Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Parameters Using Fixed Frequency Tuned SecondOrder Generalized Integrator Based Technique
Md. Shamim Reza, Student Member, IEEE, Mihai Ciobotaru, Member, IEEE, and Vassilios G. Agelidis, Senior
Member, IEEE
Australian Energy Research Institute & School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications
The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
E-mail: m.reza@student.unsw.edu.au, mihai.ciobotaru@unsw.edu.au, vassilios.agelidis@unsw.edu.au
I. INTRODUCTION
The estimation of grid voltage fundamental parameters
from a periodic waveform is relatively an easy task [1].
However, the parameters variation and harmonic pollution are
commonly observed problems [2, 3] and hence the parameters
estimation from a distorted non-periodic grid voltage
waveform becomes relatively a difficult task. Therefore, it is
necessary to have a suitable digital signal processing (DSP)
technique to extract the accurate fundamental amplitude and
frequency from a distorted non-periodic grid voltage
waveform.
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is an efficient DSP technique
for the estimation of single-phase grid voltage fundamental
parameters [4-6]. However, there is less information in singlephase systems than in three-phase systems for generating the
orthogonal voltage waveforms required for the single-phase
PLL [7]. The PLL estimated parameters contain ripples due to
the presence of the DC offset and harmonics [8-11]. The inloop filters can be used to reject the ripples from the estimated
parameters at the expense of lower bandwidth, thus leading to
a slower dynamic response [12]. The tuning of the PLL
controller parameters is complex due to the presence of the
interdependent loops. Another drawback of the PLL is that a
large frequency overshoot/undershoot is observed in the
estimation during phase jumps and are reflected back on the
qv1'
(a)
v1
Frequency
A1 -Locked
Loop
Fixed Frequency
Tuned
QSG-SOGI
v1
r =
v1'
qv1'
(c)
v1'
Frequency
Adaptive Tuned (.)
QSG-SOGI
qv1'
(.)2
PhaseA1 Locked
Loop
v1'
A1
(1)
Ti s
v1' s
r s
2
v1 s
s r s r2
Tq s
qv1' s
r2
2
v1 s
s r s r2
ev1
(b)
Amplitude &
Frequency
Estimation
SOGI s
v1
(2)
(3)
The Bode plots of the transfer functions (2) and (3) are
shown in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively, where the tuning
frequency is constant (r=250 rad/s) and the gain is varied
(=0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, respectively). As it can be seen, the
transfer functions, as given by (2) and (3), behave like a bandpass filter (BPF) and a LPF, respectively. The tuning
frequency sets the resonance frequency of the SOGI and the
gain determines the bandwidth of the in-phase component and
the static gain of the in-quadrature component [7, 14, 16, 17].
qv1'
v1'
SOGI
Magnitude (dB)
(.)2 (.)2
-10
-20
-30
1.5
1.0
0.5
-40
90
Phase (deg)
v1
v1'
45
0
-45
-90
0
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
(a)
10
0
Magnitude (dB)
r =
Frequency
Adaptive Tuned
QSG-SOGI
-10
-20
-30
-40
1.5
1.0
0.5
-50
0
Phase (deg)
v1
-45
-90
-135
-180 0
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
(b)
Fig.3. (a) Bode plots of the in-phase transfer function {Ti(s)} of the QSGSOGI for r=250 rad/s and different values of . (b) Bode plots of the inquadrature transfer function {Tq(s)} of the QSG-SOGI for r=250 rad/s and
different values of .
2
2
n
Ti j n tan 1 r
n r
Magnitude (dB)
10
0
It can be observed from (4) and (5) that the estimated in-phase
component ( v1' ) always leads the estimated in-quadrature
-10
-20
Phase (deg)
-30
r =2 50
r =2 60
r =2 70
-40
90
and phase angle of (4) and (5) are equal to the input amplitude
and phase angle, respectively. However, for r, the
amplitudes and phase angles of both (4) and (5) are not equal
to the input voltage amplitude and phase angle, respectively. If
the grid voltage fundamental frequency is known, the
fundamental voltage amplitude can also be estimated from (4)
and (5), respectively, and is given by
45
0
-45
-90
0
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
(a)
Magnitude (dB)
10
A1 n
0
-10
-20
Ti j n
v1' 2 n
2 n ' 2
qv1 n
r2
(6)
-30
-40
r =2 50
r =2 60
r =2 70
-50
0
Phase (deg)
Tset
-45
-90
-135
-180
0
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
(b)
Fig.4. (a) Bode plots of the in-phase transfer function {Ti(s)} of the QSGSOGI for =1 and different values of r. (b) Bode plots of the in-quadrature
transfer function {Tq(s)} of the QSG-SOGI for =1 and different values of r.
qv1' n A1 n Ti j n r .
n
where
Ti j n
n r
n n
2
2
r
10
(7)
It can be seen from (7) that the settling time depends on the
value of and r. Based on a constant value of i.e. for a
constant damping factor, the higher value of r can reduce the
settling time. Therefore, the tuning at a fixed frequency higher
than the grid frequency (r>) can improve the settling time
as compared to the frequency adaptive tuning (r=) of the
QSG-SOGI [23]. The change of the settling time for fixed
frequency tuning with respect to the frequency adaptive tuning
can be obtained by
Change of settling time % =
Tset Tset
r
Tset
100
(8)
where Tset and Tset are the settling times of the QSGr
1.25
r =
100
50
r =
0
r =2
r =1.5 =2 75
Actual
1.15
1.1
1.05
-50
-100
0
r = =2 50
1.2
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
150
50
100
150
200
250
Fig. 5. Percentage change of the settling time of the QSG-SOGI for different
fixed frequency tuning with respect to the adaptive tuning at grid frequency,
where =250 rad/s.
