tipu =v 05 043 oa22yoa suewon ‘dos pug a4 wee waey eu suomneey (seq ufnony see) 2pueroy sowow(i649 a) *he}es 0 0102 104 yiu@aas ayewinin a4), ‘usm yea ypul 97/2906 DOT avs 40 ope eid |eoIs ® wy YoKOW 240 Uh wound oq ves sqoy youl 9pA AveW OH 2 psd 9609 gaghacag = sapbaneg = MS = tl 2s uognios veow yous 241 ‘o0'09 pus sata 101 0002 wo saten andi ascyM YeYS auL —L ,orxear' te eTOrer 2 16,0 xo0ezr ¥ (56120 Pa an) ats ono‘ Jo 2 wlos w/t 9 uu grst = Su6txz9c = 1a = ea1y oe = (0-1 sz=an wonnies ears od sore a oso'er 2 og0'tt ¥ (95.4 p24) una uf ease parafoud 54 puu ‘sz = af oun rai 002 88056 ‘a 840001 > (su8) salos6'ye salve 2/t © youne 3 paunba) 14 351) em Sa ose'ta = (529.0) (52°0) 92 = N= 2 w/e =i ze s>wwer a wut -e ono aw er 9 (sue) wu st -y seea—(sueleey 9 ,uuy/nooe 0 (suey ums ost (ORT cae ee ae sev 9 Srey aun OT 2 19 €J0 2104 ¢ yy pape0| seq any ynpeDIG a quajetnse> jo woashs is Bsn (panz sty"pg 2) 03 e300 usual ‘una aip auusorep ‘ed 02 Jo sons eee sojsuon yo aioe) ayes pmados 241 S04 a ‘aysuen ajeuiyn aney pinoys aDt 12 enssou6uo> wnuxeUs @ Uoddns ued pue wus = 53 -wnBL9] 40 4770 Aa YO. mh 220), ey, wu 951 pOssse1q e Jo JBlaWEP au, “TY DT Jo Uipimesey 1eqfIaU sep AUEIDA: “pL core OH ass 4 ‘0058 8. st re soa s em eanezs'gar = ( E d 21580 = EE EtES 5 ee it 7 S452 = (pyr) (ar Koel orx9's = 5 09095 wonnes a P ea ees ao sim = (S)ooe = 8 osteo fn eee Bie sites TER ocd (suejeees “> oste y wed new net STP Oa Gets OEE gpm 5 {06320 8 aN) °€ 40 Aaajes40s010 © Yt penn ome mone esoion A fl 20099 = sunssy peo) foo! ©} pDMTNN 8 14H (umsts wiB.a) voruns wl ajsj0 see) 241-9 é [510 uosuedkojewioujos0a24)909 = 9 ip jo sans Buneusoye 243 syncwo> “ed ono weg ora a Sa | Adlai uenpus oy pur 260 1-558 ee omctheoans once 2 Ficun = omneaonon=s Lunia Gem act peice a al 4 ea a JO¥n|Os 0, aye a ee nae. eae aged ast sorcerer 0 =~ const earase est 9 ea ‘ va tie oa % b Se ey (aoe ae Pa) tense pi ‘aq iv 989 puoses out u den 0} 9589 454 aud Ul (suvieexoes'9er -y aa Be se paseaho ag Uea Sans 2pSU01 UL @ ieoead “ A SW) '2 39P 08 Aq eimieiadusa jo ase0:04) ‘ve oy paxsefans 1 eqn nua) www dog pue smauieyp wis Jo 8uJ0Us pyOsja35 € Jo ‘eam op wnwyeeus 40 one oxy usu 3¢2/8Ue ‘es 24 jo P9294) a1p te p>ey5 5 eo si ean err = ives a4) yu9] anu si s9H0 pain ‘ywuoyiun 94 pe0}2 2369 wWe9q ana UeD y one Be sd. co0'9¢='5 USsans anssardu2/p22npu1 ayy sandwoy “ex is Pai bay se ynce-w inna (sue) wuz “g wwe ‘ono So ae saose'9 = wus wwooe Be (52905019 coo'eve “1u6390°P0 an) 240 (ue)eawose 0 eaniose 8 pu) 35 = Aajesjo ive sn ts 000g 5 san agen eanoot— SaNost Taig fvexssons = 9514 jeymeu aut pue sean Zs) MOUND Yos earl . AU “sa/-41 002 40 onbsed unwpews e yusuER, ur yiuens po 04 jo wayennba 495 :eUN "Y oni {ORNS O15] 41 "Yeys © 170] # xy 01359 40 ud aden jo ATA UeDUs Ui 9 suLOIeG (c02 Mv 'pa 3M) wiaioeee uw zo ‘9 (suehuweD sajo0%'99 a 1 Ssans 295091 9/0009 5 equlKs unap0 3 sa1058'r3 % tsjmonase ons Pew auL ea pusher crs = Fi = 04 yy a yo uous au Ui ee HUN ase = 3240) 315024 PPO UBM 770030 (9002 90 pa 3 ea wats p lead Pe w1057 nual jo ean Yona uF S790 © Ul joy Je}owe OU sco ee x 86 00515 = ound 08 Aiesso00u 5} 9910} ey “ua coo'ze 31 jd ani eo uasuanyssedys aedsaun Mj Zt (sa o0s'ts= ott s1sxoot = one” Nyom0s = 4 Hennes sistemas ots. 0000) aan asH2) 4 eovsorts = rz000 72 zo0 vee #5, uoanesi ean 099'96t = wrt a wero (oF «gg 'goelistt0000 0] = wyro > ue) ute Wa = ssans {002 20 pa a) "y 5¢=148 (05 PUEGLOUDT = 4 Peo}j! oN ans Uy wea fa soxoug x p20 uoNPOyap O43 NI8I8g umes a wu goe “a (oue)wu gee > wwree'y 2g 208XCTT=Ioays Jo} gw wn give] u aBuEy> Su 12e4M “Alor 2,09 nue 2,06-18511 RA 7 9090 (sue) oww96t “0 suave “8 cee eu eR aver 9 a Bene os 18615 0 00 516 Hen Psy 9 {o0d¢ 290 a3) (eein 892'902 = sd : wsr5hD wuu6az Rowe onfoan’ne = a “fa gr T00000 = #044 (cove sty pa IN} ‘sear Rue 9 = a0 wim Yous sete Bey ‘mojoue 40 SrjnpoW uoNas joe Poly “62 OF” ae fn '3 S909 Ag Sumsesndioy Jo 3529.>u1 UE oy uotnes wits (ooo'o0eu0e 020000 ae aoe a =t1000 Shr) (oue)soz 2 (2o0e 20"P9 an) ae ‘seuau ¢rBWIP aim yous 20 if ‘pu 39n9 ul sryppoU UoAs 1)od a pus Ge ean orxcor= Ly OLX LOT = eTpy XSOT OE = "21a 8122043 wnusxew aut ’2:0)04 eat OT * 981'902 = oc0'000'0E = 891819) 3 7 pd 07 x0e = 1208 10) 5 wuaoo- oot FEE] Wr ws oor =7 a woanies Wzt090=uazro=9 #60 seta for 3 (sue) soy uonnes [002 10°pa 219) ‘aw 1 sp22>%9 uoneAeoja unuReW saighjeds as 200) une ope x a.aweID uu §2 # U0 44 U1peO} 218 2uLWVaK0 ve wo ota er went y (2002 -6v 9 aw) "w 20 povpre voneBLop ‘unpre 519 po. 840) oot setowep Wd € © U0 Ny U1 peo) ay) 10} aIndiseD “92 Woonioroose ca # eo" oper 2 | ate uy vop>ayep a vonenbo ou Seu wiser a> mY Lea vei oe, {e00e sty 69 an) WOME ap Aer ea e/a payoene ai vo gain uo unos sor * of} {5487) 3 wed 0 0045 wna} en scar =(ces¢=1 ae or oe as ix sooo) E :. i 2915 ay uoRD2s aseno=.05 a 6,01 808 = p21 wong seas seo (w),usz-e of 2 ‘ioe -¥ “HEME favenbs eyo ex) 40 yuowoW sejod By Pld “Le 991000 ‘0 5100 (ue) sa10°0 9 ozo0 (o0e aly pg aN "56 060'0b 10 wauaRS ‘ue C= 940198) WonestuaDus SSN P2818 www ozze= warzeo=4 (e002 104 (oe--ovllcorlGorxetr)=ivr1=A pea) Suol.eh sr yeus aus “2,€J000 pus 2,2 40 araweIp eval Ue KIN EUS HOHOY wonnies eo sppous uo}}29s sod ua Jo} aandwiod yefone @ (sve)r260 9 (sue) uw st {woo ody 78 aA wwer 9 (0 J0 wim € sey 209 fou! JeuEES! YT snore § sont (sue) ary o00'er “a ey s8'902 = 9 or» OE = [90150 stor xe #3 2sn ‘an ous} 329 feo tee= Noe ‘0 Newe NOTED (sve)nare vy {6651 14v pa aw) 4 w:peo|ajgenoye oy: put “wu st [paa>«2 0} 104 uon=4u0} 9}gemojie Ue ey 2.0) ‘ugg pu s212UHep Uw Og pou aes ¥ “Be tort Je MIM VEEL os = pe uoso9s 5800 u Jeyr8ueioas 019) ©! — epsautjo quan =) cl ti ore soe renMau at 0} saqy sax ie} yt wou asueysp => 4-0 099'29 = as one's = 4154 00t's= (ose + = aiyooes: = °y ar 002s = (e)osz + ai = 'y most = sty ty torenaaT Ps a | ‘yosor="y uopnies veee'st a ye'ves'st 9 (656t 1¢y 8 Ls 4/9100 51348!Em aun s042u! 9 x7 51 wee 243 10 u, 224u2> 5/03 24820) 4 095 40 FeO} v0} 9T wweDg ewo2so4 ¥ “ge Bag ado pus voa2e4e0 2u=uoW . ays suonneay (ue) ay {0002 390 pe a0) 1 /E9a\s pauoene ay) uo taunBig uo Umous e090} ePuIO} WowoW UME “Ze = #2 srippew uon2es ei04 uonnes, (eles 0 re9 9 thy (oc02 #90°Pa aw) ‘st oo0e essansulisop pieENGINEERING MATERIALS ne Important Properties: jppreciabte defor tendency to fracture without thet property. that_permits deformation belore fracture in \y ofa material to-be deformed 15 original shape. Hardness - resistance to indentation. = relative ease with which 2 susceptillty to extreme fines « abily to resist deformation ‘Toughness - ability to withstand shock toad without breaking, Important Facts about Engineering Materials: Stoel is the post prevalent enaingering metel due ta the abundance of iron oF of prouction and bigh performance. Metallurgy