Report on the Global Shortage of

Skilled Workers
September 2013

Objective

Shortage of skilled workers is prevalent across most countries as of

2012. This shortage is also on the rise, having an impact on the
opera=ons of companies. This is especially accurate for companies
opera=ng in secondary industries such as manufacturing,
construc=on, and mining.
In this report, The Smart Cube examines this shortage across several
countries globally, its drivers, and its impacts across industries and
economies
Contents
Skills in Shortage
Global Impact of Skill Shortages
Drivers Propelling the Skill Shortages
Scenario in 2020, and Steps Ahead
Solu?ons Adopted
Key Ques?ons to Consider

SKILLS IN SHORTAGE

Most recruiters consider the absence of technical skills as the main driver for skills
shortage across a myriad of industries
Job roles aected by labor shortage2012
Against the milieu of the slow-paced global economy, employers are experiencing diculLes in lling vacancies due to lack of qualied and employable
workers; as the global economy is recovering, the labor market is increasingly Lghtening with acute shortage in the Asia Pacic and the Americas region

nt

Procurement has grown from

being the purchasing
department at companies to an
area of strategic importance
This has resulted in the growing
demand for logisLcs, supply
chain, and procurement
professionals globally

Finance/Ac

counts

An increasing number of rms

are facing a shortage of high-
skilled professionals with
extensive nancial knowledge;
there is a shortage of locally
available talent in several parts
of the world

Source Hays Global Skill Shortage Index (2012)

Engineerin
g
There is a signicant shortage of
engineers globally, which directly
impacts the ability of companies to
invest and take up projects
There is also a shortage of
engineering leaders who can take
up management roles in dierent
engineering elds

Major Technical Skills in

Shortage
Skilled Tra
de
There is a signicant shortage of
vocaLonally trained individuals
to occupy roles such as those of
electricians, welders, plumbers,
and, maintenance and repair
workers, globally

IT
According to Hays, a leading
recruitment rm, informaLon
technology (IT) skills, such as
JAVA, .NET, C++, are in scarce
supply globally during 201213
The growing importance of IT has
resulted in the shortage of workers
across the bandfrom CIOs to
programmers, and IT support sta

R&D

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Procureme

Companies across industries face

a severe shortage of research
and development (R&D) sta;
R&D is intrinsic to the companys
technological advancement and
top line performance, impacLng
its compeLLveness

SKILLS IN SHORTAGE

Apart from technical skills, employers believe that skilled labor with adequate soft skills
is also in shortage
Job roles aected by labor shortage2012
Companies across industries are also facing challenges of shortage of labor with so` skills such as communicaLon, language, work ethics, and leadership

The a_tude of employees and their

lack of work ethics are major
concerns across companies;
employees o`en lack in areas of
Lmeliness, willingness to work, and
other hygiene factors
While this does not directly impact
the availability of skilled labor, it
certainly aects quality

Language
Workers procient and uent in
English are scarce globally
especially in countries where
English is not the naLve language
Apart from English, companies look
for individuals who can speak the
naLve language of the country of
operaLon; this has parLcularly
become important with the global
movement of talent

Source Hays Global Skill Shortage Index (2012

aCon

Many recruiters face a shortage

of individuals with good
communicaLon skills; this goes
beyond language barriers and
can be observed in cases where
candidates are not uent and
coherent even in their naLve
languages

Team Wor

Leadership

Employers nd it most
dicult to ll leadership
roles, such as CEOs, CIOs, and
Directors; this is especially
true for technical leadership
jobs in developing countries

Communic

Major SoD Skills in

Shortage

Companies are coming

across candidates who lack
the ability to work in teams
and senior-level employees
who lack people
management skills; these
skills aect the eciency
levels in organizaLons,
which are must haves for
most employers

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Work Ethic

SKILLS IN SHORTAGE

Secondary industries face the brunt of this shortage; the key skills in shortage globally
are skilled trade workers, engineers, technicians, and sales representatives
Intensity and Geographic Spread of Key Skills that
are in Shortage2012

