
c. 384 Mm

Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5

dBd, respectively. Which has a greater
gain?
Choices:
a. The first antenna has a higher gain.
b. The second antenna has a higher gain.
c. Both antennas have the same gain
d. Cannot be determined
ANSWER: B
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
Choices:
a. Marconi antenna
b. Yagi antenna
c. Hertz antenna
d. none of the choices
ANSWER: C

QUESTION:
An antenna's beamwidth is measured

QUESTION:
The outline of a communications satellite
antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
ANSWER:

The location of a satellite is generally

specified in terms of
ANSWER:
b. latitude & longitude

Choices:
a. from +90 to 90
b. between half-power points
c. from front to back
d. between the minor side-lobes

d. footprint

QUESTION:

ANSWER: B

QUESTION: "Ground Effects" refers to the

effects on an antenna's radiation pattern
caused by
Choices:
a. radio signals reflecting off the ground
b. buildings and other structures on the
ground
c. fading
d. faulty connection of the feed cable
ground
ANSWER: A

A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the

earth that is located closest to Earth.
ANSWER:
a. perigee

ANSWER:
c. 39,000 km
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION:
Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular
orbit 500 km above the earths surface.

d (r h)2 (rcos )2 rsin

d = distance to the satellite in
km

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

11

4 x10
v
d 6400

Formula :

Choices:
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
d. all of the choices

Where : v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earths
surface in km

ANSWER: D

QUESTION: As the length of a "long-wire"

antenna is increased

11

4 x10
(500 6400)

= 7.6 km/s

Find the orbital period of a satellite in a

circular orbit 36,000 km above the earths
surface if the earths radius is 6400 km.
ANSWER:
a. 1440 mins
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

QUESTION: Field strength at a distance from

an antenna is measured with
ANSWER:
d. a field-strength meter

QUESTION: A receiving antenna with a builtin preamplifier

Choices:
a. active antenna
b. passive antenna
c. coil
d. LC antenna

Formula :

Where :

C
v

T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity

C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106
m

ANSWER: A
QUESTION:
The height above mean sea level of a
satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around
Earth is:

4 x1011
3.07km/s
(36,000 6400)
C 266.4 x106 m

24hrs or
v 3.07x103 m /s

1440 minutes

ANSWER:
d. 35,786 km

r = radius of the earth in km

(6400 km)
h = height of satellite above
equator ( 36 x 103 km)
= angle of elevation to
satellite at antenna site
Solution :

d (6400 36x103 )2 (6400cos 30)

=

QUESTION:

ANSWER: A

Formula :

ANSWER:
c. 7.6 km/s

QUESTION: An antenna can be matched to

a feed line using

Choices:
a. the number of lobes increases
b. efficiency decreases
c. the number of nodes decreases
d. none of the above

QUESTION:
Calculate the length of the path to a
geostationary satellite from an earth station
where the angle of elevation is 30.
(earths radius = 6400 km, height of satellite
above earth is 36 X 103 km)

39,000 km

QUESTION:
A satellite access technique where each
earth station transmits a short burst of
information during a specific time slot.
ANSWER:
c. TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)
QUESTION:
An earth station antenna look angle is
determined by :
ANSWER:
a. azimuth & elevation
QUESTION:
An ITU radiocommunication standards for
satellite services which provides information
on the range of frequencies that can be
used by fixed satellite service systems for
emergency and disaster relief operations.
ANSWER:
c.

ITU-R S.1001-2

QUESTION:
As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is from
ANSWER:
d. 526.5 to 1705 kHz
QUESTION:
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands for Universal
Time Coordinates.
ANSWER:
b. nighttime period
QUESTION:
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable interference
or objectionable fading.
ANSWER:
a. primary service area
QUESTION:
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed on mast or
tower more than from the ground level.
Choices:
a. 100 ft
b. 150 ft
c. 200 ft
d. 250 ft
QUESTION:
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the radiator?
ANSWER:
b. vertical
QUESTION:
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any service area for adjacent AM radio stations?
ANSWER:
c. 36 kHz
QUESTION:
What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services for AM and FM
broadcast stations?
ANSWER:
c. 35 W
QUESTION:
What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?
ANSWER:
b. Class B
QUESTION:
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
ANSWER:
b. AM DSB SC
QUESTION:
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic transmission?
ANSWER:
b. 19 kHz
QUESTION:
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the antenna has a
power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW?
ANSWER:
d. 19.96 kW
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
QUESTION:
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines
ANSWER:
b. 88 108 MHz
QUESTION:
What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?
ANSWER:
a. NTSC

