Match the items.

a. neutrophils
b. NK cells
c. B-lymphocytes
d. T8-lymphocytes
e. T4-lymphocytes
f. monocytes
g. eosinophils
h. basophils
1. Important phagocytes; 54%-75% of the leukocytes; granules stain
poorly; produce enzymes for the synthesis of bradykinins and
prostaglandins that promote inflammation.
2. Capable of phagocytosis but primarily kill microorganisms and parasitic
worms extracellularly; 1%-4% of the leukocytes; large granules stain red;
secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to promote inflammation.
3. Not important in phagocytosis; large granules stain a purplish blue; 0%1% of the leukocytes; release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
to promote inflammation.
4. Important in phagocytosis and aid in the adaptive immune responses;
produce cytokines; 4%-8% of the leukocytes; differentiate into
macrophages and dendritic cells when they leave the blood and enter the
tissue.
5. Mediate humoral immunity (antibody production); have B-cell receptors
(BCR) on their surface for antigen recognition; differentiate into antibodysecreting plasma cells.
6. Regulate the adaptive immune responses through cytokine production;
have CD4 molecules and TCRs on their surface for antigen recognition.
7. Carry out cell-mediated immunity; have CD8 molecules and TCRs on
their surface for antigen recognition; differentiate into cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTLs).
8. Lymphocytes that lack B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors; kill cells to
which the antibody IgG has attached as well as human cells lacking MHC-I
molecules on their surface.
U5L2

Activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannosebinding lectin (MBL) in the plasma and tissue fluids. This best describes
which complement pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.
C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin best describe what complement
pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.

The complement proteins C5a, C3a, and C4a function in what?

a. Promoting inflammation.
b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).
c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.
Activated by IgG or IgM reacting with epitopes of an antigen; C1 assembles
on the Fc portion of the antibody. This best describes which complement
pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.
The complement proteins C5b6789s or MAC function in what?
a. Promoting inflammation.
b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).
c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.
The complement protein C5a binds to mast cells, functioning in what?
a. Promoting inflammation.
b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).

c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.
The complement proteins C3b and C4b function in what?
a. Promoting inflammation.
b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).
c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.
C1q, C1r, and C1s assembling to form C1 best describes what complement
pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.
MASP1 and MASP2 assembling on MBL best describes which complement
pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.
Activated by C3b or C3i binding to microbial surfaces . This best describes
which complement pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway.
b. The lectin pathway.
c. The alternative complement pathway.
Normal body microbiota keeping potentially harmful opportunistic pathogens
in check, as well as inhibiting the colonization of pathogens, is called what?
a. anatomical barriers
b. bacterial antagonism
c. mechanical removal
Which of the following is not an example of an antigen-nonspecific
antimicrobial molecule produced by the body?
a. human defensins
b. lysozyme

c. hydrochloric acid
d. antibodies
Mucus and cilia, coughing and sneezing, vomiting and diarrhea, and the
movement of bodily fluids are all examples of what?
a. anatomical barriers
b. bacterial antagonism
c. mechanical removal
The skin, the mucous membranes, and bony encasements are an example of
what?
a. mechanical removal
b. bacterial antagonism
c. anatomical barriers
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1 DNA, double-stranded RNA, and single-stranded

RNA are common PAMPs associated with what?
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. yeasts
d. protozoa
LPS, porins, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan, mycolic acid, and flagellin are
common PAMPs associated with what?
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. yeast
d. protozoa
Unique molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed
human cells that can also be recognized as a part of innate immunity are
known as what?
a. PRRs
b. endocytic PRRs
c. DAMPs

d. PAMPs
e. antigens
Molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the
survival of those organisms and are not found associated with mammalian
cells are known as what?
a. PRRs
b. endocytic PRRs
c. DAMPs
d. PAMPs
e. antigens
Heat-shock proteins and altered membrane phospholipids are examples of
what?
a. PRRs
b. bacterial PAMPs
c. viral PAMPs
d. DAMPs
U5L3
Match the items.
a. Killer-activating receptors
b. Apoptosis, a programmed cell suicide
c. Killer-inhibitory receptors

1. Recognize stress induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the surface of
tumor cells or infected cells.
2. Mechanism by which NK cells kill tumor cells and infected cells.
3. Recognize MHC-I molecules usually present on all nucleated cells of the body.
How do NK cells kill infected cells and tumor cells?
a. By apoptosis.
b. By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes.
c. With reactive oxygen species (ROS).

d. With defensins and proteases.

