Sunteți pe pagina 1din 13

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

93

Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics Study


for In-Line Tube Bank in Cross-Flow
Igbinosa Ikpotokin, Christian Okechukwu Osueke
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State Nigeria
Abstract-- This research investigates the heat transfer
coefficient as a function of tube position and pressure
drop, for in-line tube bank in cross-flow. Experimentation
was essentially used to generate log-mean temperature
curves and pressure heads upstream and down stream of
the test section. The heat transfer and flow parameters
such as Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and pressure
drop across the bank were calculated. In addition, heat
transfer correlations, Nusselt number (Nu) were obtained
by power-law curve fitting for each position of the tube in
the tube bank. FEMLAB 3.0 was use for numerical
simulation and the results obtained compared favourably
with that of the experimental results. Numerical results
also reveal the important aspects of the local heat transfer
and flow features within the tube bank. These
characteristics include boundary layer developments
between tubes, formation of vortices, local variations of the
velocity and temperature distribution.
Index Term-- In-line tube bank, cross-flow, flow
characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Tube bank is a very important heat transfer surface
used in many heat exchangers such as boilers for steam
generation, radiators in automotive, fuel assemblies in nuclear
power plants, cooling coils in air conditioning system. It
consists of parallel cylindrical tubes that are heated by the
fluid flow normal to it. Thereby, simulating a typical cross
flow heat exchanger used in many engineering fields.
The tubes are usually arranged as in-line or staggered
in the direction of fluid flow. In the former configuration,
column of tubes is placed exactly behind the next adjacent
column along the streamwise direction, without displacement
in the cross-flow direction. For staggered tube configuration,
every second column of tubes is displaced in the flow
direction.
For this study, in-line tube bank is investigated. It is
made up of four columns of five parallel cylinders. The
configuration is characterized by the tube diameter and
longitudinal and transverse pitches. The heat transfer
characteristics associated with a tube is dependent on its
position in the bank. This is as a result of the need to save
space or energy in many engineering applications of energy
conversion systems. Thus, prediction of heat transfer and flow
characteristics at every tube position is required for
determining the optimal design, efficient performance and
operating parameters of compact heat exchangers. Since

changes in properties associated with fluid flow over tube


surfaces can result in losses and poor device performance
(Yukio et al, 2010).
The fluid flow conditions within the bank are
dominated by turbulence because of the high Reynolds
numbers and induced vortex shedding which enhances the
heat transfer process. The turbulence intensity and its
generation are determined by the bank geometry and Reynolds
number. It has been observed that with lower transverse
pitches, the velocity fluctuations become more intensive (Yoo
et al, 2007). Therefore, a tube bank acts as a turbulent grid and
establishes a particular level of turbulence. The heat transfer
condition stabilize, such that little change occurs in the
convection coefficient for tube beyond the fifth row tube in
staggered tube bank (Mehrabian, 2007).
Although reasonable number of researches have been
conducted on experiments and numerical studies on fluid flow
and heat transfer for tube bank, but different correlation
equations have been proposed to predict the heat transfer or
the Nusselt number. Majority of the correlations were based
on overall heat transfer in the tube bank. ukauskas obtained
an overall heat transfer correlation given as

Nu 0.52 Re0.5

1
for in-line tube containing 16 number of tube rows (John et al,
2006).
From the numerous literatures, little or no work has been
conducted to develop heat transfer correlation as a function of
tube position for in-line tube bank.
Generally, a correction factor is always introduced in
heat transfer coefficient correlation for number of tube rows
because the shorter the bank, the lower the average heat
transfer. The influence of the number of tube column becomes
negligible only for N>16 (Incropera and Dewitt 2004).
The pressure drop in tube-type heat exchanger is
related to the drag coefficient according to the following
equation.

