Electrical Machines 1 Lab Manual May 2015

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
LABORATORY MANUAL
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 TRONOH, Perak Darul Ridzuan

Written, compiled and edited by : AP Ir Dr Nursyarizal Bin Mohd Nor

AP Ir Dr Zuhairi Bin Baharudin
Dr. Mohd Fakhizan Bin Romlie
Revision
: MAY 2015
CONTENTS
LAB INFORMATIONS
LAB SAFETY AND PROCEDURE
EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 1: SINGLE PHASE CAGE MOTOR
18
EXPERIMENT 2: DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
26
EXPERIMENT 3: TRANSFORMERS
36
EXPERIMENT 4: ASYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES
63
EXPERIMENT 5: SYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES
87
EXPERIMENT 6: DC MACHINES
110

LAB INFORMATIONS
A total of six (6) lab sessions will be given throughout the semester. Students are expected to
attempt the lab by grouping. Each groups need to submit the short report (hand written) at the end
of the lab session. Viva is conducted for the first 15 minutes of the lab session. Mark for viva is given
in individually basis. One long report (hand written) will be assigned to each group which needs to
submit one week after the respective lab is conducted. Late submission will be penalized by
deducting the mark.
Punctuality is very important. The mark will be deducted to those are not punctual. Please follow
all the lab safety and procedures. The formats of the short and long report are as follows:
1. Short Report: Results and Brief Discussion and Conclusion
2. Long Report: Title, Objective, Background/Introduction, Lab Procedures, Results,
Discussion, Conclusion and References.
Rubric Assessments:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Viva Grading
Laboratory Grading
Short Report
Long Report
NOTE:
Attendance: Attendance is compulsory. A student, who is unable to attend the lab session due to
some unforeseen circumstances, can replace the lab in another lab session within the same week as
long as permission is obtained from the lecturer/technician.

LAB SAFETY AND PROCEDURES

All students must read and understand the information in this document with regard to
laboratory safety and emergency procedures prior to the first laboratory session.
The first step is always to become familiar with the Lab itself. You should know where the fire
extinguishers and the emergency exits are located.
Each group is responsible for their Lab bench. After the Lab exercise is over, all equipment
should be powered down and all probes, cords, etc. returned to their proper position. Do not
cut and drop wires on the Lab bench. Lose cut wires have caused many short circuits. Your
Lab grade will be affected if your bench is not tidy when you leave the Lab.
Common Sense
Good common sense is needed for safety in a laboratory. It is expected that each student will work
in a responsible manner and exercise good judgment and common sense. If at any time you are not
sure how to handle a particular situation, ask your lab assistant or tutor for advice. DO NOT TOUCH
ANYTHING WITH WHICH YOU ARE NOT COMPLETELY FAMILIAR!!! It is always better to ask questions
than to risk harm to yourself or damage to the equipment.
Personal and General laboratory safety
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.

Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the laboratory.
Horseplay will not be tolerated.
Read labels carefully.
Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your lab
assistant or tutor.
Equipment Failure - If a piece of equipment fails while being used, report it immediately to
your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm
yourself and others.
Double check circuits for proper connections and polarity prior to applying the power.
Never, ever modify, attach or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
After wiring the bench equipment, the tutor must check the circuit before the supply is
switched on.
No leads are to be removed until the supply has been disconnected and any associated
machinery has stopped rotating.
Be aware of the location of the emergency stop and trip buttons.
Clean up your work area before leaving
Failure to comply with the above guidelines can result in you be ejected from the laboratory.

Incident/ Accident Reporting

Everyone including employees, contractors and students shall report to UTP HSE Unit
immediately of the occurrence of any incident or accident including near misses according
to UTP accident reporting format. They shall also alert fire brigade, police and /or other
authorities relevant to the incidents or accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for
reporting accidents and incidents to DOSH. UTP HSE Unit shall report to DOSH for any works
incident involves staff or student.
All incidents or accidents that result in or have the potential to cause serious injury or property
damage must be suitably investigated by the Contractor or UTP.
Emergency Evacuation Plan

In the event of evacuation, the alarm will ring continuously. Please follow the evacuation procedure;
as follows:
1. Leave by the nearest safe exit. Proceed in calm.
2. Proceed to your assigned Emergency Assembly Area (EAA).
3. Please leave all personal belonging.
4. Choose another exit route if you detect or sense a hazard.
5. Be ready to provide management or emergency response personnel with information they need
for documentation. Security Officers are located at every building to control the situation.
6. Return to the building only after you are told it is safe to do so

EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the typical experiments that are conducted in University Laboratories as
practical hands-on training of a course on Electrical Machines. They are treated in detail by
explaining the objectives, discussing electrical diagrams, by showing a brief overview of the theory
and associated formulae for a thorough understanding and summarization of the results for
subsequent analysis and discussion.
The list of experiments proposed is not exhaustive: more experiments, to be implemented with the
same equipment, can be designed by teachers and students to satisfy additional training
requirements.
The components suggested, machines and accessories, are chosen from our own catalogue as they
are all designed under the same standards with the specific purpose of being easily integrated and
capable of ensuring consistent results. For the same reason the suggested Power Supply is the
ELECTRON Model A0240 of which a picture of the front panel and a brief description are given at
page 7.
The power of the electrical machines may be of three different ranges (to be specified with the
order, see ELECTRON Model Codes in our Catalogue): 200-300W, 1KW and 3KW.
The following Electrical Machines are covered:
1. Transformers (single phase)
2. AC Asynchronous Machines (three phase)
3. AC Synchronous Machines (three phase)
4.
DC Machines
The collection and analysis of data can be performed in two ways:

-
By reading the instruments and manually recording the data in the tables provided and drawing
diagrams where applicable. This manual describes these procedures.
Note:
The necessary instruments are identified with each experiment. They should be
procured locally and should be of adequate rating and precision. On request, we
can provide them together with the equipment.
By collecting and analyzing data by means of an optional Personal Computer and specifically
designed Software that are provided with a comprehensive user manual.

EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION (continued)

The manual is divided into four sections, one for each family of electrical machine, and each section
contains the related experiments that are all described with the following approach.
1. Objectives of the experiment: what it is about and what method will be used for its execution
2. Theoretical review: a brief discussion of the theory behind the subject being investigated
3. Formulae: a reminder of the main formulae involved
4. Components required: a list of the equipment required; ELECTRON equipment is suggested for
ensuring ease of integration and consistency of results
5. Circuit Diagrams: how the components are logically and practically connected
6. Execution of the experiment: the steps to be taken to achieve its objectives
7. Worksheets for manually collecting, recording results and their analysis
8. Graphs of the experiments results (where applicable)
NOTES:
The suggested components sections contain a list of the ELECTRON machines that can be
experimented. Their theoretical connection diagrams are also shown while the execution diagrams
are only shown for one machine of each group. The others can be easily developed from that.
When exercising a DC generator with shunt excitation it is possible that no output is obtained
because the excitation current at starting is not sufficient to overcome an opposite residual
magnetism. In such a case it is sufficient to reverse the generator's rotation or to feed the excitation
independently (ex. from Section PS4 of the A0240 Power Supply).
The exercises for determining the working characteristics of motors are based on the use of a braking
DC generator Model A4430 for providing the load. The exercises can be performed in exactly the
same way, with the same setup and procedure if a different type of brake is used, such as a powder
brake Model A4410, Eddy current brake Model A4420 or hysteresis brake Model A4440.
INDEX
Brief description of the Optional PC Assisted Measurement System.
User instructions for the ELECTRON Power Supply Model A0240 used in the tests.
User Instructions for the ELECTRON Torque Meter A4730 and Load Cell A4731.
User Instructions for the ELECTRON Digital Measuring Set Model A4750D.
7

EXPERIMENTS:
1. SINGLE PHASE CAGE ROTOR (Capacitor start & run)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Objectives
Equipment required
Conducting of experiment
Question & result
2. DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (Shunt wound)

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Objectives
Equipment required
Conducting of experiment
Question & result
3. TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY (Single phase)

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Measurement of the winding resistance

Measurement of the transformation ratio
No load test
Short circuit test
4. AC ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY (three phase)

4.1
4.2
4.3
No load test
Short circuit test
Determination of working characteristics
5. AC SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY (three phase)

5.1
5.2
5.3
No load test
Short circuit test
Determination of the external characteristics
6. DC MACHINES LABORATORY
6.1
6.2
6.3
Measurement of the winding resistance