Which is not a function of NK cells?
a. Bind to IgG on infected cells and tumor cells and kill them with lysosomes.
b. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells that suppress MHC-I production and
cannot be removed by CTLs.
c. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells by antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity or ADCC.
Killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what?
a. MICA molecules on stressed cells.
b. MICB molecules on stressed cells.
c. MHC-I molecules with self peptides on stressed cells.
d. The antibody molecule IgG.
The function of molecules such as MICA and MICB produced by stressed cells,
cancer cells, and infected cells is to do what?
a. Bind to killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells turn off their kill signal.
b. Bind to killer-activating receptors on NK cells to turn on their kill signal.
c. Trigger NK cells to dump their lysosomes for extracellular killing.
d. Bind to the antibody IgG for enhanced attachment.

Molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells that

can also be recognized as a part of innate immunity. Examples include altered
membrane phospholipids and heat shock proteins.
a. DRRs
b. PRRs
c. DAMPs
d. PAMPs
A multiprotein complex that forms in macrophages as a result of PAMPs and DAMPs
binding to their respective PRRs and DRRs that leads to an inflammatory response
and the production of inflammatory cytokines is called what?
a. an endocytic PRR
b. an inflammasome
c. a danger-recognition receptor

d. a danger-associated molecular pattern

e. pyroptosis
Signaling PRRs found in the membranes of the endosomes (phagolysosomes) tend
to stimulate the synthesis of what?
a. PAMPs
b. antibodies
c. type-1 interferons
d. inflammatory cytokines
Found on the surface of phagocytes, these receptors promote the attachment of
microorganisms to phagocytes.
a. TLRs
b. endocytic PRRs
c. signaling PRRs
d. DAMPs
e. PAMPs
Signaling PRRs found on cell surfaces tend to stimulate the synthesis of what?
a. PAMPs
b. antibodies
c. type-1 interferons
d. inflammatory cytokines
These receptors promotes the synthesis and secretion of intracellular regulatory
molecules such as cytokines.
a. opsonin receptors
b. endocytic PRRs
c. signaling PRRs
d. scavenger receptors
e. PAMPs
Type I interferons block viral replication in infected host cells primarily by triggering
the production of antiviral proteins that degrade both viral mRNA and host cell
mRNA.
True
False

Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered
items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered
items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop
down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. cytokines
b. chemokines
c. interferons

1. Cytokines that promote inflammation by enabling white blood cells to adhere to

the inner surface of blood vessels, migrate out of the blood vessels into the tissue,
and be chemotactically attracted to the injured or infected site.
2. Cytokines that prevent viral replication within infected cells and activate a variety
of cells important in immune defenses.
3. A wide variety of intercellular regulatory proteins produced by many different
cells in the body that ultimately control every aspect of body defense. Cytokines
activate and deactivate phagocytes and immune defense cells, increase or decrease
the functions of the different immune defense cells, and promote or inhibit a variety
of nonspecific body defenses.
TNF-alpha, IL-1, and chemokines are examples of cytokines that promote what?
a. antibody production
b. humoral immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. inflammation
Specific cytokines are typically produced by a specific type of cell in the body,
interact with a specific type of cell, and carry out a specific function.
True
False
Cytokines that block viral replication and kill infected host cells are known as what?
a. inflammatory cytokines
b. chemokines
c. type II interferons
d. type I interferons
People with certain PRR polymorphisms that result in overactive PRRs are at risk for
what?

a. Inflammatory damage by lower numbers of specific pathogens.

b. Infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.
People with certain PRR polymorphisms that result in underactive PRRs are at risk
for what?
a. Inflammatory damage by lower numbers of specific pathogens.
b. Infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.
Tissue fluid picks up microbes, enters the lymph vessels as lymph, and then enters
_________________ where antigens are exposed ever-changing populations of
circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
a. the spleen
b. lymph nodes
c. lymph nodules
Unencapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue containing fixed macrophages and ever
changing populations of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes and located in the
respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts describes what?
a. the spleen
b. lymph nodes
c. lymph nodules
Blood carries microorganisms to ___________ where antigens are exposed to everchanging populations of circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
a. the spleen
b. lymph nodes
c. lymph nodules

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) binding to endocytic pattern

recognition receptors (PRRs) is the mechanism behind what?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Attachment of microbes to phagocytes by the antibody molecule IgG, complement

proteins, C3b and C4b, or acute phase proteins such as MBL and CRP best describes
what?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes

Lysosomes fusing with phagosomes is the mechanism behind what step in

phagocytosis?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
Most tissue destruction associated with bacterial infections is a result of what?
a. Bacterial toxins.
b. Extracellular killing by phagocytes.
c. Immunodeficiency.
d. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes.
Polymerization and then depolymerization of actin filaments send pseudopods out
to engulf microbes and place them in phagosomes best describes what step in
phagocytosis?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment bt phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Defense molecules such as IgG, C3b, C4b, CRP, and MBL are involved in what step
in phagocytosis?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes..
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
By blocking the acidification of the phagosome, some bacteria are better able to
resist what step in phagocytosis?
a. Enhanced attachment or opsonization.
b. Unenhanced attachment.
c. Destruction by lysosomes.
d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
e. Activation of phagocytes.
Circulating phagocytes produce surface receptors that enabling them to squeeze
out of the capillary and be attracted to the site of infection, produce PRRs, and
increase metabolic and microbicidal activity. This best describes what step in
phagocytosis?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
Bacterial capsules best help bacteria block what step in phagocytosis?
a. Enhanced attachment or opsonization
b. Unenhanced attachment.
c. Destruction by lysosomes.
d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
e. Activation of phagocytes.

People that lack the enzyme oxidase in the cytoplasmic membrane of their
phagocytes due to a genetic disorder are more susceptible to infection. Why might
this be?
a. Their phagocytes cannot migrate to the site of infection.
b. Their phagocytes cannot produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill
microbes.
c. Their phagocytes cannot produce defensins and acid hydrolases (proteases) that
kill microbes.
d. Their phagocytes cannot produce pseudopodia.
Movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant
such as PAMPs, C5a, chemokines, fibrin split products, kinins, and DAMPs best
describes what step in phagocytosis?
a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes.
c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes.
f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Match:
a. Killer-activating receptors
b. Apoptosis, a programmed cell suicide
c. Killer-inhibitory receptors

1. Recognize stress induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the surface of
tumor cells or infected cells.
2. Mechanism by which NK cells kill tumor cells and infected cells.
3. Recognize MHC-I molecules usually present on all nucleated cells of the body.
Killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what?
a. MICA molecules on stressed cells.
b. MICB molecules on stressed cells.
c. MHC-I molecules with self peptides on stressed cells.

d. The antibody molecule IgG.

The function of molecules such as MICA and MICB produced by stressed cells,
cancer cells, and infected cells is to do what?
a. Bind to killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells turn off their kill signal.
b. Bind to killer-activating receptors on NK cells to turn on their kill signal.
c. Trigger NK cells to dump their lysosomes for extracellular killing.
d. Bind to the antibody IgG for enhanced attachment.
Which is not a function of NK cells?
a. Bind to IgG on infected cells and tumor cells and kill them with lysosomes.
b. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells that suppress MHC-I production and
cannot be removed by CTLs.
c. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells by antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity or ADCC.
How do NK cells kill infected cells and tumor cells?
a. By apoptosis.
b. By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes.
c. With reactive oxygen species (ROS).
d. With defensins and proteases.
Which is NOT a benefit of plasma leakage into the tissue during inflammation?
a. Leukocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue.
b. Antibody molecules leave the blood and enter the tissue.
c. Complement proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
d. Nutrients leave the blood and enter the tissue.
During inflammation, integrins function to do what?
a. Attract phagocytes to the infection site by chemotaxis.
b. Enable the leukocytes to roll along the inner wall of venules.
c. Bind leukocytes firmly to adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.
During inflammation, selectins function to do what?
a. Attract phagocytes to the infection site by chemotaxis.
b. Enable the leukocytes to roll along the inner wall of venules.
c. Bind leukocytes firmly to adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.

