Classical Mechanics NET-JRF June 2011 - June 2014

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InstituteforNET/JRF,GATE,IITJAM,JEST,TIFRandGREinPHYSICALSCIENCES
CLASSICAL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1.
A particle of unit mass moves in a potential V ( x ) = ax 2 +
b
, where a and b are positive
x2
constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations about the minimum of the potential
is
(a)
8b
(b)
8a
(c)
8a / b
(d)
8b / a
Ans: (b)
1
V
2b
b
b 4
V ( x ) = ax 2 + 2
= 0 2ax 3 = 0 ax 4 b = 0 x0 = .
x
x
x
a
Since =
2V
k
where xo is stable equilibrium point.
, m = 1 and k = 2
x x = x
m
0
2V
6b
6b
b 4
Hence k = 2 = 2a + 4 = 2a +
= 8a at x = x0 = .
b
x
x0
a
a
Thus = 8a .
Q2.
The acceleration due to gravity (g) on the surface of Earth is approximately 2.6 times that
on the surface of Mars. Given that the radius of Mars is about one half the radius of
Earth, the ratio of the escape velocity on Earth to that on Mars is approximately
(a) 1.1
(b) 1.3
(c) 2.3
(d) 5.2
Ans: (c)
Escape velocity = 2 gR
ge R e
Escape velocity of Earth
R
g
=
= 2.3 where e = 2 and e = 2.6.
Escape velocity of Mass
gm R m
Rm
gm
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Q3.
The Hamiltonian of a system with n degrees of freedom is given
by H (q1 ,.....q n ; p1 ,....... p n ; t ) , with an explicit dependence on the time t. Which of the
following is correct?
(a) Different phase trajectories cannot intersect each other.
(b) H always represents the total energy of the system and is a constant of the motion.
(c) The equations qi = H / pi , pi = H / qi are not valid since H has explicit time
dependence.
(d) Any initial volume element in phase space remains unchanged in magnitude under
time evolution.
Ans: (a)
Q4.
The Lagrangian of a particle of charge e and mass m in applied electric and magnetic
fields is given by L =
1
mv 2 + eA v e , where A and are the vector and scalar
2
potentials corresponding to the magnetic and electric fields, respectively. Which of the
following statements is correct?
(a) The canonically conjugate momentum of the particle is given by p = mv
(b) The Hamiltonian of the particle is given by H =
p2 e
+ A p + e
2m m
(c) L remains unchanged under a gauge transformation of the potentials

(d) Under a gauge transformation of the potentials, L changes by the total time derivative
Ans: (d)
2
V+
=
t
0
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Q5.
Consider the decay process + in the rest frame of the -. The masses of the
, and are M, M and zero respectively.

A. The energy of is
(a)
(M
M 2 )c 2
2M
(b)
(M
+ M 2 )c 2
2M
(c) (M M )c 2
M M c2
(d)
Ans: (b)
+
From conservation of energy M c2 = E + E .
E 2 = p 2 c2 + M 2 c4 and E 2 = p 2 c2 since momentum of and is same.

M c2 = E + E , M 2 c4 = E 2 E 2 E E =
M 2 c4
M c2
M 2 + M2 c2
M c2
2
.
E E =
and E + E = M c E =
2M
M
B. The velocity of is
(a)
(M
M 2 )c
M 2 + M 2
2
(b)
(M
+ M 2 )c
M 2 M 2
2
(c)
M c
M
(d)
M c
M
Ans: (a)
Velocity of
E
(M
=
+ M 2 )
2M
v2
4M 2 M 2
1 2 =
2
c ( M 2 + M 2 )
M c2
1
v2
c2
4M 2 M 2
v2
2 = 1
2
c
( M 2 + M 2 )
M 2 M 2
v 2 M 4 + M 4 + 2M 2 M 2 4M 2 M 2
=
v
c.
=
2
2
2
c2
M + M
(M2 + M2 )
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Q6.
The Hamiltonian of a particle of unit mass moving in the xy-plane is given to be:
H = xp x yp y
1 2 1 2
x + y in suitable units. The initial values are given to be
2
2
(x(0), y(0)) = (1,1)
1 1
and ( p x (0 ), p y (0 )) = , . During the motion, the curves traced out
2 2
by the particles in the xy-plane and the p x p y plane are

