Microsoft Word Mecvina

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES- Study of the relationship between externally

applied loads and their internal effects on deformable bodies.
RIGID BODY Bodies which neither change in shape and size after the application of forces
FREE BODY DIAGRAM Sketch of the isolated body showing all the forces acting on it.
THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MECHANICS
1. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies Engineering Mechanics
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies Strength of Materials
3. Mechanics of Fluids Hydraulics
SIMPLE STRESS TENSILE STRESS AND COMPRESSIVE STRESS
STRESS unit strength of the body
Where:
S Uniform internal stress
P Axial force
A Uniform cross-sectional
area
P
S=
A
Perpendicular
Passing through the centroid
P
Compressive stress
Tensile stress
Which bar is stronger A or B?

Assume that the given loads are the maximum loads each can carry.
BAR A
BAR B
A=20mm2
A=50mm2
1000N
500N
1/37
Engr. Divina R. Gonzales
PROBLEMS ON SIMPLE STRESS

1. Determine the weight of the heaviest traffic lighting system that can be carried by the
two wires shown if the allowable stress on wire AB is 90MPa and on wire AC is 110MPa
given that the cross sectional areas of wire AB is 50mm2 and that of AC is 80 mm2.
B
C
70
35
2. Determine the required cross sectional areas of members BE, CD and CE of the given
truss shown, if the allowable stress in tension is 120MPa while in compression is
105MPa. A reduced allowable stress in compression is given to reduce the danger of
buckling.
D
C
G
4m
3m
B
A
3m
E
3m
3m
50KN
75KN
3m
F
3m
50KN
3. An bronze rod is rigidly attached between a aluminum rod and a steel rod as shown.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will
not exceed a stress in steel of 140MPa, in aluminum of 90MPa or in bronze of 100MPa.
Aluminum
A= 500mm2
3P
L alum= 3.5m
Bronze
Steel
A= 200mm2 A= 150mm2
P
2P
L br = 2m L st = 1.2m
2/37

8m
4. Determine the weight of the heaviest cylinder that can be

supported by the structure shown if the cross sectional
of the cable is 120mm2 and its allowable stress is 80MPa.
9m area
3m
5. The figure shows the landing gear of a light

airplane. Determine the compressive stress in
strut AB caused by the landing reaction R=30KN.
Neglect the weights of the members. The strut is
a hollow tube, with 40mm outside diameter and of
uniform thickness of 7mm.
A
B
200mm
55
600mm
6. In the recently opened World Trade Center, a

showcase of designers work is being
featured. There is a piece of marble table
which is just supported by three legs. If the
weight of the table is 500N, find the stress in
each leg if its cross-sectional section is
50mmx50mm.
5m
C
9m
3m
7. The tripod shown supports the total station

which weighs 10N. Find the required diameter of
the leg if the maximum allowable stress in each
leg is 25MPa.
8m
C
4m
3m
3m
B
6m
3/37

SHEARING STRESS This arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of the body
to slide past its adjacent section. The force acts parallel to the area.
Where:
Ss Shearing stress
P Force acting parallel to the area
A Surface area
P
Ss =
A
Shearing area
parallel to the load
TYPES OF SHEARING STRESS

1. SINGLE SHEAR
LAP JOINT
P
Rivet under Single shear

t
P
Width
of plate
130mm
Rivet under Double Shear
2. DOUBLE SHEAR
BUTT JOINT
P/2
tSPLICE
t MAIN PLATE
P/2
tSPLICE
4/37

3. PUNCHING SHEAR
4. INDUCED SHEAR
SHEARED
AREA
P
SHEARED
AREA
BEARING STRESS
Contact pressure exerted by one body upon another body. Also know as end stress. The
force acts perpendicular to the area.
LAP JOINT
P
t
P
Width
of plate
130mm
LAP JOINT
P
t
P
5/37
Width
of plate
130mm
ENLARGEMENT OF THE
RIVET HOLES
DIAMETER
OF THE PLATE
PROBLEMS ON SHEARING STRESS AND BEARING STRESS

8. A circular hole is to be punched out of a plate that has a shear strength of 40ksi The
working compressive stress in the punch is 50ksi. Compute the maximum thickness of
a plate in which a hole 2.5in in diameter can be punched. B) If the plate is 0.25in thick,
determine the smallest diameter that can be punched.
9. The lap joint is connected by three 20mm diameter

rivets. Assuming that the axial load P = 50KN is
distributed equally among the three rivets, find a)
the shearing stress in each rivet; b) bearing stress
between the plate and a rivet and c) the maximum
average tensile stress in each plate.
t=25mm
130mm
10. Determine the maximum force P that the top chord can carry if the allow shearing stress
is 50MPa, bearing stress is 60MPa and tensile stress is 85MPa of the connection
shown
P
a
b
c
d
q
b
q
a
6/37
200mm
120mm
40mm
75mm
30