__________ slows blood flow at the infection site to give more opportunity for
leukocytes to adhere to the walls of the capillary and squeeze out into the
surrounding tissue.
a. Constriction of endothelial cells resulting in vasodilation.
b. Constriction of smooth muscles around larger blood vessels.
c. Enhanced attachment or opsonization.
Sorry, incorrect answer.

Molecules located on the inner wall of endothelial cells that bind integrins on the
surface of leukocytes to allow allowing leukocytes to firmly bind to the inner blood
vessel wall, flatten out, and squeeze between the endothelial cells to leave the
blood vessels and enter the tissue are called what?
a. PAMPs
b. PRRs
c. P-selectins
d. Adhesion molecules
During inflammation, what actually increases the permeability of venules?
a. Constriction of endothelial cells
b. Vasoconstriction
c. P-selectins
d. Integrins
____________ play(s) an important role in heart disease, Alzheimer's disease,
diabetes,cancer, and tissue destruction from infections.
a. Acute inflammation
b. Chronic inflammation
c. Viruses
d. Antigen-antibody reactions
During inflammation, diapedesis functions to do what?
a. Enable antibody molecules to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
b. Enable complement proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
c. Enable plasma to leave the blood and enter the tissue.

d. Enable phagocytes, inflammatory cells, and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes to leave the

blood and enter the tissue.

Part of innate immunity is the body trapping or eliminating iron so as to make it

unavailable for bacteria. Iron is a cofactor required for certain bacterial enzyme
reactions.
True
False

Some bacteria are able to successfully compete for iron by having receptors for
human iron chelating proteins and taking in that bound iron.
True
False
Lactoferrin, transferrin, and ferritin are common bacteria-produced iron chelatorrs
that trap iron for bacterial use.
True
False
By stimulating the production of heat shock proteins, fever can promote the
production of inflammatory cytokines.
True
False

Hyperpyrexia is a fever with an extreme elevation of body temperature greater than

or equal to 41.5 C (106.7 F) and is considered a medical emergency.
True
False

Fever is essentially harmful to the body and should normally be suppressed.

True
False
Vasoconstriction increases heat loss from the skin and helps lower body
temperature.
True

False
By elevating the body's temperature, fever speeds up the rate of enzyme reactions
in the body and this increased rate of enzyme activity is harmful to the body.
True
False
C-reactive protein (CRP), produced during the acute phase response, functions to do
what?
a. Bind to membrane phospholipids in microbial membranes and stick microbes to
phagocytes; activate the classical complement pathway.
b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the
lectin pathway.
c. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the
alternative complement pathway.
In response to ____________________, acute phase proteins are produced by
hepatocytes in the liver.
a. interferons
b. complement proteins
c. inflammatory cytokines
d. antibacterial peptides
Mannan-binding lectin(MBL), produced during the acute phase response, functions
to do what?
a. Bind to membrane phospholipids in microbial membranes and stick microbes to
phagocytes; activate the classical complement pathway.
b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the
lectin pathway.
c. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the
classical complement pathway
These cells have a limited diversity of antigen receptors that recognize molecules
associated with epithelial cells but expressed only when those cells arestressed or
infected. They kill those cells by inducing apoptosis, a programmed cell suicide.
a. gamma:delta T-lymphocytes
b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes
c. B-1 cells
d. marginal zone B cells

These cells have a limited diversity of antigen receptors that initially produce a class
of antibody molecule called IgM against common polysaccharide and lipid antigens
of microbes and against PAMPs of bacteria that invade body cavities.
a. gamma:delta T-lymphocytes
b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes
c. B-1 cells
d. marginal zone B cells

