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Abstract
The main objective of the research work presented in this thesis is to provide a systematic procedure to assess the behavior of a structure symmetrical and unsymmetrical
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
The present structure is studied using the evaluation procedures provided in ATC-40 and FEMA-356 documents and IS 1893:2002.
From the above studies it has been observed that nonlinear pushover analysis provides a good estimate of
in elastic deformation demands and also reveals weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis.
*Corresponding Author:
P.swetha,
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Earthquakes in general occur due to intense tectonic activity of earth . In recent times there is a
marked increase in the frequency of occurrence of
earthquakes all over the world .the intensity and location of the earthquake is unpredictable even as
on date . structures designed to withstand gravity
loads alone cannot be expected to resist the damages caused due to seismic effects . structures designed for gravity loads are normally well below the
elastic limiting stage and lie within the service loads
. it is neither practical nor economically viable to design structures to remain within elastic limits during earthquakes . the design approach adopted in
However , a detailed evaluation is necessary in order to identify the deficiencies associated with the
structural components with regard to the expected
behavior of the building. The code compliance of the
building can be ascertained only when the available
member capacities are compared with the respective demands due to the earthquake .the demand
in structural members are determined for the seismic forces estimated as per IS 1893-2002 through
linear static analysis . The member capacities are
determined using the procedures prescribed in IS
456-2000 .The deficient members are identified and
the Demand to Capacity Ratio(DCR) exceeds unity
indicating the need for retrofitting in order to establish compliance with prevailing codes.
NEED FOR THE INVESTIGATION
Low to medium height reinforced concrete frame
buildings with masonry infill are common in urban India . All these buildings in general designed
to resist gravity loads and hence cant be expected
to resist the latest seismic provisions . Earthquake
causes shaking of the ground in unspecified directions . The horizontal shaking along X and Y directions remain a matter of concern . Structures designed for gravity loads , in general may not be able
to safely sustain the effects of horizontal shaking
due to earthquakes . Hence it is necessary to ensure the strength of the structure against horizontal
earthquake effects
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of this work is to study the
seismic response of RC framed building. The effect of earthquake force on building in a symmetric
and un symmetric building under maximum earth
quake zone ,with the help of push over analysis has
been investigated.
In the present study the main objective is the
investigate the impact of steel bracings in improving
the seismic capacity of RC buildings.
The main objective of undertaking the present study
are as follows :
GENERAL
The existing buildings can become seismically deficient since seismic design code requirements are
commonly upgraded and advancement in engineering knowledge . Future , Indian buildings built over
past two decades are seismically deficient because
of lack of awareness regarding seismic behavior of
structure , The widespread damage especially to
RC buildings during earthquakes exposed the construction practices being adopted around the world
, and generated a great demand for seismic evaluation and retrofitting of existing building stocks
Thus , it leads to the necessary of non-linear static
pushover analysis .
A typical force deformation curve
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures . The expectation is that
the push over analysis will provide adequate system
and its components
The purpose of the study is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be
based , assess the accuracy of the pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover
will provide adequate information and perhaps more
importantly , identify causes in which the pushover
predictions will be inadequate or even misleading
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PRESENT STUDY
INTRODUCTION
In the present study a rectangular building of G+4
stored symmetrical building and unsymmetrical
building with same height are considered, push
over analysis of the buildings is taken up with and
without steel bracings using the package ETABS.
Description And Plan For Symmetrical Building
In the present work, a G+4 storied reinforced concrete frame building situated in maximum earth
quack Zone V, is taken for the purpose of study. The
plan area of building is 1200x900mm with 300mm
as height of each typical story. It consists of 4 bays
in X-direction and 4 bays in Y-direction. The total
height of the building is 1500mm. The building is
considered as a Special Moment resisting frame.
The plan of building is shown in while the isometric
view of the buildings Structure with brace and without braces
storey
Slab thickness
G+4
125mm
Beam dimensions
Column dimensions
Exterior wall
Interior wall
230 mm x 450 mm
230mm x 450 mm
230 mm
150 mm
Variable
Type of foundation
Type of soil
Seismic zone
Type
Reference
Medium soil
IS 1893:2002
Isolated footing ---V
IS 1893:2002
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Reinforcement area in the beams and columns analysed by linear response spectrum
Create the basic computer model (without the
pushover data) as shown in fig 5.6 . The graphical
interface of ETABS v9.7makes this quick and easy
task. Assigned sectional properties & applies all the
gravity loads (i.e. Dead load and Live load) on the
structure respectively.
In order to know the reinforcement area in the
Beam and Columns the Response Spectra linear
Analysis was done for the zone II with Soil Type-2
and the Building was designed as per IS 456
Define properties and acceptance criteria for the
pushover hinges. The program includes several
built-in default hinge properties that are based on
average values from ATC-40(3) for concrete members
and average values from FEMA-356(2) for concrete
members. In this analysis, M3 hinges have been defined at both the column ends and M3 hinges have
been defined at both the ends of all the beams.
