Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2013
Nutrition requirements
Selection and formulation of appropriate diets for
companion and aviary birds is based on wild feeding
Water intake
2nd stage
Budgerigar
Canary
Lovebird
Cockatiel
Cockatoo
Amazon/Grey
3th stage
Desert adapted birds require less water intake than tropical birds.
Changes in diet or environmental temperatures can alter water
intake
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Protein
Proteins are composed of amino acids. The protein chain
can contain up to 22 different amino acids. Of these 10
cannot be manufactured by the body, so they must be
routinely provided by the diet. The are
lysin
threonin
arginin
leucine
histidin
isoleucine
methionine
valine
tryptophan
phenylalanine
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Feeding
strategy
florivore
Military macaw
florivore
Blue-throated macaw
frugivore
Budgerigar
granivore
seeds
Cockatiel
granivore
Rose-ringed parakeet
granivore
seeds
Rainbow lorikeet
nectarivore
Sulphur-crested
cockatoo
omnivore
Red-tailed amazon
omnivore
Crop
Crop
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Cecal characteristics
large chicken, turkeys, grouse, quail
Paired cecum (a) connected
with ileum (b) and rectum (c )..
Cecum of canary
Cloaca
Cloaca
The cloaca serves as a storage site for urine and
feces.
In many avian species, retrograde movement of
urine from the cloaca to the rectum allows for
resorption of protein, salts, and water.
This phenomenon likely occurs in psittacine
birds as well.
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depends upon
food characteristics,
feeding strategy,
digestive anatomy,
and body size
Nutritional strategy
Food specialization
Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo seed of eukalyptus
Tongue
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Budgerigar
Melopsittacus undulatus
Australia outback
Eastern Rosella
Platycercus eximius
Australia outback
Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus funereus
outh-east of Australia
Cuban Parrot
Amazona
leucocephala
Latin America
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Pets
- Commercial quasi complete mixture with vitamins.
Generally nice coloured packing, composition many
times suitable, but not correct way of storage. Intake
of human food (sweet, salt and fat).
Birds in breeds
vitamins
minerals and
biologically effective
substance
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Vitamin Supplementation
Dry powder
poisoning
Chocolate
Liquid
Put in water
Replace after each water change
Thoroughly clean waterer once or twice a day
Feeding of parrots
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Nutrient
Clay
Watter
Nutrient carrying energy
Carbohydrates
Sucrase and fruit sugar
Polysacharides
Protein
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
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Importance of clay
Source of macroelements
Source of trace elements for blood formation and
component of enzymatic systems
Source of sodium for growing chicks
Binding of toxic alkaloids from feed
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Offering excessive amounts of unbalanced foods allows the bird to choose its diet and
nutritional disorders result. The amount of food shown was offered twice a day. The immature
corn (sweet corn), baby beans, zucchini, and squash are of little nutritional value. The broccoli,
kale and carrots are difficult to digest. While no sunflower seeds are offered, safflower is just as
imbalanced, being even higher in fat than sunflower seeds. Peanuts are also high in fat, and
when fed without the shell, often become rancid. Peanuts are a common source of mycotoxins.
If they are fed at all, a human grade of peanuts certified free of mycotoxins should be used.
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Growth of chicks
Embryo
Adulthood
Lower requirement that
period of growing.
Adequate intake of
energy for maintaining
body temperatury and
metabolical functions.
Proteins dependend on
the body weight and
species 10% - 20% ,
lysin 0.8%, fat 4% - 10%.
Sufficient of vitamins and
minerals.
Breeding seasons
Increased intake of proteins, mainly
sulphurous aminoacids and lysin.
Increased needs of calcium
protection from osteoporosis.
Increased intake of vitamin A,
cobalamine (B12) , riboflavin (B2)
and zincum. Mild increasing of
cholecalciferol (D3).
For increasing of hatchability is
needed tocopherols (vit. E),
riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5)
biotin (B7), folid acids (B9),
pyridoxin (B6) and zincum (zinc),
ferrum (iron), cuprum (copper) and
manganese (Mn).
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Seniors
Disease
Mobilisation of glucose as
ease aivable source of
energy. Glycide store are
used during first 24 hour, than
are used body proteins and
fat. Starting of lose weight as
sequence of lose skeletal
muscle, which is source of
energy for maintaining of live
function.
Decreasing of level vitamine
A and C, calcium, zinc, iron,
copper and magnesium. .
Red-fronted Macaw
Ara rubrogenys
Nutritional Disorders
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Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia caused by poor Ca/P balance in seed
mixture.
Danger increases in case high of fat content, lack of
vitamine D, lack of UV light.
In young bird rickets growth plate fractures, curved
legs, S curved breast, muscle weaknes
In adult bird if egg laying skeletal decalcification,
spontaneous fractures, poor egg shell, egg binding
Hypocalcemic tetany only in African greys muscle
scramps, convulsion, uncoordinated fluttering of the
wings
5-week-old African grey parrot with severe nutritional osteodystrophy. There was
radiographic evidence of pathological fractures in both tibiotarsi and humeri with
severe spinal malformation. The bird was euthanized. Histopathology of the
parathyroid glands confirmed vacuolated hypertrophic chief cells suggestive of
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. The bird had been parent-reared by
adults fed an unsupplemented seed mix
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Hypovitaminosis A
Hypovitaminosis E
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A blue and gold macaw that was fed a diet of pasta, crackers, cookies, pellets and
vegetables. The feathers are tattered and lack symmetry. The blue feathers contain
a black pigment.
Under the contour body feathers, the bird had an excessive number of pinfeathers
This blue and gold macaw hen died after laying a clutch of 5 infertile eggs.
Note the pinfeathers after all the body and extremity feathers were removed.
Also note the black pigment in the normally blue feathers. The bird had been
fed a seed and table food diet.
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Stress marks
Segmental discoloration, black lines or transparent areas across the
vane of a feather are called stress marks and indicate a dysfunction of
the epidermal collar at the time the feather was developing
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Gout
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Common sea-buckthorn
Oenothera biennis
(Hippophae rhamnoides)
Common sea-buckthorn
Fruits, or oil
- vitamine E, C, A, K,
- omega unsaturated fatty
acids
- bactericidid effect
- generally healing effect
- contents of serotonine
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Oyster mushroom
Effect :
- Decresing of cholestrol level
- Antitumorous activity
- Immunostimulation (incontrovertibly in PBFD)
Safflower
(Carthamus tinctorium)
-glucan
(1,3/1,6) -glucan
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