U6L1
Molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of
those organisms and are not found associated with mammalian cells that initiate
early induced innate immunity are called what?
a. antigens
b. epitopes
c. PAMPs
d. PRRs
An antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within
several hours after exposure to almost any microbe. This best describes what?
a. adaptive immunity
b. innate immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity
The actual portion or fragment of an antigen that reacts with the receptors on Blymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called what?
a. a B-cell receptor (BCR)
b. a T-cell receptor (TCR)
c. an antibody
d. an epitope
The immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate
microbes and prevent infection. This best describes what?
a. adaptive immunity

b. innate immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity
Any substance that reacts with antibody molecules and with receptors on Blymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called an antigen.
True
False
The immunity one develops throughout life that allows us to recognize any antigen
the body encounters. This best describes what?
a. adaptive immunity
b. innate immunity
c. humoralimmunity
d. cell-mediated immunity

An antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become

protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This best
describes what?
a. adaptive immunity
b. innate immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity

Begins 0 - 4 hours after exposure to an infectious agent and involves the action of
soluble preformed antimicrobial molecules that circulate in the blood and in
extracellular tissue fluids best describes what?
a. immediate innate immunity
b. early induced innate immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. humoral immunity
a. antigen
b. immunogen
c. autoantigens

d. endogenous antigens
e. B-cell receptor (BCR)
f. exogenous antigens
g. epitope
h. T-cell receptor (TCR)

1. A substance that reacts with antibody molecules and antigen receptors on

lymphocytes.
2. An antigen that is recognized by the body as non-self and stimulates an adaptive
immune response.
3. The actual portions or fragments of an antigen that react with receptors on Blymphocytes and T-lymphocytes as well as with free antibody molecules.
4. An antibody molecule composed of 4 glycoprotein chains whose Fc portion is
anchored to the membrane of certain lymphocytes; able to recognize epitopes on
protein and polysaccharide antigens.
5. A molecule composed of 2 glycoprotein chains anchored to the membrane of
certain lymphocytes; able to recognize peptide epitopes from protein antigens
presented by the body's own cells by way of MHC molecules.
6. Antigens are proteins found within the cytosol of human cells such as viral
proteins, proteins from intracellular bacteria, and tumor antigens.
7. An organism's own antigens (self-antigens) that stimulate an autoimmune
reaction.
8. Antigens that enter from outside the body, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and
free viruses
MHC molecules function to do what?
a. Enable B-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of antigens.
b. Enable T-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of antigens.
c. Enable lymphocytes to recognize PAMPs.
Sorry, incorrect answer.

Points scored this item: 0

correct
Value: 1

Antigens from inside a body cell such as viral antigens, tumor antigens, and
antigens from intracellular bacteria are called what?
a. Exogenous antigens.
b. Endogenous antigens.
c. Autoantigens.
d. PAMPs.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
MHC-I molecules present peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens to what?
a. TCR and CD4 molecules on nave T4-lymphocytes and effectorT4-lymphocytes.
b. TCR and CD8 molecules on nave T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes
(CTLs).
c. BCR molecules on B-lymphocytes.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Antigens from outside the body cell such as free viruses, fungi, protozoa, and
bacteria are called what?
a. Exogenous antigens.
b. Endogenous antigens.
c. Autoantigens
d. PAMPs.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Made by all nucleated cells of the body; binds primarily to peptide epitopes from
endogenous antigens. This best describes what?
a. MHC-I molecules.
b. MHC-II molecules.
c. CD4 molecules.
d. CD8 molecules.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Made by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and Blymphocytes; primarily binds peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens. This best
describes what?
a. MHC-I molecules.
b. MHC-II molecules.
c. CD4 molecules.
d. CD8 molecules.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
MHC-II molecules present peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens to what?

a. TCR and CD4 molecules on on nave T4-lymphocytes and effectorT4lymphocytes.