Magnetic characteristics
No load test

POWER SUPPLY ELECTRON MODEL A0240

Section PS1
P
Key
POI
Sections PS2 + 3
Section PS4
mA
VAK
P
Ext. Contact
AC Power Outlets
A
mA
AC Exits
AC + DC Exits
DC Exits
Key
P
POI
AC Power Outlets
Ext. Contact (Optional)
SES
V
VAK
VS
P
SES
VS
AC Exits
VAK
P
AC+DC Exits
DC Exits
Ammeters
Milli-Ammeter
L1, L2, L3, N, Ground (Section PS1)
AC L1, N (Section PS2) / Ground / DC +, - (Section PS3)
+, -, Ground (Section PS4)
Key-Lock
Protections
Power On Indicator
1 x Three Phase, 2 x Single Phase
A normally closed external contact may be used to control the unit,
otherwise connect a jumper
Start, Emergency, Stop Pushbuttons
Voltmeters
Voltage Adjust Knobs
Voltage to Voltmeter Selector
User Instructions
Section PS1 delivers a Three Phase plus Neutral supply voltage that can be varied with the Voltage
Adjust Knob (VAK). With Voltage Selector VS, Voltmeter V can be connected to monitor any phaseto-phase or phase-to-neutral voltage. It is used to power single and three phase electrical machines.
Section PS2 delivers a single phase-to-neutral voltage that is adjusted with the VAK of Section 1.
Used to power single phase machines and for tests that require AC single phase supply.
Section PS3 delivers a DC voltage that is also adjusted with the VAK of Section V1: this output is
normally used to feed DC machines armatures or for tests that require a DC source.
Section PS4 delivers a low power DC voltage, normally used to feed DC and synchronous machines
excitations. Can be varied with its dedicated VAK.
9

TORQUE METER AND LOAD CELL MODELS A4730-A4731

The A4730 is a torque measuring instrument housed in a desk-top metallic enclosure that matches
the design philosophy and appearance of the other ELECTRON equipment for the Electrical
Machine Laboratory.
It operates by processing the input signal of the A4731 Load Cell that consists of a strain sensing arm
with force transducers in a bridge configuration. The Load Cell can be easily mounted on the
Electrical Machines Coupling Base A4840 by means of the accessories provided (example setting in
Fig.1) and is connected to a brake such as magnetic brake or braking generator.
The A4730 (see Fig. 2) can provide torque indications in 2 ranges (preset at the factory), respectively
up to 2 Nm (1.99) and 20 Nm (19.99).
The A4730 + A4731 system can be easily checked and calibrated by using the procedure indicated
below.
Fig.1 - Set-up of the load cell on a

Magnetic brake
Fig. 2 - Load Cell and Torque Meter

Each A4730 is pre-calibrated at the factory to work with its load cell and both are labeled with the
same identification number to prevent exchanging of units.
Before making calibrations or taking any measurement, always allow a 15 minute warm-up period in
order to reach thermal equilibrium in the gauge amplifier.
10

When the meter has reach the operating temperature, adjust the Zero indication and Gain by
means of the FINE ADJUSTMENTS potentiometers accessible on the front panel of the unit. The Zero
adjustment is performed with the cell unloaded while for Gain adjustment follow the procedure
explained below.
In the rare case that the Fine Zero or Gain adjustment controls of the front panel do not allow the
correct indications, it may be necessary to re-calibrate the internal Coarse adjustment trimmers
located on the amplifier board (refer to Fig.3).
The procedure is described in the following section.
Fig.3 - Location of the coarse adjustment trimmers.
11

CALIBRATION OF THE A4730 AND A4731 UNITS
Remove the upper cover of the cabinet. Connect the load cell on the unit. Allow a period of
time for warm-up of the unit.
Note: No load should be applied to the load cell at this stage.
Place the Zero and Gain controls of the front panel to the mid-run position.
Locate the Coarse Zero and Gain trimmers on the circuit board as shown in Fig.3.
Adjust the Coarse Zero trimmer for an indication as close as possible to 0.00
Apply the calibration weight to the load cell and adjust the Coarse Gain control for an
indication as near as possible to the calibration value.
Proceed as follows:
Hang a 5,000gr weight on the torque arm at a distance of exactly 250 mm from the brake shaft
centre, i.e. exactly at the position where the brake unit support is normally located. In order to
keep the arm in the horizontal position, it may be necessary to insert a wedge between the
arm and the brake shaft holder.
Refer to Figs.4 and 5 for the set-ups.
Fig.4 - Set-up for full scale adjustment using a magnetic brake

Adjust the Full Scale trimmer for an indication calculated as follows:
C = torque = 5 kg x 0.25 m = 1.25 kgm = 12.25 Nm
Remove the 5 kg weight and avoid excessive stress of the load cell so that the calibration remains
stable.
12

Replace the outer cover of the cabinet.
Perform the final FINE ADJUSTMENTS of the Zero and Gain of the unit by operating the front panel
controls.
The A4730 and A4731 units are now ready for operation.
The calibration procedure is the same when a braking DC generator is used instead of a magnetic
Brake (see Fig. 5)
250mm
5 Kg
Fig.5 - Set-up for the calibration using a braking DC generator.
13

MEASURING THE TORQUE WITH ARM AND WEIGHT SYSTEM

The torque can be measured with an arm and weight system. The brake dynamo has two pivots on
its sides on which two arm tubes are inserted: one short and the other 1 meter long with graduations.
Follow this procedure and refer to the drawing below:
1. Insert the arm tubes on the machine pivots
2. With the dynamo stopped, locate a 5 Newton weight on Position 0 (Zero) of the long,
graduated arm
3. Put a second 5 Newton weight on the short arm in a position such as to balance the
machine
4. Operate the machine, load it and shift the 5 Newton weight along the graduated arm until
the machine is balanced and record the distance in meters from the Zero Position
5. Repeat the readings at the different load conditions
6. The Torque values in Newtons /Meter are obtained by multiplying the load in Newtons (5) by
the distance in Meters. (see Fig. 6)
Driving Motor
Zero Position
Brake Dynamo
Balancing 5N
Weight
Graduated Arm
Measuring 5N
Weight
Figure 6 - Multiplying the load in Newtons (5) by the distance in Meters.
14

DIGITAL ELECTRICAL POWER MEASURING SET MODEL A4750D

The Digital Electrical Power Measuring Set contains three instruments that make it suitable for most
laboratory and education requirements. The instruments are:
DC Ammeter with a range up to 10A
DC Voltmeter with a range up to 800V
Three Phase Power Analyzer for measuring several electrical parameters as explained below.
Front Panel
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Power Analyzer
Current
In
Out
Voltage
N
RS485
NOTE: The location of the instruments may be different from that illustrated above.
15

Three Phase Power Analyzer

This Digital Power Analyzer measures various electrical parameters of three phase systems, with or
without neutral, and displays the readings separately for each phase or cumulatively. Connection
information is detailed in the manual provided with each instrument.
Before connecting the instrument verify that the voltages to be measured are compatible with the
instrument range.
Set-Up
The instrument parameters are set at the factory to default values. If so desired, they can be
changed by means of front panel pushbuttons as explained in the instrument manual provided with
it.
Serial line connection (optional)
On request, the instrument can be equipped with the connection to a serial line RS485.
Voltage Inputs
Nominal input voltage is 440V (max. phase-to-phase is 600V); for higher voltages use appropriate
transformers and respect their input and output phase sequence.
Current Inputs
Maximum current input from current transformers is 5A.
Power Supply
Power requirement is max 5VA at 115/220V (+15 -20%), 50/60Hz
Front Panel
SETUP
3
DIGITAL DISPLAY
ENTER
1-2
Keys for entering the configuration menu and changing the set-ups.
Factory settings do not normally require modifications.
3-4
Keys for scrolling up and down the displayed readings. 12 sets of readings are
available as illustrated below.
16

Display Readings:
1. Line Voltages V1, V2, V3
7. Reactive power VAr1, VAr2, VAr3
2. Phase Voltages V1-2, V2-3, V1-3
8. Integral V, I, PF
3. Line Currents I1, I2, I3
9. Integral VA, W, Var
4. Power Factors PF1, PF2, PF3
10. Frequency Hz
5. Apparent Power VA1, VA2, VA3
11. Energy VarH, Wh
6. Real Power W1, W2, W3
12. 15 minutes average power VAr, W
The parameters are always computed, even when they are not displayed. They are computed
on 4 quadrants: this means that power may be negative.
Three connection methods are possible: single phase, 4 and 3 wires. In the latter case the
parameters are measured correctly only if there is no current on the neutral: that is if the load is
balanced.
17

