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E) web of authority
6) Which one of the following is consistent with a simple structure?
A) high centralization
B) high horizontal differentiation
C) high employee discretion
D) standardization
E) bureaucracy
7) Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________.
A) reduces effectiveness
B) is more efficient
C) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy
D) empowers employees
E) increases participatory decision-making
8) In an organization that has high centralization, ________.
A) the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch offices
B) all top level officials are located within the same geographic area
C) action can be taken more quickly to solve problems
D) new employees have a great deal of legitimate authority
E) top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out
Directions
Discussion Question
9. How can managers create a boundaryless organization?
Jack Welch coined the term "boundaryless organization" to describe his idea of what he wanted GE to
become. He wanted to eliminate vertical and horizontal boundaries within GE and break down external
barriers between the company and its customers and suppliers. The boundaryless organization seeks to
eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with
empowered teams. By removing vertical boundaries, management flattens the hierarchy. Status and rank
are minimized.
Today most large U.S. companies see themselves as global corporations and may well do as much
business overseas as in the United States. As a result, many companies struggle with the problem of how
to incorporate geographic regions into their structure. The boundaryless organization provides one
solution because it considers geography more of a tactical, logistical issue than a structural one. In short,
the goal of the boundaryless organization is to break down cultural barriers. One way to do so is through
strategic alliances. These alliances blur the distinction between one organization and another as
employees work on joint projects
11. Why do organizational structures differ, and what is the differences between a mechanistic
structure and an organic structure?
A mechanistic model is generally synonymous with the bureaucracy in that it has extensive
departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network (mostly downward
communication), and little participation by low-level members in decision making. At the other extreme
is an organic model. This model looks a lot like the boundaryless organization. It is flat, uses crosshierarchical and cross-functional teams, has low formalization, possesses a comprehensive information
network and it involves high participation in decision making.
The more scarce, dynamic, and complex the environment, the more organic a structure should be. The
more abundant, stable, and simple the environment, the more the mechanistic structure will be preferred
Answer : Culture is transmitted to employees in a number of forms, the most potent being
stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.
a) Stories: Stories contain a narrative of events about the organization's founders, rule breaking,
rags-to-riches successes, reductions in the workforce, relocation of employees, reactions to past
mistakes, and organizational coping. These stories anchor the present in the past and provide
explanations and legitimacy for current practices.
b) Rituals: Rituals are repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values
of the organization, what goals are most important, which people are important and which are
expendable.
c) Material symbols: The layout of corporate headquarters, the types of automobiles top
executives are given, and the presence or absence of corporate aircraft are a few examples of
material symbols. These material symbols convey to employees who is important, the degree of
egalitarianism desired by top management, and the kinds of behavior that are appropriate.
d) Language: Many organizations and units within organizations use language as a way to
identify members of a culture or subculture. By learning this language, members attest to their
acceptance of the culture and, in doing so, help to preserve it. Organizations, over time, often
develop unique terms to describe equipment, offices, key personnel, suppliers, customers, or
products that relate to its business. New employees are frequently overwhelmed with acronyms
and jargon, that, once assimilated, acts as a common denominator that unites members of a given
culture or subculture
7) Explain the concept of organizational climate.
Answer : Organizational climate refers to the shared perceptions organizational members have
about their organization and work environment. This aspect of culture is like team spirit at the
organizational level. When everyone has the same general feelings about what's important or
how well things are working, the effect of these attitudes will be more than the sum of the
individual parts. One meta-analysis found that across dozens of different samples, psychological
climate was strongly related to individuals' level of job satisfaction, involvement, commitment,
and motivation. A positive overall workplace climate has been linked to higher customer
satisfaction and financial performance as well.
input. So if the goal of the group is fact-finding, larger groups should be more effective. On the
other hand, smaller groups are better at doing something productive with that input. Groups of
approximately seven members, therefore, tend to be more effective for taking action. One of the
most important findings about the size of a group concerns social loafing, the tendency for
individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than alone. It directly challenges the
assumption that the productivity of the group as a whole should at least equal the sum of the
productivity of the individuals in it.
6) Discuss the impact of brainstorming on the possibility of groupthink.
Answer: Groupthink is related to norms. It represents a phenomena that occurs when the norm
for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses and the full expression of
deviant, minority, or unpopular views. Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity
that dampen creativity by encouraging any and all alternatives while withholding criticism. The
norm for consensus is the cause of groupthink, while brainstorming is focused on unhampered
generation of ideas. Thus, brainstorming as a technique for group decision making reduces the
possibility of groupthink
7) What are virtual teams?
Teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in
order to achieve a common goal.
May suffer because there is less social rapport and direct interaction among members.
sharing increases flexibility and can increase motivation and satisfaction when a 40-hour-a-week job
is just not practical. The major drawback is finding compatible pairs of employees who can
successfully coordinate the intricacies of one job.