Key Industries Impacted

TerCary
Industries

High

Key Industries Impacted

Secondary
Industries

Skilled Trade
Workers

IT
Professional Services
Financial Services
Travel &TransportaCon

Intensity of Shortage

Engineers

Technicians

Manufacturing

Sales
RepresentaLves

ConstrucCon

Drivers

Oil & Gas, and Mining

AdministraLve
& Support Sta

AutomoCve

IT Sta
Laborers

Energy and UCliCes

Managers &
ExecuLves
AccounLng
& Finance

Low
Low

Geographic Spread of Shortage

High-skilled Workers
Medium-skilled Workers
Low-skilled Workers
Notes:

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

All Industries

AYained ter?ary educa?on (college level)

AYained some level of post secondary educa?on (professional, voca?onal
training)
AYained only primary, and some level of secondary educa?on

1) Impact of skill shortage on the primary industry has not been assessed, due to the lack of a dened entry level skill set

Source: Talent Shortage Survey Results, Manpower Group (2012);

High

IMPACT OF SKILL SHORTAGE IN AMERICAS AND EUROPE

In Americas and Europe, skill shortages of engineers and skilled trade workers is
impacting the manufacturing industry severely
Region

Key Countries
Aected

Main Industries
Impacted

Top 3 Job Roles in

Shortage

Americas
Brazil

US

Oil and Gas,

Mining

1. Technicians
2. Skilled Trade Workers
3. Engineers

Manufacturing

1. Skilled Trade Workers

2. Engineers
3. IT Sta

DescripCon

There were only 1.95 engineers per 10,000

inhabitants in Brazil in 2012

In the oil and gas, and mining sector, employers

also face shortage of geophysicists, rig managers,
tool pushers, and experienced execu?ves

According to a joint report by DeloiYe and

Manufacturing Ins?tute published in 2012, 5% of
jobs (600,000 jobs) in the US manufacturing sector
remain unlled due to lack of skilled labor

Americas Outlook
Skills shortage in the Americas is likely to become severe by 201516
Shortage in the US is expected to further worsen by 2015 due to increasing re?rements
Countries such as Brazil will need to invest in technical training ins?tutes to cope with the expected increase in labor shortage

Europe
Bulgaria

Romania

Germany

Manufacturing

1. Engineers
2. Skilled Trade Workers
3. Management Execu?ves

Manufacturing

1. Engineers
2. Skilled Trade Workers
3. Sales Representa?ves

Manufacturing

1. Skilled Trade Workers

2. Engineers
3. Sales Representa?ves

Eastern European countries, such as Bulgaria and

Romania, face labor shortage
There is a skill shortage in Romania due to the
absence of people with technical skills
Employers cite lack of individuals with industry-
specic qualica?on as a major reason

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Skill shortage is impac?ng Germanys

manufacturing sector; according to the Federal
Labor Agency of Germany, the country will face a
shortage of six million workers by 2030

Europe Outlook

Talent shortage is expected to worsen in Europe by 201516

This is mainly due to an aging popula?on in many countries; another factor contribu?ng to increasing shortage is the s?gma associated with technical and voca?onal
educa?on, which dissuades many students from studying skilled trades

Source: Talent Shortage Survey Results, Manpower Group (2012); Skills Gap in US Manufacturing, DeloiYe and Manufacturing Ins?tute (2011)

IMPACT OF SKILL SHORTAGE IN ASIA-PACIFIC AND AFRICA

Oil and gas, mining, construction, and IT industries are facing severe skill shortages in
Asia-Pacific and Africa
Region

Key Countries
Aected

Main Industries
Impacted

Asia-Pacic
Japan

Australia

India

Manufacturing

Oil and Gas, Mining

Construc?on

IT

Top 3 Job Roles in

Shortage

DescripCon

Japan faces a severe shortage of engineers due to

declining enrolments in engineering, followed by a
low birth rate in the country; this is impac?ng the
manufacturing sector, par?cularly digital
technology, automo?ve, and steel