QUESTION:
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is
ANSWER:
d. 3.579545
QUESTION:
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
ANSWER:
b. 187.25 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9
QUESTION:
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
ANSWER:
d. 1 MW
QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame
ANSWER:
b. 525
QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period?
ANSWER:
c. 63.556 usec
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
QUESTION:
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz
QUESTION:
A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and related communications from the scenes of
events occuring at remote points from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
ANSWER:

a.

TV Pick-up station

QUESTION:
For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to produce this
is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
QUESTION:
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and / or reception of
radio signals?
ANSWER:
b. sky wave
QUESTION:
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as its
dielectric, r = 2?
ANSWER:
c. 0.96 m
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.

QUESTION:
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is
45?
ANSWER:
d. 30
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
Using Snells Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30
QUESTION:
An ionosphere layer also termed as absorption layer because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the layer.
ANSWER:
a. D
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
The D layer has a critical frequency in the order of 100 kHz. Even MF band frequencies are absorbed by this
layer during sky wave propagation particularly in AM and SW radio broadcasting.
QUESTION:
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High Frequency?
ANSWER:
c. centimetric
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz
max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave.
QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
ANSWER:
b. space diversity
QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
ANSWER:
a. frequency diversity
QUESTION:
What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 10 6 per cm3?
ANSWER:
c. 13 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
QUESTION:
A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer is 110 km. at
the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio stations is 500 km, what is
the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
ANSWER:
c. 8.4 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
QUESTION:
The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This law is known as
ANSWER:
c. Inverse Square law
QUESTION:
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100 to 115 km
above the earth is known as the layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
ANSWER:
b. E

QUESTION:
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna is known as
ANSWER:
b. Radiation Pattern
QUESTION:
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 . What is the value of its loss resistance?
ANSWER:
d. 6.58
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.

QUESTION:
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly shaped areas.
ANSWER:
b. 11-year sunspot

QUESTION:
What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
ANSWER:
b. increase antenna height
QUESTION:
Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce attenuation?
ANSWER:
d. all choices
QUESTION:
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of stations frequency?
ANSWER:
b. HF
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 30 MHz range designated as HF band

QUESTION:
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
ANSWER:
d. 18.97 mi
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
QUESTION:
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How
much power was fed into the test antenna?
ANSWER:
c. 3 W
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2
PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.

QUESTION: Identical telephone numbers

in different parts of a country are
distinguished by their ___.

QUESTION: A telephone signal takes 2ms

to reach its destination. Calculate the
via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.

ANSWER:
b. area codes

ANSWER:

QUESTION: Telephone traffic is

measured ____.

ANSWER:
b.
697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz

QUESTION:
In DTMF, the Horizontal
frequencies are

d. 0.8 dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
a. in erlangs
QUESTION: In a cellular telephone
system, each cell site contains a ____.

ANSWER:
a.

repeater

QUESTION: When the signal from a

mobile cellular unit drops below a
certain level, what action occurs?

VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB

Where:
VNL = minimum required via net loss in
dB
t = time delay in ms for propagation
one way along line
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB

QUESTION: In a cellular telephone

system, group of cells is called ___.

QUESTION:

ANSWER:
a. forward links
QUESTION: A CDMA mobile measures
the signal strength from the base as -100
dBm. What should the mobile
transmitter power be set to as a first
approximation, considering - 76 dB at
mobile power contol?

ANSWER:

PT = -76 dB - PR
= -76 dB (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW

In DTMF, the
horizontal
frequencies is also
known as

b. high group frequencies

QUESTION:

b. trunk lines

In DTMF, the Vertical

frequencies is also known as

QUESTION:
In telephony,
call blocking is:

ANSWER:
a. low group frequencies

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
b.

occurs when the central office

capacity is exceeded

The bandwidth of voice-grade signals

on a telephone system is restricted in
order to:

QUESTION:
ANSWER:
The cable used for
local loops in
telephone system is
mainly:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

PT = -76 dB - PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm

QUESTION:

ANSWER:
Central offices are connected
by:

ANSWER:
c. 250 mW

reverse links

a. 48 volts DC

ANSWER:
b. cluster
QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone
Systems, these are transmissions from
base stations to mobile units (Downlink)

b.

