Academic Sciences

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ISSN- 0975-1491

Vol 3, Issue 4, 2011

ResearchArticle

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL,PHYSICOANDPHYTOCHEMICALEVALUTIONOFTHELEAVESOF
JASMINUMSAMBACLINN.(OLEACEAE)

SWATISABHARWAL,MANISHAVATS*,SATISHSARDANA,SUSHMAAGGARWAL
DepartmentofPharmacognosyandPhytochemistry,HinduCollegeofPharmacy,Sonepat131001,HaryanaIndia.Email:ms.vats@yahoo.com
Received:29June2011,RevisedandAccepted:6Aug2011
ABSTRACT
JasminumsambacLinn.belongingtofamilyOleaceaeandcommonlyknownasMotiaiswidelyusedintraditionalsystemofmedicinesfortreatment
of fever, ulcer, diarrhea, diabetes and skin diseases like itching, leprosy etc. The present study is aimed at evaluation of fresh, powdered and
anatomical sections of the leaves to determine morphological, microscopical characters, quantitative microscopy, physicochemical and
phytochemical profiles. Microscopy revealed the presence of covering and glandular trichomes, stomata, palisade cells, vascular bundles, starch
grainsandcalciumoxalatecrystals.Totalash,acidinsoluble ash,watersolubleash,ethanolsolubleextractiveandwatersolubleextractivewere
14%,7%,8.5%,32%and12.8%respectively.Phytochemicalscreeningshowedthepresenceoffats,glycosides,carbohydrates,flavanoids,steroids,
saponins,proteinsandaminoacids,tanninsandphenoliccompounds.
Keywords:JasminumsambacLinn.QuantitativeMicroscopy,Physicochemical,Phytochemical,Fluorescenceanalysis.

INTRODUCTION
Jasminum sambac Linn. (FamilyOleaceae) commonly known as
Motiaorlilyjasmineisascandentorsuberectshrubwithyoung
pubescent branches, broadly ovate or elliptic, opposite leaves,
white, very fragrant flowers cultivated nearly throughout the
tropical and subtropical parts of the world. The plant is much
valuedforitsexquisitelyfragrantflowers anditisestimatedthat
nearly 400md. of flowers are annually used for the extraction of
perfumed oils and 250md for the preparation of attar 1.The plant
isconsideredcoolandsweetusedasaremedyincaseofinsanity,
inweaknessof sightand affections ofthemouth.Theflowers are
bitter, pungent, cooling, tonic to brain, purgative, cure tridosha,
biliousness,itchingsensation,allaysfever,stopvomiting,usefulin
thediseasesofeye,ear,mouth,goodforskindiseases,leprosyand
ulcers 2. Traditionally leaves are used in fever , cough, indolent
ulcer,abdominaldistention,diarrhoea,loweringthebloodglucose
level,regulatingmenstrualflow,tocleankidneywaste,inflammed
and blood shot eyes. Root, flowers, leaves are galactogogues
thereforeactaslactifuge 2, 3.Theplantisreportedtohavetohave
antidiabetic4, antitumor5, antimicrobial6, antioxidant7, antiacne 8,
suppression of puerperal lactation9, A.N.S stimulating effect10.The
plant contains friedelin, lupeol, betulin, amyrin, ursolic acid11,
sambacin, jasminin, sambacoside A, sambacolignoside, quercitin,
isoquercitin,rutin,kaempferol,luteolin 4,phenylmethanol,linalool,
terpineol12 and Secoirridoid glucoside sambacoside AG along
with oleoside 11 methylester13. In spite of the numerous
medicinal uses attributed to this plant, pharmacognosy
information about this plant has not been published. Hence, the
present investigation involves the establishment of
pharmacognostic profile and phytochemical screening of the
different extracts of the leaves that will assist in standardization
forquality,purityandsampleidentification.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
PlantMaterialCollectionandAuthentication
The plant material Jasminum sambac was collected from the Herbal
Garden, Ambala Cantt, The plant was authenticated by Dr. H.B
Singh, Scientist F and Head, Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum,
NISCAIR, New Delhi under the voucher specimen no:
NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/201011/1696/294 and a specimen was
submittedtotheDepartmentofPharmacognosyandPhytochemistry,
HinduCollegeofPharmacy,Sonipat,Haryana(India)
ChemicalsandInstruments:
Solventsviz.petroleumether,chloroform,ethylacetate,ethanol,
nbutanol, acetone and reagents, viz. phloroglucinol, glycerin,