le the study that encompasses the procutement and production of metals etllurgy isthe study which cGvers tof pure metals from thai ores 1 cbtsined from oxides (2:03) Gade the earth and signe mixed ith the von owes 48 - 8 ype Coke is nal that hasbeen previously burned. Bessemer and oxygen processes are used to reduce the carbon content ana eurify the iron Classifications of Pain carbon steels: '. Lov carbon steel (less than 0.3% carbon) ore used for wire, stuctural shapes, and. screw machine parts, 8B, Megium-carbon steel (0.30 ~ 0.70% carbon] ‘re used for avles, gears and similar pa Fequicing medium to high hardness and high stronath . High-carbon steel (0.70 ~ 1.8% carbon} are ‘sed for dri, crting tools, and knives Lowealloy steals are stoels containing lass than jements and have higher Types of tow strength steel oy steele contain mora than 8% total ingle Stainless Steel I a steel of ehremium, ened by the addition Classifiations of stainless steels: 1, Fert stainless stels, contain move than 12 = 27 percent chromium and contaln no. ickel {part ofthe As! 400 series). Turbine blades are manufacture B. Martensitie 8 nek a60,9246-gomium 0° ‘usteni idable, nonmagnetic, sah sarderabie and tars bease Hardening - proces surface or case of 2 m wear resistant surface wile eta inthe core ‘Metal Forming Processes: Rolling - process of for se of as after the metal i plasticrange 8 metal parts bythe heated to its Forping - process of forming metal parts by the use of powerful pressure from a hammer or press to obtain the desired shape, after the ‘metal has been heated to its plastic range ‘Alsland SAE Designation of sect AISIY 1000 SAE 000 Y isa letter, used in AISI only, to Indicate the method of manufacturing; first number (or fst two numbers) reprosents class of steel; second rhumber indicates the approximate porcentage of the pl jog element; last two numbers indicate 100 times the approximate percentage of carbon present in the metal, = ane CEMTEN REVI ‘to soften the metal and increase ease in Boron nal oa a a ‘Hardening - heating above the transformation. Heat and corrosion resist: an ‘temperature and quenching usually in oil, Molybdenum Sa oa temperature to produce uniform strucure ener oa oe at that temperature for a sul ime for the Silicon. manganese aS aoe (except 92Xx) desired rate of cooling to attain the desired Pe we Osean on ferme by hanmeting and rolling operations : Uses Rivets, welded steam and vate pes ‘Meta: Cast ron Description: ran formed by casting Uses: Cylinder blocks, brake “drums, gears, machine toc! ways Metal: Malleable ron Description: Heat treated cast iron which is Strong. ductile and easly machined Uses: Gears ‘Metal: Nodular cas ron Description: Cast iron added with magnesi andearum to become stronger and more cut 585: Catings, Crankshats, hubs, rol ie BeeCrankshafts, hubs, rol, forming Metal: cast Stee! Description: Steel formed by casting Uses: Gears, crankshats, cylinder barrels Metal: weought Steel, Description: Steel formed by hammering, rol ‘or crawing Z Uses: Bas, tubes re ENGINEERING MATERIALS — Stainless Steet ni; Steel obtained by adation of Eitomim ibs) Steam turbine blades, valves Wetal: Brass ition: Alloy of copper and zine sos: Propeller shats, piston rods, screws, ete Bronze loy of copper, tin and Clutch disks, pump rods, shafts, valve Tabulated Propertios of