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
SINGLE PHASE CAGE ROTOR
Name
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Gas
:
:
:
:
:
SHORT REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP
18

ECB3173 Electrical Machines 1

Lab Presentation (ViVa) Marking Scheme
No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Experiment No / Topic: .
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Criteria for Judging
Attend the viva session on time as
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and
Expect result, theoretical knowledge,
Preparation before
calculation and ground work of short
experiment
report.
Knowledge &
Understanding of the topic and
Understanding
accurate answer to questions posed
(Comprehension)
by instructor.
Clarity of speaking and

confident
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud
Stud.
Stud.
.1
Clarity of and accuracy of the words &

sentences and confident in answering
questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Lab Instructor Name:
Date:
19

Rubric For Lab Assesment

Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)
Focus of Results and

Discussion
(3)
Safety & Health Issues

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Exceptional
(3)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated some
ability to conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
No insight. Entirely
missed the point of
the experiment
Little insight.
Analyzed only the
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
function effectively
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
Serious deficiencies
in addressing health
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported and/or
infeasible result
Demonstrated some
ability to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving supported
results
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
20

Rubric for Short Report

Student:
Experiment No.:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date:
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Objective and
scope are not clear
or minimum
discussed.
Objective and scope are

explained but lack of
understanding.
Objective and scope

are clearly explained.
Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented
Results are presented

but some have minor
problems or could still
be improved
Results and analysis

are clearly explained
using relevant tool such
as graph ,table or etc.
Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete or
incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of data
indicating a lack of
understanding of
results
The discussion and

conclusion are clearly
explain but less related
with objective.
The conclusion is
clearly explained with
interesting discussion.
Student shows his/her
understanding on the
subject of discussion.
Item
Assessed
Low (0-1)
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Score
21

1. SINGLE PHASE CAGE ROTOR

(CAPACITOR START & RUN)
1.1
OBJECTIVES
To determine by experiment, different methods of starting and running single phase induction
motors using a capacitor permanently wired in series with the auxiliary winding and an additional
capacitor paralleled with the permanent capacitor via the centrifugal switch.
1.2
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1) 1 x Cage rotor-ADM109
2) 1 x Centrifugal switch-ADM113
3) 1 x Rotating mechanism - ADM113A
4) 1 x Mechanical brake drum ADM115
5) 1 x Single phase stator (Capacitor stator) - ADM104
6) 1 x End shield with brake slot and tachometer receptacle - ADM101A
7) 1 x Endshield-ADM102
8) 1 x Set allen keys-ADM118
9) 1 x Set bolt/nut assembly - ADM 116
10) 1 x Tacho meter
11] 1 x Set connecting leads
1.3
CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT

1) Assemble the motor according to the assembly diagrams and the following instructions:
Install the rotor into the stator. Clip the centrifugal switch assembly into the end housing
and terminate the connections on the binding posts. Mount and secure the end housings
onto the stator.
2) Connect up the circuit as illustrated in Fig. 1.
FIG 1 - WIRING DIAGRAM

22

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
23

3)
4)
5)
6)
1.4
Connect power and note the action of the rotor and the current drawn.
What is the current drawn at (a) start-up and (b) 5 seconds after startWhat is the direction of rotation?
Give reasons to support your observation of what the changes to the circuit have
achieved by comparing these observations to those obtained previously in fig 1.
ANSWERS TO METHOD QUESTIONS (RESULTS)
1) Current drawn at start-up.

_____________________________________________________________________
2) Current drawn 5 seconds after start-up
_____________________________________________________________________
3) Is there a difference between the initial and running currents?

_____________________________________________________________________
4) Did the rotor start spinning on its own?
_____________________________________________________________________
5) In what direction did the rotor spin?
_____________________________________________________________________
6) Why did the rotor spin in this direction?
_____________________________________________________________________
7) What net result changing the circuit configuration from that of fig 1?
_____________________________________________________________________
24

CONCLUSION
Here the student should tabulate in point form what they have learnt from doing the experiment.
They should also state whether the experiment was of any value to them or not, and if so, why?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
25

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (SHUNT WOUND)

Name
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Gas
SHORT REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP
26


No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and
Preparation before
experiment
report.
Knowledge &
Understanding
(Comprehension)
by instructor.

confident
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud
Stud.
Stud.
.1

questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Date:
Page 27 of 129


Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)

Discussion
(3)

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated
some ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
missed the point of
the experiment
Little insight.
Analyzed only the
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported and/or
infeasible result
Demonstrated some
ability to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving supported
results
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Exceptional
(3)
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 28 of 129


Student:
Experiment No.:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date:
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Objective and
scope are not clear
or minimum
discussed.
Objective and scope

are explained but lack
of understanding.
Objective and scope

Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented

but some have minor
be improved

Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete or
incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of data
understanding of
results
The discussion and

with objective.
The conclusion is
Item
Assessed
Low (0-1)
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Score
Page 29 of 129

2. DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

(SHUNT WOUND)
2.1
OBJECTIVES
To connect up, start and run a DC shunt motor

2.2
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
1 x DC armature (Large) ADM108A

1 x Mechanical brake drum ADM 115
1 x DC stator ADM103
1 x Endshield with brake slot and tachometer receptacle ADM 101A
1 x Endshield ADM102
1 x DC brushgear (2 x brush holders) ADM111
1 x Set Allen keys - ADM118
1 x Set bolt/nuts assembly - ADM116
1 x 50 R 250W resistor module ADM 212
1 x Set connecting leads
2.3
CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
By examining, determine how many sets of windings exist within DC stator.

Measure the resistance of each winding set.
List the windings and respective resistances.
Note the laminated construction of the stator. Why are laminations used?
Note the construction of the DC rotor. What is the function of the commulator?
How many windings does the DC rotor comprise?
In what configuration are the windings of the DC rotor (Lap or Wave wound). Give a
reason for your answer.
Measure the resistance of each winding of the DC rotor.
Assemble the motor according to the assembly diagrams and the following instructions:
Install the rotor into the stator. Clip the brush gear assembly into one end housing and
terminate the connections to the binding posts. Mount and secure the end housing onto
stator. Note: Owning to the high torque of the DC motor it must be connected to a load.
Do not run this motor without a load for more than 1min.
8)
9)
Page 30 of 129

10)
Position of the brush gear as follows:
11)
Connect up the circuit illustrated in Fig 1. Note that the interpoles are connected in series
with the shunt windings in order to provide the required starting resistance. Do not couple
the circuit to the power supply at this stage.
Page 31 of 129

12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
Call your instructor and check all connections are correct.

Double check your circuit connection with your instructor to make the power
connections.
Turn the power on and note the action of the rotor. If smooth rotation is not achieved,
disconnect the power to the motor and increase the load via mechanical brake to stop
the rotation. Disconnect all power and adjust the position of the brushes. Connect the
power and observe the rotor action and sparking at the brushes. Excessive brush
sparking indicates that they are incorrectly positioned.
Under no circumstances stop the rotation of the rotor with your hands or adjust the brush
position with power connected.
Repeat step 14 until the sparking at the brushes is at minimum.
Why does the current reduce as the speed of the motor increases?
Note the direction of the motor and the starting torque of the shunt connected motor.
Switch off
Page 32 of 129

Connection Diagram
Page 33 of 129

2.4
ANSWERS TO METHOD QUESTIONS (RESULTS)
1)
Number of sets of windings in the DC stator.

________________________________________________________________________
2)
Resistance of each winding set.

________________________________________________________________________
3)
What is the purpose of the laminations of this shape in the stator?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4)
What is distinctive about the DC rotor and what is the winding configuration?
________________________________________________________________________
5)
Why is the rotor wound in this configuration?

________________________________________________________________________
6)
Winding resistance of rotor?

________________________________________________________________________
7)
What causes excess sparking at the brushes?

________________________________________________________________________
8)
Current drawn at start up and rotor action.

________________________________________________________________________
9)
Rotor direction?
________________________________________________________________________
10)
Rotor speed?
________________________________________________________________________
11)
Current drawn with load?

