Second order OTA-C filters with three inputs and

single output
K. Kumar1, V. Kumar2, and K. Pal3
1,2
3

Department of Physics, D.B.S. College, Dehradun, Uttranchal, India.

Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
Email: { kushal_kairi@yahoo.co.in,kiratfeq@iitr.ernet.in}

Abstract
A three input and single output second order OTA-C filter
is presented in this paper. The circuit employs two OTAs
and two capacitors in its realization. The new circuit offers
some standard second order filters such as high-pass,
band-pass, and all-pass.

a second order OTA-C filter derived

from NowrokiKlein biquad using eight OTA and two grounded
capacitor. In the recent work of the year 2003. J.W.
Horng [8] proposed high input impedence voltage-mode
universal filter using two dual output OTA and one
CCII.In this paper a new voltage mode OTA-C filter
circuit using two single output OTAs and two capacitors
is presented The circuit offers some standard second
order filters named high-pass, band-pass, and all-pass
from the same configuration.

1 . Introduction
The operational transconductance amplifier has come to
play an important role in the realization of active filters
due to the tunability of the circuit through the
transconductance. The transconductance represents the
ratio of the output current to the input voltage.It is
adjustable over several decades by a supplied bias current.
An OTA provides a highly linear electronic tunability .
Furthermore OTA based filters require no resisters, hence
they are more suitable for monolithic integration compared
to other active element.

2 . Circuit description
The proposed circuit of second order OTA-C filter is
shown in fig (1).

C1

.A number of circuits of universal biquad including

second order OTA-C filters have been reported in the
literature [1-14]. Nawrocki et al [1] proposed a two
integrator loop voltage mode universal biquad filters with
single input and single output using eight OTA and two
grounded capacitors. In 1992 Khan et al [2] presented two
configurations for realizing voltage-mode universal
biquadratic filters with three input and single output using
three OTAs, one voltage follower and two capacitors.
Sanchez-sinencio et al [3] perposed a generation of
continuous-time two integrator loop OTA filter structures.
Sun and fiddler [4] presented a universal biquadratic filter
using six OTA and two grounded capacitors. The
contribution by J.W Horng [5] belongs to a voltage mode
biquadratic filter with one input and five outputs using five
OTAs and two grounded capacitors. In 1993 J.Wu. and Xie
{6}proposed a five five input and three output voltage
mode multifunction filters using four OTAs and two
capacitres.However, thes configurations {1-6} employs
too many active elements. . In 1998 Y. sun {7} presented

+
g1

_
g2

V01

C2

V1

V2

Fig. 1

V3

The voltage transfer functions of the proposed circuit is

given by

C1= .01 F
C2 = .01 F

s 2 C1C2 V3 + sC1[V2 g 2 V1g1 )] + V1g1g 2

V01 =
.......(1)
s 2 C1C2 + sC1 (g 2 g1 ) + g1g 2

The IC AD844 was used as CFA for the OTA model as

shown in the fig (2). The results were obtained using
spice simulation.

2.1 High pass filter

+y

+
V1

The realization conditions are

_x

V1=V2=0, V3=Vi, g2 = 2 g1

The eqn. (1) becomes

I0

V01
s 2 C1C2
= 2
...(2)
Vi s C1C2 + sC1 (g 2 g1 ) + g1g 2

_x

which represents a high pass filter

2.2 Band pass filter

+y

_ V2

The realization conditions are

V1=V3=0, V2=Vi, g2 = 2 g1

Fig (2) An OTA model using CFA

The eqn. (1) becomes

V01
s C1g 2
= 2
.....(3)
Vi s C1C2 + sC1 (g 2 g1 ) + g1g 2

The results of study for all pass filter are shown in graph
(fig 3 (a) ), for high-pass and band-pass are shown in
graph (fig 3 (b)(c) ).

which represents a band-pass filter

2.3 All-pass filter

250
200

The realization conditions are

150
Phase -shift(Degree)

V2=0, V2=V3= Vi, g2 =2 g1

The eqn. (1) becomes

V01 s 2 C1C23 sC1g1 + g1g 2

= 2
......(4)
Vi
s C1C2 + sC1g1 + g1g 2
which represents an all pass filter

100
50
0
-50

10

100

1000

10000 10000
0

-100
-150
-200

3 . Experimental results

-250
Frequency(Hz)

The second order OTA-C filter circuit of fig (1) was

tested for following component values.