The typical voltage across a telephone

when on-hook is:

ANSWER:

QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone

Systems, these are transmissions from
mobile units to base stations (Uplink)

ANSWER:

QUESTION:

ANSWER:
c. the unit is handed off to a closer
cell

a. 1209Hz,
1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz

ANSWER:
a. twisted-pair copper wire

c. allow signals to be multiplexed

QUESTION:
11. This is the highest-ranking office in
the DDD network in telephony in terms
of the size of the geographical area
served and the trunking options
available.

QUESTION:
ANSWER:
In DTMF, the four
vertical frequencies
are ____.

b. regional center

QUESTION:
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:

ANSWER:
d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
+ 26 dBu is how many volts?
ANSWER: b. 15.5 V
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V

In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:

ANSWER:
a.

Base Station Controller

QUESTION:
In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:

ANSWER:
a.

Mobile Switching Center

QUESTION:
In GSM, voice channels are called:
ANSWER:
a.

traffic channels

QUESTION:
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:
ANSWER:
a.

frequency
hopping

QUESTION:
In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands
for:
ANSWER:
b. International Mobile Subscriber
Identification

QUESTION:
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the
sound continues to persist after the cause
of sound has stopped resulting in repeated
reflections is called
ANSWER:
b. reverberation
QUESTION:
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing.
If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the
next frequency available for the filter?
ANSWER: d. 31.5 Hz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of
an octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz

QUESTION:
A type of microphone that uses the
principle of a capacitor as a means of
transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage of
between 9 and 48 V of DC supply applied
to its diaphragm by an external power
supply.
ANSWER:
b. Condenser
QUESTION:
Determine the sound power in Watts
produced by the banks alarm if a bystander heard the alarm at a sound
pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander
is 100 ft away from the bank.
ANSWER: d. 58.65 W
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 =
137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
QUESTION:
Electromagnetic waves that are directed
above the horizon level.
Choices:
a. ground waves b. surface waves c.
sky waves d. space waves
ANSWER: c
QUESTION:
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL
at 1 meter distance and input electrical
power of 1 W. How loud is the SPL at
distance of 20 meters if this speaker is driven
to 10 W of electrical power?
ANSWER: b. 69 dB-SPL
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log
(20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
QUESTION:
A number from 0 to 1 representing the
ability of a surface material to absorb
sound energy is known as
ANSWER:
c. Absorption Coefficient
QUESTION:
The difference in dB between the loudest
level of sound and the softest passage of
sound is known as _
ANSWER:
d. dynamic range

QUESTION:
The highest frequency that can be used
for skywave propagation between two
specific points on earths surface.
Choices:
a. Critical Frequency b. MUF
c.
Cut-off frequency
d. mid frequency
ANSWER: a
QUESTION:
Variation in signal loss caused by
natural weather disturbances.
Choices:
a. attenuation
b. fading
c. spreading loss d. weather loss
ANSWER: b
QUESTION:
Determine the radio horizon for a
transmit antenna that is 200 m high and
a receiving antenna that is 100 m high
Choices:
a. 99.5km
b. 96.5 km
c. 95.87
km
d. 97.5 km
ANSWER: a
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
QUESTION:
The height above the earths surface
from which a refracted wave appears
to have been reflected
Choices:
a. actual height
b. virtual height
c. average height d. mean height
ANSWER: b
QUESTION:
The highest frequency that can be used
for skywave propagation between two
specific points on earths surface.
Choices:
a. Critical Frequency
b. MUF c.
Cut-off frequency d. center
frequency
ANSWER: a
QUESTION:
The angular separation between the
two half-power points on the power
density radiation pattern.

Choices:
a. Bandwidth b Beamwidth c.
Footprint d. Azimuth
ANSWER:
Beamwidth
QUESTION:
Refers to the direction in space of
electric vector of the electromagnetic
wave radiated from an antenna and is
parallel to the antenna itself.

