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Quiz 2, Question 9
1000
160
100
41
Sf (ksi)
1.E+00
160
1.E+03
77.76
1.E+06
41
Sn
1.E+09
41
Sn
160 ksi
Sy
130 ksi
S'n
80 ksi
CL
CG
0.9
CS
0.88
CT
0.648
CR
Sf,N=1000
77.76 ksi
Sn
77.76
Su
41.1 ksi
41
Su
Sf,N=1000
10
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09
Life N (cycles)
Quiz 2, Question 9, 10
180
77.76
41
77.76
41
160
160
140
120
Yield Envelope
m
a
-130
130
130
100
77.76
N=10
80
a/m=1/2
m
150
75
60
41
N=10
a/ m =0.5
40
54 ksi
Fm
n
A
d
8 kip
6
2
0.889 in
1.064 in
20
0
Objectives
After this lecture and associated homework, you will
be able to:
Distinguish between a variety of common
industrial fasteners.
Find fastener data from a variety of sources, and
apply it to bolted joint analysis.
Calculate the installation torque for permanent
and reusable assemblies from bolt size and
grade.
Distinguish between bolt fracture and joint
separation, and calculate the external loads that
will result in each.
4
Screw Heads
Hexagonal socket head has a hexagonal hole and is driven by a Hex
Wrench, sometimes called an Allen key or hex key, or by a power tool
with a hexagonal bit. Tamper-resistant versions with a pin in the
recess are available. Hex sockets are increasingly used for modern
bicycle parts because hex wrenches are very light and easily carried
tools. They are also frequently used for self-assembled furniture from
Ikea.
Torx is a star-shaped drive with six rounded points. It was designed to
permit increased torque transfer from the driver to the bit compared to
other drive systems. Torx is very popular in the automotive and
electronics industries due to resistance to cam out and extended bit
life, as well as reduced operator fatigue by minimizing the need to bear
down on the drive tool to prevent cam out.
Robertson head, invented in 1908 by P.L. Robertson, has a square
hole and is driven by a special power-tool bit or screwdriver. The
screw is designed to maximize torque transferred from the driver, and
will not slip, or cam out. It is possible to hold a Robertson screw on a
driver bit horizontally or even pendant, due to a slight wedge fit.
Commonly found in Canada in carpentry and woodworking applications
and in Canadian-manufactured electrical wiring items such as
receptacles and switch boxes.
Tri-Wing head has a triangular slotted configuration. They are used by
Nintendo on the Gameboy and Wii, and on aircraft.
Sems
A sem or sem screw, is a screw that has a captive
washer built in under its head.
They save assembly time by combining two parts
into one, and prevent the wrong washer from being
used.
10
Carriage Bolts
11
12
13
Proof Strength
Proof strength is a material property of the steel
from which the bolt is made. It is slightly less
than the 0.2% yield strength.
Sp =33 ksi for SAE Grade 1 bolts, - 1
Sp =85 ksi for SAE Grade 5 bolts, 1
Sp =74 ksi for SAE Grade 5 bolts, 1 1
Sp =120 ksi for SAE Grade 8 bolts, - 1
14
Proof Load
Proof load is the tensile force associated with a
bolts proof strength Sp, the maximum stress the
bolt can sustain without damage.
Proof load Fp can be thought of as the maximum
allowable (or maximum safe) tension load in a bolt.
Fp is the load that produces a normal stress equal
to the bolts proof strength Sp.
At is the effective tensile area of the bolt.
Fp At S p
15
16
17
Machinerys Handbook
18
Fi = K i At S p
where:
Fi = initial tensile force ( lb f )
K i = initial tightness factor ( 0.9 )
At = tensile area ( in 2 )
S p = proof strength ( psi )
19
T = KFi d
where:
T = torque ( in lb f )
K = torque factor ( 0.2 )
Fi = initial tension ( lb f )
d = bolt diameter ( in )
21
Torque Factor K
The torque factor K is a function of
friction, lubrication and surface
condition.
Fi = K i At S p
T = KFi d
Problem 1
What torque is required to produce a preload of 75% of the proof load in a 20 SAE Grade 8 bolt? What is the proof load of this bolt?
Does it matter what the bolt pitch is?
What is the difference between K and Ki? Which one is usually 0.2?
Is this a permanent joint or reusable joint?
Given: d = 0.25 in K = 0.75
From tables, for a Grade 8 14 -20 bolt:
Assumptions: K i = 0.2
Equations: T = KFi d
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.25 in
Fp = At S p = 0.0318 in 2 120,000 psi
Fp = 3816 lb f
0.0318 in 2 120,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.75
1
in 2
T = KFi d = 0.2 2862 lb f 0.25 in
Fi = 2862 lb f
T = 143.1 in lb f
24
Problem 2
What torque is required for permanent installation of a
UNF SAE Grade 5 bolt? What is the proof load of this bolt?
Use your Machinerys Handbook to find At, and Sp.
Given: d = 0.75 in
From tables, for a
3
4
At = 0.373 in 2 ; S p = 85 ksi
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.75 in
Fp = At S p = 0.373 in 2 85,000 psi
Fp = 31,705 lb f
0.373 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.9
1
in 2
Fi = 28,534.5 lb f
T = 357 ft lb f
25
Problem 3
This bolt has a diameter across the threads of
0.874 in, and a pitch of 14 tpi. What is it? What is
its proof load, and installation torque for
permanent assemblies?