(a) both straight lines
(b) a straight line and a hyperbola respectively
(c) a hyperbola and an ellipse, respectively
(d) both hyperbolas
Ans: (d)
H = xp x yp y
1 2 1 2
x + y
2
2 .
Solving Hamiltonion equation of motion

H
H
= p y p y y = p y .
= p x p x x = p x and
y
x
H
H
= x x = x and
= y y = y .
p x
p y
After solving these four differential equation and eliminating time t and using boundary
condition one will get x =
1
1 1
and p x =
y
2 py
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Q7.
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
A double pendulum consists of two point masses m attached by strings of length l as
shown in the figure: The kinetic energy of the pendulum is
(a)
1 2 2
ml 1 + 22
2
(b)
1 2
ml 2 12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos( 1 2 )
2
(c)
1 2 2
ml 1 + 2 22 + 2 1 2 cos(1 2 )
2
(d)
1 2
ml 2 12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos( 1 + 2 )
2
Ans: (c)
Let co-ordinate ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) . K .E. =

x1 = l sin 1 , y1 = l cos 1
1
1
m x12 + y12 + m x 22 + y 22
2
2
x1 = l cos 11 , y1 = l sin 11
x 2 = l sin 1 + l sin 2 , y 2 = l cos 1 + l cos 2
x 2 = l cos 11 + l cos 2 2 , y 2 = l sin 11 + l ( sin 2 ) 2

Put the value of x1 , y1 , x 2 , y 2 in K.E equation, one will get
T=
Q8.
1
m 12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos ( 1 2 ) .
2
A constant force F is applied to a relativistic particle of rest mass m. If the particle starts
from rest at t = 0, its speed after a time t is
(a) Ft / m
Ans: (d)
Ft
(b) c tanh
mc
(c) c 1 e Ft / mc
(d)
Fct
F t + m2c 2
2 2
dp
= F p = Ft + c .
dt
At t=0, p=0 so c=0 p = Ft
mu
u2
1 2
c
= Ft u =
F
t
m
Ft
1+
mc
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Q9.
The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
given by V (r ) =
a
b
+ 12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
6
r
r
the atoms is:

(a) 4 a 2 / b
(b) 2 a 2 / b
(c) a 2 / 2b
(d) a 2 / 4b
Ans: (d)
V (r ) =
1
12b
V
a
b
a 12b
,
for
equilibrium
6
=0
=
0
6
0
+
=
(
)
7
13
7
r 6 r 12
r
r
r
r
r 6
1
12b 12b
12b
2b 6
12b 6
r =
6a 6 = 0 6 =
r =
r
r
6a
a
6a
1
6
a2 a2
a2
2b
a
b
= +
=
.
V r = =
+
a
2b 4b
4b
2b 2b 2

a a
Q10. Two particles of identical mass move in circular orbits under a central
1 2
kr . Let l1 and l2 be the angular momenta and r1, r2 be the radii of the
2
potential V (r ) =
orbits respectively. If l1/l2 = 2, the value of r1 / r2 is:

(a)
(b) 1 / 2
(c) 2
(d) 1 / 2
Ans: (a)
Veff =
1
J2
+ kr 2 where J is angular momentum.
2
2mr
2
Condition for circular orbit
J2
Veff
= 0 3 + kr = 0 J 2 r 4 J r 2 .
mr
r
J r
r
J
r
J
Thus 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 2 since 1 = 2 .
J2
J 2 r2
r2
J2
r2
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Q11. A particle of mass m moves inside a bowl. If the surface of the bowl is given by the
equation z =
1
a x 2 + y 2 , where a is a constant, the Lagrangian of the particle is
2
(a)
1
m r 2 + r 2 2 gar 2
2
(c)
1
m r 2 + r 2 2 + r 2 sin 2 2 gar 2
2
[(
[(
(b)
1
m 1 + a 2 r 2 r 2 + r 2 2
2
(d)
1
m 1 + a 2 r 2 r 2 + r 2 2 gar 2
2
Ans: (d)
L=
1
1
m x 2 + y 2 + z 2 mgz where z = a x 2 + y 2 .
2
2
It has cylindrical symmetry. Thus x = r cos , y = r sin , z =
1
a (r2 ) .
2
x = r cos r sin , y = r sin + r cos and z = a ( rr ) .