11. A 25.6 mm diameter bolt having a diameter at the root of the threads of 21.7mm is
used to faster two timbers as shown. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile force of
34KN in the bolt. Determine the shearing stress developed in the head of the bolt and
the threads. Also determine the outside diameter of the washer if the inside diameter is
30mm and the bearing stress is limited to 0.9MPa.
15mm
17mm
12. The bracket is supported by inch

diameter pins at A and B (the pin at B fits
in the 45 slot in the bracket).
Neglecting friction, determine the shear
stresses in the pins, assuming single
shear.
45
200lb
12in
B
36in
C
10
7/37
13. Compute the maximum force P

that can be applied to the foot pedal. The
inch diameter pin at B is in single
shear, and its working shear stress is
40000psi. The cable attached at C has a
diameter of 1/8 inch and a working
normal stress of 20,000psi.
14. The figure shows a roof truss and the detail of the connection at joint B. Members BC
and BE are angle sections with thickness shown in the figure. The working stresses are
70MPa for shear in rivet and 140MPa for bearing stress due to the rivets. How many
19-mm diameter rivets are required to fasten the said members to the gusset plate
D
A
4m
6m
G
4m
4m
96KN
DETAIL OF JOINT B
200K
N
10mm
GUSSET PLATE
75X75X13
H
4m
96KN
75X75X6
P BE
P BC
THIN WALLED CYLINDERS
LONGITUDINAL
JOINT
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
JOINT
SCIRCUMFERENTIAL =
r D
2t
SLONGITUDINAL =
r D
4t
PROBLEMS ON THIN WALLED CYLINDERS

15. A cylindrical tank 8m in diameter is 12m high. If the tank is completely filled with water,
determine the required thickness of tank plating if the allowable stress is 40MPa.
16. The tank shown in the figure is fabricated from
steel plate. Determine the minimum thickness of
the tank plating if the internal pressure is 1.5MPa
400mm
and the allowable stress is 40MPa.
600mm
8/37
17. A large pipe called a penstock in hydraulic work is 1.5m in diameter. Here it is
composed of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300mm2 in crosssectional area, and is used to conduct water from a reservoir to a power house. If the
maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130MPa, what is the spacing between
hoops under a head of water of 30m?
18. A spiral-riveted penstock 1.5m in diameter is made of steel plate 10mm thick. The pitch
of the spiral or helix is 3m. the spiral seam is a single-riveted lap joint consisting of 20mm diameter rivets. Using SS=70Mpa and Sb=140MPa, determine the spacing of the
rivets along the seam from a water pressure of 1.25MPa. Neglect end thrust. What is
the circumferential stress?
SIMPLE STRAIN
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
Actual Rupture Strength

STRESS
Ultimate Strength
Rupture Strength
Yield Point
Elastic limit
Proportional limit
STRAIN
9/37
The strength of the material is not only the criterion that must be considered in
designing a structure. The stiffness of a material is frequently of equal importance.
Hookes Law states that up to the proportional limit, the stress is proportional to strain.
The constant of proportionality based from experiment is the modulus of elasticity.
STRESS a d STRAIN
S=
P
A
S a d
d AXIAL =
e=
d
L
PL
AE
PROBLEMS ON SIMPLE STRAIN
19. During a stress-strain test, the unit deformation at a stress of 35MPa was
observed to be 167x10-6 m/m and at a stress of 140MPa it was 667x10-6. If the
proportional limit was 200MPa, what is the modulus of elasticity? Would these
results be valid if the proportional limit were 150MPa? Explain.
20. The compound bar containing steel bronze and aluminum segments carries the
axial loads shown in the figure. The properties of the segments and the working
stresses are listed in the table. Determine the maximum allowable value of P if
the change in length of the entire bar is limited to 0.08in and the working stresses
are not to be exceeded.
A (in2)
Steel
0.75
Bronze
1.00
Aluminm 0.50
E (psi)
30 x 106
12 x 106
10 x 106
S (psi)
20000
18000
12000
Aluminum
6
E=10x10 psi
L=3ft
2
A= 0.75 in
B
2ft
3m
Bronze
6
E=12x10 psi
L=4ft
2
A= 0.25 in
D
10/37
2ft
2ft
P

