Computer Networking Fundamentals - Topic1

EC 301
COMPUTER
NETWORKING
FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
Prepared By:
Sheila/JKE/PKB
CHAPTER 1
DURATION
6
HOURS (3 weeks) Lecture
CLO 1
Explain
the hardware and network devices to built

LAN for a specific implementation (C2)
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
COMPUTER
HARDWARE??
COMPUTER
HARDWARE??
Processing
Device
Input
Device
HARDWARE
Storage
Device
Output
Device
COMPUTER
HARDWARE
SYSTEM?
SOFTWARE
The instructions given

to the computer in the
form of a program
which are used for
different purposes.
COMPUTER
SYSTEM ??
under the control set of instructions

processes
raw data
from the user an advanced
electronic
Input
device
gives the result

Output
saves
In the storage space
COMPUTER
NETWORK??
Network comprise 2
or MORE computers
that have been
connected
A group of device,
known as a node
connected to media
transmission.
COMPUTER
NETWORK??
The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.
Enable them to
communicate with
each other and share
resources and files.
ATM
TELEKOM MALAYSIA
REPEATERS
SERVER
ROUTER
HUB
HUB
HUB
HUB
BRIDGE
HUB
BRIDGE
HUB
HUB
WORKSTATION
Computer networks can be used for
several purposes:
Facilitating communications.
Sharing hardware.
Sharing files, data, and information.
Sharing software.
people can communicate

efficiently
and easily
each computer
on a network
may
via :
access
andaccess
use hardware
resources
user may
data and
Email,
messaging,
chat
rooms,
on
thetonetwork,
such
as printing
a
information
which
stored
on other
Usersinstant
connected
a network
may
Telephone,
video
telephone
calls
run application
programs
document
onon
aon
shared
network
computers
the and
network.
remote
computers.
video
conferencing.
printer.
STAND-ALONE COMPUTER
NETWORK COMPUTER
Connected to Printer / scanner
individually
Stored on Workstations / Pendrive
/ CD
Connected to internet
Security software installed On
each computer. User keeps
security software updated.
Physical security typically poor
Connecting teams through phone
NETWORK COMPUTER
A single stand-alone
computer can be very
useful BUT it is when
connected to other
computers that it
becomes possible to
do some of the most
powerful things.
NETWORK COMPUTER
Share Printer / scanner
Stored on server . All files can be
shared
Shared internet connection
Security software installed on
server. Client for security software
installed on workstations. Server
auto updates workstations.
Physical security for servers good
Connecting teams through email /
2
TYPES of NETWORK
P2P
NETWORK
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
P2P
are
NETWORK
more commonly
implemented where less
then ten computers are
involved and where strict
security is not necessary.
P2P
NETWORK
each
computer in the
network act as both client or
server for the other
computers in the network
allowing shared access to
files/email with every other
computer on the network
and peripherals without the
need for a central server
P2P
all
NETWORK
computers in the
network to use the same or
a compatible program to
connect to each other and
access files and other
resources found on the
other computer.
CLIENT/SERVER
Suitable
NETWORK
for larger network

A computer network in which one
centralized
Powerful computer is a hub to
which many less powerful
personal computers or
workstations are connected
Clients run programs and access
data that are stored on the server
P2P
vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
Easy to setup.
More difficult to set up.
Less expensive.
More expensive to install.
Can be implemented on a wide range of

operating systems.
A variety of operating systems can be

supported on the client computers, but
the server needs to run an operating
system that supports networking.
More time consuming to maintain the

software being used (as computers must
be managed individually).
Less time consuming to maintain the

software being used (as most of the
maintenance is managed from the
server).
P2P
vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
Very low levels of security supported or

none at all. These can be very
cumbersome to set up, depending on the
operating system being used.
High levels of security are supported, all

of which are controlled from the server.
Such measures prevent the deletion of
essential system files or the changing of
settings.
Ideal for networks with less than 10

computers.
No limit to the number of computers that

can be supported by the network.
Does not require a server.
Requires a server running a server

operating system.
Demands a moderate level of skill to

administer the network.
Demands that the network administrator

has a high level of IT skills with a good
working knowledge of a server operating
system.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
9. Segment
11. Transmission
Media
8 Backbone
10. Topology
6. Node
5 Network Operating System