1
P CD N column V 2
2

Chunlei et al (2009) carried out a numerical study to


determine the effect of tube spacing on flow characteristics for
a six-row inline tube bank under laminar flow conditions (Re
< 100). Their findings show that increasing tube space induces
vortex shedding beginning from the last cylinder upstream.
The purpose of this study is to determine the
pressure drop and average heat transfer characteristics at
various tube positions and Reynolds number. Experiment was

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03


conducted in cross-flow heat exchanger test apparatus. In
addition, numerical simulation of two-dimensional fluid flow
and heat transfer over the tube bank was performed and
compared with the experimental data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


Experimental procedure
The experimental procedure was used to generate cooling
curves of the heated element for different flow conditions. The
primary component of the test apparatus is valve controlled air
flow duct with a perspex test section of 125mm x 125mm
(Fig. 2) through which air is drawn by a centrifugal fan, and
the heated element under investigation is inserted as shown in
Fig 1.
Air temperature upstream of the test section and
atmospheric pressure were measured by means of
thermocouple and mercury barometer respectively. Air
pressure differential across the test section were measured by
inclined water manometer connected to the head tube located
in the centre upstream position with the tube itself on the
horizontal centerline of the test section as shown in Fig 1. The
velocity upstream the test section was established from the

pressure drop between atmosphere and upstream static


pressure tapping (i.e depression of water column the
manometer) and it was recorded as H1 in meters. The sampled
result is as shown in Table III.
Heat transfer measurements were obtained by
replacing one of the Perspex rods with an externally identical
heated copper rod. The copper rod outer and inner diameter is
12.45mm and 11.5mm respectively and its length is 95mm. It
is carried between two extension rods of fabricated plastic
compound. The element temperature is measured by K-type
0.2 mm diameter thermocouple probe inserted at its centre.
The thermocouple output was connected to a digital
multimeter (MAS-34X model) which also was connected to a
Pentium 3 desktop computer as shown in Fig 1.
The test procedure involved heating the copper rod
with electrical heater to 700C above air flow temperature
outside the test section. Thereafter, it was inserted at different
desired positions in the test sections (i.e centre of 1st, 2nd, 3rd
and 4th columns) under different flow conditions such as 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% throttle openings.
Then its temperature and time of cooling were recorded with
the thermocouple embedded at its centre. The heat transfer
coefficient is then deduced from logarithm plot (Fig 3.0).

3
6
10

94

11

13

12

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

95

Fig.1. Cross flow experimental test apparatus.

The apparatus in Fig.1 are as identified by the numerals


1. Fan, 2. Air discharge tube, 3. Throttle valve, 4. Test
section, 5. Electric heater, 6. Total head tube, 7. Test
element, 8. Thermometer, 9. Bellmouth, 10.
Computer, 11. Digital multimeter, 12. Control panel
and 13. Inclined manometer.
Basic assumptions and problem formulation
It was assumed that the heat generated in the
cylindrical copper element was transferred to the air flowing
through it. However, a certain amount of heat was conducted
from the element into the plastic extension pieces. A
correction factor of 8.4mm was used to compensate for plastic
extension. Therefore:
L1 = L + 0.0084
3
It was further assumed that temperature gradients
within the element are negligible, so the thermocouple
embedded at the centre gives a true reading of the effective
surface temperature. The justification for this assumption is
that the Biot number is very small (Bi < 0.1).
The rate of heat transfer from the element to the air stream is
given by:
q = hA(T Ta)
4
The temperature drop dT in a period of time dt is given by:
qdt = mcdT
5
Combining Equations (4) and (5) gives:

hA
dT
1 dt
(T Ta ) mc

where A is replaced by A1 to allow for the tube plastic


extensions. Integrating equation (6), we obtain:

hA1t
7
log e (T Ta ) log e (To Ta )
mc
Equation (7) suggests that a plot of log e (T Ta ) against t
yield a straight line slope

hA1
mc

and since we can obtained the other factors in this expression


from the geometrical properties of copper in Table I, the heat
transfer coefficient relates to the slope M of the line by the
following expression:

mc
h
M
A1

A plot of log10(T Ta) against time (t) was used, since logeN =
2.3026 log10N.
The effective velocity of the air across the element
was determined by calculating the velocity V1 upstream. The
velocity V1 developed by gas of density expanding freely
from rest under the influence of pressure difference P. When
P was sufficiently small for compressibility to be neglected,
then, applying Bernoullis equation gives:

V12
2

10a

the pressure head H1 was measured in centimeters of water.


