Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
93
Nu 0.52 Re0.5
1
for in-line tube containing 16 number of tube rows (John et al,
2006).
From the numerous literatures, little or no work has been
conducted to develop heat transfer correlation as a function of
tube position for in-line tube bank.
Generally, a correction factor is always introduced in
heat transfer coefficient correlation for number of tube rows
because the shorter the bank, the lower the average heat
transfer. The influence of the number of tube column becomes
negligible only for N>16 (Incropera and Dewitt 2004).
The pressure drop in tube-type heat exchanger is
related to the drag coefficient according to the following
equation.
1
P CD N column V 2
2
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3
6
10
94
11
13
12
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hA
dT
1 dt
(T Ta ) mc
hA1t
7
log e (T Ta ) log e (To Ta )
mc
Equation (7) suggests that a plot of log e (T Ta ) against t
yield a straight line slope
hA1
mc
mc
h
M
A1
A plot of log10(T Ta) against time (t) was used, since logeN =
2.3026 log10N.
The effective velocity of the air across the element
was determined by calculating the velocity V1 upstream. The
velocity V1 developed by gas of density expanding freely
from rest under the influence of pressure difference P. When
P was sufficiently small for compressibility to be neglected,
then, applying Bernoullis equation gives:
V12
2
10a
V12
98.1H 1
2
10b
H 1T A
PA
V1 = 237.3
12
hD
Nu
K
Re
VD
14
15
CD
H3
/ 4 H1
4
17
P CD
V 2
2
18
NUMERICAL MODELLING
Numerical simulation was essential for flow
visualization and temperature distribution in the tube bank.
The simulation modeling was performed in a two-dimensional
domain, which represents the test section as shown in Fig. 2.
FEMLAB 3.0 software was used to draw all parts in
computational domain and to generate grids. The dimensions
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96
Table I
Geometrical properties of the copper rod.
Quantity
Unit
12.45
mm
11.5
mm
0.5
mm
95
mm
0.1304
0.00371
m2
0.00404
m2
380
J/kg.K
0.0274
Kg
Description
Description
Quantity
Unit
o
300
99,042
N/m2
Density of air at Ta ()
1.1614
kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity ()
1.846X10-5
kg/ms
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0.0263
J/msoC
different set flow rate in the ranges of 10 100% are
presented in tables III, IV, V and VI. The effective velocity, V
across the bank tube based on the minimum flow area was
obtained from equation 13 and thee result is shown in table III.
The pressure head differential, H3 in cmH2O imposed on the
flow by each successive column of tube across the exchanger
was obtained with all the tubes in position. The drag
coefficient which is represented by the slope of the plot of H 1
against H3 shown in Fig 4 was used in equation 17 to calculate
the pressure drop across the tube bank and the result is
presented in table VII. Fig.5 depicts a parabolic increase of
pressure drop with increasing Reynolds number.
Table III
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 1 st column
Throttle
H1
V1
opening
(cmH20)
(m/s)
(m/s)
Re
(s-1)
(J/ms2oC)
10
0.03
2.263
4.524
3543
-0.008
47.48284
22.47762
20
0.18
5.541
11.082
8680
-0.0094
55.79234
26.4112
30
0.33
7.502
15.005
11753
-0.0106
62.91477
29.78285
40
0.48
9.048
18.097
14175
-0.0115
68.25659
32.31158
50
0.64
10.448
20.896
16367
-0.0119
70.63073
33.43546
60
0.79
11.608
23.216
18187
-0.0124
73.59841
34.84031
70
0.94
12.662
25.325
19836
-0.0126
74.78548
35.40225
80
1.096
13.673
27.345
21418
-0.0129
76.56609
36.24516
90
1.248
14.59
29.18
22856
-0.0132
78.34669
37.08807
100
1.42
15.563
31.126
24380
-0.0134
79.53376
37.65001
Nu
(%)
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Table IV
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the centre of 2 nd column
Throttle
opening
(%)
H1
(cmH20)
V1
(m/s)
V
(m/s)
Re
M
(s-1)
h
(J/msoC)
10
0.03
2.263
4.524
3543
-0.0088
52.23113
24.72538
20
0.18
5.541
11.082
8680
-0.011
65.28891
30.90673
30
0.33
7.502
15.005
11753
-0.0123
73.00487
34.55934
40
0.48
9.048
18.097
14175
-0.013
77.15962
36.52613
50
0.64
10.448
20.896
16367
-0.0136
80.72083
38.21195
60
0.79
11.608
23.216
18187
-0.014
83.09498
39.33583
70
0.94
12.662
25.325
19836
-0.0142