Civil and mining engineers, construc?on

managers, brick and ?le layers are the toughest
posi?ons to ll

1. Technicians
2. Skilled Trade Workers
3. Engineers
1. Skilled Trade Workers
2. Engineers
3. Sales Representa?ves

1. IT Sta
2. Marke?ng Sta
3. Engineers

Universi?es are unable to produce qualied people

to match the high industry demand

The IT and professionals services industry is facing

a shortage; according to NASSCOM and McKinsey,
only 10% of IT graduates in India are employable
in the industry

Asia-Pacic Outlook

Asia will require a large pool of skilled workers and the skill shortage gap is expected to widen ?ll 2015-16
This will be driven by strong growth in developing economies, warran?ng the need for skilled workers; further, aging popula?on will also contribute to the talent
shortage, along with low employability of graduates

Notes:

Skill shortage in Africa is equally distributed across countries, with a majority of them facing a scarcity of quality workers

As African economies expand, the demand for skilled labor is expected to increase and widen the skill gap

The skill gap is mostly aYributed to the frail educa?on system and inadequate technical training in the region

According to a survey conducted by the Na?onal Employers Federa?on in 2010, 96% employers in Namibia agreed that the country had a shortage of skilled labor

The shortage of skilled workforce is aec?ng the oil & gas sector in East African countries, such as Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya

According to the 2011 IT Web-JCSE Skills Survey, an adverse impact of the shortage of informa?on and communica?ons technology (ICT) skills was reported by 66% of
companies across industries in Africa

Outlook for labor availability in Africa is bleak ?ll 201516, and companies will have to resort to in-house training and expat recruitment in order to ll vacancies

1) Skill shortage in Africa has not been assessed on the same parameters as other regions, due to lack of adequate informa?on

Source: Talent Shortage Survey Results, Manpower Group (2012); East Africa Skill Shortages, The Africa Report (October 2012)

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Africa

INDUSTRY SPEAK

Industry Speak
As the global recovery gathers pace, cul=va=ng future talent and allevia=ng the shortage of skilled workers is becoming vital to ensure economic
growth. With unemployment high around the world, migra=on is an emo=ve subject but strategic migra=on will be necessary to create a global
workforce and alleviate the current shortage. Countries should be developing policies, which facilitate posi=ve migra=on to fuel economic growth
through providing skilled workers where they are needed, rather than crea=ng barriers to immigra=on. Jeery A. Joerres, Chief ExecuLve Ocer,
Manpower Group (2010)
The Hays Global Skills Index and report illustrates a major paradox in the worlds skilled labor markets. Many countries are
suering chronically high levels of unemployment, yet employers are struggling to nd enough skilled individuals to ll the posts
available. Alistair Cox, Chief ExecuLve Ocer, Hays (2012)
Increasing talent shortage in Asia Pacic could harm organiza=ons' innova=on eorts as CIOs struggle to adapt to ongoing technological change. Half of
employers in the region have problems with skills shortages. IDC Report on Growth of IT in Asia Pacic (November 2012)
As we move further into recovery and business plan for growth, the demand for people with high-quality skills and qualica=ons
will intensify. In the future, people with qualica=ons in science and math will be par=cularly sought aQer, and rms say it is
already hard to nd people with the right technical or engineering skills. Richard Lambert, Director General, ConfederaLon of
BriLsh Industry (2010)

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

The success of any na=onal or business model for compe==veness in the future will be placed less on capital and much more on talent. We could say that
the world is moving from capitalism to talen=sm. Talent grows businesses and economies: understanding and harnessing talent mobility is now more
cri=cal than ever. The talent crisis points out serious imbalances in human capital markets. On one side, there are talent shortages. On the other, high
unemployment rates and employability challenges slow down economies and threaten future growth across the globe. The new Millennial genera=on is
calling for a change. At the same =me, talent is landing at the top of CEOs agendas. Klaus Schwab, Founder and ExecuLve Chairman, World Economic
Forum (2011)
Concerns about nding sucient skilled employees in technical and engineering job func=ons is likely to grow in the future.
EIU Survey on Skills Gap (2012)
"Foreign direct investment (FDI), and the projected increase in FDI into Africa, will mop up talent. The demand for talent in Africa is going to outstrip
supply. As a result of the higher demand for talent, the price of talent is going to go up, and it is going to con=nue to go up, for as long as there is a skills
shortage.Ray Harraway, Tax Human Capital Director at Ernst & Young Africa (March 2012)