Since
1cm H2O = 98.1 N/m2
equation (10a) becomes

V12
98.1H 1
2

10b

The density of air under pressure Pa and at temperature Ta is


given by ideal gas equation.
Pa = RTa
11
where the gas constant R = 2875J/kmol.K
substituting equation (10) in (11) yields:

H 1T A
PA

V1 = 237.3

12

Equation (12) is used for calculating local velocities upstream


of the test section.
The calculation of the effective velocity through bank
of tubes was based on the minimum flow area. When all the
tubes are in position, the minimum area occurs in a transverse
plane. Therefore,
13
V 2V1
Dimensional analysis shows that the relationship between h
and the independent variables is expressed as:

hD
Nu
K

Re

VD

14

15

The pressure differential was express as a proportion


to the velocity head. It represents the pressure drop imposed
on the flow by each successive rank of tubes which is
represented as:
H 3 H1 H 2
16
and the drag coefficient is calculated as:

CD

H3
/ 4 H1
4

17

Thus, pressure drop across the tube bank is

P CD

V 2
2

18

NUMERICAL MODELLING
Numerical simulation was essential for flow
visualization and temperature distribution in the tube bank.
The simulation modeling was performed in a two-dimensional
domain, which represents the test section as shown in Fig. 2.
FEMLAB 3.0 software was used to draw all parts in
computational domain and to generate grids. The dimensions

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03


of computational domain were idealized to reveal the
fundamental issues and enable validation with the
experimental data that was the reason why this computational

96

domain only cover the test working section. This


computational domain has a length and width as same size
with the experimental test section.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the in-line tube bank test section.

Since the governing equations are in spatial


coordinates, the boundary conditions were provided for all
boundaries of the computation domain. At the up-stream
boundary, uniform flow velocity Uin and temperature Tin were
assumed. At the down-stream end of the computational
domain, the Neumann boundary condition was applied. At the
solid cylinder surfaces represented by circles, no-slip
conditions and thermal insulation were applied, while constant
temperature Ttube was specified for the heated element. At the

symmetry plane, normal velocity and the temperature


variation along the normal direction were set to zero.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experimental and numerical simulations of heat
transfer and fluid flow characteristics of in-line tube bank are
presented.
For these studies, the following dimensions and fluid
properties used are presented in tables I and II respectively.

Table I
Geometrical properties of the copper rod.

Quantity

Unit

External diameter (d)

12.45

mm

Internal diameter (di)

11.5

mm

Thickness of tube (t)

0.5

mm

Length of tube (l)

95

mm

Effective length (l1)

0.1304

Surface area (A)

0.00371

m2

Effective surface area (A1)

0.00404

m2

380

J/kg.K

0.0274

Kg

Description

Specific heat (C)


Mass (m)
Table II
Properties of the fluid (air).

Description

Quantity

Unit
o

Ambient temperature (Ta)

300

Barometric pressure (Pa)

99,042

N/m2

Density of air at Ta ()

1.1614

kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity ()

1.846X10-5

kg/ms

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

Thermal conductivity (K)

Experimental test was used to generate cooling


curves. For example, the rate of cooling resulting from
minimum flow rate set at 100% when the heated element was
positioned in the center of the second column is shown in Fig
3. The slope obtained from the rate of cooling curve with the
knowledge of element properties in Table I were used in
equation 9 to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient.
The above procedure was used to calculate the heat
transfer characteristics from the heated element at 1st, 2nd, 3rd
and 4th positions of the tube columns. The results obtained for