So L =
1
m (1 + a 2 r 2 ) r 2 + r 2 2 gar 2 .
2
Q12. A planet of mass m moves in the inverse square central force field of the Sun of mass M.
If the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b, respectively, the total
energy of the planet is:
(a)
GMm
a+b
1 1
(b) GMm +
a b
(c)
GMm 1 1

a b a
ab
(d) GMm
2
(a + b )
Ans:
a is semi-major axis and b is semi-minor axis so b = a 1 e 2 .

If planet moves under inverse square law total energy of planet is given by E =
k
2a
where k = GMm .
So we have to check all the options and will find whether e is smaller than 1 or not.
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GMm
GMm
GMm
(a)
=
, when e = 0. Which is condition for circlular orbit.
=
2
a+b
2a
a + a 1 e
(b)
GMm
1 1
= GMm +
2a
a b
1
1
1
1
1
1
= +
= 1+
1 =
e is imaginary.
2
2a a a 1 e 2
1 e2
1 e2
(c)
GMm 1 1
1 1
is dimensionally incorrect for energy. It must be GMm .
a b a
b a
GMm
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1 1
= GMm
=
=
1 =
2a
2
2a a 1 e 2 a
2
b a
1 e2
1 e2
e2 = 1 e2 e2 = 1
5
4
e2 =
< 1 . That is the condition for ellipse.
3
9
)
)
(
(
(d)
(a b ) GMm = GMm a a 1 e 2
GMm
= GMm
2
2a
2a
(a + b )2
a + a 1 e2
1
1 1 e2
=
e 4 + 16 e 2 16 = 0 e 2 > 1 e > 1.
2
2 1 + 1 e2
)
)
(
(
So equation is given by hyperbola.

Q13. An annulus of mass M made of a material of uniform density has inner and outer radii a
and b respectively. Its principle moment of inertia along the axis of symmetry
perpendicular to the plane of the annulus is:
(
(
)
)
(b)
1
M b 2 a 2
2
(d)
1
M b2 + a2
2
(a)
1
b4 + a4
M 2
2
b a2
(c)
1
M b2 a2
2
Ans: (d)
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Q14. The trajectory on the zpz-plane (phase-space trajectory) of a ball bouncing perfectly
elastically off a hard surface at z = 0 is given by approximately by (neglect friction):

(a)
(b)
PZ
PZ
PZ
(c)
PZ
d)
z
z
Ans: (a)
H=
Pz2
P2
+ mgz and E = z + mgz .
2m
2m
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q15. The bob of a simple pendulum, which undergoes small oscillations, is immersed in water.
Which ofthe following figures best represents the phase space diagram for the pendulum?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
x
.
Ans: (d)
When simple pendulum oscillates in water it is damped oscillation so amplitude

continuously decrease and finally it stops.
Q16. Two events separated by a (spatial) distance 9 109m, are simultaneous in one inertial
frame.The time interval between these two events in a frame moving with a constant
speed 0.8 c (where the speed of light c = 3 108 m/s) is
(a) 60 s
(b) 40 s
(c) 20 s
(d) 0 s
Ans: (b)
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'
'
9
'
'
x 2 x1 = 9 10 m and t 2 t1 = 0 . Then
t ' + v x'
2 c2 2
t 2 t1 =
2
1 v
c2
Put v = 0.8c
t1 + v x'
'
'
'
'
'
'
1
1