n 0 n
(9)
d
1(t )
dt
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
1.025
1.03
1.035
1.04
Time (s)
Fig. 6. Fundamental voltage amplitude estimation using (6) for r=250 rad/s
and r=275 rad/s, respectively, where =1 and =250 rad/s.
be expressed by
d
Ti j t
dt
0
2
r t r2
2 2
2
2
2
t r t r
T
i
for r
d
t
dt
for r
(11)
adaptive tuning i.e. for r=. On the other hand, the plots of
T for r and different input frequency variation cases are
i
(10)
where
1 (t ) t 1 0t
0.95
0.99
0.04
0.03
0.02
Frequency Error
(Hz)
200
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 7. Frequency error caused by Ti j for different input frequency
variation cases, where =1 and r=275 rad/s.
v1' n
qv n
'
1
n
tan n nTs 1 Ti j n
30
(12)
r =0.50
r =0.75
The estimated instantaneous phase angle using (4) and (5) can
also be expressed by
v1' n
'
qv1 n
(13)
n
tan n nTs 1 Ti j n
r =1.50
10
-20
-30
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Time (s)
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Fig. 8. Phase angle error (error) introduced by the factor (r/), where =1,
=250 rad/s and 1=0.
n 1 n l l
where
l
n
0.5
1 sin 2 n nTs 21 2Ti j n
1
tan
n
1 0.5
1 1 cos 2 n nTs 21 2Ti j n
(15)
The plots of error for different values of r are shown in Fig.
8, where =1, =250 rad/s and 1=0. As it can be seen, error
is zero when r=. On the other hand, error is a second
harmonic oscillation when r. The value of Ti j
determines the phase angle difference among the error plots
different for different values of r}, as can be
(16)
l 0
tan( x) tan( y)
tan x y
1 tan( x) tan( y)
r =1.25
-10
T j is
r =
20
K1 m 1 l
m 1
r
r 0
0
K
st
j
Ki l
jK
K
j 0 1 j lTs jTc , i =K
(17)
where
1
K i 1
, lTs jTc , Tw
K i 1 ! lTs jTc
g ji lTs jTc
0,
otherwise
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
100
=1.0
50
Magnitude (dB)
-50
Ideal DF
DF-MF(Tc =20ms, m=400, Tw =40ms, K =2)
DF-MF(Tc =20ms, m=600, Tw =60ms, K =3)
DF-MF(Tc =20ms, m=800, Tw =80ms, K =4)
-150
-200 -1
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 9: Magnitude responses of the ideal DF and DF-MF for constant value of
Tc and different values of m, where K and Tw are varied simultaneously.
v1 n
Fixed Frequency
Tuned
QSG-SOGI
v1' n
qv n
'
1
Tw =40ms
Tc=20ms
1/r
v'
tan 1 1 '
qv1
DF-MF
m=400
K=2
-100
QSG-SOGI
r=275 rad/s
Phase
Unwrapping
1 n
1 n
0 nTs
Differentiation Filter n n
Based on
Modulating Function
Ti j n
A1 n Moving
Average
Filter
A1 n
Fig. 10. Proposed fixed frequency tuned QSG-SOGI based technique for the estimation of single-phase grid voltage fundamental amplitude and frequency.
vLN
Electrical
Grid
Programmable AC
Power Supply
dSPACE
1103
Voltage
Sensor
Personal
Computer
1.05
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
(a)
1.05
Proposed
Actual
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
Grid Voltage
Waveform (p.u.)
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
(a)
50.2
Proposed
Actual
0.95
1
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.05
1.06
(b)
50.2
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
1.03
Proposed
Actual
50.1
50
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
50
49.6
49.4
49.2
49
49.8
1
48.8
0.78
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
Proposed
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.7
2.72
(a)
Proposed
Actual
0.86
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
50.8
50.6
50.4
50.2
50
2.64
2.66
(b)
Time (s)
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
Proposed
0.98
2.68
2.7
2.72
Actual
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
(a)
50.2
2.62
0.88
1.2
0.95
2.9
51
49.8
2.6
0.84
1.25
Actual
0.95
2.6
0.82
Fig. 14. Case-3: Frequency sweep and harmonics. (a) Fundamental voltage
amplitude. (b) Fundamental frequency.
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
1.05
51.2
0.8
(b)
Time (s)
Fig. 12. Case-1: Steady-state with harmonics. (a) Grid voltage waveform. (b)
Fundamental voltage amplitude. (c) Fundamental frequency.
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
49.8
49.9
(c)
Time (s)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
Actual
0.95
0.78
Proposed
Proposed
Actual
50.1
50
49.9
49.8
2.9
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
(b)
Time (s)
Fig. 13. Case-2: Frequency step and harmonics. (a) Fundamental voltage
amplitude. (b) Fundamental frequency.
Fig. 15. Case-4: Amplitude step and harmonics. (a) Fundamental voltage
amplitude. (b) Fundamental frequency.
Fundamental Voltage
Amplitude (p.u.)
1.1
Proposed
1.05
0.95
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
(a)
50.2
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
Actual
Proposed
Actual
50.1
50
49.9
49.8
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
(b)
Time (s)