1. Server
7. Connectivity
Device
3. Workstation
2 . Client
4. Network Interface Card
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
1. Client
A computer on the network that requests
resources or services from another
computer on a network
client could also act as a server. The
term client may also refer to the human
user of a client workstation or to client
software installed on the workstation.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
2. Server
A computer on the network that manages
shared resources
usually have more processing power, memory,
and hard disk space than clients.
run network operating software that can
manage not only data, but also users,
groups, security, and applications on the
network
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
3. Workstations
All of the user computers connected to a
network are called workstations.
A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card,
networking software, and the appropriate
cables.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
3. Workstations
Workstations do not necessarily need floppy
disk drives because files can be saved on
the file server.
Almost any computer can serve as a
network workstation
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

NIC provides the physical connection
between the network and the computer
workstation.
Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting
into an expansion slot inside the computer.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

NICs are a major factor in determining the
speed and performance of a network.
The three most common network interface
connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk
connectors, and Token Ring cards.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
5. Network Operating System (NOS)

is the software that runs on a server and
enables the server to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT

The network operating system is designed
to allow shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a
private network or to other networks.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT

The most popular network operating systems
are :
Microsoft
Windows Server 2003,

Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and
Novell NetWare.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
6. Node
A client, server, or other device that can
communicate over a network and that is
identified by a unique number, known as its
network addressers.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
7. Connectivity device
A specialized device that allows multiple
networks or multiple parts of one network to
connect and exchange data.
A client/server network can operate without
connectivity devices.
However, medium- and large-sized LANs
use them to extend the network and to
connect with WANs.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
8. Segment
A network segment is a part of a computer
network.
The nature and extent of a segment depends
on the nature of the network and the device or
devices used to interconnect end stations.
Device including routers, switches, hubs,
bridges, or multi-homed gateways
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
9. Backbone
The part of a network to which segments and
significant shared devices such as routers,
switches, and servers.
A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a
network of networks," because of its role in
interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or
WAN.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
10. Topology
The physical layout of a computer network.
Topologies vary according to the needs of the
organization and available hardware and
expertise.
Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or
star formation, and the star formation is the
most common.
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK ELEMENT
11. Transmission media

The means through which data is transmitted
and received.
Transmission media may be physical, such as
wire or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such
as radio waves.
CATEGORIES
OF NETWORK
WIDE AREA
group
of computers
that share a common
a Alarger
network
than LAN
NETWORK
the
largest
network
connection
high speed
connects
computer
usersininthe
a particular
in a small
area or even
same
geographic
area
or
region.
building
very expensive to setup
METROPOLITAN
AREA NETWORK
an office or home network

smaller than a WAN.
connected by Ethernet cables
LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
have high Speed connections.
LOCAL
AREA NETWORK (LAN)
Connect devices in a building
LOCAL
AREA NETWORK (LAN)
the computers are relatively close together.

can be constructed only with two computers and
one printer only, or can be extended in one
building to include audio and video peripherals.
LAN size is limited to a distance of several
kilometers
LANs would be within the same office, a single
building, or several buildings close together.
Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring.
LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
METROPOLITAN
AREA NETWORK (MAN)
Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).
METROPOLITAN
AREA NETWORK (MAN)
is a network that interconnects users with

computer resources in a geographic area or
region LARGER than that covered by even a
large LAN but SMALLER than the area
covered by a WAN
WIDE
AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Can send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.
WIDE
AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A computer network that spans a relatively