chloral hydrate, iodine and sodium hydroxide were procured

from RFCL, Mumbai, India. Compound microscope, Camera
Lucida, Stage and eyepiece micrometer, glass slides, cover slips,
watch glass and other common glassware were the basic
apparatus and instruments used for the study.
Microphotographs were taken using Labomed ATC200
microscopeattachedwithSonydigitalcamera.
PreparationofExtracts
The collected sample was washed thoroughly dried, powdered
andsuccessivelyextractedwithdifferentsolventslikepetroleum
ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water so as to get
the respective extracts. All the extracts were filtered
individually, evaporated to dryness using the rotatory
evaporator, weighed and %yields were calculated. Color and
consistencyoftheextractswereobserved.
MacroscopicandMicroscopicEvaluation
Morphological studies were done by using simple microscope to
determine the shape, apex, base, margins, taste and odor of the
leaves.Microscopywasdonebytakingthethinhandsectionsofthe
midrib and lamina region of the leaves. The thin sections were
cleared with chloral hydrate solution and stained with
phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid, then mounted in glycerin for
theidentificationofvariousregions.Powderofthedriedleaveswas
separately treated with phloroglucinol, hydrochloric acid and
glycerinto study various characteristics.Similarly, thepowder was
also stained in iodine solution, ruthenium red solution for the
identificationofstarchgrains,calciumoxalatecrystalsetc.Asapart
of quantitative microscopy stomata number, stomata index, vein
islets number and vein termination number were determined by
usingfreshleavesoftheplant14,15,16.
FluorescenceAnalysis
The powdered material and different extracts were exposed to
visibleandultravioletlight(U.V.shortandU.V.long)tostudytheir
fluorescencebehavior17,18.
PhysicochemicalParametersandPhytochemicalEvaluation
The moisture content, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble
ash,alcoholandwatersolubleextractivevaluesweredeterminedas
a part of its physicochemical parameters 19, 20. Petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts were subjected to
phytochemical analysis for the presence of various secondary
phytoconstituentsusingstandardprocedures16,21,22.

Vatsetal.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

IntJPharmPharmSci,Vol3,Issue4,237241

collenchymatous cells loosely packed with intracellular spaces

parenchymatouscellswerepresent.Inthecentre(midribregion)C
shaped or half moon shaped vascular bundles were present
composedofxylemandphloemcells(Fig2.2)

MacroscopicEvaluation
Theleafhasprominentmidrib,uniformlysmooth andevenlamina.
Morphologically the leaf appeared simple in composition, opposite
inarrangement,variableinshapeusuallyovateorelliptic,glabrous
ornearlyso,withacuteapex,entiremargin,petiolated(36mm),4
12cm (length) by 2.46.5cm (breadth). The fresh leaf was green in
colorwithcharacteristicodorandslightlybittertaste(Fig.1)
MicroscopicalEvaluation
In transverse section the leaf appeared dorsiventral in nature
showing three layers (Fig 2.1). It showed the presence of single
layeredepidermiscomposedofflatrectangularcellscoveredbythin
cuticlewhilelowerepidermiscoveredbythickcuticle(Fig2.2).The
uniseriate, unicellular and multicellular covering trichomes were
presentintheupperandlowerepidermis.Theglandulartrichomes
weremulticellularwithsinglestalk(Fig2.3).Stomatawerepresent
onlyonthelowerepidermis(Fig2.4).Belowtheepidermislayerin
thelaminathenextregionwasmesophyllwhichconsistedofsingle
layered long elongated palisade cells followed by spongy
parenchymatouscells.Themidribregionconsistedofcloselypacked
multilayered collenchymatous cells present below the upper
epidermis and above the lower epidermis. Below and above the

Fig.1:MorphplogyofJasminumsambacLinn.(WholePlant)
andLeaf

UpperEpidermis
PalisadeParenchyma

SpongyParenchyma

LowerEpidermis

Fig.2.1:T.SofJasminumsambacLinn.Leaf

Trichomes
UpperEpidermis
VascularBundles
CollenchymatousCells
LowerEpidermis

Fig.2.2:T.SofJasminumsambacLinn.Leaf

238

Vatsetal.