________________________________________________________________________
Page 34 of 129

CONCLUSION
Here the pupil/student should tabulate in form what they have learnt from doing
experiment. They should also state whether the experiment was of any value to them
or what, and if so why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Page 35 of 129

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
TRANSFORMER EXPERIMENT
Name
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Gas
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
LAB STAMP
:
Page 36 of 129


No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and
Preparation before
experiment
report.
Knowledge &
Understanding
(Comprehension)
by instructor.

confident
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud
Stud
Stud.
.1
.2

questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Date:
Page 37 of 129


Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)

Discussion
(3)

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated some
ability to conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
missed the point of
the experiment
Little insight.
Analyzed only the
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported and/or
infeasible result
Demonstrated some
ability to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving supported
results
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Exceptional
(3)
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 38 of 129


Student:
Experiment No.:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date:
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Objective and
scope are not clear
or minimum
discussed.

understanding.
Objective and scope

Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented

but some have minor
be improved

Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete or
incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of data
understanding of
results
The discussion and

with objective.
The conclusion is
Item
Assessed
Low (0-1)
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Score
Page 39 of 129

Rubric for Long Report

Course :
Date:
Student:
Student ID:
Topic
(Weight)
Introduction
Background
Objective
Scope
Unacceptable
(0)
(3)
Results/Findings/Analysis
(3)
Report Organization
(2)
Acceptable
(2)
Unable to state the

introduction clearly
Not explained or
not related to the
project
No results or
plagiarized work
are presented
Report is too
difficult to
understand with
many grammatical
error and not well
organized
State the
introduction with
limited information
Not clearly
explained or
partially related to
the project
Minimum results
are presented and
analyzed
Report is easy to
understand with
few grammatical
error and
moderately
organized
Able to state the

introduction with
minor error
Important
knowledge are
covered but still
missing some
important concept
Results are
presented but with
minor error and
could still be
improved
Report well written

but occasionally
some points are
difficult to
understand. Minor
grammatical error
Points
Exceptional
(3)
(2)
Theoretical Knowledge/
Literature Review
Marginal
(1)
Able to state the

Clearly explained
the knowledge and
concept. Student
capable of
discussing the
theory and
simulated results

are clearly
explained using
relevant tool such
as graph , table,
etc.
Report very well

written and easy to
understand
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 40 of 129

3. TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY
3.1
MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMER WINDINGS RESISTANCE
3.1.1
OBJECTIVES
Measure the primary and secondary windings resistance of single phase transformers with the
Volt-Ampere method (Ohm's Law).
3.1.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The transformers' windings resistance cause internal voltage drops that reduces their efficiency.
Therefore, it must be as low as possible. It is calculated by applying known DC voltage and
measuring the resulting current flow.
3.1.3
3.1.4
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
V
I
R
Volts
Amperes
Ohms
R=V/I
for single phase transformer
R=V/I * 2
for STAR connected three phase transformers
COMPONENTS
Single Phase Transformer

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Ammeter (A)
Voltmeter (V)
Model
A4110
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
With adequate range for this test
Page 41 of 129

3.1.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Primary
+
DC 0-24V
Secondary
A
V
Page 42 of 129

Connection Diagram
A4110
Figure 1 . Connection Diagram
Page 43 of 129

3.1.6
Conducting the experiment
The components must be connected as shown in the connection diagrams as shown in Fig. 1 and
must be grounded.
MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
-
Set the DC windings voltage PS3 = 0 V.
Switch on the power supply.

Increase input voltage gradually by operating on the front knob power supply. It must be
increased in 2% steps up to 10 % max.
Do not exceed 10 % of nominal winding voltage to avoid overheating of the windings.
Measure the voltage and current for any step and enter them in the worksheet tables.
( Tables 1).
Repeat the above steps for all primary and secondary windings and calculate their
resistance with the formulae given above.
Now calculate the average value of the resistance for each primary and secondary winding.
Similar windings should have similar resistance.
Page 44 of 129

3.1.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Value
PRIMARY
Winding Voltage
220V
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
SECONDARY
Winding Voltage
160V
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
Winding Voltage
220V
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
Table 1. Measurement of the Transformer Windings Resistance

Transformer Model:
Page 45 of 129

3.2
MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
3.2.1
OBJECTIVES
Calculate the transformation ratio of single phase transformers.

3.2.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The transformation ratio is a characteristic value of every transformer and can be calculated
either as a ratio between primary and secondary windings turns or voltages. It is therefore >1 in a
step-down transformer and <1 in a step-up.
3.2.3
3.2.4
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Primary Voltage
Secondary Voltage
Transformation Ratio
V1
V2
K
Volts
Volts
K=V1/V2
for single and three phase transformers
K=N1/N2
for single and three phase transformers
COMPONENTS

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Voltmeter (V1)
Voltmeter (V2)
Model
A4110
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
Page 46 of 129

3.2.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Primary
AC 0-230V
V1
Secondary
V2
Page 47 of 129

Connection Diagram
V2
V1
A4110
Page 48 of 129

3.2.6
must be grounded.
-
Set the AC input voltage PS2 or PS1 = 0 V.

Increase the input voltage gradually in 20% steps from 0% to 100% of transformers nominal
voltage.
At each step measure the voltage readings of V1 and V2 and enter them in the worksheet
table. ( Table 2 ).
At each step compute the transformation ratio with the formulae given above and enter
them in the worksheet tables. ( Table 2 ).
At this point calculate the average value of the transformation ratio.
Page 49 of 129

3.2.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
220V
Primary Voltage
V1
Secondary Voltage
V2
Transformation Ratio
Input Voltage
Value
20
40
60
80
100
Table 2 . Measurement of the Transformation Ratio

Transformer Model:
Page 50 of 129

3.3
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
3.3.1
OBJECTIVES
Calculate the resistance losses, determine the short circuit voltage and the short circuit power
factor, calculate the additional losses, the equivalent resistance and reactance.
3.3.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
With this test the transformer primary windings are fed with up to the nominal current and the
secondary windings are short-circuited. The power drawn is very low and therefore it is possible to
simulate the leakage fluxes in both primary and secondary windings because the latter depends
upon the load current in the two windings.
As the transformer is short-circuited, the input voltage must be very low, usually 5% of the nominal
rating and the mutual flux is of the same order of magnitude. Since the core losses are
approximately proportional to the square of the mutual flux, they are negligible.
This means that a wattmeter connected to measure the input power indicates only the copper
losses because there are no output power or core losses.
3.3.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Voltage
Current
Input Power
V
I
W
Volts
Amperes
Watts
Single phase transformers:
P =
Cos =
I =
R=
Z=
X=
W
P/(V * I)
P/(V * Cos)
P/I2
V/I
Z2 - R2
Page 51 of 129

3.3.4
COMPONENTS

Three Phase Transformer
Power Supply
Cables
Model
Model
Model
Model
Cables Support
Ammeters (A)
Wattmeters (W1, W2)
Voltmeter (V)
Model
A4891
3.3.5
A4110
A4120
A0240
A4890
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Primary
A
AC 0-24V
Secondary
W1
V
Page 52 of 129

Connection Diagram
Digital
Multimeter
Power supply
220v
> 24Vac
160v
> 230Vac
0v
AC
110v
DC
220v
A
0v
0v
Page 53 of 129

3.3.6
The components must be connected in the connection diagrams as shown in Fig. 3 and must be
grounded.
-

Increase the input voltage at 1% steps to about 5% of nominal rating until the nominal current
can be read in the primary winding.
At each step enter the readings in the worksheet tables. ( Table 3 ).
At the end calculate the Equivalent Secondary Reactance, Impedance and Resistance with
the above formulae.
Plot the graph. (Graph 1)
Page 54 of 129

3.3.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
220V
Winding Voltage
Current
Wattmeter
Input Voltage
Power Factor
Value
Cos
Reactance
Impedance
Resistance
Table 3 . Short Circuit Test
Transformer Model:
Page 55 of 129

Cos
P
V
I (Amp)
Graph 1 . Short Circuit Test
Page 56 of 129

3.4
NO LOAD TEST
3.4.1
OBJECTIVES
Calculate the hysteresis losses, measure the no-load current and calculate the no load Power
Factor of single and three phase transformers.
3.4.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The power absorbed by a transformer with its secondary windings open (no load) is caused by
hysteresis losses and eddy currents.
To reduce the hysteresis losses a ferromagnetic material is used that has a narrow hysteresis loop,
while to reduce the eddy currents the magnetic iron core is laminated and its sheets are
insulated by means of special resins.
3.4.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Voltage
Current
Input Power
Power
Power Factor
V
I
P
W
Cos
Volts
Amperes
Watts
Watts
Single phase transformers:
3.4.4
P=
I =
Cos =
W
P/(V * Cos)
P/(V * I)
COMPONENTS