c 2 t t = t 2 t1 + v x 2 x1 = v x 2 x1 .
2
1

2
2
c2
v2 c
v2
v2
1 v
1
1
1

c2
c2
c2
c2

t 2 t1 40 sec
Q17. If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one dimensions is given by L =
x2
V ( x ) the
2x
Hamiltonian is
(a)
1 2
xp + V ( x )
2
(b)
x2
+ V (x )
2x
(c)
1 2
x + V (x )
2
(d)
p2
+ V (x )
2x
Ans: (a)
Since H = p x x L and
x
L
= px = px x = px x .
x
x
p2x
(p x) + V x
x2
H = px x
+ V ( x ) H = px px x x
( ) H = x + V (x ) .
2x
2x
2
2
Q18. A horizontal circular platform mutes with a constant angular velocity directed
vertically upwards. A person seated at the centre shoots a bullet of mass m horizontally
with speed v. The acceleration of the bullet, in the reference frame of the shooter, is
(a) 2v to his right
(b) 2v to his left
(c) v to his right
(d) v to his left
Ans: (a)
( )
Velocity of bullet = vj , Angular velocity= k . There will be coriolis force F = 2m v .
F = 2mvi a = 2vi .
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{ }
Q19. The Poisson bracket r , p has the value
(b) r p
(a) r p
(c) 3
(d) 1
1/ 2
Ans: (b) r = xi + yj + zk , r = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) , p = pxi + p y j + pz k ,
p = ( p x2 + p y2 + p z2 )
1/ 2
{r , p }= r p r
x p x
p x
p
x
r p r p
+
y p y p y y
r p r p
+
z p z p z y
r p
x px y p y z pz
= ( r p )
+
+
r p r p r p
r p
Q20. Consider the motion of a classical particle in a one dimensional double-well
potential V ( x ) =
2
1 2
x 2 . If the particle is displaced infinitesimally from the minimum
4
on the x-axis (and friction is neglected), then

(a) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency = 2
(b) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency =2
(c) the particle will switch between the right and left wells
(d) the particle will approach the bottom of the right well and settle there
Ans : (b) V ( x ) =
1 2
(x 2)2 V = 2 x 2 2 2 x = 0 x = 0 , x = 2 .
4
x 4
2V
2V
2
x
=
0
.
At
,
=
3
x
2
< 0 so V is maximum. Thus it is unstable point
x 2
x 2
2V
x 2
= 4 and it is stable equilibrium point with =

x= 2
2V
x 2
x = x0
= 2 = 1.
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Q21. What is proper time interval between the occurrence of two events if in one inertial frame
events are separated by 7.5 108m and occur 6.5 s a part?

(a) 6.50 s
(b) 6.00 s
(c) 5.75 s
(d) 5.00 s
Ans:
x 2 x1 = 7.5 108 m and t 2 t1 = 6.5 s .
t + v x
2 c2 2
t 2' t1' =
2
1 v
c2
v
t + v x
(x 2 x1 )
1
1
2
(
)
t
t
c
c2
2
1
.
=

2
2
2
v
v
v
1
1 2
1 2

2
c
c
c

In this problem v is not given so its not possible to calculate proper time interval.
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q22. A solid cylinder of height H, radius R and density , floats vertically on the surface of a
liquid of density 0 . The cylinder will be set into oscillatory motion when a small
instantaneous downward force is applied. The frequency of oscillation is
(a)
g
0 H
(b)
g
H
(c)
g
0H
(d)
0 g
H
Ans: (d)
From Newtons law of motion ma = mg 0 Agh where A is area of cross section,
m = AH .
AHa = AHg 0 Agh a = 1
0 gh
0 g
=
H
H
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Q23. Three particles of equal mass (m) are connected by two identical massless springs of
stiffness constant (K) as shown in the figure
If x1, x2 and x3 denote the horizontal displacement of the masses from their respective
equilibrium positions the potential energy of the system is
(a)
1
K x12 + x 22 + x32
2
(c)
1
K x12 + 2 x 22 + x32 2 x 2 ( x1 + x3 )
2
Ans: (c) V =
V=
(b)
1
K x12 + x 22 + x32 x 2 ( x1 + x3 )
2
(d)
1
K x12 + 2 x 22 2 x 2 ( x1 + x3 )
2
1
1
2
2
K ( x2 x1 ) + K ( x3 x2 ) ,
2
2
1
1
1
K x22 + x12 2 x2 x1 + K x32 + x22 2 x3 x2 V = K x12 + 2 x22 + x32 2 x2 ( x1 + x3 )
2
2
2
Q24. A planet of mass m moves in the gravitational field of the Sun (mass M). If the semi-
major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b respectively, the angular momentum
of the planet is
(a)
2GMm 2 (a + b )
(b) 2GMm 2 (a b )
(c)
2GMm 2 ab
ab
(d)
2GMm 2 ab
a+b
Ans:
All the options given in this question are incorrect.