Notes:

1) Images have been sourced from secondary sources including scienceonline.com

Source: Manpower Suggests Strategic Migra?on, Promo?ng Skilled Trades Key to Plugging Talent Gap, Manpower Group Press Release (August 2010)

DRIVERS SKILL SHORTAGE

Mismatch
between skill
demanded and
supplied

Aging PopulaCon

Demand Outpacing
Supply

Low employability of
Graduates

Global
Shortage of
Skilled
Workers

Industrial
sectors such as
construcLon,
manufacturing,
and mining have
been parLcularly
aected
Paradox for
policy makers
high
unemployment
despite shortage
of skilled labor

Impact on Labor
Shortage:
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
9

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Key Factors ImpacLng Shortage

The shortage of skilled labor is resulting in supply-demand mismatch, primarily due to

lack of responsiveness of the education system to the needs of labor market

DRIVERS SKILL SHORTAGE

Aging population worldwide is having a severe impact on the size of labor force across
the globe

Aging PopulaCon

Aging popula?on is aec?ng the labor availability in many countries, and this is likely to con?nue over the next decades

According to a UN Report published in 2012, by 2050, the popula?on aged 60 and above will outnumber the popula?on aged
15 and below

Aging popula?on and increasing re?rements are aec?ng many developed countries including the US, the UK, and Japan

There are approximately about 810 million individuals aged above 60 as of 2012 and this is projected to increase over 2 billion
by 2050

As of 2012, one out of every nine individual is aged 60 years or above, while by 2050, one out of every ve is likely to be in that
age group

In 2012, the propor?on of older individuals (aged above 60) who are economically ac?ve is higher in the less developed regions
(50% among men and 22% among women) than in the more developed regions (26% among men and 15% among women)

Older individuals in the less developed regions work un?l more advanced ages (above 60) largely due to the limited coverage of
social security schemes, as well as low pension values received by those who are covered

Key Factors
Impac?ng
Shortage

Percentage of PopulaCon Aged Between 15 and 64 Years,

20122050
68.0%
64.0%

58.6%
55.7%

Africa

67.4%
66.2%
63.6%

57.9%

Asia

Europe
2012

La?n America and the

Caribbean
2025
2050

66.6%
62.2%
60.3%

North America

65.7%
64.3%
62.9%

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

63.0%

67.9%
67.8%
63.4%

Oceania

Source: UN

Source: Ageing in the Twenty-rst Century: A Celebra?on and a Challenge, UNFPA (October 2012); Department of Educa?on, Australia (2012)

10

DRIVERS SKILL SHORTAGE

Low employability of graduates and demand outpacing supply are the key factors
driving the global shortage of skilled workers
One of the main drivers of skill shortage globally is the lack of a link between what is taught in schools and what is needed by at
the job front, which leads to high levels of unemployment

In many countries the educa?on system only provides theore?cal knowledge and students are onen not equipped with
requisite job skills

Further, the curricula is onen out-dated, and students have no present day relevant knowledge; this is par?cularly true for
technical professions and low quality of teaching is also prevalent in many ins?tutes

The lack of employability skills also contributes to the diculty faced by employers to ll vacancies

In many cases the labor shortage experienced in a eld is not due to the shortage of adequate personnel, but due to their low
quality and employability; employers nd candidates lacking generic skills such as communica?on, team work, and ?meliness

Employability of fresh graduates is a major concern in certain Asian and African countries; according to an annual employers
survey conducted by Manpower Group in 2012, 28% of employers in Asia stated that low employability is a problem within the
region

Companies Facing Diculty Filling Jobs Globally1,

20062012

Key Factors
Impac?ng
Shortage

40%

2006

41%

2007

31%

30%

31%

34%

34%

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Source: ManPowerGroup Survey (2012)

Demand Outpacing
Supply

Notes:

In many parts of the world, the demand for skilled labor is growing at a rate, which is outpacing the labor supply growth