Fig 3 (a) Phase Vs Frequency response of all-pass

filter

g1= .0001 mho

g2 = .0002 mho

References.

1.6
1.4
1.2

[1] Nawrocki,R. and Klein,U., New OTA-capacitor

realization of a universal biquad, Electronics Lett,
vol.22, pp.50-51, 1986.

Gain

1
0.8
0.6

[2] Khan,I.A.,ahmed,M.T and Minhaj,N., A simple

realization scheme for OTA-C
universal
biquadratic filter, Int.J. Electronics, vol.72, pp. 419429, 1992.

0.4
0.2
0
100

10000

1000000

Frequency(Hz)

Fig. 3 (b) Gain Vs frequency response of the high pass

filter

[3]

Sanchez-sinencio,E.,Geiger,R.L.,and
NavarezLozano,H., Generation of continuous-time two
integrator loop OTA filter structures, IEEE Trans on
Circuit and Syst., vol .35, pp.936-945, 1988.

[4] Sun,Y. and Fidler,J.K., Novel OTA-C realization of

biquadratic transfer functions,
Int. J.
Electronics, vol. 75, pp.333-340, 1993.
[5] Horng,J.W., Voltage-mode universal biquadratic
filter with one input and five outputs using OTAs,
Int.J.Electronics, vol.89, No.9, pp.729-737, 2002.

2.5

[6] Wu, J., and Xie, C.Y., New multifunction active

filter using OTAs, Int. J. Electronics, vol. 74, pp.
235-239, 1993.

[7]Y. Sun, Second order OTA-C filters

derived from Nawrocki Klein biquad,
Electronics letters
Vol. 34, No. 15, pp.
1449 1450 Jun 1998.

Gain

1.5

[8] Horng,J.W., High input impedence voltage-mode

universal biquadratic filter using two OTAs and one
CCII, Int.J.Electronics, vol.90, No.3, pp.185-191,
2003.

[9] Al-Hashimi,B.M., Dudek,F.,Moniri,M. and Living,J.,

Integrated universal biquad based on triple output
OTAs and using digitally programmable zeros, IEE
Proc-Circuit Device. Syst, vol.145, No.3, pp.192-196,
June 1998.

0.5

0
1

10

100

1000

10000 100000

Frequency(Hz)

Fig. 3 (b) Gain Vs frequency response of the band-pass

filter
The experimental results when compared with theoretical
results was found in good agreement(deviation not more
than 6 %).

4 . Conclusions

[10] Malvar,H.S., Electronically controlled active-C

filters
and
equalizers
with
operational
transconductance amplifier, IEEE. Trans. On Circuit
and Syst., vol.31, pp. 645-649, 1984.
[11] Malvar,H.S., Electronically tunable active filters
with operational Transconductance amplifiers, IEEE
Trans on Circuit and Syst, vol. CAS 29, No. 5, pp.
333-336, May 1982.
[12] Wu,J., and El-Masry, E.I., Universal voltage
current-mode OTAs based biquads, Int.J.
Electronics, vol. 85, pp. 553-560, 1998.

A new circuit of voltage mode OTA-C filter circuit using

two single output OTAs and two capacitors is presented.
The circuit offers some standard second order filters such
as high-pass, band-pass, and all-pass from the same
configuration.

[13]
Al-Hashimi,
B.M.,
New
dual
output
Transconductance amplifier based biquad, Proce. Of
ISCAS 1996, Atlanta, pp. 764-768, 1996.
[14] Chang, C.M., New multifunction OTA-C biquads,
IEEE Trans on Circuits and Syst-II, Analog and digital
Signal Processing, vol. 46, pp. 820-824, 1999.