IntJPharmPharmSci,Vol3,Issue4,237241

Fig.2.3:T.S.ofJasminumsambacLinn.Leafshowingtrichomes;1:Unicellulartrichomes;2:Multicellulartrichomes;3:
Glandulartrichome

Fig.2.4:T.Sshowingstomatas

Fig.2.4:T.S.showingvascularbundles

PowderCharacteristics
The dried leaf powder was green in color with characteristic odor
and slightly bitter taste. Microscopy of the powder revealed the

presence of fragments of unicellular and multicellular covering

trichomes,stomatas,pittedxylemvessels,fibres,reticulatedvessels
andabundantparenchymatouscells(Fig.2.5).

Fig.2.5:PowdermicroscopyofJasminumsambacLinn.leaf(1:Starchgrains;2:Calciumoxalate
crystals;3,6,8:Fibres;4:Trichome;5:Pittedvessel;7:Stonecells

239

Vatsetal.

QuantitativeMicroscopy
Pertainingtothestomatalindex,stomatalnumber,veinisletnumber
andveinletterminationnumberfeaturesaregivenin(Table1).
FluorescenceAnalysis
Fluorescenceanalysisofthevarioussolventextractsandpowdered
drugaftertreatmentwith differentreagentslike1NNaOH,1NHCl,
acetic acid, picric acid, 5% ferric chloride and 5% iodine solution
wasobservedinthedaylightandUVlightandcolorswereobserved.
TheresultsareshowninTable2andTable3.
PhysicochemicalEvaluation

IntJPharmPharmSci,Vol3,Issue4,237241

drug. Ash values are particularly important parameter as it shows

the presence and absence of foreign matters like metallic salts or
silicaetc.Thepercentageoftotalash,acidinsolubleash,andwater
solubleashwerecarried out.Extractivevaluesareprimarilyuseful
forthedeterminationofexhaustedoradulterateddrugs.
Thewatersoluble,alcoholsolubleextractivevalueswerecalculated.
TheresultsaretabulatedinTable4.
PreliminaryPhytochemicalEvaluation
Phytochemical screening showed the presence of fats, glycosides,
carbohydrates, flavanoids, steroids, saponins, proteins and amino
acids,tanninsandphenoliccompounds(Table5).

Physicochemicalparametersareimportantparametersindetecting
adulteration and are adopted to confirm the purity and quality of

Table1:Quantitativemicroscopy
Stomatalnumber

Lowersurface:160180
Uppersurface:NIL
Lowersurface:12.26
Uppersurface:NIL
Lowersurface:13.514.5
Uppersurface:10.511.5
Lowersurface:17.518.5
Uppersurface:26.527.5

Stomatalindex
Veinisletnumber

Veinterminationnumber

Table2:Percentageyield,consistency,fluorescenceanalysisofleavesextractsofJasminumsambacLinn.
Solventused
Petether
Chloroform
Ethylacetate
Ethanol
Water

%yield
(%w/w)
Semisolid
Semisolid
Semisolid
Semisolid
Semisolid

Consistencyofextracts
2.88%
1.34%
3.4%
20%
22.96%

Colorofextract
UnderVisibleLight
Darkgreen
Black
Darkgreen
Greenishyellow
Darkgreen

UnderShort
Wavelength
Darkgreen
Black
Darkgreen
Orangebrown
Darkgreen

UnderLong
Wavelength
Black
Black
Orange
Darkgreen
Darkgreen

Table3:FluoroscencenatureofpowderedleavesofJasminumsambacLinn.
Powder+Reagent

Visiblelight
Lightgreen
Greenishyellow
Greenishyellow
Greenishyellow
Yellowishgreen

U.Vlight
ShortWavelength
Yellowishgreen
Lightbrown
Lightbrown
Lightbrown
Yellow

Powder+1NHCL
Powder+50%H2S04
Powder+50%HCL
Powder+50%HN03
Powder+1NNaOH
inwater
Powder+1NNaOH
inmethanol
Powder+50%H2SO4

Longwavelength
Lightyellow
Darkbrown
Darkbrown
Darkbrown
Darkbrown

Yellowishgreen

Lightbrown

Lightgreen

Brown

DarkBrown

Black

Table4:PhysiochemicalparametersofleavesJasminumsambacLinn.
Values
14%
7%
8.5%
32%
12.8%
6.11%
15%
1
Lessthan100