21. The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and D. The vertical rods are
made of aluminum and
Bronze
Aluminum
Steel
bronze. Determine the
4 ft
3 ft
2 ft
vertical displacement of the
P
3P
4P
point where the force P
=10kips is applied. Neglect
the weight so the member.
22. Two steel bars AB ad BC

support a load P=30KN as shown. Area of
AB=300mm2 and BC= 500mm2. If E =
200GPA, compute the horizontal and vertical
components of the movement of B.
L=5m
q=30
B
L=4m
P= 30KN
d=
4P L
p E Dd
23. A round bar of length L tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end to a
smaller diameter d at the other end. Determine the elongation caused by an
axial tensile load P if E is its modulus of elasticity.
24. The rigid bars shown are separated by a roller at C and pinned at A and D. A
steel rod at B helps support the load of 50KN. Compute the vertical displacement
of the roller at C. Answer: 2.82mm
STEEL
E=200x10 6 N/m2
L=3m
A= 300 mm2
A
P= 30KN
D
B
C
11/37
2P
25. The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and D. The vertical rods
are made of aluminum and bronze. Determine the vertical displacement of the
point where the force P=10kips is applied. Neglect the weights of the member.
Answer: 0.115 in
Aluminum
L=3ft
2
A=0.75in
6
E=10x10 psi
2 ft
3ft
Bronze
L=4ft
2
A=0.25in
6
E=12x10 psi
2ft
2ft
12/37
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS

Static indeterminacy does not imply that the problem cannot be solved; it simply means
that the solution cannot be obtained from the equilibrium equations alone. A statically
indeterminate problem always has geometric restrictions imposed on its deformation.
The mathematical expressions of these restrictions, known as the compatibility
equations, provide us with the additional equations needed to solve the problem (the
term compatibility refers to the geometric compatibility between deformation and the
imposed constraints). Because the source of the compatibility equations is deformation,
these equations contain as unknowns either strains or elongations. We can, however,
use Hookes law to express the deformation measures in terms of stresses or forces.
The equations of equilibrium and compatibility can then be solved for the unknown
forces.
PROBLEMS ON STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
26. The figure shows a copper rod that is placed in an aluminum sleeve. The rod is
0.005 inch longer than the sleeve. Find the maximum safe load P that can be
applied to the bearing plate, using the following data: Answer:
Bearing60.3kips
plate
Area (in )
E (psi)
S (ksi)
COPPER
2
6
17x10
20
ALUMINUM
3
6
10x10
10
0.005
10 in
alum
copper
27. A reinforced concrete column 250mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial

compressive load of 400KN. Using the allowable stress in concrete of Sconc
=6MPa and S steel = 120MPa, determine the required area of reinforcing steel.
Assume Econc=14GPa and Esteel = 200GPa. Answer: 1320mm2
28. A rigid block of mass M is supported by
three symmetrically spaced rods as shown.
Each copper rod has an area of 900mm2
Ecopper =120GPa and the allowable stress is
70MPa. The steel rod has an area of
1200mm2, Esteel=200GPa and allowable
stress of 140MPa. Determine the largest
mass M which can be supported.
Answer: 22.3x103Kg
13/37
Copper
160mm
Steel
240mm
Copper
160mm
29. Before the 400KN load is applied,

the rigid platform rests on two steel
bars each of cross-sectional area of
1200mm2, as shown. The crosssectional area of copper is
250mm
2400mm2. . Compute the stress in
each rod after the 400KN load is
applied. Neglect the weight of the
platform. Esteel =200GPa Ealuminum =70GPa.
400KN
0.1mm
steel
aluminum steel
30. The composite bar is firmly attached to unyielding supports. Compute the stress
in each material caused by the application of the axial load P=50kips. b) If the
maximum allowable stress in each material is Salum=22psi and Ssteel=40psi, find
the maximum P that the structure can support.
Aluminum
A=3.25 in2
E=10x106psi
Steel
A=5.5 in2
E= 29x106psi
P
12in
25in
31. The rigid beam is supported by the two bars shown in a horizontal position before
the load P is applied. If P=200KN, determine the stress in each rod after its
application. B) Find the vertical movement of P. c) If the allowable stress in
aluminum is 80MPa and steel is 120MPa, find the maximum load P that the
system can carry
L=6 m
aluminum
3m
steel
A in mm
E in GPa
L=4.5 m
3m
Aluminum
600
70
Steel
800
200
3m
14/37
THERMAL STRESS
It is well known that changes in temperature cause dimensional changes in a
body. An increase in temperature results in expansion, whereas a temperature
decrease produces contraction.
The thermal deformation is:
The thermal stress is:
d = a L DT
TS = a E DT
Where a = coefficient of thermal expansion and
DT= change in temperature.
PROBLEMS ON THERMAL STRESS AND THERMAL