large geographical area.
Computers connected to a WAN are often
connected through public networks, such as
the telephone system.
They can also be connected through leased
lines or satellites.
The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
INTERNET
is a global network
that links computer
networks around the
world
Internet is from
Internetworking
word, that meaning
of communication
between networks.
a network of
network.
INTRANET
A contained collection of computers and

networks within an organizations
connecting the organization's members
and/or employees to a range of computer
services, resources, and information.
firewall is used to separate the Intranet from
the Internet and to get permission to access
the source.
INTERNET
VS INTRANET
NETWORK
Defines
TOPOLOGY
the way in which computers, printers, and other

devices are connected.
the layout of the wire and devices as well as the
paths used by data transmissions.
BUS
TOPOLOGY
Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices on a
bus topology are connected by
one single cable.
BUS
TOPOLOGY
Bus is a passive network.

messages are usually broadcasted to every
computer
Computers in a network bus lines just listen in
to find out whether there is data that is sent.
This computer does not respond to send data to
the computer next to it.
If the computer fails, it does not give effect to
the entire network.
BUS
TOPOLOGY
Advantages
Disadvantages
Quick, reliable in building a small

network, easy to use and
understand
make a lot of network traffic is extremely

slow bus. Because any computer can
send signals at any time, these interfere
with each other
cable to connect your computer

does not need much, so prices are
cheap
Each barrel connector will weaken the

signal, if too many connections can result
in signal is not received correctly
Easy to expand the bus. Two cables difficult to be recovered

can be connected to become
longer with BNC barrel
STAR
TOPOLOGY
The star topology is the

most commonly used
architecture in Ethernet
LANs.
It connecting all the cables
from the computer to a
central location, where
everything will be
connected to a device
known as a hub
STAR
TOPOLOGY
Each computer in a star

topology communicate with the
central hub that sends the
message to the all computers
(in a star network broadcast) or
only to a certain destination
computer
STAR
TOPOLOGY
Advantages
disadvantages
Easier to update and add computers in the

stars without disrupting network
If the central hub fails, the network

fails
Repairs of the network easily done in the

center of the stars
Requires device in the center of stars

for rebroadcast, or convert (switch)
network traffic
A damaged computer does not necessarily

affect the network
higher price because of all the cables

must be pulled from the center
Can use several types of cables within the

same network, with a hub that can accept
different types of cables
RING
TOPOLOGY
circuit arrangement in which

each network device is attached
along the same signal path to
other devices, forming a path in
the shape of a ring.
Each device in the network
(node) handles every message
that flows through the ring.
RING
TOPOLOGY
Each node in the ring has a unique

address.
Since in a ring topology there is only
one pathway between any two nodes,
ring networks are generally disrupted
by the failure of a single link.
Similarly in the Ring topology
message can travel in only one
direction i.e clockwise or
anticlockwise.
RING
TOPOLOGY
The redundant topologies are used

to eliminate network downtime
caused by a single point of failure.
It is used to produce highperformance network: the network
require special bandwidth for the
features such as video and audio,
or high performance is required
when many users access the
network
RING
TOPOLOGY
Each computer receives the signal from the

computer next to it and send these signals to
the next computer
Since each computer send the signal it
receives, then the ring topology is an active
network.
No terminator is required because there is no
end in this topology
RING
TOPOLOGY
Since the data is transferred as a sequence

of the same route the possibility of the
occurrence of data collisions do not occur
Maintenance work for this system is
somewhat similar to the star topology.
RING
TOPOLOGY
Each node can be connected to the network

and can also be removed at any time without
affecting the whole system directly.
But one problem is if a node fails, the whole
network system is likely to be affected.
RING
TOPOLOGY
Advantages
disadvantages
As each computer is given the

same to achieve the token,
not a single computer can be
a monopoly network
The failure of a computer will cause

a network failure
not easy to repair if damaged

Increase or decrease the computer
will disrupt the network
MESH/HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
there is only one possible path

from one node to another node.
If any cable in that path is
broken, the nodes cannot
communicate.
MESH/HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
Advantages
disadvantages
As each computer is given the

same to achieve the token,
not a single computer can be
a monopoly network
Durable, eg failure media is not

disrupt the network when compared
with other topologies
It is easy to be recovered
NETWORK STANDARD
There are several organizations in the United