Parameters
Totalash
Watersolubleash
Acidinsolubleash
Alcoholsolubleextractive
Watersolubleextractive
Moisturecontent
Crudefibercontent
Swellingindex
Foamingindex

Table5:PreliminaryphytochemicalscreeningofleavesextractsofJasminumsambacLinn.
Testsforconstituents
Alkaloids
Carbohydrates
Flavanoids
TanninsandPhenoliccompounds
ProteinsandAminoacids
Mucilages
Steroids
Glycosides
Saponins
Fatsandfixedoils

Petroleumetherextract
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
+ve

Chloroformextract
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
+ve
+ve
ve
ve

Ethanolextract
ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
ve
ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
ve

AqueousExtract
ve
+ve
ve
+ve
+ve
ve
ve
ve
+ve
ve

+vePresent,veAbsent
240

Vatsetal.

REFERENCES
1.
2.

ThewealthofIndia,RawMaterial,vol5 :HK:289290.
Kiritikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants with
Illustrations.2ndEdition,Vol7:2003.p.20932096.
3.
NadkarniKM.IndianMatreriaMedica,Indianplantsanddrugs
with their medicinal properties and uses. 2nd Edition, vol 1:
AsiaticPublishingHouse:2007.p.704.
4.
Upaganlawar AB, Bhagat A, Tenpe CR and Yeole PG. Effect of
Jasminum sambac leaves extracts on serum glucose and lipid
profileratstreatedwithalloxan.Pharmacologyonline2003;1:16.
5.
RaduS,KqueenCY.Preliminaryscreeningofendophyticfungi
from medicinal plants in Malaysia for antimicrobial and
antitumour activity. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
2002;9(2):2333.
6.
Hussaini RA, Mahasneh AM. Microbial growth and quorum
sensing antagonist activities of herbal plants extracts.
Molecules2009;14:34253435.
7.
LatifFA,EdouP,EbaF,MohamedN,AliA,DjamaS,ObameLC,
Bassol I, Dicko M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of
essential oil and methanol extract of Jasminum sambac from
Djibouti.AfricanJournalofPlantScience2010;4(3):038043.
8.
HarisaranrajRS,BabuS,SureshK.Antimicrobialpropertiesof
selected Indian medicinal plants against acneinducing
bacteria.EthnobotanicalLeaflets2010;14:8494.
9.
ShrivastavP,GeorgeK,BalasubramaniamN,PadminiJasperM,
Thomas A, Kanagasabhapathy A S. Suppression of puerperal
lactationusingjasmineflowers(JasminumSambac).Australian
and New Zeland Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988;
28(1):6871.
10. Hongratanaworakit T. Stimulating effect of aromatherapy
massage with jasmine Oil. Natural Product Communications
2010;5(1):157162.

th

IntJPharmPharmSci,Vol3,Issue4,237241

11. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal

Plants.;Isted.vol4;2002:p.407408.
12. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal
Plants.2006;Isted,vol2:p.395396.
13. Tanahashi T, Nagakura N, Nishi T. Sambacosides A, E and F
novel tetrameric iridoid glycosides from Jasminum sambac.
TetrahedronLetters1988;29(15):17931796.
14. Evans WC: Trease and Evans. Pharmacognosy. International
ed.,WBSaunders,2005:456.
15. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. Nirali
Prakashan,Pune,2006:p.149153.
16. Kokate CK and Gokhale SB. Practical Pharmacognosy. 12th ed.
NiraliPrakashan,2008:p.129.
17. ChaseCR,PrattRS.Fluorescenceofpowderedvegetabledrugs
with particular reference to development of a system of
identification. Journal of American Pharmacology Association
1949;38:32433.
18. KokoshiCJ,KokoshiRJ,SharmaFT.Fluorescenceofpowdered
vegetable drugs under ultraviolet radiation. Journal of
PharmaceuticalAsses1958;47:715717.
19. WHO, Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials.
APTBS Publisherand Distributor,Geneva,NewDelhi,1998:p.
2234.
20. IndianPharmacopoeia,GovernmentofIndia,MinistryofHealth
and Family Welfare, Controller of Publication, 4th ed. Vol I.
NewDelhi,2007:p.78.
21. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. A Guide to modern
techniquesofplantanalysis.3rded.NewDelhi,Springer,1988:
p.4243.
22. Brain KR, Turner TD: The Practical evaluation of
phytopharmaceuticals.WrightScientechnica,Bristol,1975b:p.
3645.

241