We know that Eccentricity, e = 1 +
2 EJ 2
where (J) is the angular momentum of planet.
mk 2
k 2
2
J
J2
J2
k
2a
2
E =
=
1
=
1
e
e
e = 1+
2a
mka
mka
mk 2
b = a 1 e2 1
b2 b2
J2
b2
J2
mkab 2
2
2
=
1
e
=
1
J
=
mka
a 2 a 2 mka
a2
a2
mkb 2
GMm 2 b 2
where k = GMm then J =
.
J=
a
a
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Q25. The Hamiltonian of a simple pendulum consisting of a mass m attached to a massless
string of length l is H =
p2
+ mgl (1 cos ) . If L denotes the Lagrangian, the value of
2ml 2
dL
is:
dt
(a)
(c)
2g
p sin
l
(b)
g
p cos
l
g
p sin 2
l
(d) lp2 cos
Ans: (a)
p2
dL
L
where H = 2 + mgl (1 cos ) .
= [L, H ] +
dt
t
2ml
L = pi qi H = p H , =
i
L=
p
H
= 2 ,
p ml
ml 2 2
mgl (1 cos ) . Hence we have to calculate [L, H ] which is only defined
2
into phase space i.e. p and . Then L =
[L, H ] = L H
p2
mgl (1 cos )
2ml 2
dL
2g
L H
2g
L
=
p sin and
=0
=
p sin
t
dt
l
p
l
Q26. Two bodies of equal mass m are connected by a massless rigid rod of length l lying in the
xy-plane with the centre of the rod at the origin. If this system is rotating about the z-axis
with a frequency , its angular momentum is
(a) ml 2 / 4
(b) ml 2 / 2
(c) ml 2
(d) 2ml 2
Ans: (b) Since rod is massless i.e. M = 0.
Moment of inertia of the system = m1 r12 + m2 r22 , m1 = m2 = m and r1 = r2 =

=
l
2
ml 2 ml 2
ml 2
ml 2
. Angular momentum, J = I and J =
.
+
=
4
4
2
2
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Q27. Which of the following set of phase-space trajectories is not possible for a particle
obeying Hamiltons equations of motion?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ans: (b)
Phase curve does not cut each other

Q28. The muon has mass 105 MeV/c2 and mean life time 2.2 s in its rest frame. The mean
distance traversed by a muon of energy 315 MeV before decaying is approximately,

(a) 3 105 km
(b) 2.2 cm
(c) 6.6 m
(d) 1.98 km
Ans: (d)
Since E = 315MeV and m0 = 105
E = mc E =
2
m0 c 2
2
v
1 2
c
MeV
.
c2
315 =
m0 c 2
2
v
1 2
c
315 =
105
v2
1 2
c
v = 0.94c .
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t0
2.2 10 6
Now, t =
, t 0 = 2.2 s t =
t = 6.6 s
8
v2
1
1 2
9
c
Now the distance traversed by muon is vt = 0.94c 6.6 10 6 = = 1.86 km .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q29. The area of a disc in its rest frame S is equal to 1 (in some units). The disc will appear
distorted to an observer O moving with a speed u with respect to S along the plane of the
disc. The area of the disc measured in the rest frame of the observer O is ( c is the speed
of light in vacuum)
u2
(a) 1 2
c
1/ 2
u2
(b) 1 2
c
Ans: (a) Area of disc from S frame is 1
1 / 2
u2
(c) 1 2
c
u2
(d) 1 2
c
i.e. a 2 = 1 or a a = 1
Area of disc from S frame is a b = a a 1

where b = a 1
u2
u2
u2
=
1
=
1
c2
c2
c2
u2
.
c2
Q30. A planet of mass m and an angular momentum L moves in a circular orbit in a potential,
V (r ) = k / r , where k is a constant. If it is slightly perturbed radially, the angular