ANSWER:
Polarization

QUESTION:
Placing a metallic array on the antenna
effects to increase the current at the
base of the antenna, and also to make
the current distribution more uniform.
What is this called?

QUESTION:
The ratio of the focal length to the
mouth diameter is called __________ of
the parabola, just as in camera lenses.
ANSWER:
Aperture

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
(

P(dBm)= 10log
ANSWER:
Top loading
QUESTION:
What principle that states that the
properties of an antenna are
independent of whether it is used for
transmission or reception.

ANSWER:
Principle of reciprocity
QUESTION:
Calculate the beam width between
nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used
at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often
used at that frequency as antennas
outside broadcast television microwave
links.
ANSWER:
3.50 (c)
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
0=
0=3.50

QUESTION:
This is often used to cure the problem of
great thickness required of lenses used
at lower microwave frequencies or for
strong curved wavefronts.
ANSWER:
Zoning
QUESTION:
A structure-generally metallic and
sometimes very complex-designed to
provide an efficient coupling between
space and the output of a transmitter or
input to a receiver.
ANSWER:
Antenna
QUESTION:
The ratio comparing the power density
generated by a practical antenna in
some direction, with that due to an
isotopic antenna radiating the same
total power.
ANSWER:
Directive gain(b)

QUESTION:
Any array that is directional at right
angles to the plane of the array is said,
by inference, to have __________.
ANSWER:
Broadside action

QUESTION:
Corresponds to a resonant transmission
line, and the dipole antennas describe
so far have been resonant.
ANSWER:
Resonant antenna (b)

QUESTION:
An optic fiber is made of glass with a
refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive index of
1.51. Launching takes place from air.
What numerical aperture does the fiber
have?
Choices:
a. 0.852
c.
1.032
ANSWER:

b.

0.352
d. 0.235

b. 0.352
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical
aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352

QUESTION:
An optic fiber is made of glass with a
refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive index of
1.51. Launching takes place from air.
What is the acceptance angle?
ANSWER:
c. 20.6
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical
aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance
angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
QUESTION:
For a single-mode optical cable with
0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical
power 100km from a 0.1-mW light
source.
ANSWER:
-35dBm

= -35dBm

QUESTION:
For an optical fiber 10km long with a
pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for return-to-zero.
ANSWER:
20Mbps
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Fb=

=20Mbps

QUESTION:
In fiber optics, it is a measure of the
conversion efficiency of a
photodetector. It is the ratio of the
output current of a photodiode to the
input optical power and has the unit of
amperes per watt
ANSWER:
Responsivity
QUESTION:
A phenomenon also called
stress corrosion resulting if the
glass fiber is exposed to long
periods of high humidity?
ANSWER A. Static fatigue:
QUESTION:
The theory which states that
when visible light or highfrequency electromagnetic
radiation illuminates a metallic
surface, electrons are emitted.
ANSWER:
B. Plancks law
QUESTION:
The science of measuring only light
waves that are visible to the human eye
ANSWER:
B. Photometry
QUESTION:
The process of constructing an ILD that
is similar to LED except that the ends
are highly polished.
ANSWER:
C. Lasing
QUESTION:
A phenomenon in optical fibers
communication system that is caused
by the difference in the propagation
times of light rays that take different
paths down the fiber.
ANSWER:
A. Pulse spreading

Question:
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal noise
power in dBm .
ANSWER:
c. -134dBm
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
N = KTB

T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K

= (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W

B = 1 x 104 Hz

N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

0.001
Question:
A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is
6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input.
ANSWER:
a. 5.4 V
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
VN =
=

4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 )

= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
Question:
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100W and the noise power is 1 W. At the output, the signal power is 1W
and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
ANSWER:
c. 3
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
(S/N)p = 100W
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100
33.5

= 100
= 33.3
=3

Question:
It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature.
Calculate the receivers sensitivity.
ANSWER:
a. -98dBm
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm
Question:
A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input over a 1-MHz
frequency range?
Choices:
a. 1.75 x 10-15W
b. 1.75 x 10-12W
c. 1.15 x 10-15W
d. 1.15 x 10-12W
ANSWER:
a. 1.75 x 10-15
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W

Question:
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power output of a given system.
ANSWER:
d.

noise temperature

Question:
The noise voltage produced across a 50 is input resistance at a temperature of 302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is
______.
ANSWER:
d. 2.24V
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
VN =
=

4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)

= 2.24V

Question:
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz.
The input S/N is 2
ANSWER:
a.
30
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz

75 kHz
2.5 kHz

= 30

QUESTION:
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s determined by
comparing the phase of two successive data bits is

ANSWER:
b.
DPSK

QUESTION:
A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of electrical energy, and is often used to
decompose a compound into its elements.