Markings are for a Grade 5 bolt. S p = 85 ksi
Size and pitch indicate 78 -14 UNF A t = 0.509 in 2
Assumptions: K i = 0.2
Equations: T = KFi d
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.25 in
0.509 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fp = At S p =
Fp = 43, 265 lb f
2
in
1
0.509 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.75
Fi = 32, 449 lb f
2
1
in
7
T = KFi d = 0.2 32, 449 lb f in T = 5679 in lb f
8
26
Problem 4
Use the dial calipers and pitch gauge
to identify the bolts being passed
around. Determine the grade (if
possible) from the markings, and
look up the proof strength and tensile
area. Then calculate the torque
required for reusable installations.
Bolt
Major
Diameter
0.495
13
Long L9 bolt
0.363
0.429
Big stainless
SHCS
Pitch
ID
Grade
Sp (ksi)
At (in )
-13 UNC
?stainless?
70
0.1419
T (inlb)
(Ki=0.75)
775
24
3/8-24 UNF
L9
145
0.0878
716
14
7/16-14 UNC
120
0.1063
837
27
Torque Wrenches
The most common way to control bolt
torque is a torque wrench. However, the
variations in actual preload due to
friction is very high, about 30%.
Hydraulic torque wrenches are used for
larger bolts where the required torques
are too high for hand tools.
A better way to establish the preload is
to measure the elongation of the bolt
with a micrometer, and find Fi from this.
However this method is often
impractical. There are other, still more
elaborate techniques.
28
Turn-of-Nut Methods
In installations where no torque wrench or
bolt elongation technique is used, the turnof-nut method may be specified.
For heavy structural bolts, the turn-of-nut
specification requires 180 of nut
tightening after the snug-tight condition.
(This is about right for automotive wheel
lug nuts as well.)
Snug-tight is the torque produced by the
full effort of a normal person using a
normal wrench.
29
Problem 5
A very old study found that mechanics tend to hand
tighten bolts as a function of bolt size. The relation
found was Fi=16,000 lbf/in d.
With this in mind, what preloads would you expect
to get in a -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt if no
specification is provided for installation torque?
How about a UNC SAE Grade 5 bolt?
Fi = 16000 lb f in d
Fi , 1 " = 16000 lb f in 0.25 in = 4000 lb f
4
Problem 6
A -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt has been installed with
a torque of 140 inlb. What is the preload? Is this
a permanent or reusable joint?
What will be the tensile load in the bolt if the
separating force on the members is 1000 lb? Is it
just the initial load + 1000 lb?
Given: d = 0.25 in T = 140 in lb f
From tables, for a Grade 8 14 -20 bolt:
Assumptions: K i = 0.2
Equations: T = KFi d
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d Fi =
140 in lb f
T
=
Kd 0.2 0.25 in
Fi = 2800 lb f
2800 lb f
1
in 2
Fi
=
Fi = K i At S p K i =
At S p
1
0.0318 in 2 120,000 lb f
K i = 0.73
installation is reusable.
Fb 2800 lb f + 1000 lb f Fb 3800 lb f
31
kb
Fe
Fi +
k c + kb
Fb =
F
e
for Fc > 0
for Fc = 0
kc
Fc = MAX Fi
Fe ,0
k c + kb
Separation
occurs at Fc=0
33
34
35
Ab Eb
kb =
g
Ab =
Ac =
dw + d2
4 2
d 2 = d w + 0.577 g
36
37
Load Factor
The load factor n is very similar to a safety factor.
It is the ratio of the proof load (maximum safe load)
over the actual bolt load.
It is also proof strength (maximum safe stress) over
the actual (or service) bolt stress.
n=
Fp
Fb
Sp
b
38
Problem 7
A -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt has been installed with a
torque of 140 inlb. Assume kc=3kb.
What will be the tensile load Fb in the bolt if the
separating force on the members is Fe=1000 lb?
What is the value for the load factor n?
Is the external load enough to separate the joint?
Is the external load enough to break the bolt?
If the external load were to increase, which would
happen first: Bolt fracture or joint separation?
What external load would result in bolt fracture?
What external load would result in joint separation?
39
Problem 7 Solution
From previous problems,
d = 0.25 in; T = 140 in lb f ;
Proof load: Fp = At S p =
in 2
1
kb
+
F
Fe for Fc > 0
i
k
+
k
Fb =
c
b
F
for Fc = 0
e
Fp = 3816 lb f
kc
3
Fc = MAX Fi
Fe ,0 = MAX 2800 lb f
1000 lb f ,0 = MAX ( 2050 lb f ,0 )
k c + kb
1+ 3
Fc = 2050 lb f I.e., the external load is not enough to separate the joint.
Fb = Fi +
n=
Fp
Fb
kb
1
Fe = 2800 lb f +
1000 lb f = 2800 lb f + 250 lb f
k c + kb
1+ 3
3816 lb f
3050 lb f
Fb = 3050 lb f
n = 1.25
40
1
in 2
kb
Fe
Fu = Fb = Fi +
k c + kb
Fe,bolt fracture
Fu = 4770 lb f
Fu Fi Fu F kc + kb 4770 lb f 2800 lb f i 3 + 1
=
=
kb
kb
1
1
1
k c + kb
Fi ( kc + kb ) 2800 lb f ( 3 + 1)
Fi
=
=
=
kc
3
kc
k c + kb
Homework
1.
Identify the name and units for each of the following variables:
d At T K Ki kc kb n
S p Su Fb Fi Fe Fc Fp Fu
2.
3.
Grade 1,
Grade 2,
Grade 5,
Grade 8,
Grade 1,
Grade 2,
Grade 5,
Grade 8,
UNC
UNC
UNC
UNC
UNF
UNF
UNF
UNF
43
Closing Notes
44