States and Europe that produces standards for
data communications and computer networks.
The role of these organizations are only
suggested standards.
NETWORK STANDARD
The organizations are:
a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
d. International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
f. Internet Society (ISOC)
g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
NETWORK STANDARD
a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
is a private organization that coordinates all
standards organizations in the United States.
ANSI standards are among the organizations
involved in COMPUTER AND DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK STANDARD
b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
is an organization representing many of
expenditures in the ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.
Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more
focused on ELECTRICAL STANDARD
includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499: important
interface in the delivery / receipt of information
NETWORK STANDARD
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
is a professional organization will issue a
standard in their respective fields and this
standard will be adopted by consumers.
In the computer world, better known in the
developing IEEE standard Local Area Network
(LAN) which is designated as IEEE 802.
NETWORK STANDARD
d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO)
is a voluntary organization with membership
from several countries.
ISO to work with other organizations such as
CCITT and ANSI standards to create some
standards such as HDLC (High-level data link
control)
NETWORK
STANDARD
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)

an intergovernmental organization through
which public and private organizations develop
telecommunications.
The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a
United Nations agency in 1947.
NETWORK
STANDARD
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)

It is responsible for adopting international
treaties, regulations and standards governing
telecommunications.
The standardization functions were formerly
performed by a group within the ITU called
CCITT, but after a 1992 reorganization the
CCITT no longer exists as a separate entity.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
SOURCE
CHANNEL
DESTINATIONS
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
SOURCE
CHANNEL
DESTINATIONS
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
SOURCE
the media that provides the

pathway over which the message
can travel from source to
destination.
CHANNEL
Message sources are people

or electronic devices, that
need to send a message to
other individuals or devices.
DESTINATIONS
The receiver of the
message
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Most networks has one feature in common:
Transmitting
information by breaking the original

information into a set of message (packets)
Transmitting packets sequentially
Reassembling packet back into original
information
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
In order to make sure the original message
get transmitted correctly , computer networks
used a set of rules:
Establish
a link
Issue a command and command qualifier
Acknowledgement of command
Dissection message
Error detection and correction
Termination of transmission
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Establish a Link
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Establish a Link
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Establish a Link
Each
packet is a string of bits and have to travel

along way over a bunch of different network
Typically lots of computer sending and receiving
information over the same network
The information getting sent can often get altered
during transmission
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Issues a command and Command Qualifier

The SET NETWORK command allows to control
information about network services on an Open system.
Each structure defines a particular network service and
contains the following information:
Product
name
Manufacturer
Type of network
Node name
Address(es)
Interface(s) (OpenVMS device driver)
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Issues a command and Command Qualifier

Vendor-specific
data
Status
Connections
Counters
Start
command
Stop command
Path to the Point-to-Point Protocol utility (PPPD)
shareable image
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Acknowledgement of Command
Router receiving
packets from DTE A
destined for DTE B
Without acknowledgment
the router forwards packets to the X.25 network and then
forwards acknowledgments from the network back to DTE A.
With acknowledgment
the router can acknowledge packets received from DTE A before it has received
acknowledgments from the network for the forwarded packets.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Acknowledgement of Command
Acknowledgment is transmitted between local
hops much faster and more efficiently than
between end-to-end hops.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Dissection Message
Proxies are good firewalls because the entire
packet is dissected and each section can be
examined for invalid data at each layer of the
OSI model.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Dissection Message
a proxy can examine a packet for information
contained in everything from the packet header
to the contents of the message.
Attachments can also be checked for viruses.
Messages can be searched for keywords that
might indicate the source of a packet.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Error Detection and Correction
Data can be corrupted during transmission.
ERROR = Data Send Data Received
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
2 types of ERROR
Single bit Error