b. TCR and CD8 molecules on nave T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes
(CTLs).
c. BCR molecules on B-lymphocytes.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 4
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered
items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered
items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop
down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. TCR of T8-lymphocytes
b. MHC-II molecules
c. TCR of T4-lymphocytes
d. MHC-I molecules

1. Produced by all nucleated cells in the body.

2. Produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic
cells, and B-lymphocytes.
3. Recognize peptides bound to MHC-II molecules.
4. Recognize peptides bound to MHC-I molecules.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 4

correct
Value: 1

Exogenous antigens are processed into peptides by organelles called ______________

and are bound to _______________.
a. Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules.
b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules.
c. Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules.
d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Endogenous antigens are processed into peptides by organelles called _____________
and are bound to ______________.
a. Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules.
b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules.
c. Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules.
d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.

Which best describes the function of effectorT4-lymphocytes?

a. Activate macrophages and NK cells.
b. Produce cytokines that enable activated B-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate,
differentiate into effector cells, and produce different classes of antibodies.
c. Produce cytokines that enable activated T-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate and
differentiate into effector cells.
d. All of the above.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct

Value: 1
Nave T4-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR and CD4 molecules recognizing
what?
a. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on B-lymphocytes.
b. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells.
c. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells.
d. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on macrophages.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
The overall function of effector T4-lymphocytes is to do what?
a. Activate nave T8-lymphocytes by way of the cytokines they produce.
b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the cytokines they produce.
c. Activate PRRs on defense cells so they can recognize PAMPs and DAMPs.
d. Activate nave dendritic cells by way of the cytokines they produce.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

incorrect
Value: 6
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered
items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered
items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop
down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. CD4 TH2 cells
b. peptides from exogenous antigens bound to MHC-II molecules
c. CD4 TH17 cells

d. CD4 Treg cells

e. CD4 TH1 cells
f. T-cell receptors (TCRs)

1. Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T4-lymphocytes by way of their

____________.
2. The TCR/CD4 molecules of T4-lymphocytes recognize ________________________ on
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and Blymphocytes.
3. Promote cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens; enhance the
killing ability of macrophages, promote diapedesis and chemotaxis of macrophages,
and promote the production of opsonizing antibodies.
4. Help to limit immune responses and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing Tlymphocyte activies, promote immune memory, help to sustain pregnancy, and
control established inflammation.
5. Promote a local inflammatory response to stimulate a strong neutrophil response
and promote the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes.
6. Promote the production of the antibody isotype IgE in response to helminthsand
allergens, attract and activate eosinophils and mast cells, promote the production of
antibodies that neutralize microbesand toxins, and promote the removal of
microbes in mucosal tissues.

CTLs bind to and induce apoptosis of infected cells and cancer cells by what
mechanism?
a. Binding to the Fc portion of IgG that has reacted with epitopes on the surface of
these cells.
b. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-II molecules on these cells by way of their
TCR and CD8 molecules.
c. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I molecules on these cells by way of their TCR
and CD8 molecules.
d. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I molecules on these cells by way of their TCR
and CD4 molecules.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 3
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered
items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered
items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop
down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
b. peptides from endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I molecules
c. T-cell receptors (TCRs)

1. Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T8-lymphocytes by way of their

____________.
2. The TCR/CD8 molecules of naive T8-lymphocytes recognize
________________________ on antigen-presenting dendritic cells.
3. After activation, T8-lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into
_____________________.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 3

correct
Value: 1
Nave T8-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR and CD8 molecules recognizing
what?
a. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on B-lymphocytes.
b. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells.
c. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells.
d. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on macrophages.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
What is the primary function of effector T8-lymphocytes?
a. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by inducing apoptosis.
b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the cytokines they produce.
c. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by binding to the Fc portion of IgG that have
bound to these cells.
d. Produce antibodies that promote opsonization

iNKT lymphocytes can also be activated by the cytokine __________ produced by

activated dendritic cells.
a. interleukin-2
b. interleukin-1
c. interleukin-12
d. interleukin-6
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

incorrect
Value: 1
Epitopes of glycolipid antigens are recognized by iNKT lymphocytes by way of their
_______.
a. MHC-i molecules
b. MHC-II molecules
c. B-cell receptors
d. T-cell receptors
Sorry, incorrect answer.