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Ammeters (A)
Wattmeters (W)
Voltmeter (V)
Model
A4110
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
Page 57 of 129

3.4.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Primary
A
AC 0-220V
Secondary
W1
V
Page 58 of 129

Connection Diagram
Digital Multimeter
Transformer
Power supply
220v
>24Vac
>230Vac
160v
0v
AC
110v
220v
DC
A
0v
0v

3.4.6
must be grounded.
-

Increase the input voltage gradually in 20% steps from 0% to 100% of the transformer nominal
voltage
At each step measure the voltage, current and power readings and enter them in the
worksheet tables.
Calculate the no load input power, power factor and no load current with the above
formulae.
Plot the graphs. (Graph 2 & Graph 3)
Page 59 of 129

3.4.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
220V
Winding Voltage
Current
Wattmeter
Input Voltage
Power Factor
Value
20
40
60
80
100
Cos
Table 4 .No Load Test
Transformer Model:
Page 60 of 129

V
Graph 2 . No Load Test
Transformer Model:
Page 61 of 129

V
Graph 3. No Load Test
Transformer Model:
Page 62 of 129

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
ASYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES EXPERIMENT

Name
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Tutor(s)
GAs
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
LAB STAMP
:
Page 63 of 129

ECB 3173 Electrical Machines 1

Lab Presentation(ViVa) Marking Scheme
No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and
Preparation before
experiment
report.
Knowledge &
Understanding
(Comprehension)
by instructor.

confident
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud.
Stud.
Stud.

questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Date:
Page 64 of 129


Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)

Discussion
(3)

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated some
ability to conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
missed the point of
the experiment
Little insight.
Analyzed only the
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported and/or
infeasible result
Demonstrated some
ability to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving supported
results
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Exceptional
(3)
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 65 of 129


Student:
Experiment No.:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date:
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Objective and
scope are not clear
or minimum
discussed.

understanding.
Objective and scope

Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented

but some have minor
be improved

Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete or
incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of data
understanding of
results
The discussion and

with objective.
The conclusion is
Item
Assessed
Low (0-1)
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Score
Page 66 of 129


Course :
Date:
Student:
Student ID:
Topic
(Weight)
Introduction
Background
Objective
Scope
Unacceptable
(0)
(3)
(3)
Report Organization
(2)
Acceptable
(2)
Unable to state the

Not explained or
not related to the
project
No results or
plagiarized work
are presented
Report is too
difficult to
understand with
many grammatical
error and not well
organized
State the
introduction with
limited information
Not clearly
explained or
the project
Minimum results
are presented and
analyzed
Report is easy to
understand with
few grammatical
error and
moderately
organized
Able to state the

introduction with
minor error
Important
knowledge are
covered but still
missing some
important concept
Results are
presented but with
minor error and
could still be
improved
Report well written

but occasionally
some points are
difficult to
understand. Minor
grammatical error
Points
Exceptional
(3)
(2)
Literature Review
Marginal
(1)
Able to state the

Clearly explained
the knowledge and
concept. Student
capable of
discussing the
theory and
simulated results

are clearly
explained using
relevant tool such
as graph , table,
etc.
Report very well

written and easy to
understand
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 67 of 129

4. AC ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY

4.1
NO LOAD TEST
This experiment is performed on three phase squirrel cage motor.

4.1.1
OBJECTIVES
The experiment is meant to compute the no-load current and the no-load power factor.
4.1.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The power absorbed by an unloaded asynchronous motor is only caused by mechanical losses
(cooling and friction) and Joule losses in the stator and rotor.
The motor absorbs a low current and rotates close to the synchronism speed. Therefore the Joule
losses in the rotor are negligible and also its iron losses are low because of the low flux frequency.
4.1.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Power 1
Power 2
Power 3
Armature Voltage
Armature Current
No Load Power Factor
W1
W2
W3
V
I
Cos
Watts
Watts
Watts
Volts
Amperes
Three Phase Motor:
P=
I =
Cos =
W1 + W2+W3
P/( 3 * V * Cos)
P/( 3 * I * V)
Page 68 of 129

4.1.4
COMPONENTS
Squirrel Cage Asynchronous Motor

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Three phase analyzer
4.1.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4220
A0240
A4890
A4891
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Three Phase Motors Squirrel Cage Motor.
PS1
Three Phase
Analyzer
M
3 Phases
Page 69 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
P
Sections PS2 - 3
A
A
V
Key
POI
Section PS4
mA
VAK
VAK
P
Overspeed
AC Power Outlets
P
SES
VS
AC Exits
Ammeter
Analyzer
P
AC + DC Exits
DC Exits
Voltmeter
Power
A4220
RS485
U1 V1 W1
V2 W2 U2

Page 70 of 129

4.1.6
The components must be connected as shown in the connection diagrams (Fig. 1) and must be
grounded.
Set the supply voltage PS1 = 0.
Increase the supply voltage PS1 to 120% of the motor's nominal voltage (220Volt).
Gradually decrease the voltage from 120% to 20% in 20% steps (Table 1).
At each step record the values of voltage V, current I and input power W1, W2 and W3 into the
work-sheet table (Table 1).
For each step calculate power P and the no-load power factor with the above formulae and
enter the values in the work-sheet table.
Plot the graphs. (Graph 1)
Page 71 of 129

4.1.7
WORKSHEETS
Three Phase
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
220V
Winding Voltage
Armature Current
Wattmeter 1
W1
Wattmeter 2
W2
Wattmeter 3
W3
Armature Voltage
No Load Power
No Load Power Factor
Value
120
100
80
60
40
20
Cos
Table 1 . No Load Test
Motor Model :
Page 72 of 129

I
P
Cos
V
Motor Model:
Page 73 of 129

4.2
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
4.2.1
OBJECTIVES
Compute the short circuit current and power factor.

4.2.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The rotor of the motor is locked and the stator is supplied with the nominal current that requires
up to 30% of nominal voltage.
The short circuit current graph is linear and can be used to determine the short circuit current at
nominal voltage. The short circuit current can also be calculated with the formulae given below.
4.2.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Power 1
Power 2
Power 3
Armature Voltage
Armature Current
Short Circuit Power Factor
W1
W2
W3
V
I
Cos
Watts
Watts
Watts
Volts
Amperes
Cos =
W1 + W2+W3 =
P/
3 * V * I * Cos
3 *V*I
Page 74 of 129

4.2.4
COMPONENTS
Asynchronous Motor
Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Rotor Mechanical Lock
4.2.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4220
A0240
A4890
A4891
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
Squirrel Cage Motor

PS1
Three Phase
Analyzer
Asynchronous
Motor
Page 75 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
P
Sections PS2 - 3
A
A
V
Key
POI
Section PS4
mA
VAK
VAK
P
Overspeed
AC Power Outlets
P
SES
VS
AC Exits
Ammeter
Analyzer
P
AC + DC Exits
DC Exits
Voltmeter
Power
A4220
RS485
U1 V1 W1

V2 W2 U2
* The rotor must be locked with the Rotor Mechanical Lock device provided.
Page 76 of 129

4.2.6
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 2) and
must be grounded. The rotor must be locked with the Rotor Lock device provided.
Set the supply voltage PS1 = 0.
Adjust the stator input current PS1 to 0.6 Ampere so that nominal current flows in the stator
windings.
Gradually decrease PS1from 100% to 25% of nominal armature current in 15% steps(Table 2).
At each step record the values of voltage, current and input power W1, W2 and W3 into the
worksheet table.( Table 2)
For each step calculate power P and the short circuit power factor with the above formulae and
enter the values in the worksheets.( Table 2)
Plot the graphs .(Graph 2)
Page 77 of 129

4.2.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Armature Current
0.6Amp
Armature Voltage
Armature Current
Wattmeter 1
W1
Wattmeter 2
W2
Wattmeter 3
W3
Value
100
85
70
55
40
25

Motor Model:
Page 78 of 129

I sc
Psc
Cos
V
Motor Model:
Page 79 of 129

4.3
DETERMINATION OF WORKING CHARACTERISTICS
4.3.1
OBJECTIVES
Find the motor's load characteristics by loading it with a brake dynamo.