DEFORMATION
33. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 150mm2 is stretched between two fixed
points. The tensile load at 20C is 5000N. What will be the stress at -20C? At
what temperature will the stress be zero? asteel = 11.7x10-6/C and E=200GPa.
Answer=127MPa ; T= 34.2C
34. Two identical steel bars 500mm long support the rigid beam shown. An
aluminum bar is placed exactly in between them, that is 0.1mm shorter. a) If the
rigid beam is weightless determine the change in temperature for the middle bar
to just touch the beam. b) If the beam weighs 300KN, find the stress in each bar.
c) If the beam weighs 250KN, determine the stress in each bar when the
temperature raises 35C d) If the beam weighs 320KN, determine the stress in
each bar when the temperature drops 25C.
0.1mm
500mm
steel
aluminum
steel
A in mm
6
a in x 10- /C
E in GPa
15/37
Aluminum
2400
23
70
Steel
1200
11.7
200
35. The composite bar is firmly attached

to unyielding supports. The initial
temperature is 80F when the load P
= 20kips is applied, compute the
stress in when the temperature is
150F and when the temperature is
5F.
Aluminum
A=3.25 in2
E=10x106psi
a= 12.8x10-6/F
Steel
A=5.5 in2
E= 29x106psi
a= 12.8x10-6/F
P
12in
25in
36. The rigid beam is supported by the two bars shown in a horizontal position before
the load P is applied. If P=200KN, determine the stress in each rod after an
increase in temperature of 40C B) drop of 65C.
L=6 m
aluminum
3m
A in mm
6
a in x 10- /C
E in GPa
steel
L=4.5 m
3m
Aluminum
600
23
70
Steel
800
11.7
200
3m
16/37
BEAMS
It is a structure usually horizontal acted upon by transverse loads (forces that acts
perpendicular to the plane containing the longitudinal axis of the beam)
axis beam
N/m
N/m
I. Statically Determinate
Beams supported such that the number of reacting forces equals the number of available
equations static equilibrium conditions,
P
a. Simply Supported
b. Cantilever Beams
c. Beams with Overhang
17/37
N/m
N/m
II. Statically Indeterminate Beams

Beams Supported such that the number of reacting forces exceeds the number of
equations of static. The analysis requires the use of elastic deformations
a. Propped Beam
N/m
b. Continuous Beams
P
c. Restrained Beams
N/m
N/m
18/37
N/m
TYPES OF LOADS
1. Concentrated Loads
2. Distributed Loads
a. Uniformly Distributed
N/m
b. Uniformly Varying
Triangular
Trapezoidal
W1
N/m
W2
N/m
c. Parabolic Loads
N/m
N/m
d. Moving Loads
19/37
The fundamental definitions of shear and bending moments are expressed by
V =
( F )
y left
and
M = ( M left ) = ( M right )
in which upward acting forces or loads cause positive effects. The shearing force V should be
computed only in terms of the forces to the left of the section being considered: the bending
moment M may be computed in terms of the forces to either the left or the right of the section
depending on which requires less arithmetical work.
Relations between load, shear moment are given by:
w=
dv
dx
v=
dM
dx
slope of the shear diagram
= slope of the moment diagram
These relations are amplified to provide a semi graphical method of computing shear and
moment which supplements the equations
V =
( F )
y left
and
M = ( M left ) = ( M right )
V2 = V1 + Aload - diagram
M 2 = M 1 + AShear - daigram
A summary of the principles presented suggests the following procedure for the construction of
shear and moment diagrams
1. Compute the reactions
2. Compute the values of shear at the change of load points using V2 = V1 + Aload - diagram
3. Sketch the shear diagram, drawing the correct shape and concavity of the shear diagram.
4. Locate the points of zero shear.
5. Compute values of bending moment at the change of load points and the points of zero
shear using M 2 = M 1 + AShear - daigram
6. Sketch the moment diagram
20/37