Points scored this item: 0

correct
Value: 1
The TCR molecules of iNKT lymphocytes recognize ________________________ on
antigen-presenting dendritic cells.
a. exogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD4 molecules
b. endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules
c. endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD8 molecules
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
iNKT cells promote both innate and adaptive immunity and may also regulate
immune responses by way of the ____________ they produce once activated.
a. cytokines
b. antibodies
c. PAMPs
d. PRRs
Where do macrophages, dendritic cells, nave Blymphocytes, and nave Tlymphocytes gather to recognize epitopes of antigens?
a. Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodules, lymph nodes, and the
spleen.
b. In the bone marrow and the thymus.
c. In the lymph and the blood.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 8

Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered
items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered
items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop
down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. lymph
b. spleen
c. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
d. tissue fluid
e. primary lymphoid organs
f. lymph nodes
g. secondary lymphoid organs
h. plasma

1. Contain antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and

ever changing populations ofB-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes. Examples include
the tonsils, the appendix, Peyer's patches, MALT, SALT, lymph nodes, and the
spleen.
2. Produce B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The bone marrow and the thymus.
3. The fluid surrounding cells in the body.
4. The liquid portion of the blood.
5. A diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites
of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, eye, and skin. It is
populated by loose clusters of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells,
activated TH cells, and macrophages.
6. The liquid found in lymph vessels.
7. Expose antigens found in the lymph to dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and Tlymphocytes.
8. Expose antigens found in the blood to dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and Tlymphocytes.

If an antigen enters tmucous membranes, where does it encounters the APCs, Blymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes needed to initiate adaptive immunity?
a. The bone marrow and the thymus.
b. The spleen.

c. The MALT.
d. The blood.
e. The lymph nodes.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
If an antigen enters through the bloodstream, where does it encounters the APCs, Blymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes needed to initiate adaptive immunity?
a. The bone marrow and the thymus.
b. The spleen.
c. The MALT.
d. The blood.
e. The lymph nodes.
a. B-lymphocytes
b. T4-lymphocytes
c. T8-lymphocytes

1. Uses TCRs and CD8 molecules to recognize peptide epitopes from endogenous
antigens bound to MHC-I molecules of cells.
2. Uses BCRs to recognize epitopes of antigens; a few antigens are recognized by
toll-like receptors.
3. Uses TCRs and CD4 molecules to recognize peptide epitopes from exogenous
antigens bound to MHC-II molecules of antigen-presenting dendritic cells,
macrophages, and B-lymphocytes.
The ability of the body to initiate and direct adaptive immune responses against
antigenic molecules foreign to the body but not against antigenic molecules that are
a normal component of the body is called what?
a. immunologic memory
b. anamnestic response

c. immulologic tolerance
d. receptor editing
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

incorrect
Value: 1
Clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes, T4-lymphocytes, and T8-lymphocytes that have
bound to epitopes that fit their BCRs or TCRs is mediated by what?
a. Cytokines produced by effector dendritic cells.
b. Cytokines produced by macrophages.
c. Cytokines produced by NK cells.
d. Cytokines produced by effectorT4-lymphocytes.
Sorry, incorrect answer.

Points scored this item: 0

incorrect
Value: 1
How do B-lymphocytes, T4-lymphocytes, and T8-lymphocytes recognize epitopes of
antigens?
a. By their B-cell receptors and their T-cell receptors.
b. By their MHC-I and MHC-II molecules.
c. By their CD4 and CD8 molecules.
d. By their pattern-recognition receptors.
Sorry, incorrect answer.

Points scored this item: 0

correct

Value: 1
How are naiveT8-lymphocytes primarily activated?
a. By binding to MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes from endogenous
antigens on dendritic cells.
b. By binding to MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes from exogenous
antigens on dendritic.
c. By binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes from endogenous
antigens on dendritic cells.
.
d. By binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes from exogenous
antigens on dendritic cells.

Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
After proliferation, most activated B-lymphocytes, differentiate into what?
a. Dendritic cells.
b. Plasma cells.
c. Macrophages.
d. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs).
e. Mast cells.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
After proliferation, most activated T4-lymphocytes differentiate into what?

a. Cells such as Th1-lymphocytes, Th2-lymphocytes, and Th17-lymphocytes, and

Treg lymphocytes.
b. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs).
c. Antibody-secreting plasma cells.
d. T8-effector cells.
e. iNKT cells.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
What is the primary role of dendritic cells?
a. To activate macrophages through the cytokines they produce.
b. To activate NK cells through the cytokines they produce.
c. To activate nave T4-lymphocytes and nave T8-lymphocytes through the
cytokines they produce
.
d. To activate nave B-lymphocytes through the cytokines they produce and enable
them to differentiate into plasma cells.

Right! Good job!

a. Fc
b. IgM
c. IgG
d. IgA
e. Fab

1. The region of the antibody that provide specificity for binding an epitope on an
antigen.
2. The region of the antibody that is responsible for the biological activity of the
antibody.

3. Composed of four glycoprotein chains. There are two identical heavy chains
having a high molecular weight and two identical light chains.
4. A pentamer, consisting of 5 "Y"-like molecules connected at their Fc portions by a
"J" or joining chain.
5. A dimer consisting of 2 "Y"-like molecules connected at their Fc portions by a "J"
chain and stabilized to resist enzymatic digestion.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 5

correct
Value: 1
Which of the following are functions associated with the Fc portion of various
isotypes of antibody molecules?
a. Bind to epitopes of antigens.
b. Bind antigens to phagocytes.
c. Activate the complement pathways.
d. Bind antigens to NK cells.
e. A, B, and C.
f. B, C, and D.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Antibodies are produced by what cells?
[mark all correct answers]

a. T4-effector cells
b. B-lymphocytes

c. mast cells
d. plasma cells
e. dendritic cells
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
The Fab portion of antibody molecules functions to do what?
a. Bind to epitopes of antigens.
b. Bind antigens to phagocytes.
c. Activate the complement pathways.
d. Bind antigens to NK cells.
e. A, B, and C.
f. B, C, and D.
Both IgG and IgM can promote opsonization by what mechanism?
a. Sticking microbes directly to phagocytes.
b. Sticking microbes directly to CTLs.
c. C. Activating the classical complement pathway to generate C3b and C4b.
d. Sticking microbes to mast cells and basophils.
Right! Good job!
MAC cytolysis is a result of what?
a. Antibodies sticking microbes to phagocytes.
b. Antibodies sticking microbes to NK cells.
c. Proteins produced during the complement pathways.
d. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs) triggering apoptosis.
e. Extracellular killing by eosinophils.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
_______ are antibodies that can contribute to MAC lysis of Gram-negative bacteria,
enveloped viruses, infected cells, and tumor cells by activating the classical
complement pathway.
a. IgG and IgE.
b. IgG and IgM.
c. IgG and IgD.
d. IgA and IgM.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
During MAC cytolysis, the Fab portion of the antibody _____________while the Fc
portion _______________.
a. binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway
b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an antigen
c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs)
d. activates the complement pathway; binds to NK cells
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
MAC affects viruses by what mechanism?
a. Attaching viruses to phagocytes for opsonization.

b. Activating NK cells that kill viruses.

c. Attaching viruses to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that kill viruses.
d. Damaging the envelope of enveloped viruses.
During ADCC, the Fab portion of the antibody _____________while the Fc portion
_______________.
a. binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway
b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an antigen
c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
d. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to NK cells.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a result of what?
a. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to phagocytes.
b. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to cytotoxicT-lymphocytes
(CTLs).
c. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to NK cells.
d. MAC lysing the membranes of infected cells and cancer cells.
Right! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1

correct
Value: 1
NK cells kill the cells they bind to by what mechanism?
a. Triggering apoptosis.
b. Dumping the contents of their lysosomes on the cell.
c. Producing cytolytic exotoxins that lyse the cell.

d. Inducing extracellular killing by eosinophils.