Materials Tables of efferent materials show the following portant proper endurance elasticity, elongation, density. Tabies in Fares ‘Tables AT4-AT 1, pp. 68-582 Append}. ‘Tables i Valance: Table 2x4 p, 25, Table 2-5, p.27, Table 26, p. 30, Classification of Alloyteo! Low-alloy structural steels - were developed for structural uses where light weight is important Low-carbon alloy steels - (0.10-0.25%C] used chiefly fer carburi Mecium-carbon alloy usualy quenched between 250 ane 400 Brine steels - (050 - 0.70% C oF tec to hardness for use 25 sprinks, (025- 050% 9) ered to hardness ing pars, etc joy steels - such as stainless steels Functions of Alloying Elements (chemical symbol in pprenthesis promotes fine grain sie, mounts (9.001% or ent in tow Boron (8) - in very sma less san economical har ‘or merkum carbon deo ‘Chromium (cx) ‘aves. ardenabily ‘economi ithother joys], strength at high temperatures, and weering properties (high carbon), proves tec hardness. is often used to stablze Improves steels resistance to atmospheric corasion ty, but affects differently improves strength and moderately, counteracts Molybdenum (Vo) - increases hardenabiity markedly and economically, tends to counteract 1g creep strength and improves ear by forming temperature Phosphorous Increases hardenabiity, strengthens ‘gabon steel Imachinabilty of free cutting steels, Jmoroves machinabilty of lso added to leaded the same purpose. strengthans low alloy steels and Silicon ( improves resistance to. high temperature Iga good general purpose ‘sa stb «is used for deoxidation and Yor stabllting austentc stainless steels; it increases the haréness and strength of low carbon steel and improves creep strength, Tungsten (W) Increases harden ‘markedly in small amounts and. improves hardness and strength a high tem in stueture, fe strength to imate strength Increases hardenability strongly whan clssolved, ult in tention of strength and hardness it is the most effectiveSAMPLE PROBLEMS: THIN-WALL THICK-WALL CYLINDERS 1A carton steel having umber 100. shou (O46 8 Ape 2008) © 100./mm? . 200 nn? Definition: & thick wal eyinder the ratio of the wall thickness to the ‘ameter i more than 0.07 Tensile strength oe (Vallar 151), for int : Tar pat = 358.98 N/mm? seam or jin, the joint efclency ore where: =i “Thinwall Sphere ‘Gonsisering the joint efficiency E 2Same prostems: Solin A. 2224 mm (ANS) 8 i024 mm 1 Determine the buetng steam pressure of» 5, #8 G oadin © Ahm steel shell with diameter of 10 inches and made F230) 2) 0, 0.284in B. a054mm ‘of 1/4 thick steel plate, The joint efficiency is at 8.000 = “= * 70% and the ena strength I €0 Kt. (ME BS. t= 0225In‘Use 1/4 standard thn Solon oan) oo 2200 pi[ans]¢ 28st 5. steal eylndie ale receiver wih 5 OR resnetaren a B. 105 ksi 1, 8500 psi diameter and pressure load of 280 psi, des S00 = 370. (7/4)D" stress of 9500 ps maximum. The pressure Pa 435i Solution: ne thicealleylinder F500 ‘top most or at the side with pop-out rating Rien si? (MEd, Oct 2003), S| eneee | aH 240095 2. owtrmine the safe wal hint ofa 30 asa moe 0 aoops inher snl nk wil ial rene at ans isd © ase Wa The ld seu ofrmstene sa7S48 Blast ase cate soln its hticortatoyiowenzo tees 7 Oct 97}, solution: « SOR A. 3/4 inch C. 22.6 mm (ans) Dee a taco Meme Sotiafr thea oft ec heroes test cinder, t= 2D. «a0 vertical stat eyindrcal water tank 30 "eto ndbe sensle eet tech sae of C20 owned nd | te 20 evi venfercng the ele waar ed we tans ef he (cnr of 30x Ba OP 203) som) ‘ Based on operating pressure: t= 0.568in 3A cylindrical tank with 20 inches inside ameter contains oxygen gas at 2500 psi. 83564 on pop-out pressure Calculate the required wall thickness in {nm} IF Su for annealed C1020 steal is 57 ksi, 4 compute ort under stress of 28,000 ps. (ME Bd. Oct 97) 9500 = 260 iB A 25,400ps) ©. 