97

0.0263
J/msoC
different set flow rate in the ranges of 10 100% are
presented in tables III, IV, V and VI. The effective velocity, V
across the bank tube based on the minimum flow area was
obtained from equation 13 and thee result is shown in table III.
The pressure head differential, H3 in cmH2O imposed on the
flow by each successive column of tube across the exchanger
was obtained with all the tubes in position. The drag
coefficient which is represented by the slope of the plot of H 1
against H3 shown in Fig 4 was used in equation 17 to calculate
the pressure drop across the tube bank and the result is
presented in table VII. Fig.5 depicts a parabolic increase of
pressure drop with increasing Reynolds number.

Table III
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 1 st column

Throttle

H1

V1

opening

(cmH20)

(m/s)

(m/s)

Re

(s-1)

(J/ms2oC)

10

0.03

2.263

4.524

3543

-0.008

47.48284

22.47762

20

0.18

5.541

11.082

8680

-0.0094

55.79234

26.4112

30

0.33

7.502

15.005

11753

-0.0106

62.91477

29.78285

40

0.48

9.048

18.097

14175

-0.0115

68.25659

32.31158

50

0.64

10.448

20.896

16367

-0.0119

70.63073

33.43546

60

0.79

11.608

23.216

18187

-0.0124

73.59841

34.84031

70

0.94

12.662

25.325

19836

-0.0126

74.78548

35.40225

80

1.096

13.673

27.345

21418

-0.0129

76.56609

36.24516

90

1.248

14.59

29.18

22856

-0.0132

78.34669

37.08807

100

1.42

15.563

31.126

24380

-0.0134

79.53376

37.65001

Nu

(%)

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

98

Table IV
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the centre of 2 nd column

Throttle
opening
(%)

H1
(cmH20)

V1
(m/s)

V
(m/s)

Re

M
(s-1)

h
(J/msoC)

10

0.03

2.263

4.524

3543

-0.0088

52.23113

24.72538

20

0.18

5.541

11.082

8680

-0.011

65.28891

30.90673

30

0.33

7.502

15.005

11753

-0.0123

73.00487

34.55934

40

0.48

9.048

18.097

14175

-0.013

77.15962

36.52613

50

0.64

10.448

20.896

16367

-0.0136

80.72083

38.21195

60

0.79

11.608

23.216

18187

-0.014

83.09498

39.33583

70

0.94

12.662

25.325

19836

-0.0142

84.28205

39.89778

80

1.096

13.673

27.345

21418

-0.0143

84.87558

40.17875

90

1.248

14.59

29.18

22856

-0.0144

85.46912

40.45972

100

1.42

15.563

31.126

24380

-0.0146

86.65619

41.02166

Nu

Table V
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 3 rd column

Throttle

H1

V1

opening

(cmH20)

(m/s)

(m/s)

Re

(s-1)

(J/msoC)

10

0.03

2.263

4.524

3543

-0.01

59.35355

28.09702

20

0.18

5.541

11.082

8680

-0.0127

75.37901

35.68322

30

0.33

7.502

15.005

11753

-0.0138

81.90791

38.77389

40

0.48

9.048

18.097

14175

-0.0141

83.68851

39.61681

50

0.64

10.448

20.896

16367

-0.0146

86.65619

41.02166

60

0.79

11.608

23.216

18187

-0.0153

90.81094

42.98845

70

0.94

12.662

25.325

19836

-0.0158

93.77862

44.3933

80

1.096

13.673

27.345

21418

-0.0162

96.15276

45.51718

90

1.248

14.59

29.18

22856

-0.0164

97.33983

46.07912

100

1.42

15.563

31.126

24380

-0.0166

98.5269

46.64106

Nu

(%)

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

99

Table VI
Data Corresponding to Ten Different Throttle Openings when the Heated Element is positioned at the Center of 4th column