frequency of radial oscillations is
(a) mk 2 / 2 L3
(b) mk 2 / L3
(c)
2mk 2 / L3
(d)
3mk 2 / L3
Ans: (b)
Veff =
Veff
L2
k
k
L2
.
For
circular
orbit
=
+ 2 =0
3
2
r
mr
r
r
2mr
L2
k
L2
=
. Thus r = r0 =
=
mk
mr 3 r 2
Veff
k
,
m
r
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2
d Veff
3m 3 k 4 m 3 k 4 m 3k 4
3L2 2k
3L2
2k
k=
6 = 6
=
=
+
=
4
3
2
2
L
dr 2
L6
L
mr 4 r 3 r = r
L
L
r = r0
0
m
mk
mk
d 2V
dr 2
r = r0
mk 2
= 3 .
L
Q31. The number of degrees of freedom of a rigid body in d space-dimensions is
(a) 2d
(c) d (d + 1) / 2
(b) 6
(d) d!
Ans: (c)
Q32. A system is governed by the Hamiltonian
H =
1
( p x ay )2 + 1 ( p x bx )2
2
2
where a and b are constants and p x , p y are momenta conjugate to x and y respectively.
For what values of a and b will the quantities ( p x 3 y ) and ( p y + 2 x ) be conserved?
(a) a = 3, b = 2
(b) a = 3, b = 2
(c) a = 2, b = 3
(d) a = 2, b = 3
Ans: (d) Poisson bracket
[ px 3 y, H ] = 0 and
p y + 2 y , H = 0
p y (b 3) + x(3b b 2 ) = 0 and p x ( a + 2) y (2 a + a 2 ) = 0
a = 2, b = 3
Q32. The Lagrangian of a particle of mass m moving in one dimension is given by
L=
1 2
mx bx
2
where b is a positive constant. The coordinate of the particle x(t ) at time t is given by: (in
following c1 and c 2 are constants)
(a)
b 2
t + c1t + c 2
2m
(b) c1t + c 2
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bt
bt
bt
bt
(c) c1 cos + c 2 sin
(d) c1 cosh + c 2 sinh
m
m
m
m
Ans: (a)
Equation of motion
d
d L L
= 0 (mx ) + b = 0 mx + b = 0 mx = b

dt
dt x x
dx
b
d 2x
b
b t2
=
t
+
C
x
=
+ C1t + C 2
1
dt
m
m
m 2
dt 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q33. Let A, B and C be functions of phase space variables (coordinates and momenta of a
mechanical
system).
If
{, }
represents
the
Poisson
bracket,
the
value
of
{A, {B, C}} {{A, B}, C} is given by

(2) {B, {C , A}}
(1) 0
(3) {A, {C , B}}
(4) {{C , A}, B}
Ans: (4)
We know that Jacobi identity equation
{A, {B, C}} + {B, {C , A}} + {C , {A, B}} = 0

Now {A, {B, C}} {{A, B}, C} = {B, {C , A}} = {{C , A}, B}
z2
. Which component(s) of the angular
2
Q34. A particle moves in a potential V = x 2 + y 2 +
momentum is/are constant(s) of motion?

(2) Lx , L y and Lz
(1) None
(3) only L x and Ly
Ans: (4) A particle moves in a potential V = x 2 + y 2 +
V (r , , ) = r 2 sin 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2 sin 2 +
(4) only Lz
z2
2
r2
cos 2
2
r2
V (r , , ) = r sin + cos 2
2
2
Now is cyclic-co-ordinate ( p ) i.e Lz is constant of motion.
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Q35. The Hamiltonian of a relativistic particle of rest mass m and momentum p is given
by H =
p 2 + m 2 + V (x ) , in units in which the speed of light c = 1 . The corresponding
Lagrangian is
(1) L = m 1 + x 2 V ( x )
(2) L = m 1 x 2 V ( x )
(3) L = 1 + mx 2 V (x )
(4) L =
1 2
mx V ( x )
2
Ans: (2)
H=
p=
p 2 + m 2 + V (x )
H
1
=x=
p
2
2p
(p
+m
x p2 + m2
1
2 2
1/ 2
=p
xm
1 x2
Now L = xp H = xp H = xp p 2 + m 2 V ( x )
Put value p =
xm
1 x
L = m 1 x 2 V (x )
Q36. A pendulum consists of a ring of mass M and radius R suspended by a massless rigid
rod of length l attached to its rim. When the pendulum oscillates in the plane of the ring,
the time period of oscillation is
(1) 2
l+R
g
(2)
(3) 2
2 R 2 + 2 Rl + l 2
g (R + l )
(4)
2
g
2
g
(l
+ R2 )
(2R
1/ 4
+ 2 Rl + l 2 )
1/ 4
Ans: (3)
The moment of inertia about pivotal point is given by

