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CHAPTER
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II.
III.
IV.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 Describe what is meant by the term market and describe the process of achieving
equilibrium in a market economy.
2 Use your definition of market equilibrium to address three basic economic problems
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2 Auctions are not always practical, ration coupons hold prices artificially low, and first
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come first served leads to high opportunity costs of standing in line. A market
rations goods to those consumers who can afford them.
There are lots of potential government failures. Some would argue that AFDC has
been a failure; more children live in poverty in the United States today than in many
other industrialized countries. Would it be better to live with this market failure? We
shall see.
Pollution limitations: improving efficiency (public bad) Income supplements: equity
(redistribution program) Phone regulation: efficiency (prices higher, output lower with
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
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ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Sketch a diagram to show how markets and prices link households and businesses to
solve the three economic problems. Explain the direction of money flows and the
accompanying flows of goods and factor inputs.
2. Prices in a market system have sometimes been described as fulfilling a rationing
function.
a. In what sense do prices ration? Why is rationing needed in an economic
system as productive as ours?
b. In the market for energy, what are the factors determining to whom the worlds
supply of oil is distributed?
c. Suppose a shortage of wheat exists. How does the price system react to bring
about an increase in wheat production?
3. Indicate the manner in which the market system provides a solution to the for whom
question in a free enterprise economy. In the present American economy, what other
factors are important?
4. The U.S. economic system is mixed in at least two senses. Elaborate on this
statement.
5. List and discuss (a) the various factors inherent in our economy that make perfect
competition an unrealistic description of our economic system; (b) the factors
responsible for the existence of monopoly elements in our society.
6. The bulk of all economic activity is directed toward the future. What would be the
significance of this for our society? Is it true?
7. Government in a mixed society can (a) purchase goods and services, (b) produce
goods and services, (c) transfer income from one group of people to another, (d) tax
its citizens, and (e) borrow and/or lend money. Pick examples of each and discuss
how equity, efficiency, and stabilization objectives are met in your examples.
8. In The Zero Sum Society, Lester Thurow speculates on how economic interaction can
take place without one persons gain resulting in anothers loss. What do you think of
that notion? How might it relate to globalization?
9. Contrast the use of barter and money in a modern mixed economy that uses many
capital goods and involves much specialization and interdependence. Concentrate on
the efficiency of transactionsthe cost involved in conducting business.
10.
Specialization gives rise to differences in skill; differences in skill give rise to
specialization. Can both statements be true? Would specialization be worthwhile if
everyone were identical?
11.
In what sense do specialization and division of labor depend on the size of the
market? Does this help explain the phenomenon of continuing economic growth?
12.
Specialization is not entirely problem-free. Discuss some of the troublesome
effects of specialization on workers, the workplace, and society as a whole.
13.
Country A can produce all goods more efficiently than Country B. The
opportunity costs of production, however, are different. Can trade ever benefit
Country A?
14.
Discuss the fundamental difference between Milton Friedmans ideas about a
market economy and John Maynard Keynes ideas about a market economy. What
are their major points of disagreement?
15.
Discuss the problems associated with providing the service of a lighthouse to
ships.
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