Throttle

H1

V1

opening

(cmH20)

(m/s)

(m/s)

Re

(s-1)

(J/msoC)

10

0.03

2.263

4.524

3543

-0.011

65.28891

30.90673

20

0.18

5.541

11.082

8680

-0.0132

78.34669

37.08807

30

0.33

7.502

15.005

11753

-0.0144

85.46912

40.45972

40

0.48

9.048

18.097

14175

-0.0149

88.4368

41.86457

50

0.64

10.448

20.896

16367

-0.0157

93.18508

44.11233

60

0.79

11.608

23.216

18187

-0.016

94.96569

44.95524

70

0.94

12.662

25.325

19836

-0.0166

98.5269

46.64106

80

1.096

13.673

27.345

21418

-0.0169

100.3075

47.48397

90

1.248

14.59

29.18

22856

-0.017

100.901

47.76494

100

1.42

15.563

31.126

24380

-0.0172

102.0881

48.32688

Nu

(%)

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

100

Table VII
Pressure drop across the tube banks.

% throttle openings

Reynolds number (Re)

Pressure drop (P) (N/m2)

3543

13.734

8680

35.316

11753

100.062

14175

122.625

16367

145.188

18184

216.801

19836

247.212

21418

296.262

22856

327.654

24380

361.989

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

101

Fig. 3. A plot of log10(T-Ta) against t for 100% throttle opening.

Fig. 4. Pressure head differential across the tube bank.

Fig. 5. Pressure drop across the tube bank

Dimensionless quantities such as Reynolds number


and Nusselt number were calculated using equations 15 and
14 respectively and the results are shown in table III, IV, V

and VI. Furthermore, empirical correlation for heat transfer


coefficient was obtained with power-law curve fitting. The
curves are shown in Fig. 6 and the resulting correlations are
shown in table VIII.

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

102

Fig. 6. Relationship between experimental Nu and Re for tube positions in the tube bank.

Table VIII
Experimental results showing Nu and Re relationship

Rows

Experimental Correlations

1st

Nu = 4.302Re0.239
R2 = 0.978

2nd

Nu = 3.269Re0.262
R2 = 0.991

3rd

Nu = 2.672Re0.272
R2 = 0.994

4th

Nu = 2.178Re0.281
R2 = 0.993

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

103

Numerical results Velocity Distribution

Fig. 7. Velocity distribution in the tube bank at Re = 24380

Velocity pattern in the bank is illustrated in Fig. 7.


Fluid velocity in the mid-plane of the tubes was observed to
be higher and weak near tube surface plane because of the
boundary layer development on the surface.
As shown in Fig.7, a large portion of the tube surface
area of only the first rank is exposed to the main flow. A
larger flow recirculation region or dead zone is formed
between the two adjacent tubes. It also proves clearly the

existence of reverse flow patterns upstream of deeper rows.


Furthermore, these velocity data confirm that a bypass stream
exists between the tubes. Moreover, the active heat transfer
surface area is small since the up and down stream parts of a
tube surface are in the low velocity region. The streamline plot
revealed that vortex formation occurs in the zones of
recirculation. Maximum velocity was seen to occur at the
minimum cross section.

Boundary Layer Separation

Fig. 8. The boundary layer separation point of first rank in tube bank at Re = 24380

Boundary layer separation occur at a point on the


tubes where the fluid momentum is too weak to overcome the
adverse pressure gradient and then detached from the tubes
surface as shown in figure 8. This separation was observed

shortly after ( = 90). By the nature of these flow separations,


local heat transfer and fluid mixing increase especially
upstream of the tubes and cause low performance at the wake
region located downstream of the tubes.

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

104

Temperature Distribution

Fig. 9. Temperature distributions in the tube bank at Re = 24380.

