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1.
Addition of 5
When adding 5 to a digit greater than 5, it is easier to first subtract 5 and then add 10.
For example,
7 + 5 = 12.
Also 7 - 5 = 2; 2 + 10 = 12.
2.
Subtraction of 5
When subtracting 5 from a number ending with a a digit smaller than 5, it is easier to first add
5 and then subtract 10.
For example,
23 - 5 = 18.
Also 23 + 5 = 28; 28 - 10 = 18.
3.
Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first by 2 and then divide by 10.
For example,
1375/5 = 2750/10 = 275.
More examples and explanation
4.
Multiplication by 5
It's often more convenient instead of multiplying by 5 to multiply first by 10 and then divide by
2.
For example,
1375 = 1370/2 = 685.
More examples and explanation
5.
Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first by 2 and then divide by 10.
For example,
1375/5 = 2750/10 = 275.
More examples and explanation
6.
Division/multiplication by 4
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2.
For example,
124/4 = 62/2 = 31. Also,
1244 = 2482 = 496.
7.
Division/multiplication by 25
Use operations with 4 instead.
For example,
3725 = 3700/4 = 1850/2 = 925.
More examples and explanation
8.
Division/multiplication by 8
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2.
For example,
1248 = 2484 = 4962 = 992.
9.
Division/multiplication by 125
Use operations with 8 instead.
For example,
37125 = 37000/8 = 18500/4 = 9250/2 = 4625.
10.
ii.
10
11
12
13
14
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
484
529
576
625
squared) to get16 = 13 + 3. Square the last digit: 3 = 9. Append the result to the
sum: 169.
As another example, find 14. First, as before, add the last digit (4) to the number
itself (14) to get18 = 14 + 4. Next, again as before, square the last digit: 4 =
16. You'd like to append the result (16) to the sum (18) getting 1816 which is clearly
too large, for, say, 14 < 20 so that 14 < 20 = 400. What you have to do is append 6
and carry 1 to the previous digit (8) making 14 = 196.
More examples and explanation
iii.
iv.
11.
Any Square.
Assume you want to find 87. Find a simple number nearby - a number whose square could
be found relatively easy. In the case of 87 we take 90. To obtain 90, we need to add 3 to 87;
so now let's subtract 3 from 87. We are getting 84. Finally,
111
= 12321.
13. More examples and explanation
14.
15.
16.
17.
3332
= (65 - 1)/4
= (4225 - 1)/4
= 4224/4
= 1056.
More examples and explanation
18.
19.
Multiplying by 11.
To multiply a 2-digit number by 11, take the sum of its digits. If it's a single digit number, just
write it between the two digits. If the sum is 10 or more, do not forget to carry 1 over.
Faster subtraction.
Subtraction is often faster in two steps instead of one.
For example,
427 - 38 = (427 - 27) - (38 - 27) = 400 - 11 = 389.
A generic advice might be given as "First remove what's easy, next whatever remains".
Another example:
1049 - 187 = 1000 - (187 - 49) = 900 - 38 = 862.
21.
Faster addition.
Addition is often faster in two steps instead of one.
For example,
487 + 38 = (487 + 13) + (38 - 13) = 500 + 25 = 525.
A generic advice might be given as "First add what's easy, next whatever remains". Another
example:
1049 + 187 = 1100 + (187 - 51) = 1200 + 36 = 1236.
22.
583 + 645
= 583 + 600 + 40 + 5
= 1183 + 40 + 5
= 1223 + 5
= 1228.
23.
2351
= 2350 + 23
= 2300/2 + 23
= 1150 + 23
= 1173.
8748
= 8750 - 872
= 8700/2 - 160 - 14
= 4350 - 160 - 14
= 4190 - 14
= 4176.
24.
To multiply a one digit number a by 9, first subtract 1 and form b = a - 1. Next, subtract b from
9: c = 9 - b.Then just write b and c next to each other:
9a = bc.
For example, find 69 (so that a = 6.) First subtract: 5 = 6 - 1. Subract the second time: 4 = 9
- 5. Lastly, form the product 69 = 54.
Similarly, for a 2-digit a:
bc
= 100b + c
= 100(a - 1) + (99 - (a - 1))
= 100a - 100 + 100 - a
= 99a.
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