52400051 A 1134mm(ans) C1246 ee B.42510psi |B, 14,280 fons) 8 1024mm 0. 10.54 mm t= 068819 _" Solution: Solution Solution: The standard plate thickness Is 5/8 in (0.625 fe would be sefe, solving for tne bursting aressut using a wall thiekness of 5/8 in 26000 = 2) Sua pressure = height x density 45x 981 = 482.45 kPa B, Determine the suitable plate thickness. 44145130) A764 © s/s ee 8, 9/82in{ans) 0, 3/641n t= 0.4a64in © 11.33 mm e500 = 62, 1zo,o00 = 4, Determine the thickness ofa steel air recover _ f= 0.055 m = 58mm With 30 inches ciameter and pressureload of 120° ~ 1354s) . Bel gta eres ot tm al IMMA Cxt05) 7 9 Gea eens Seo hyde J A W/ain(ans)—. 3/8in A el AE 200426) ae eo ted by a hydraulic pressure of 370 psi whl 14250-20000 the maximum load ofthe piston is 5500 Ibs, 2100.90)» 98,000 psi. (ME Bd. Aor 2005) £0.28 inch use 9/32 inch thick pateSolution: 2s 2 420446 in = 11.34mm ine the bursting pressure of ank with diameter of 10 inches ‘make of % inch thick steel 8. 821,005). 12,860 ps (ans) 2400 psi 2. 4200 psi ans) engineer would ak you, how O35) OH) ne arinfoate WEA C=O hella haan required? p= 10,000 ps A Ors rites) enone 44. Find the minimum thickness in inches 4 a= 2,000 psi 8 0.27em Daasem steel sphere to contain 2000 ps. The diam ‘of the sphere Is 54 in and the. al 1=9/32in=0.714em =Uuse 075 em thick plate nbaximum normal +10? = 220008) =107 a762 subjected 2.7103) 1'=0.00684 m= 5.84 mm “Be (ME Bd. Apr 98) A Winches C409. A ovlndical tank vith 10 inches inside 8 388cmians) 0. 369em contain oxygen gas at 25c0, the required wall thidmess in Under stress of 28000 psi, (ME 8d, (oct 2000) A 10se & 1028 2is.4 _ 13362) B. 11.34 ©. 12.84 CETL eae t2369cmSHAFTS8 = angular deformation G = modulus of rig 11,500,000 to 12,000,000 ps for stel D o and Bending Simex = ENT (+ ETA) where: Sema = maximum shear stress Sina = maximum tensile or compressive stress 1M =bending moment T= torsional moment Strength of Shaft with Assumed Allowable ‘Stresses (PSME CODE p18) For Main Power Transmitting Shatts: For Lineshafts Carrying Pulleys Pa Bt or p= PE For Small, Short Shafts: Formulas from Machinery’s Handbook: Diameter of Shaft: ‘fr alowable tito exceeding 0.08 de par fier D=0209F or puse'f i D> thot ameter nha Te wae is icaaae N= speed, rom In Su. unite (allowable length) D= 226% or v=1257'ft 26 deg per meter N= speed, pm . for allowable twist not exceeding 1 deg par 200 length D=019T or D=40 where: = shaft dlameter, Inches For shor, solid shaft subjected only to heawy transverse shear 4 where: \V = maximum transverse sheating loads bs 5, = maximum torsional shearing sees, lin? Lnear Deflection of hating For steel lineshaftng, it Is considered good practice to limit th deflection to ‘maximum of 0.010 inch per foot of length Maximum Distance: ‘A. For shaftng subjected to no bending action ‘except ts own weight L= 895 ,VD7 3F shafting subjected to bending aetion of ete b= 52808