Increasing demand is based on increased investments in projects and growth in various sectors

IT, oil and gas, and mining industries in Australia are witnessing high levels of growth and in turn are demanding skilled labor;
the growth of the labor market however, is not able to match the total demand

According to the American Society of Engineering Educa?on, as of 2012, the US needs to graduate 10,000 addi?onal engineers
every year to keep pace with the demand

1) This has been sourced from a survey conducted by ManpowerGroup in 2012 with 38,000 employers

Source: Talent Shortage Survey Results, Manpower Group (2012)

11

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Low Employability of
Graduates

SCENARIO 2020

Globally, a shortage of high- and medium-skilled workers, and a surplus of low-skilled

workers is expected by 2020; this represents a training and development opportunity
What will be the shortage of skilled workers in 2020?
Global Decit of Skilled Workers
In millions, 2020
40

45

High-skilled Workers
Medium-skilled Workers
Low-skilled Workers

Global
Shortage
of Skilled
Workers
in 2020

85
Million

-94

Mostly high- and medium-skilled workers are in short supply globally as of 2012

According to McKinsey Global Ins?tute, by 2020, there will be a 13% shortage of college-educated or high-skilled individuals globally

Shortage of high-skilled workers will be most prevalent in developing economies, with about 50% of the shortage in China alone, in 2020

The expected shortage of medium-skilled workers (secondary educated) is about 15% by 2020

Most of this shortage is expected in developing and labor-intensive economies of South Asia and Africa

However, by 2020, there is likely to be a surplus of low-skilled workers, largely in the developing countries

Most of the excess supply of low-skilled workers is expected in India and other developing countries

While the shortage of skilled manpower in developing countries can be overcome by improving the educa?on system, the problem in developed na?ons will be more
dicult to tackleas it is mostly not the educa?on, but the demographics that leads to the shortage

Source: The World at Work: Jobs, Pay and Skills for 3.5 billion people, Mc Kinsey Global Ins?tute (June 2012)

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Source: The World at Work, McKinsey Global Ins?tute, June 2012

12

STEPS AHEAD ?

The availability of skilled labor in some of the prominent countries is unlikely to change
drastically in the decade ending in 2020
Availability of Skilled Labor2010

India

US

150
Brazil

100

Japan
Germany

50

Kenya

US

150
Brazil

100

Japan
Kenya

50

UK

Germany

UK
Romania

India

500

10
15
20
25
% Of Labor Force with College EducaCon

Australia

30

Australia

Romania

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

% Of Labor Force with College EducaCon

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

500

China

800

China

Size of Labor Force

Size of Labor Force

800

Availability of Skilled Labor2020

Although the size of labor force and level of educa=on are set to improve, countries are not likely to
undergo a major systemic change
This possible scenario in 2020, and its lack of progress from the present scenario, poses a serious
ques=on for the decision makers today regarding the steps that need to be taken to tackle this
shortage over the next decade

Source: World Bank Educa?on Sta?s?cs

13

SOLUTIONS ADOPTED

Measures taken by
the UK
Government

Measures taken by
the Uganda
Government

Measures taken by
the German
Government

The UK has a severe shortage of skilled labor, primarily engineers and technicians

In May 2012, the UK government approved opening of 15 University Technical Colleges (UTCs) across the country during 201315

UTCs are designed to meet the shorqall of engineers and technicians by oering students a high-quality, technical educa?on, which can lead
to appren?ceships and higher degrees

Once the 15 UTCs are set up, the UK will have a na?onal network of 34 UTCs

In October 2012, the UK government announced a scholarship program to aYract top graduates to train as teachers for computer science
programs

The ini?a?ve is aimed at improving the standard of educa?on and thus, crea?ng a beYer pool of skilled labor

The program is backed by companies such as Microson, Facebook, Bri?sh Telecom, and IBM to reduce the gap between the educa?on and
industry requirements

To eec?vely u?lize its oil resources, Ugandan government decided to develop resources with strong background in oil and gas within the
country

The government sent people abroad for training courses who are now a part of the team leading their oil sector every year

Till 2012, the government had sent 30 people to Trinidad & Tobago to study oil and petroleum related courses