Measure the torque and mechanical power at various load conditions.
Calculate the motor efficiency.
Plot the load characteristics for analysis.
4.3.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The motor drives a loaded brake dynamo whose stator is mounted on bearings and capable of
rotating. Since the torque between its stator and rotor is proportional to the generated electrical
power, a dynamometer installed on its stator to counteract its rotation gives a reading of the
motor's torque.
The torque's value can be read in two ways:
- by a load cell connected to a torque meter
- by an arm and weights system
The torque can be varied by varying the dynamo's electric load.
The measured torque includes the losses on bearings, ventilation and on collector brushes.
However, they are small and do not affect significantly the experiment's results.
Page 80 of 129

4.3.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Armature Voltage
Armature Curent
Arm Length
Weight
Torque
Speed
Excitation Curent
Input Power
Output Power
Power 1
Power 2
Power 3
Efficiency
V
I
a
G
T
n
Ie
Pi
Po
W1
W2
W3
Volts
Ampres
m
N
Nm
min-1
Ampres
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
T
=G*a
Po = 2 n T/60
Pi
= W1 + W2 + W3 =
Cos = Pi / ( 3 * V * I)
= Po / Pi
3 * V * I * Cos
For three phase motor
Page 81 of 129

4.3.4
COMPONENTS
Three Phase Squirrel Cage Motor

Braking DC Generator
Coupling Base
Power Supply
Resistive Load
Cables
Cables Support
RPM meter
4.3.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4220
A4430
A4840
A0240
A4510
A4890
A4891
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
Three Phase Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Motor (on slip ring motor short circuit ring brushes)
PS1
Three Phase
Analyzer
M
3 Phase
A2
PS4
Page 82 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3
Section PS4

Page 83 of 129

4.3.6
must be grounded. The motor must be coupled to the brake dynamo.
Calibrate the torque meter as shown in Fig. 3.1.
Fig. 3.1 - Set-up for full scale adjustment using a magnetic brake (Example)
Hang a 5 N weight on the torque arm at a distance of exactly 110 mm from the brake shaft
centre, i.e. exactly at the position where the brake unit support is normally located. In order to
keep the arm in the horizontal position, it may be necessary to insert a wedge between the arm
and the brake shaft holder.
Adjust the Full Scale trimmer for an indication calculated as follows:
T = torque = 5 N x 0.11 m = 0.55
Nm
Remove the 5 N weights and avoid excessive stress of the load cell so that the calibration
remains stable.
Page 84 of 129

Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.
Set the excitation voltage PS4 to nominal output voltage 220V and drive motor voltage PS1
380V is reached.
Step up the three resistive (A4510) load rotary switches by one position at a time.
Enter the read values in the worksheet table.( Table 3)
Plot the graphs of the load characteristics.(Graph 3)
Notes: Measurements should be made as quick as possible to avoid overheating.
4.3.7
WORKSHEETS
Three Phase
Parameter
Symbol
Load / Nominal Load
Unit
Step
Armature Voltage
PS1
Armature Current
Arm Length
Torque
Nm
Speed
rpm
PS4
Power Input
Pi
Power Output
Po
Power 1
W1
Power 2
W2
Power 3
W3
Excitation Current
Efficiency
Value
6
Table 3 . Determination of Working Characteristics
Machine Model:
Page 85 of 129

I
n
T
Pi
Graph 3 . Determination of Working Characteristics
Machine Model:
Page 86 of 129

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
SYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES EXPERIMENT

Name
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Tutor(s)
:
:
:
:
:
:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
LAB STAMP
:
Page 87 of 129


Lab Presentation(ViVa) Marking Scheme
No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and
Preparation before
experiment
report.
Knowledge &
Understanding
(Comprehension)
by instructor.

confident
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud.
Stud.
Stud.

questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Date:
Page 88 of 129


Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)

Discussion
(3)

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated some
ability to conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
missed the point of
the experiment
Little insight.
Analyzed only the
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported and/or
infeasible result
Demonstrated some
ability to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving supported
results
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Exceptional
(3)
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 89 of 129


Student:
Experiment No.:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date:
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Objective and
scope are not clear
or minimum
discussed.

understanding.
Objective and scope

Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented

but some have minor
be improved

Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete or
incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of data
understanding of
results
The discussion and

with objective.
The conclusion is
Item
Assessed
Low (0-1)
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Score
Page 90 of 129


Course :
Date:
Student:
Student ID:
Topic
(Weight)
Introduction
Background
Objective
Scope
Unacceptable
(0)
(3)
(3)
Report Organization
(2)
Acceptable
(2)
Unable to state the

Not explained or
not related to the
project
No results or
plagiarized work
are presented
Report is too
difficult to
understand with
many grammatical
error and not well
organized
State the
introduction with
limited information
Not clearly
explained or
the project
Minimum results
are presented and
analyzed
Report is easy to
understand with
few grammatical
error and
moderately
organized
Able to state the

introduction with
minor error
Important
knowledge are
covered but still
missing some
important concept
Results are
presented but with
minor error and
could still be
improved
Report well written

but occasionally
some points are
difficult to
understand. Minor
grammatical error
Points
Exceptional
(3)
(2)
Literature Review
Marginal
(1)
Able to state the

Clearly explained
the knowledge and
concept. Student
capable of
discussing the
theory and
simulated results

are clearly
explained using
relevant tool such
as graph , table,
etc.
Report very well

written and easy to
understand
TOTAL
Examiner:
Page 91 of 129

5. AC SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY

5.1
NO LOAD TEST
This experiment is performed on a Synchronous Machine.

5.1.1
OBJECTIVES
Plot the magnetization characteristics of a synchronous generator.

5.1.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This experiment shows the electromotive force Eo against the excitation current Ie.
The resulting graph shows that for the same value of excitation current there are two different
values of electromotive force, one for the ascending and one for the descending curves. Usually
the medium value of Eo is considered.
The area enclosed in the magnetization loop represents the power losses for magnetic hysteresis
(residual magnetism) in the armature iron.
5.1.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Voltage
Excitation Current
Pair of Poles
Speed
Frequency
Theoretical Frequency
Theoretical Speed
Theoretical Voltage
E 01
Ie
p
n1
F1
f
n
E0
Volts
Amperes
rpm
Hz
Hz
rpm
Volts
E 0 /E 01 = n/n 1
E 0 =E 01 * (n/n 1 ) = E 01 * (f/F 1 )
n 1 = (60 * f)/p
5.1.4
COMPONENTS
Three Phase Synchronous Machine
Model
A4223
Page 92 of 129

Squirrel Cage Three Phase Drive Motor

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Coupling Base
Three Phase Analyzer
RPM meter
5.1.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4220
A0240
A4890
A4891
A4840
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
V
Generator
3 Phase
PS4
Three Phase
Analyzer
F
PS1
Motor
PS1
3 Phase
Page 93 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3
Section PS4
Page 94 of 129

5.1.6
must be grounded. The synchronous machine is mechanically coupled to the driving
asynchronous motor.
-
Set the excitation voltage PS4 and drive motor voltage PS1 = 0
Switch on the power supply and adjust PS1 to nominal motor voltage (380V).
When the motor is up to speed gradually increase the excitation current from 0% to 100% in
10% steps.
At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of the excitation current I e , voltage E 01
and frequency F 1 .(Table 1)
Repeat the above steps while decreasing Ie from 100% to 10%
If during the experiment the frequency F 1 varies, adjust it to the theoretical value (f) with the
above formula. Do the same for voltage E 01 to the theoretical value (E 0 )
To stop the machines turn back the PS 4 to 0 position first and PS 1 to 0 position.
Press Stop Button.
Plot the graph.(Graph 1)
Page 95 of 129

5.1.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation current
Ie
Eo1
F1
Hz
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation Current
Ie
Eo1
F1
Hz
Voltage
Frequency
Voltage
Frequency
Value
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Table 1. No Load Test

Machine Model:
Page 96 of 129

Eo
Ie
Machine Model:
Page 97 of 129

5.2
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
This experiment is performed on a Synchronous Machine.