In a single-bit error, only 1 bit in the data unit has changed.
Burst Error
A burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have
changed.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
PARITY
CHECK - ODD PARITY
Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total

bit 1 for bits words must be ODD
EVEN
PARITY Bit
1 +1 =2 +1=3
ODD
LSB
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
8 bits words
MSB
PARITY
CHECK - EVEN PARITY
Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total

bit 1 for bits words must be EVEN
EVEN
PARITY Bit
1 +1 =2 +0=2
EVEN
LSB
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
8 bits words
MSB
CYCLIC
REDUNDANCY CHECK
Method
Need
used to detect and correct error
to send extra bits with data

Redundancy bits are added by sender and removed
by the receiver
Allows the receiver to detect or correct corrupted bits
CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK

Sender
Receiver
CHECKSUM
Sender
Bin
0111
Receiver
Dec
Dec
1011
Bin
0000
1011
11
11
1010
1010
12
12
0000
0000
0
0110
0110
6
0000
1001
Sum
Wrapped Sum
Checksum
0
36
6
9
10 0100
10
36
0110
1001
6
9
7,11,12,0,6,9
Sum
Wrapped Sum
Checksum
10 1101
10
1111
0000
9
45
15
0
45
15
0
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Error Detection VS Error Correction
Detecting Error
Looking only to see if any error occurred.
Correcting Error
More difficult because need to know the exact number of
bits are corrupted and more importantly the location of
the message
Number of error and size of message are also important
factors
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Termination
of Transmission
each side of the connection terminating

independently.
When an endpoint wishes to stop its
half of the connection, it transmits a
FIN packet, which the other end
acknowledges with an ACK.
Therefore, a typical tear-down requires
a pair of FIN and ACK segments from
each TCP endpoint.
PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Termination
of Transmission
After both FIN/ACK exchanges are

concluded, the terminating side waits for a
timeout before finally closing the
connection, during which time the local
port is unavailable for new connections;
this prevents confusion due to delayed
packets being delivered during
subsequent connections.
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Encoding
Messages sent
across the network
are first converted
into bits by the
sending host.
The destination host receives and

decodes the signals in order to
interpret the message.
Each bit is encoded into a pattern of light waves

or electrical impulses depending on the network
media over which the bits are transmitted.
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Encapsulation
Messages are encapsulated before being sent to the

appropriate location
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Formatting
On
a network messages are formatted into frames
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Formatting
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Size
Messages
have size restrictions depending on the

channel used
Messages must be of a particular size
Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500
bytes
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
the
amount of time from the beginning until the

end of a message transmission.
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
Message Timing
IN COMMUNICATION
End of
Msg
Tx Msg
Rx ready
to listen
for ACK
Start
Tx Msg
Start listening
Rx Msg
Min time to
wait Rx Msg
Rx Msg
Start
ACK
Time
wait to
Tx ACK
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
Access method
Determines when a message can be sent to avoid
collisions
Flow control
Determines how much information can be sent at any
given time
Response timeout
Determines what action to take if there is no response in a
reasonable time period
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
Message Timing
IN COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
Message
IN COMMUNICATION
Timing
The
packet transmission time in seconds can be

obtained from the packet size in bit and the bit rate
in bit/s as:
Packet transmission time = Packet size

Bit rate
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
Message
IN COMMUNICATION
Timing
Example:
Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and the maximum

packet size of 1526 bytes. Calculate the results in
Maximum packet transmission time?
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
Example:
Max packet transmission = Packet size