The German government is taking steps to liberalize immigra?on laws to make it easier for non-EU workers to nd employment in the country

This is being done to overcome severe skill shortages in engineering, train-driving, electronics, and plumbing jobs; according to OECD, the
country will face a shortage of 5.4 million workers with voca?onal and ter?ary educa?on by 2025

The German Chancellors cabinet has passed new immigra?on rules in February 2013, to reduce red-tapism, in order to help workers get their
qualica?ons recognized easily

Source: Department of Educa?on, UK, Immigra?on rules aim to ease skill shortage in Germany, Business Day Live (February 2013)

14

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Governments are focusing on education, training and development, and policy related
changes to tackle the talent shortage

SOLUTIONS ADOPTED

Industry players are adopting innovative strategies to tackle the talent shortage across a
myriad of industries
Oil and Gas, and Mining

ConstrucCon

Case exampleBechtel (Australia)

Namibia has a popula?on of 2.3 million as of 2011, and the

country faces a severe labor shortage; mining is a cri?cal
industry in the country and accounted for 9.5% of the
countrys GDP in 2011
In order to tackle the shortage of skilled voca?onal workers in
the country, Rossing Uranium (Rio Tinto) set up the Namibia
Ins?tute of Mining Technology (NIMT) in 1991

Bechtel Australia was facing a talent challenge in the country

in 2011

The company reported that shortage of skilled labor nega?vely

impacted its revenues in 2011, and that the company will
combat this by hiring foreign labor

Riley Bechtel, CEO Bechtel, stated that the company will

import workers such as electricians and welders into Australia
to ensure that manpower shortage did not aect top line
performance

NIMT func?ons as a technical and voca?onal ins?tute,

oering courses in mining, manufacturing, and
engineering

Further, in 2007 De Beers Namibia donated $308,000 to NIMT

for its expansion plans

The ins?tute produces about 300-500 graduates annually, all

of whom get absorbed in the mining industry

IT
Case exampleIBM (Global)

Measures
Taken by
Companies

Manufacturing
Case exampleMazak (US)

IBMs Academic Ini?a?ve program, provides educators free

resources to strengthen their curricula in elds such as cloud
compu?ng, informa?on management, big data, and NoSQL
databases

Like most manufacturing rms in the US, Mazak was facing a

talent shortage during the last decade; however, instead of
wai?ng for government to take steps, Mazaks leadership
decided to take proac?ve measures

The program provides training material, curriculum guides,

sonware, and hardware needed to teach analy?cs and
informa?on management skills

In 2008, the company started a training campaign for entry

level posi?ons, which the company calls Tooling University
The training program involves computer-based, classroom, and
on-the-job training with Mazak machines

These courses train students to occupy roles such as analy?cs

specialists, data scien?sts, big data specialists, data and
visualiza?on specialists

This was done to bridge the skill demand and supply gap in the
IT industry globally, especially in the eld of big data and
analy?cs

Apart from its own training ini?a?ves, the company has also
collaborated with local community colleges to oer a two-year
program for appren?ce engineers and machinists

The companys president sees this as a remarkable

improvement, which has enabled them to hire 300 individuals
since 2008

Source: Namibia Ins?tute of Mining Technology; Queensland LNG projects will need imported labour, Reuters (October 2011); Department of Educa?on, UK

15

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Case exampleRossing and De Beers (Namibia)

SOLUTIONS ADOPTED

Your Checklist
Below is a list of queries that senior execuLves, decision makers, and managers globally should reect on
regarding the risk of shortage of skilled labor

Are your future talent needs impacted by the shortages experienced in the world?
Do you operate in geographies where there is a skill shortage?
Do the regulaCons in the geographies allow you to hire foreign workers?
What impact will skill shortage have on your top line? What are the various steps your compeCtors
and the industry are taking in this regard?

2013 The Smart Cube. All Rights Reserved.

Are you taking the necessary steps to insulate your company from this risk in the long term?

Contact our strategy team to take this forward and know about our various oerings in
this space! info@thesmartcube.com

16

Here to take
your business
forward.

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