Fig.9 shows the temperature distributions within the


bank. The cooling rate of the heated element is grater within
the tube-mid planes where maximum local velocity occurs.
This was evident by the low temperature close to that of the
free stream recorded. The temperature gradient near the
upstream tube was higher due to the thin boundary layer
thicken, while the temperature gradient down stream along the
tube is lower than the upstream due to the wake flow.
The numerical data were essentially used to reveal
temperature distribution and flow visualization such as
velocity distribution, boundary layer separation occurring
within the tube bank. The experimental test was used to
generate cooling curves. A logarithm plot for the rate of
cooling was produced as shown in Fig. 3. The slope obtained
from Fig. 3.0, together with the knowledge of the copper
thermal capacity, mass, and surface area were used to
calculate heat transfer coefficient between the heated copper
element, and the air flow normal to it.
Pressure drop across the tube-type heat exchanger
increase with increasing Reynolds. Numerical results were
10% higher than the experimental.
It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient
increases, though at a diminishing rate, in successive columns
of tubes. This is caused by the increasing level of turbulence
and stability as the air passes through the tube bank.
Numerical Nusselt number was 12% higher than that
of the experimental results. The discrepancy in result could be
due to poor convergence resulting from inability of the
software to handle high turbulent flow that was obtained in the
experimental work. Both the experimental and numerical
predictions indicate that the Nusselt number and pressure drop
increase with the increasing Reynolds number and also with
the tube location in the bank.

CONCLUSION
The heat transfer coefficient from the heated element
was found to be a function of its position and Reynolds
number in the tube bank. Nusselt number increase by 12.49%
from first to second column, 11.85% from second to third
column and 5.27% from third to fourth column. This was due
to increasing level of turbulence created by successive column
of tubes as the air passes through the bank. However, the
increments were at diminishing rate in successive column of
tubes. Downstream from the third column, the heat transfer
stabilizes, such that little change occurs in the convection
coefficient from tube beyond the fourth. This will thus
facilitate compact heat exchanger design and discourage the
use of large number of tubes that to save space and energy.
Numerical and experimental results compared
favourably. Flow visualization results for boundary layer
developments and vortex formation between the tubes, and
local velocity and temperature distributions in the tube bank
were obtained by the present numerical simulation. The
boundary layer developments and vortices between the
adjacent tube surfaces were found to be strongly dependent on
Reynolds number. Vortex formation occurs between column
of tubes and downstream of the fourth column of tubes. This
justifies increased resistance to heat transfer. The velocity
distribution results indicate a strong bypass stream of fluid
between the tubes occurs.
The
present
numerical
and
experimental
investigations suggest that changes in heat transfer from
copper tube was dependent on the position and flow pattern
(Reynolds number) in the heat exchanger while the pressure
drop was a function of the Reynolds numbers.

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:03

105

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]
[5]

[6]

M. A. Mehrabian, 2007, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop


Characteristics Of Cross Flow Of Air Over An Circular Tube in
Isolation And/Or in a Tube Bank, The Arabian Journal for Science
and Engineering, Volume 32.
S.Y. Yoo, H.K. Kwon, J.H. Kim, 2007, A study on heat transfer
characteristics for staggered tube banks in cross-flow, J. Mech.
Sci. Technol. Vol. 21 pp 505512.
Yukio Takemoto, Keiji Kawanishi, Jiro Mizushima, 2010, Heat
transfer in the flow through a bundle of tubes and transitions of the
flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 53 pp
54115419.
Incropera, F.P. and Dewitt, D.P.( 2004), Fundamental of Heat and
Mass Transfer, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
John, H. Lienhard IV and John, H. Lienhard V (2006), A Heat
Transfer Textbook, 3rd ed., Phlogiston Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
Chunlei Liang , George Papadakis, Xiaoyu Luo (2009), Effect of
tube spacing on the vortex shedding characteristics of laminar flow
past an inline tube array: A numerical study, International Journal
of Computers & Fluids, 38, 950964

144303-8282-IJMME-IJENS June 2014 IJENS

IJENS

S-ar putea să vă placă și