PROPERTIES OF THE SHEAR DIAGRAM
1. At every change of loading we have to investigate our shear.
2. For concentrated loads or reactions the left and right portion of the point where they are
acting must be investigated
3. Whenever we have a concentrated load or reaction there will always be a vertical line in the
shear diagram
4. The shear diagram is one degree higher than the load diagram
5. Reference of the Concavity of the Shear Diagram
Concavity of the circle corresponds to

the concavity of the shear diagram
Positively
decreasing load
Negatively
increasing load
Negatively
decreasing load
Note: When M=0

of beam.
Positively
increasing load
( point of inflection) there is a change of the concavity of the elastic curve
PROPERTIES OF THE MOMENT DIAGRAM

1. For every change in shear diagram, the moment must be investigate
2. Consider only the moment at any point and not the left and the right portion of the point
except when we have a moment load or reaction
3. Analyze the point where the shear intersects the reference line (V=0) since when shear is
zero moment is maximum or minimum
4. Vertical line will only be observed in the moment diagram whenever we have a moment
load or reaction
5. The concavity of the moment diagram depends upon the load: if the load is downward,
moment diagram is downward
6. The moment diagram is one degree higher than the shear diagram
21/37
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Determine the shear and moment diagrams of the following beams loaded as shown
100 KN
1.
2m
80 KN
40KN/m
1m
20 KN/m
3m
7m
2.
60 KN
120KN-m
40 KN/m
1m
3.
3m
1m
1m
40 KN/m
3m
w1 KN/m
2m
w2 KN/m
5m
40 KN
80 KN
20 KN/m
4.
2m
2m
1m
20 kN
2m
5.
2m
1m
20 KN/m
w KN/m
1m
10kN/m
1m
2m
25 kN
6.
3m
2m
1m
Hinge
22/37
2m
80 KN
Hinge
40 KN/m
7.
4m
R1
20 KN/m
1m
1m
50KN-m
20 KN/m
8.
1m
R3
6m
R2
1m
2m
3m
120KN-m
10KN/m
9.
2m
2m
1m
10. Determine P so that the moment at each support is equal to the moment at midspan.
P KN
P KN
10 KN/m
1m
1m
6m
23/37
II SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS WITH

TRIANGULAR LOADINGS
1.
12 KN/m
12 KN
1m
4m
9m
1m
w KN/m
80KN/m
2.
MAX M=80KN-m
40 KN/m
2m
3.
2m
1m
3m
60KN/m
40 KN
3m
1m
2m
40KN
120KN/m
4.
40 KN/m
3m
2m
20 KN/m
MAX M=160KN-m
2m
80KN/m
5.
MAX M=137.5KN-m
1m
3m
24/37
1m
6.
120KN/m
120KN/m
3m
7.
MAX M=-450KN-m
3m
3m
3m
12KN/m
18KN/m
MAX M=49.5KN-m
3m
6m
8. The shear diagram is shown in the figure, determine the moment and load diagrams.
2m
2m
1m
1m
45KN
45KN
-15KN
105KN
9.
1m
20KN
-10KN
2m
2m
-30KN
-20KN
10.
-10KN
-2KN
3m
-8KN
1m
25/37
1m
2m
DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL STRESS

1. A cantilever beam, 75mm wide by 200 mm high and 6m long carries a load that varies
uniformly from zero at the free end to 1500 N/m at the wall. (a) Compute the magnitude
and location of the maximum flexural stress (b) Determine the type and magnitude of the
stress in a fiber 25mm from the top of the beam at section 2.5m from the free end.
b
3m
5000N
2. Determine the minimum width b
2000N/m
200mm
of the beam shown if the flexural
stress is not to exceed 10Mpa.
3m
1m
3. A 2 diameter bronze bar is used as a simply supported beam 8ft long. Determine the
largest uniformly distributed load, which can be, applied over the right half of the beam if
the flexural stress is limited to go 10ksi?
4. A simply supported rectangular yacal beam, 75mm wide by 150mm deep, carries a
uniformly distributed load of 2250 N / m over its entire length. What is the maximum
length of the beam if the flexural stress is limited to 18 Mpa?
5. A simply supported beam 6m long is composed of two C 200x28 channels riveted back
to back. What uniformly distributed load can be carried, in addition to the weight of the
beam, without exceeding a flexural stress of 125 MN/m2 if (a) the webs are vertical and
(b) the webs are horizontal. Refer to Appendix B for channel properties.
6. A beam with a S380 x 74 section is simply supported at the ends. It supports a central
concentrated load of 40 kN and a uniformly distributed load of 15 kN/m over its entire
length, including the weight of the beam. Determine the maximum length of the beam if
the flexural stress is not to exceed 130 Mpa. Refer to Appendix B for properties of S
shapes.
7. A beam 15 m long is simply supported 2 m from each end. It is a
built
up made of four angle bars 100x75x13, with long legs horizontal
(see
Table B-6) welded to a flat bar 25mmx300mm as shown in the
figure. Determine the total uniformly distributed load that can be
carried along its entire length without exceeding a flexural stress of
120
MPa.
8. A beam with a W2360x33section (see Table B-2) is used as a cantilever beam 7.5 m
long. Find the maximum uniformly distributed load which can be applied over the entire
length of the beam, in addition to the weight of the beam, if the flexural stress is not to
exceed 140 MN / m2
9. A 12-m beam simply supported at the ends carries a uniformly distributed load of 20kN / m over
its entire length. What is the lightest W shape beam that will not exceed a flexural stress of
120MPa ? What is the actual stress in the beam selected?
10. A simply supported steel beam 10m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 18kn/m load
over the entire length and a central concentrated load of 25Kn. Determine the lightest Wide
flanged section that can be used to support the load. What is the actual resulting stress in the
beam selected.
50K
11. A cantilever wooden beam is composed of two
segments with rectangular cross sections. The width
of each section is 75mm but their depths (150mm
1.5m
and 250mm) are different, as shown in the figure.
2m
Determine the maximum bending stess in each beam.
26/37
UNSYMMETRICAL SECTION DESIGN