5.2.1
OBJECTIVES
Plot the short circuit characteristics of a synchronous generator. The short circuit diagram shows
the output current versus the excitation current when the armature windings are short circuited.
5.2.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This test is performed by driving the generator to a speed close to nominal and by measuring the
short circuit current while stepping up the excitation current. It is not necessary to measure the
output frequency as the short circuit current is largely independent from speed when the
generator is running close to nominal RPM.
5.2.3
MEASUREMENTS
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Excitation Current
Current 1
Current 2
Current 3
Short Circuit Current
A1
A2
A3
A4
Isc
Amperes
Amperes
Amperes
Amperes
Amperes
Page 98 of 129

5.2.4
COMPONENTS

Squirrel Cage Three Phase Drive Motor
Power Supply
Coupling Base
Cables
Cables Support
Coupling Base
5.2.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4223
A4220
A0240
A4840
A4890
A4891
A4840
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
A1
Generator
3 Phase
PS4
Three Phase
A2
Analyzer
A4
PS1
Motor
3 Phase
Page 99 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3
Section PS4
Page 100 of 129

5.2.6
must be grounded. The synchronous machine is mechanically coupled to the driving
asynchronous motor.
-
Set the excitation voltage PS4 and motor supply voltage PS1 = 0

Start the driving motor
When the motor reaches nominal speed by adjusting (PS1 to 380V), step up the excitation
current (PS4) Ie until nominal current (0.2Amp) is reached.
At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of the excitation and generator
currents.(Table 2)
Calculate the short circuit current as the average of the generator currents.
Plot the graph.(Graph 2)
NOTE: Since the short circuit test graph is linear, short circuit current (Isc) can be drawn by
measuring only two points.
Page 101 of 129

5.2.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation current
Ie-A4
Current 1
A1
Current 2
A2
Current 3
A3
Short Circuit Curr.
Isc
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation current
Ie-A4
Current 1
A1
Current 2
A2
Current 3
A3
Short Circuit Curr.
Isc
Value
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
40
30
20
10
Value
100
90
80
70
60
50

Machine Model:
Page 102 of 129

Isc
Ie
Machine Model:
Page 103 of 129

5.3
DETERMINATION OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
This experiment is performed on a Synchronous Machine

5.3.1
OBJECTIVES
Plot the external characteristics of a synchronous generator with constant excitation current and
constant power factor.
5.3.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The load of an alternator affects its output voltage. How it is affected depends on the kind of
load.
With a resistive load the power factor is "1" and the output voltage may drop 8 to 20% from its noload value.
An inductive load such as induction motors causes a lagging power factor and an output
voltage drop as much as 25 to 50% below its no-load value.
A capacitive load causes a leading power factor and an increase in output voltage above the
no-load value.
These voltage variations are due to:
Resistance drops in the armature windings
Changes in flux
Reactance voltage
In fact, when the load current is capacitive the reaction ampere-turns increase the
magnetization while when the load current is inductive they decrease it.
5.3.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Output Voltage
Load Current
Excitation Current
V
I
I2
Volts
Amperes
Amperes
P=V*I
Page 104 of 129

5.3.4
COMPONENTS
DC Motor (or other drive motor)

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Coupling Base
Resistive Load (R1)
Capacitive Load (C1)
Inductive Load (L1)
5.3.5
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
A4244
A4223
A0240
A4890
A4891
A4840
A4510
A4520
A4530
A4750D
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
V
PS1
Threephase
analyzer
F
A2
R
Load
C
Load
L
Load
PS4
Page 105 of 129

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3 Section PS4
Page 106 of 129

5.3.6
must be grounded. The synchronous machine is mechanically coupled to the driving motor.
1. Reset the three loads and power supplies PS1 and PS4 to the 0 position.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Adjust the motor's speed to about nominal speed by adjusting PS1 to 380V.
4. Adjust the excitation voltageuntil the no-load alternator(Synchronous Generator) nominal
output voltage Vo is reached(PS4 to 220V).
5. Step up the three resistive (A4510)load rotary switches by one position at a time
6. At each step enter in the worksheet table the output voltage V and current A1.( Table 3 )
7. When full load is reached, repeat step no 5 & 6 with the capacitive (A4520)and inductive
(A4530) loads.
8. Plot the graph.(Graph 3)
NOTE: The experiment must be performed with constant alternator excitation current.
Page 107 of 129

5.3.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Load
Step
Line Voltage
Excitation Current
Ie
Symbol
Unit
Load
Step
Line Voltage
Excitation Current
Ie
Symbol
Unit
Load
Step
Line Voltage
Excitation Current
Ie
Line Current
Parameter
Line Current
Parameter
Line Current
Value
1
Value
1
Value
1
Table 3. Determination of the external characteristics

Machine Model:
Page 108 of 129

(R/C/L)
Graph 3 . Determination of the external characteristics
Machine Model:
Page 109 of 129

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
ECB 3173
DC MACHINES EXPERIMENT
Name
:
:
:
:
Group No
Lab Session
Date
Lecturer
Tutor(s)
:
:
:
:
:
:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
:
:
:
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LONG REPORT :
LAB STAMP
:
Page 110 of 129


No
Students Name
ID
1
2
3
4
Date/Time:..
Score
Category
Punctuality
agreed.
Analysis and Preparation

before experiment
Excellent
Good
Averag
e
Poor
Bad
(2)
(1.5)
(1)
(0.5)
(0)
(35)
(27)
(22)
(10)
(0)
(50)
(38)
(32)
(15)
(0)
(13)
(10)
(8)
(3)
(0)
Stud.
Stud.
Stud.

report.
Knowledge &
Understanding
(Comprehension)
by instructor.

confident
Clarity of and accuracy of the words

& sentences and confident in
answering questions.
Total Score
Approved by,
..
Date:
111


Topic
(Weight)
Execution of
Procedures
(2)

Discussion
(3)

(1)
Participation
in Teamwork
(If applicable)
(3)
Punctuality
(1)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Exceptional
(3)
Demonstrated little
or no ability to
conduct
experiments. Did
not collect
meaningful data
Demonstrated
some ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected some
meaningful data
Demonstrated
adequate ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected most of
the needed data
Demonstrated
superior ability to
conduct
experiments.
Collected all the
appropriate data
No insight. Entirely Little insight.

missed the point
Analyzed only the
of the experiment
most basic points
Adequate insight.
Missed some
important points
Excellent insight.
Results and
discussion well
focused
No understanding
or appreciation of
safety and health
related issues
Demonstrated
little or no ability
to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
>10 minutes late
Serious
deficiencies in
addressing health
and safety issues
leading to a
unsupported
and/or infeasible
result
Demonstrated
some ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
6-10 minutes late
Sound
understanding of
health and safety
issues. Mostly
effective in
achieving
supported results
Demonstrated
adequate ability
to function
effectively as
leader/team
member during
experimental work
1-5 minutes late
Points
Complete
understanding of
health and safety
issues leading to
sound and
supported results
Demonstrated
superior ability to
as leader/team
member during
experimental work
Punctual
TOTAL
Examiner:
112


Student:
Experiment No.:
Item
Assessed
Course:
Lecturer:
Low (0-1)
Average (2-3)
Good (4-5)
Date:
Objective,
and scope
of
experiment
Objective and
scope are not
clear or minimum
discussed.
Objective and scope

are explained but lack
of understanding.
Objective and scope

Interesting
presentation.
Results
and
analysis
No results or
plagiarized are
presented

but some have minor
be improved

using relevant tool
such as graph ,table
or etc.
Discussion
and
conclusion
Very incomplete
or incorrect
interpretation of
trends and
comparison of
data indicating a
lack of
understanding of
results
The discussion and

explain but less
related with objective.
The conclusion is
Score
113


Course :
Date:
Student:
Student ID:
Topic
(Weight)
Introduction
Background
Objective
Scope
(2)
Literature Review
(3)
(3)
Report Organization
(2)
Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Exceptional
(3)
Unable to state
the introduction
clearly
Not explained or
not related to the
project
No results or
plagiarized work
are presented
Report is too
difficult to
understand with
many
grammatical error
and not well
organized
State the
introduction with
limited
information
Able to state the

introduction with
minor error
Not clearly
Important
explained or
knowledge are
partially related to covered but still
the project
missing some
important concept
Minimum results
Results are
are presented and presented but
analyzed
with minor error
and could still be
improved
Report is easy to
understand with
few grammatical
error and
moderately
organized
Report well
written but
occasionally some
points are difficult
to understand.
Minor
grammatical error
Points
Able to state the

introduction
clearly
Clearly explained
the knowledge
and concept.
Student capable
of discussing the
theory and
simulated results
Results and
analysis are
clearly explained
using relevant
tool such as
graph , table, etc.
Report very well

written and easy
to understand
TOTAL
Examiner:
114

6. DC MACHINES LABORATORY
6.1
MEASUREMENT OF THE WINDINGS RESISTANCE
6.1.1
OBJECTIVES
Calculate the winding resistance of shunt DC machines with the Volt-Ampere method
(Ohm's Law).
6.1.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The windings resistance cause internal voltage drops that reduce the machines efficiency.
Therefore it must be as low as possible. It is calculated by applying known DC voltages and
measuring the resulting current flows.
6.1.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
V
I
R
Volts
Amperes
Ohms
R=V/ I
6.1.4
COMPONENTS
DC Shunt Excitation Machine

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Model
A4244
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
115

6.1.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
Shunt Excitation Machine

The shunt excitation winding has accessible ends for measuring its resistance
A
PS3
DC
Machine
116

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
P
Key
POI
Sections PS2 - 3
Section PS4
mA
VAK
P
Overspeed
AC Power Outlets
SES
VS
VAK
AC Exits
AC
DC Exits
DC Exits
A4244
A1
B1
A2
B2
117

6.1.6
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 1)
and must be grounded.
-
Set the D.C. windings voltage PS3 = 0 V.