ANSWER:
b. electrolysis

QUESTION:
A special digital modulation technique
that achieves high data rates in limitedbandwidth channels is called

QUESTION:
FSK systems are much superior to twotone amplitude-modulation systems
with respect to

QUESTION:
Using an oscilloscope to display
overlayed received data bits that
provide information on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
c. Quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM)

c. Ionospheric fading
characteristics

ANSWER:
a.

Eye pattern

QUESTION:
The type of radio transmission that uses
pseudorandomly switched transmissions
is known as

QUESTION:
Which is not a type of pulse
modulation?

QUESTION:
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must
hold the sampled voltage is

a.
ANSWER:
b. Spread spectrum
QUESTION:
The acronym CDMA refers to ________.
a.

ANSWER:
Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)

ANSWER:
Aperture time

QUESTION:
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM
systems in

QUESTION:
Error signals associated with the
sampling process are called

ANSWER:
Noise characteristics

ANSWER:
Foldover distortion and aliasing

QUESTION:
A procedure that decides which device
has permission to transmit at a given
time is called

QUESTION:
A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip
containing both the ADC and DAC
circuitry.

ANSWER:
Line Control

ANSWER:
codec

QUESTION:
The major difficulty faced by delta
modulators is

QUESTION:
The NRZ digital signal-encoding format
has a ________ component in the
waveform.

ANSWER:
d. Code-division multipleaccess systems
QUESTION:
The acronym OFDM refers to ________.

a.
ANSWER:
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
QUESTION:
Using radio to transmit gathered data
on some particular phenomenon
without human monitors is known as

ANSWER:
Radio telemetry
QUESTION:
The acronym for the form of data
transmission in which the modulating
wave shifts the output between two
predetermined frequencies is _____.

ANSWER:
Slope overload
QUESTION:
The AT&T T1 lines

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a.
FSK
QUESTION:
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that
can be _____ but has the properties of
randomness.
a.
ANSWER:
re-created
QUESTION:
______ implies that both analog and
digital signals share the same channel
bandwidth.
ANSWER:
Hybrid
QUESTION:
Telemetry may be defined as _____
metering.
ANSWER:
Remote

Use 8-bit PCM code and

include 24 voice channels
QUESTION:
The ground wire in a USB cable is ____

ANSWER:
Brown

ANSWER:
dc
QUESTION:
ReedSolomon codes utilize a
technique called ________ to rearrange
the data into a nonlinear ordering
scheme to improve the chance of data
correction.

ANSWER:
interleaving
QUESTION:
The electric field intensity is measured in:

QUESTION:
A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital
signal to be transmitted on an analog
channel.
ANSWER:
modem

ANSWER:
a. V/m
QUESTION:

QUESTION:
The bit ________ is the amount of power
in a digital bit for a given amount of
time.

It is a result of an increase in the charge

density in dielectric materials.
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
energy
QUESTION:
The relationship for bit rate to ________
bandwidth is defined by the ShannonHartley theorem.

a.

polarization

QUESTION:
It refers to the maximum antenna gain.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Channel

a. directivity

QUESTION:
The

maximum horizontal distance

between the transmitter and the
receiver
for line
of
sight
propagation is known as:

QUESTION:
VLF waves are for some types of
services because

QUESTION:
Which region of the ionosphere is mainly
responsible for long-distance night time
communications?

ANSWER:
c. they are very reliable

ANSWER:
d. F layer

QUESTION:

QUESTION:
It is the distance between two wave
fronts having the same phase at any
given instant.

Typical mode of radiation of helical

antenna is:

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
a. radio horizon

QUESTION:
Which is properly terminated antenna?