Bit rate
= 1526*8 bit
(1 Mbit/s)
122 s
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
Message Patterns
a
network-oriented architectural pattern

describes how two different parts of a message
passing system connect and communicate with
each other.
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
Message Patterns
IN COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
NETWORKING
IN COMMUNICATION
My friend at Putrajaya want to send me a files

using my PKB e-mail. After sending the email
she identify that the files that she has attached
cannot get through the PKB server. In a given
scenario, identify which terminologies can be
relate to this communication problem in
networking .
FUNCTION
OF NETWORING HARDWARE
Networking equipment typically

refers to devices facilitating the
use of a computer network.
includes gateways, routers,
bridges, switches, hubs, and
repeaters.
FUNCTION
A network interface controller

/network interface card is a
computer hardware
component that connects a
computer to a computer
network.
FUNCTION
NIC
NIC
provides the hardware interface between a

computer and a network.
A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in
the form factor of an add-in card
FUNCTION
Various types of NIC

PCI
NIC
PCI Express NIC
PCMCIA
On Board NIC
Wireless NIC
FUNCTION
PCI NIC
Peripheral
Component Interconnect is an industry

specification for connecting hardware devices to a
computer's central processor.
Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi network adapters for
desktop and notebook computers commonly utilize
PCI.
FUNCTION
PCI NIC
PCI
defines the electrical characteristics and signal

protocol used for two devices to communicate over
a computer's central bus.
PCI network adapters and other devices exist in
several different shapes and sizes
FUNCTION
PCI Express NIC

It
is used to connect Fast Ethernet Networks

together and it is connected to a PCI Slot located on
your computer's Motherboard
FUNCTION
PCMCIA/PC card
Personal
Computer Memory Card International

Association is an industry organization best know
for developing a standard network adapter using
the PC Card form factor.
PC Card form factor was designed for thinness, and
PCMCIA is therefore especially used mostly in
removable peripherals that connect to a laptop.
FUNCTION
On Board NIC
A
LAN connection or network connection
In
a desktop, NIC's, video cards, sound cards and such

can be inserted into physical slots on the motherboard
but in a laptop there is no room for such a configuration.
All of these things are built right in to the motherboard.
Some desktops integrate these things as well but still
maintain the slots as described above. So, an "onboard"
or integrated NIC card would not be plugged into one of
these slots.
FUNCTION
Wireless NIC
WNIC
is a network interface controller which

connects to a radio-based computer network rather
than a wire-based network
A WNIC is an essential component for wireless
desktop computer.
this card uses an antenna to communicate through
microwaves.
FUNCTION
HUB/SWITCH
A HUB is a device
that provides a
central connection
point for cables from
workstations, servers
and peripherals.
FUNCTION
HUB/SWITCH
multi slot
concentrators which
can plugged a number
of multi-port cards to
provide additional
access as the network
grows in size.
FUNCTION
HUB/SWITCH
2 Types of HUB
1.
PASSIVE concentrators/hub
2.
No voltage supply
allow the signal to pass from one computer to
another without amplify the signal.
ACTIVE concentrators/hub
Need voltage supply to electrically amplify the signal

as it moves from one device to another
Act like repeaters that can extend the length of a
network.
FUNCTION
REPEATERS
an electronic device that

receives a signal, cleans it of
unnecessary noise,
regenerates and retransmits it
can be separate devices or
they can be incorporated into a
concentrator/hub.
FUNCTION
REPEATERS
it is necessary to
regenerates the signal
The repeater electrically

amplifies the signal it
receives and rebroadcasts it
at a higher power level
a signal loses strength as

it passes along a long
distance cable
signal
the signal can cover

longer distances without
degradation
signal
Long Distance Cable
FUNCTION
2nd Network
BRIDGE
a device to allows segment of a large

network into two smaller to reduce the
amount of traffic on a networks and
make the traffic more efficient.
1st Network
BRIDGE
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
BRIDGE also can filters data

traffic at a network boundary.
1st Network
2nd Network
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
can connect the 2 network.
adding
new wiring scheme into an older wiring

scheme or
To up-date the network
BRIDGE
Network
New Network
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
MONITORS the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it