Increase PS3 gradually by operating on the front knob. It must be increased in 2% steps
up to 10 % max.
Do not exceed 10 % of nominal winding voltage to avoid excessive winding
temperature
Measure the voltage and current for any step and enter them in the worksheet tables.
( Table 1)
Repeat the above steps for field winding and calculate their resistance with the
formula given above. ( Table 2 )
118

6.1.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Winding Voltage
220V
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
Value
10
Table 1 . Measurement of the windings resistance

Machine Model:
Parameter
Winding: Armature
Symbol
Unit
Winding Voltage
220V
Winding Voltage
Winding Current
Winding Resistance
Value
10
Table 2 . Measurement of the windings resistance

Machine Model:
Winding: Field
119

6.2
MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS
This experiment can be performed on shunt excitation DC generators.

6.2.1
OBJECTIVES
Plot the magnetization characteristics of a DC machine.

6.2.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This experiment shows the electromotive force Eo against the excitation current Ie.
The resulting graph shows that for the same value of excitation current there are two
different values of electromotive force, one for the ascending and one for the descending
curves. Usually the medium value of Eo is considered.
The area enclosed in the magnetization loop represents the power losses for magnetic
hysteresis (residual magnetism) in the armature iron.
6.2.3
6.2.4
MEASUREMENTS
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Armature Voltage
Excitation Current
Speed
V
Ie
n
Volts
Ampres
rpm
COMPONENTS

Slip Ring Three Phase Drive Motor
Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Coupling Base
Ammeter
Voltmeter
RPM Meter
Model
A4244
Model
A4223
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
Model
A4840
120

6.2.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
PS1
M
3 Phase
DC
Machine
PS4
121

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
P
Sections PS2 - 3
A
A
V
Key
POI
Section PS4
mA
VAK
P
Overspeed
AC Power Outlets
P
SES
VS
AC Exits
AC + DC Exits
DC Exits
A4223
A4222
A4244
U1 V1 W1
A1
V2 W2 U2
VAK
B1
A2
B2
122

6.2.6 Conducting the experiment

and must be grounded. The DC machine is mechanically coupled to the driving motor (3
Phase squirrel cage motor or single phase split phase/capacitor motor).
-
Set the excitation voltage PS4 and drive motor supply voltage PS1 = 0
Switch on the power supply and adjust PS1 to nominal motor voltage.
When the motor is up to speed gradually increase the excitation current from 0% to
100% in 10% steps by adjusting PS4.
At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of voltage and excitation current.
( Table 2 )
Repeat the above steps while decreasing the excitation current from 100% to 10%
Plot of the ascending and descending in the same graph .( Graph 1)
6.2.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation current
Ie
Voltage
Speed
rpm
Excitation Current
0.2Amp
Excitation Current
Ie
Voltage
VA
Speed
rpm
Value
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Table 2 . Magnetic characteristics

Machine Model:
123

Ie
Graph 1 . Magnetic characteristics
Machine Model:
124

6.3
NO LOAD TEST
6.3.1
OBJECTIVES
The experiment is designed to measure the mechanical plus iron losses.

6.3.2
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The mechanical losses are caused by friction on bearings, brushes and ventilation. They are
not affected by the load and depend only on rotation speed. Copper losses may be
disregarded due to the low current absorbed in these conditions.
When in rotation, the rotor is subject to the alternating flux generated by the excitation
winding on the stator and this causes the iron losses due to hysteresis and Eddy currents.
6.3.3
FORMULAE
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
UNIT
Armature Voltage
Armature Current
Input Power (no-load)
Mechanical Losses
Magnetic Losses
Va
Ia
P
Pm
Pfe
Volts
Amperes
Watts
Watts
Watts
P = Va * Ia = Pm + PFe
6.3.4
COMPONENTS

Power Supply
Cables
Cables Support
Coupling Base
Ammeter
Voltmeter
RPM Meter
Model
A4244
Model
A0240
Model
A4890
Model
A4891
Model
A4840
125

6.3.5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Theoretical Diagram
Shunt Excitation
PS4
PS3
126

Connection Diagram
A0240
Section PS1
P
Key
POI
Sections PS2 - 3
Section PS4
mA
VAK
P
Overspeed
AC Power Outlets
P
SES
VS
VAK
AC Exits
AC
DC Exits
DC Exits
A4244
A1
B1
A2
B2

127

6.3.6
and must be grounded.
-
Set the excitation voltage PS4 and armature voltage PS3 = 0
Switch on the power supply and adjust PS4 to nominal voltage (220V).
Start the motor by gradually increasing the armature voltage PS3 until reach speed
3000 rpm by using tachometer.
When the motor is at speed 3000 rpm , measure the current and voltage and enter the
values in the worksheet table. (Table 3)
Decrease PS3 (-10 Volt).
Decrease PS4 and make sure the motor is still at nominal speed of 3000 rpm. Avoid
making the excitation (PS4) current (voltage) too small or zero!!!.
The experiment is completed when the armature voltage is so low that the motor
begins to slow down.
To stop the motor, adjust PS3=0, then after the motor stop, adjust PS4=0.
Plot the graph. ( Graph 2 )
128

6.3.7
WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Armature Voltage
Va
Armature Current
Ia
No Load Losses
Value
Table 3 . No load test

Machine Model:
Graph 2 . No load test
Va
Machine Model:
129

Electrical Machines 1 Lab Manual May 2015

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

Written, compiled and edited by : AP Ir Dr Nursyarizal Bin Mohd Nor

LAB SAFETY AND PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT 1: SINGLE PHASE CAGE MOTOR

EXPERIMENT 2: DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

EXPERIMENT 4: ASYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES

EXPERIMENT 5: SYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

LAB SAFETY AND PROCEDURES

Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

Incident/ Accident Reporting

Emergency Evacuation Plan

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

The collection and analysis of data can be performed in two ways:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION (continued)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

2. DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (Shunt wound)

3. TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY (Single phase)

Measurement of the winding resistance

4. AC ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY (three phase)

5. AC SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LABORATORY (three phase)

Measurement of the winding resistance

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

POWER SUPPLY ELECTRON MODEL A0240

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

TORQUE METER AND LOAD CELL MODELS A4730-A4731

Fig.1 - Set-up of the load cell on a

Fig. 2 - Load Cell and Torque Meter

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

Fig.3 - Location of the coarse adjustment trimmers.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

CALIBRATION OF THE A4730 AND A4731 UNITS

Note: No load should be applied to the load cell at this stage.

Fig.4 - Set-up for full scale adjustment using a magnetic brake

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

Replace the outer cover of the cabinet.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

MEASURING THE TORQUE WITH ARM AND WEIGHT SYSTEM

Figure 6 - Multiplying the load in Newtons (5) by the distance in Meters.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

DIGITAL ELECTRICAL POWER MEASURING SET MODEL A4750D

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

Three Phase Power Analyzer

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

7. Reactive power VAr1, VAr2, VAr3

2. Phase Voltages V1-2, V2-3, V1-3

3. Line Currents I1, I2, I3

9. Integral VA, W, Var

4. Power Factors PF1, PF2, PF3

5. Apparent Power VA1, VA2, VA3

11. Energy VarH, Wh

6. Real Power W1, W2, W3

12. 15 minutes average power VAr, W

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB ECB 3173

ECB3173 Electrical Machines 1

Criteria for Judging