ANSWER:
b. wavelength
ANSWER:

a. rhombic

a. end fire

QUESTION:
It is a piece of transmission line which is
normally short-circuited at the far end.

QUESTION:
The electric field is perpendicular to the
earths surface, the polarization
is:

QUESTION:
Occurs when the radio beam is at point
of grazing over an obstacle.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
b. stub
a. diffraction

ANSWER:
a. vertical
QUESTION:

QUESTION:
A 50 ohms transmission line is
connected to a 30 ohm resistive
load.
Calculate the reflection
coefficient.

QUESTION:
A microwave communications system,
space loss calculation formula is

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

b. 0.25
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

c. 92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D

In what major RF band is ground wave

basically applied?

ANSWER:
a. MF (Medium Frequency)
QUESTION:
A measure of
transmission line

Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50) = 0.25

mismatch

in

QUESTION: Is an OSI Layer which is

responsible for providing error-free
communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary
stations (nodes)

QUESTION:
ANSWER:
c. standing wave ratio
QUESTION:
The highest frequency that can be set
back to earth by the ionosphere, if
wave is sent vertically upward.

The characteristic impedance of a

transmission line does not depend upon
its

ANSWER: a. Data Link layer

ANSWER:

QUESTION: Is the ratio of the largest

possible magnitude to the smallest
possible magnitude that can be
decoded by the digital-to-analog
converter.

c. length
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
c.

critical frequency

QUESTION:
Travel in a straight line from the
transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna.

Characteristic impedance of a
transmission line is the impedance
measured at the _______ when its
length is infinite.

ANSWER:

ANSWER: d. Dynamic range

QUESTION: Is a PCM system which uses

a single bit PCM code to achieve digital
transmission of analog signals.

a. input
ANSWER:
c. space wave

ANSWER: b. Delta modulation

QUESTION: Is a redundancy error

detection scheme that uses parity to
determine if a transmission error has
occurred within a message and is
sometimes called message parity.

QUESTION: Modulation which combines

encoding and modulation to reduce
the
probability of error.

QUESTION: If the frequency of a sound is

increased, what will happen to its pitch?
ANSWER: b. Increases

ANSWER: d. TCM

ANSWER: a. Longitudinal redundancy

check

QUESTION: Is an empirical record of a

systems actual bit error performance

QUESTION:
A type of microwave protection system
where each working channel has a
dedicated back up or spare channel.
ANSWER:

ANSWER: b. BER
QUESTION: Is an n-bit data register inside
the UART that keeps track of the UARTs
transmit and receive buffer registers.
ANSWER: b. Status Word register

QUESTION: Is an access method used

primarily with LANs configured in a bus
topology.

QUESTION: Is an error-correcting code

used for correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams.

ANSWER: d. Hamming code

IECEP Manila

ANSWER: a. CSMA/CD

QUESTION: IP version 4 address length is

ANSWER: a. 32 bits

QUESTION: Is a multiport bridge that

provides bridging function.

ANSWER: d. Switch

QUESTION: Is a device which operates in

the Network layer and it makes
forwarding decisions on the basis of
network addresses.
ANSWER: c. Router

QUESTION:
What happens to the frequency of the
wave and to its wavelength when a sound
wave produced in one medium enters
another medium with a different speed?
ANSWER:
c. the frequency of the wave stays the
same while the wavelength changes.

QUESTION: An interest rate of 10%

compounded continuously is desired of an
investment of P15,000. How many years will
be required to recover the capital with the
desired interest if P2,500 is received each
year?
ANSWER:
c. 9.375 years

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING)

A=Pert
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500t
t = 9.375 years

QUESTION: OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is

ANSWER: a. 51.84 Mbps
QUESTION: Is one in which all computers
share their resources with all the other
computers on the network.
ANSWER: b. Peer-to-peer client/server
network
QUESTION: Is used to interface DTEs to
digital transmission channels

ANSWER: d. Channel service unit

QUESTION:
What is the pH level of toilet soap?
ANSWER:
c.10

QUESTION: The process of combining

multiple audio signals into one track is
called?
ANSWER: a. audio mixing

QUESTION: The speed of sequence of

musical notes is called?
ANSWER: b. Tempo

D. Hot Standby