FOR BENDING STRESS
The previous discussions are all about beams symmetric with respect to the neutral axis.
Because flexural stress vary directly with distance from the neutral axis of symmetric beams,
which is the centroidal axis, such beam sections are desirable for materials that are equally
strong in tension and compression. However, for materials relatively weak in tension and
strong in compression such as cast iron, it is desirable to use beams that are unsymmetrical
with respect to the neutral axis. With such a cross section, the stronger fibers can be located
at a greater distance from the neutral axis than the weaker fibers. The ideal treatment for such
materials is to locate the centroidal or neutral axis in such a position that the ratio of the
distances from it to the fivers in tension and in compression is exactly the same as the ratio of
the allowable stresses in tension and in compression. The allowable stresses thus reach their
permitted values simultaneously.
1. A cast-iron beam carries a uniformly distributed load on a simple span. Compute the
flange width b of the inverted T section so that the allowable stresses fb(tension)=30MPa and
fb(compression)=90MPa reach their limits simultaneously.
20mm
W N/m
yc
120mm
L
NA
yt
20mm
b
2. Compute the maximum tensile and compressive stresses developed in the beam that is
loaded and has the cross-sectional properties shown.
8KN
30mm
10KN/m
4m
1m
125mm
25mm
100mm
3. Determine the maximum safe value of W that can be carried by the beam shown if
the following allowable stresses fb(tension)=60MPa and fb(compression)=90MPa
6W KN
given
80mm
20mm
20mm
35mm
120mm
2m
8m
2m
27/37
DESIGN FOR SHEARING STRESS

The vertical shear sets up numerically equal shearing stresses on longitudinal and
transverse sections, which are determined from:
VQ
;
Ib
fv =
Q=AB in which A is the partial area of the cross section above a line drawn through the point
at which the shearing stress is desired. Q=Ay is the static moment about the NA of this area
(or of the area below this line).
Maximum shearing stresses occur at the section of maximum V and usually at the NA.
For rectangular beams, the maximum shearing stress is
Max . f v =
3V
.
2bh
1. Draw the shearing stress distribution for a rectangular beam 75mmx200mm which is
simply supported on a 10m beam with a load of 20KN/m over the entire length.
2. Determine the maximum and minimum shearing stress in the web of the wide flange
section if V=120KN.
3. The distributed load shown is supported by a box beam shown. Determine the
maximum safe value of w that will not exceed a flexural stress of 10 MPa or a shearing
stress of 1MPa.
3m
1m
4. The distributed load shown is supported by a wide-flange section W 360x45 of the given
dimensions. Determine the maximum safe w that will not exceed a flexural stress of
140 MPa or a shearing stress of 75 MPa.
2m
4m
28/37
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR

In heavily loaded short beams the design is usually governed by shearing stress; but in longer
beams the flexure stress generally governs because the bending moment varies with both the
load and length of beam. Shearing is more important in timber beams than in steel beams
because of the low shearing strength of wood.
1. A box beam supports the loads shown. Compute the maximum value of P that will not
exceed a flexural stress fb(flexure)=8MPa and fv(shearing)=1.2MPa for section between the
20mm
20mm
support.
160mm
4000 N
P
2m
2m
2m
200mm
160mm
2. A simply supported beam L meters long carries a uniformly distributed load of 16KN/m
over its entire length and has the cross section shown . Find L to cause a maximum
flexural stress of 40MPa. What maximum shearing stress is then developed?
140mm
20mm
20mm
160mm
3. The wide flenage beam shown in the fig supports the concentrated load W and a total
uniformly distributed load 2W KN. Determine the maximum safe value of W if
fb(flexure)=10MPa and fv(shearing)=1.4MPa
200mm
W
2W
220mm
20mm
2m
1m
180mm
2m
29/37
DEFLECTION IN BEAMS
Frequently the design of a beam is determined by its rigidity rather than by its strength.
Several methods are available for determining beam deflections. Although based on the same
principles, they differ in technique and in their immediate objective. We consider first a
variation of the double-integration method that greatly broadens and simplifies its application.
Another method, the area-moment method, is thought to be the most direct of any, especially
when the deflection at a specific location is desired.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

A mathematical approach in solving for the deflection at any portion of the beam involve a
complete determination of the moment, slope and deflection equation for the entire beam:
d2y
Moment Equation EI dx 2 = M
d2y
Slope Equation EI 2 =
dx
Deflection Equation
Mdx + C
d2y
EI 2 = Mdxdx + C1 x + C 2
dx
The constants of integration will become zero if the origin of axes is selected at a position
where the slope and deflection are known to be zero, as at a perfectly restrained end or at the
center of a symmetrically loaded beam.
1. Determine the midspan deflection of a simply supported beam carrying a
a) uniformly distributed load over the entire length of the beam.
b) central concentrated load.
2. Determine the free end deflection of a cantilever beam carrying a
b) free end concentrated load.
3. Find the value of EIy at the position midway between the supports and at the overhanging
end for the beam shown and also determine the location of maximum deflection.
400N/m
1m
3m
600N
2m
2m
30/37
AREA-MOMENT METHOD
Theorem I: The change in slope between tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points
A and B is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the area of the moment diagram between
these two points.
1
( AREA)AB
EI
q AB =
Theorem II: The deviation of any point B relative to a tangent drawn to the elastic curve at
any other point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to
the product of 1/EI multiplied by the moment of area about B of that part of the moment
diagram between points A and B.
tB / A =
1
( area ) BA x B
EI
The product EI is called flexural rigidity. In two theorems, (area)AB is the area of the moment
diagram between points A and B, and x B is the moment arm of this area measured from B.
When the area of the moment diagram is composed of several parts, the expression (area)AB
includes the moment of the area of all such parts. The moment of the area is always taken
about an ordinate through the points at which the deviation is being computed.
One rule is very important: The deviation at any point is positive if the point lies above the
reference tangent from which the deviation is measured and negative if the point lies below the
reference tangent.
B
A
tB/A
tB/A
Negative deviation: B located

below reference tangent
Positive deviation: B located above

reference tangent
1. Determine the midspan deflection of a simply supported beam carrying a

b) central concentrated load.
2. Determine the free end deflection of a cantilever beam carrying a
b) free end concentrated load.
3. Find the value of EIy at the position midway between the supports and at the overhanging
end for the beam shown and also determine the location of maximum deflection.
400N/m
1m
3m
600N
2m
31/37
2m

PROBLEM SET
1. Compute the value of EId at midspan for the beam loaded as shown. If E=10GPa, what
value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of the span?
300N/m
2m
Answer=EId=5000N-m3;
2
2. Compute the value of EId at midspan for the beam loaded as shown.
1.5m
300N/m 0.5m
4m
Answer: EId=657N-
3. Compute the value of EId at the right end of the beam loaded as shown.
400N/m
1m 1
4m
400
Answer: EId=195N-
4. Compute the value of EIy midway between the supports for the overhanging beam
shown.
4kN
2kN/m
2kN/m
2m
Answer: EId=-4.66kN-
32/37
TORSION
Torsion is a variable shearing stress experienced by solid or hollow circular shafts subjected to
moment or torque. This shearing stress varies directly with the radial distance from the center
of the cross section and is expressed by
~ Tr
. The radial distance r becomes r for maximum torsional shearing stress. For
T =
J
~ 16T
maximum torsional shearing stress in solid shafts of diameter d becomes T = 3
pd
The angular deformation in a length L

