Multi-Channel

Analysis

Multi-Channel Analysis
What is it?
What is it good for?
How is it done?

Types of Multi-Channel Analysis

Simultaneous Measurement
orbits

Comparative Measurement
coherence / cross channel phase

Impact Testing
frequency response function / transfer function

Orbit Plots
True Orbit Plot
measure displacement
two prox probes at 90

Casing vibration
two accel sensors at 90
double integrate

Orbit Plots Identify:

Misalignment,
Resonance, Wear

Misalignment

Ellipse

Truncation

Misalignment

Shaft rub or
mechanical looseness

Banana

Inside Ellipse

Misalignment
and other problems

Sub-synchronous whirl

Figure Eight

Inner Loop

Sample Orbit Plot

Orbit Set-up
Sample at high frequency
Low number of samples/lines
Low pass or band pass filter
Use Time Synchronous Averaging

Comparative Measurements
Cross Channel Phase
Coherence

Cross Channel Phase

Check for misalignment
measure across a coupling
check phase at running
speed

Cross Channel Phase

Check for
looseness/weakness
measure across
mechanical interface
check phase at running
speed

Cross Channel Phase

Verify machine resonance
part of impact testing
full spectrum phase
slow, steady change
(ideally over 180 )

Machine resonance
verified by 160 shift
in phase spectrum

Coherence
Compares two sensor signals
Determines:
transmission path of vibration
quality of measurement

Must be used with averaging

(minimum 3-4 averages)

Coherence Case History

Verify if vibration is related across points
Reoccurring failure on paper machine

Unusual vibration present

Matched turning speed of pump below

Coherence measurement

proved that vibration was related

Fixing pump operation

solved paper machine problems

Coherence Case History

Verify if vibration is related across points
Leased NY penthouse for top
dollar

with one condition: noise level in

conference room must be below 50
dB
noise level too high, no rent!

Landlord hired Art Crawford

checked HVAC fan

Coherence measurement

proved vibration was related

Balancing HVAC fan

removed sound in conference room

Tenant paid top dollar for

penthouse!

Coherence Case History

Check for cracks in piping
Suspect crack in piping
Cross channel measurement

one sensor on each side

Check coherence with 3-4 averages

high value for good pipe (e.g. > 0.95)

low value if crack present (e.g. < 0.85)

Coherence Case History

Establish optimum sensor placement
Stud mount sensor A for good reading
Use sensor B as rover

Check coherence with 3-4 averages

measure at several locations

highest value indicates best location to place

sensor for routine vibration measurements

Coherence
Determine quality of cross channel measurement
Impact machine with force hammer

at least 3-4 averages

Coherence confirms data quality

0.95 or higher desired to confirm diagnosis of

resonance

Coherence Case History

Coherence value near 1.0 confirms peak

at 42.5 Hz is resonance

Impact Testing
Impact testing
measure input (force) with modally tuned hammer
measure output (vibration) with accelerometer

Impact Test Application

Structural analysis

Identify resonances
Measure stiffness
Determine system response
Modal analysis

Stiffness with Coherence and Phase

Measurements
RESPONSE

Vibration waveform from

accelerometer

IMPACT

Force waveform from

modal hammer

Measurement Windows
RESPONSE

IMPACT

Proper impact measurements require that appropriate windows are

applied to the impact and response waveforms. (see dotted line above).

Measurement Set-up
Conventional systems
have complex set-up
Define values for:
% pre-trigger
duration of force window
(as % of total time record)
half-cosine taper for force
and exponential window
exponential decay factor

Menu for custom configuration

Measurement Set-up
Emerson offers a job template
Easy to use
Pre-configured parameters for impact test
user selects impact mode
pre-configured parameters for standard impact test
parameters may also be customized, if desired

Menu driven
guides you through the process

CSI Impact Test Flow

1) Select IMPACT mode

2) Attach hammer to ch. A, accel to ch. B
3) Impact structure with hammer when instructed
4) 2130 automatically checks and adjusts scaling
5) Review waveform and accept or reject
6) Repeat steps 3-5 for additional measurements
7) Examine results for evidence of resonances

3 Steps To Locate Resonances

1. peak in transfer function

2. gradual phase shift
3. high coherence (>0.95)

Structural Analysis Options

Operating Deflection Shape
performed while machine in operation
single frequency measurement
can be performed with any CSI machinery analyzer
measures actual amplitude of deflection
shows how machine deflects in normal operation

Modal Analysis
requires machine to be shut down
analysis across all frequencies
requires dual channel 2130 for measurements
determines ratio of response to input, no absolute amplitudes
detailed model of machine stiffness, resonances, etc.

Single Channel ODS

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Select pre-defined structure

Load route into machinery analyzer
Collect Peak/Phase Data (requires phototach for phase)
Upload route
Access data from ODS module
Animate machine to see
Moving sensor
deflection during operation
B

Dual Channel ODS

Fix one sensor on machine
Move second sensor around machine
Collect cross channel data
Upload data to VibPro
Import data to ODS software
View animation

Moving sensor
B

operating speed
any synchronous freq.
all frequencies

Fixed
sensor

Modal Analysis
1) Define structure for analysis
2) Use ch. A for a fixed sensor
(reference)
3) Use ch. B as roving sensor to
other points
4) Transfer cross channel readings
to
Modal Analysis software
5) Animate structure
- all frequencies
- natural resonance

Moving sensor
A
B

Structural Analysis

Sample results of analysis