Define hinges
Define the pushover load cases, Fig. 5.10, Fig. 5.11
and Fig. 5.12. In ETABS v9.7 more than one pushover load case can be run in the same analysis. Also
a pushover load case can start from the final conditions of another pushover load case that was previously run in the same analysis. Typically the first
pushover load case was used to apply gravity load
and then subsequent lateral pushover load cases
were specified to start from the final conditions of
the gravity pushover. Pushover load cases can be
force controlled, that is, pushed to a certain defined
force level, or they can be displacement controlled,
that is, pushed to a specified displacement. Typically a gravity load pushover is force controlled and lateral pushovers are displacement controlled. In this
case a Gravity load combination of 1.5DL+1.5LL has
been used. This combination has been defined as
GRAV. The lateral loads, have been applied by giving the displacement to the model to be analysed to
a case called PUSH.
Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting all the frame members and assigning them
one or more hinge properties and hinge locations as
shown in Fig. 5.9
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SUMMARY
This chapter completely takes care of the case study
of a Structure under consideration and the various
building data surveys done to gather the information for modeling of the structure, after carrying
out the pushover analysis , the pushover curves
for both the buildings with and without steel bracings are obtained, based on the performance points
obtained the significant contribution by the use of
steel bracings is noted and found a great achievement to the field of retrofitting And also illustrates
the step by step procedure followed for the static
non-linear analysis.
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS
GENERAL
The structures has been modelled and the Pushover
analysis of the structures has been carried out accordingly with the ETABS v9.7
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR THE SYMMETRICAL STRUCTURE
WITHOUT STEEL BRACINGS AND WITH STEEL
BRACINGS
Observations under Pushover Curve
The Structures has been given in a Pushover curve
for the Structures was graphically generated for
both the symmetric and un symmetric Building i.e.
Structure without steel bracings and Structure With
steel bracings as shown in the Fig. 5.14 and Fig.
5.16 respectively, It has been observe from the Fig.
5.14 and Fig. 5.15 that the base shear was monolithically increasing with the Displacement. And for
the Drift the Maximum Base Shear was observed to
be 796.22 kN and 1560.99 kN respectively.
Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 show the step by
step details for the change in base shear, and the
number of elements falling in different performance
levels like immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse prevention as the roof Displacement changes.
It has been clearly observed from the Table 6.1 for
the symmetric Structure without steel bracings
that the hinges were in the elastic region (i.e. A to
B) up to a displacement of 19.31mm and further
increase in the displacement leads to formation of
56 hinge with this the structure enters into nonlinear stage (i.e. B to IO). The structure remains in
this Immediate Occupancy performance level till
the displacement reached 44.3 mm with the Base
shear of 642.7kN at this stage it was observed that
there were around 70 element hinges in this Performance Level and further increase in the displacement increases the number of hinge formation in
other Performance Levels. the structure enter the
performance level of Life Safety With the formation
of 10 hinges at the displacement of about 73.66 mm
and the building remained in this Life safety Performance Level for the entire Drift. It was observed
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Capacity Spectrum Curve table for the un symmetric Structure without steel bracings.
At the performance point for the un symmetric Structure with steel bracings the base shear is 2496.045
kN at a displacement of 53.316 mm, which was obtained between steps 1st and 2nd (refer Table 6.8),
we can observe that the hinges are still in the state of
Immediate Occupancy Performance level. Hence,
the structure is still safe at this performance point
for design based earthquake for the Zone V. Table
6.8 shows the demand, capacity details in terms of
single demand spectrum ADRS (variable Damping)
and capacity spectrum at various steps during the
pushover analysis. The effective time period at the
performance point is 0.599 and the effective Damping was 0.077 which can be seen between the steps
2th and 3th (refer Fig. 5.21 Table 6.8).
Capacity Spectrum Curve table for the un symmetric Structure with steel bracings
Pushover Curve table for the un symmetrical Structure with steel bracings
Observations under Capacity spectrum curve
The Fig. 5.19 and Fig. 5.21 shows the capacity spectrum curve, obtained the intersection of pushover
curve with response spectrum curve.
At the performance point for the un symmetric
Structure without steel bracings the base shear is
1245.475 kN at a displacement of 26 mm, which
was obtained between steps 1st and 2nd (refer Table 6.7), we can observe that the hinges are still in
the state of Immediate Occupancy Performance
level. Hence, the structure is still safe at this performance point for design based earthquake for
the Zone V Table 6.7 shows the demand, capacity
details in terms of single demand spectrum ADRS
(variable Damping) and capacity spectrum at various steps during the pushover analysis. The effec-
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In symmetrical building based an the performance point obtained from pushover curve (fig no
page no )and the same building with steel bracings
(fig no page no) the value of base share is found increased by % and the amplitude and displacement
found by reduced %
In un symmetrical building based on the
performance point obtained from pushover curve
(fig no page no )and the same building with steel
bracings (fig no page no) the value of base share is
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author
P.SWETHA
Research Scholar, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
MRS. K. MYTHILI
Associate Professor, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
MR. G.VENKAT RATNAM
Associate Professor, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
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