is expressed in radians by q =
TL
.
JG
III. Flanged Bolt Coupling Connection

A commonly used connection between two shafts is a flanged bolt coupling. It cobnsists of
flanges rigidly attached to the ends of the shafts and bolted together. The torque is transmitted
by the shearing force P created in the bolts.
P=SA
pd 2
SRn .
T=PRn or T = PRn =
4
Occasionally a coupling has two concentric rows of bolt. Letting the subscript 1 refer to bolts
on the outer circle and subscript 2 refer to bolts on the inner circle, the torque capacity of the
coupling is T=P1R1n1+P2R2n2. The relation between P1 and P2 can be determined from the
fact that the comparatively rigid flanges cause shear deformations in the bolts which are
proportional to their radial distances from the shaft axis. Using Hookes Law for shear,
P1
P2
A1
A2
=
G1R1 G2 R21
33/37
TORSION PROBLEMS
1. What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through more than
3 in a 6m length when subjected to a torque of 14KN-m? What maximum shearing
stress is developed? Use G=83Gpa.
2. A stepped steel shaft consists of a hollow shaft 2m long, with an outside diameter of
100 mm and an inside diameter of 70mm, rigidly attached to a solid shaft 1.5m long,
and 70mm in diameter. Determine the maximum torque that can be applied without
exceeding a shearing stress of 70MPa or a twist of 2.5 in a 3.5 m
length. Use G=83Gpa
3. A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown. Using G=83Gpa, determine the
required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited to 60MPa
and the angle of rotation at the free end is not to exceed 4.
4. A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight steel 20-mm bolts spaced evenly around a bolt
circle of300mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40MPa.
5. A flange bolt coupling consists of 6-10mm diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 300mm in
diameter and 4-10mm diameter steel on a concentric bolt circle 200mm in diameter.
What torque can be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60MPa in the bolts?
B) Determine the number of 10mm steel bolts that must be used on the 300mm bolt
circle of the coupling to increase the torque capacity to 8KN-m.
a. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED CONNECTIONS
34/37

6. The connection of 12 rivets shown, the load P = 200kN passes through the center of
rivet C and has a slope of 4/3. Determine the resultant load on the most heavily loaded rivet.
Y
A
100
mm
c.g.
CCC
100
mm
80 mm
80 mm
80 mm
7. Determine the most and least heavily loaded 16mm diameter rivet in the connection shown.
Note that rivets B and C were not properly driven that they do not carry any load.
90 mm
90 mm
120 mm
P=50KN
120 mm
35/37

8. Rivets 22 mm in diameter are used in the connection shown in the figure. If P = 90 kN,
what thickness of plate is required so as not to exceed a bearing stress of 140 MPa?
P
80 mm
80 mm
100 mm
9. In the gusset plate connection shown in the figure, if P = 60 kN, determine the
shearing stress in the most heavily loaded of the four 22-mm rivet.
100 mm
100 mm
200 mm
150 mm
36/37

10. For the connection shown in the figure, determine the shearing stress in the most
heavily loaded of the three 22-mm rivets.
80 mm
80 mm
90 mm
100 mm
3
60 kN
11. A gusset plate is riveted to a larger plate by four 22mm rivets arranged and
loaded as shown. Determine the minimum shear stress developed in the rivets.
80
mm
80 80
mm mm
100
mm
P=40KN
37/37

Microsoft Word Mecvina

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Microsoft Word Mecvina

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES- Study of the relationship between externally

Which bar is stronger A or B?

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

PROBLEMS ON SIMPLE STRESS

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

4. Determine the weight of the heaviest cylinder that can be

5. The figure shows the landing gear of a light

6. In the recently opened World Trade Center, a

7. The tripod shown supports the total station

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

TYPES OF SHEARING STRESS

Rivet under Single shear

Rivet under Double Shear

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

PROBLEMS ON SHEARING STRESS AND BEARING STRESS

9. The lap joint is connected by three 20mm diameter

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

12. The bracket is supported by inch

13. Compute the maximum force P

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

THIN WALLED CYLINDERS

PROBLEMS ON THIN WALLED CYLINDERS

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Actual Rupture Strength

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

PROBLEMS ON SIMPLE STRAIN

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

22. Two steel bars AB ad BC

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS

27. A reinforced concrete column 250mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

29. Before the 400KN load is applied,

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

The thermal stress is:

Where a = coefficient of thermal expansion and

DT= change in temperature.

PROBLEMS ON THERMAL STRESS AND THERMAL

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

35. The composite bar is firmly attached

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

c. Beams with Overhang

Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

II. Statically Indeterminate Beams