can pass packets of information to the correct location.
1st Network
2nd Network
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
LISTEN" to the network and automatically figure out the address of each
computer on both sides of the bridge.
1st Network
2nd Network
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
INSPECT each message and broadcast it on the other side of the network.
1st Network
2nd Network
FUNCTION
BRIDGE
MANAGE the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network (like
a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour.
1st Network
2nd Network
FUNCTION
ROUTER
A ROUTER translates information from one network

to another
it is similar to a super
intelligent bridge.
A ROUTER select the best path to route a message,
based on the destination address and origin.
FUNCTION
ROUTER
The ROUTER can direct traffic to prevent

head-on collisions or traffic
It is smart enough to know when to direct
traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
FUNCTION
GATEWAY
is a network point that acts as an entrance to

another network.
an internetworking system capable of joining
together two networks that use different base
protocols.
FUNCTION
GATEWAY
The computers that

control traffic within a
company's network or at
a local Internet service
provider (ISP) are gateway
nodes.
FUNCTION
GATEWAY
In PKBs, a computer server acting as a gateway

node and it also acting as a proxy server and a
firewall server.
A gateway is often associated with both a router,
which knows where to direct a given packet of
data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch,
which furnishes the actual path in and out of the
gateway for a given packet.
REFLECTION
Tell the class, what is the function of

computer network hardware?
Name 2 out of 5 of the computer network
hardware that u remember.
Identify which computer network hardware
can select the best path to bring a message,
based on the destination address and origin.
ACTIVITIES
Sketch a simple peer to peer computer

network at your house to show connection
between 4 individual user playing and
sharing web game.
ACTIVITIES
Construct a diagram of the local area

network in JKEs Multimedia Computer Lab
which include 40 connected PCs and 1
shared printer. The lab have 10 Ethernet
jack. Add any network hardware to apply to
the connection.
ACTIVITIES
The network in JKEs Office includes 44

connected PCs, 2 shared printers and 4
telephones with their own Ethernet jack. If
there are 2 more PCs and 1 wireless router
need to be add in the office but with no more
Ethernet jack available. Design the
connection to show the new JKEs office
network. Add any network hardware to apply
to the connection.
NEXT : TOPIC 2
THE OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
MODEL AND NETWORK
PROTOCOL

Computer Networking Fundamentals - Topic1

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EC 301

HOURS (3 weeks) Lecture

the hardware and network devices to built

The instructions given

under the control set of instructions

gives the result

The computers can be

people can communicate

for larger network

More difficult to set up.

More expensive to install.

Can be implemented on a wide range of

A variety of operating systems can be

More time consuming to maintain the

Less time consuming to maintain the

Very low levels of security supported or

High levels of security are supported, all

Ideal for networks with less than 10

No limit to the number of computers that

Does not require a server.

Requires a server running a server

Demands a moderate level of skill to

Demands that the network administrator

5 Network Operating System

4. Network Interface Card

4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

5. Network Operating System (NOS)

5. Network Operating System (NOS)

5. Network Operating System (NOS)

Windows Server 2003,

11. Transmission media

an office or home network

connected by Ethernet cables

have high Speed connections.

AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Connect devices in a building

AREA NETWORK (LAN)

the computers are relatively close together.

AREA NETWORK (MAN)

Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).

AREA NETWORK (MAN)

is a network that interconnects users with

AREA NETWORK (WAN)

AREA NETWORK (WAN)

A computer network that spans a relatively

A contained collection of computers and

the way in which computers, printers, and other

Bus is a passive network.

Quick, reliable in building a small

make a lot of network traffic is extremely

cable to connect your computer

Each barrel connector will weaken the

Easy to expand the bus. Two cables difficult to be recovered

The star topology is the

Each computer in a star

Easier to update and add computers in the

If the central hub fails, the network

Repairs of the network easily done in the

Requires device in the center of stars

A damaged computer does not necessarily

higher price because of all the cables

Can use several types of cables within the