84.28205
39.89778
80
1.096
13.673
27.345
21418
-0.0143
84.87558
40.17875
90
1.248
14.59
29.18
22856
-0.0144
85.46912
40.45972
100
1.42
15.563
31.126
24380
-0.0146
86.65619
41.02166
Nu
Table V
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 3 rd column
Throttle
H1
V1
opening
(cmH20)
(m/s)
(m/s)
Re
(s-1)
(J/msoC)
10
0.03
2.263
4.524
3543
-0.01
59.35355
28.09702
20
0.18
5.541
11.082
8680
-0.0127
75.37901
35.68322
30
0.33
7.502
15.005
11753
-0.0138
81.90791
38.77389
40
0.48
9.048
18.097
14175
-0.0141
83.68851
39.61681
50
0.64
10.448
20.896
16367
-0.0146
86.65619
41.02166
60
0.79
11.608
23.216
18187
-0.0153
90.81094
42.98845
70
0.94
12.662
25.325
19836
-0.0158
93.77862
44.3933
80
1.096
13.673
27.345
21418
-0.0162
96.15276
45.51718
90
1.248
14.59
29.18
22856
-0.0164
97.33983
46.07912
100
1.42
15.563
31.126
24380
-0.0166
98.5269
46.64106
Nu
(%)
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Table VI
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 4th column
Throttle
H1
V1
opening
(cmH20)
(m/s)
(m/s)
Re
(s-1)
(J/msoC)
10
0.03
2.263
4.524
3543
-0.011
65.28891
30.90673
20
0.18
5.541
11.082
8680
-0.0132
78.34669
37.08807
30
0.33
7.502
15.005
11753
-0.0144
85.46912
40.45972
40
0.48
9.048
18.097
14175
-0.0149
88.4368
41.86457
50
0.64
10.448
20.896
16367
-0.0157
93.18508
44.11233
60
0.79
11.608
23.216
18187
-0.016
94.96569
44.95524
70
0.94
12.662
25.325
19836
-0.0166
98.5269
46.64106
80
1.096
13.673
27.345
21418
-0.0169
100.3075
47.48397
90
1.248
14.59
29.18
22856
-0.017
100.901
47.76494
100
1.42
15.563
31.126
24380
-0.0172
102.0881
48.32688
Nu
(%)
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Table VII
Pressure drop across the tube banks.
% throttle openings
3543
13.734
8680
35.316
11753
100.062
14175
122.625
16367
145.188
18184
216.801
19836
247.212
21418
296.262
22856
327.654
24380
361.989
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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Fig. 6. Relationship between experimental Nu and Re for tube positions in the tube bank.
Table VIII
Experimental results showing Nu and Re relationship
Rows
Experimental Correlations
1st
Nu = 4.302Re0.239
R2 = 0.978
2nd
Nu = 3.269Re0.262
R2 = 0.991
3rd
Nu = 2.672Re0.272
R2 = 0.994
4th
Nu = 2.178Re0.281
R2 = 0.993
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Fig. 8. The boundary layer separation point of first rank in tube bank at Re = 24380
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Temperature Distribution
CONCLUSION
The heat transfer coefficient from the heated element
was found to be a function of its position and Reynolds
number in the tube bank. Nusselt number increase by 12.49%
from first to second column, 11.85% from second to third
column and 5.27% from third to fourth column. This was due
to increasing level of turbulence created by successive column
of tubes as the air passes through the bank. However, the
increments were at diminishing rate in successive column of
tubes. Downstream from the third column, the heat transfer
stabilizes, such that little change occurs in the convection
coefficient from tube beyond the fourth. This will thus
facilitate compact heat exchanger design and discourage the
use of large number of tubes that to save space and energy.
Numerical and experimental results compared
favourably. Flow visualization results for boundary layer
developments and vortex formation between the tubes, and
local velocity and temperature distributions in the tube bank
were obtained by the present numerical simulation. The
boundary layer developments and vortices between the
adjacent tube surfaces were found to be strongly dependent on
Reynolds number. Vortex formation occurs between column
of tubes and downstream of the fourth column of tubes. This
justifies increased resistance to heat transfer. The velocity
distribution results indicate a strong bypass stream of fluid
between the tubes occurs.
The
present
numerical
and
experimental
investigations suggest that changes in heat transfer from
copper tube was dependent on the position and flow pattern
(Reynolds number) in the heat exchanger while the pressure
drop was a function of the Reynolds numbers.
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
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