I = I c.m + Md 2 = MR 2 + M (l + R) 2
If ring is displaced by angle then potential energy is Mg (l + R ) cos
The Lagrangian is given by
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1
1
L = I 2 V ( ) = ( MR 2 + M (l + R) 2 ) 2 + Mg (l + R) cos
2
2
d L L
2
2
= 0 ( MR + M (l + R) ) + Mg (l + R ) sin = 0
dt
For small oscillation sin = ( MR 2 + M (l + R) 2 ) + Mg (l + R) = 0
2 R 2 + 2 Rl + l 2
.
Time period is given by 2
g (R + l )
Q37. Consider a particle of mass m attached to two identical springs each of length l and
spring constant k (see the figure below). The equilibrium configuration is the one where
the springs are unstretched. There are no other external forces on the system. If the
particle is given a small displacement along the x -axis, which of the following describes
the equation of motion for small oscillations?
y
kx 3
(1) mx + 2 = 0
l
(2) mx + kx = 0
(3) mx + 2kx = 0
kx 2
(4) mx +
=0
l
Ans: (1)
y
The lagrangian of system is given by

L=
1 2
mx V ( x)
2
The potential energy is given by

k
V ( x) = x 2 + l 2
2
1
2
k
l + x2 + l 2
2
1
2
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V ( x) = k x 2 + l 2
1
2
For small oscillation one can approximate potential by Taylor expansion

2
1
2
2 2
1 x 2 1 x 4
2
2
V ( x) = kl 1 + 2 1 V ( x) = kl 1 + 2 4 1
8 l
l
2 l
x2
V ( x) = kl 2
l
x 4
V ( x) = k 2 .
4l
So Lagrangian of system is given by L =
The Lagranges equation of motion
x 4
1 2
mx k 2
2
4l
d L L
kx 3
=
0
+
= 0.
m
x

dt x x
l2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q38. The time period of a simple pendulum under the influence of the acceleration due to
gravity g is T . The bob is subjected to an additional acceleration of magnitude
3 g in
the horizontal direction. Assuming small oscillations, the mean position and time period
of oscillation, respectively, of the bob will be
(a) 0 o to the vertical and
3T
(c) 60 o to the vertical and T / 2
(b) 30 o to the vertical and T / 2

(d) 0 o to the vertical and T / 3
Ans: (c)
T = 2
g =
l
g
(3g )2 + g 2
= 4g 2 = 2 g
l
T
l 1
T = 2
T =
T = 2
g
2g
2
2
3 g
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T cos = mg , T sin = 3 mg tan = 3 = 60o

Q39. A particle of mass m and coordinate q has the Lagrangian L =
mq 2 qq 2
2
2
where is a constant. The Hamiltonian for the system is given by

p 2 qp 2
(a)
+
2m 2 m 2
(c)
Ans:
p2
(b)
2(m q )
p2
qp 2
+
2m 2(m q )2
(d)
pq
2
(c)
H = qp L where L =
1
1
mq 2 qq 2
2
2
L
p
= p = mq qq p = q ( m q ) q =
m q
q
( )
p2
p2
p2
1
H = qp L =
q
m
+
( m q ) 2 ( m q )2 2 ( m q )2
H = qp L =
p2
p2
( m q )
( m q ) 2 ( m q )2
H = qp L =
p2
p2
( m q ) 2 ( m q )
H =
p2
2 (m q )
Q40. The coordinates and momenta xi , pi (i = 1, 2, 3) of a particle satisfy the canonical Poisson
bracket relations {xi , p j } = ij . If C1 = x2 p3 + x3 p2 and C 2 = x1 p 2 + x 2 p1 are constants of

motion, and if C3 = {C1 , C 2 } = x1 p3 + x3 p1 , then
(a) {C 2 , C3 } = C1 and {C3 , C1 } = C 2
(b) {C 2 , C3 } = C1 and {C3 , C1 } = C 2
(c) {C 2 , C3 } = C1 and {C3 , C1 } = C 2
(d) {C 2 , C3 } = C1 and {C3 , C1 } = C 2
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Ans:
(d)
C1 = x2 p3 + x3 p2 , C2 = x1 p2 x2 p1 , C3 = x1 p3 + x3 p1
C2 C3 C2 C3 C2 C3 C2 C3 C2 C3 C2 C3
+
+
x1 p1 p1 x1 x2 p2 p2 x2 x3 p3 p3 x3
{C2 , C3 } =
{C2 , C3 } = ( p2 x3 ( x2 ) p3 ) + ( 0 x1 0 ) + ( 0 x1 0 x1 ) = ( p2 x3 + x2 p3 ) = C1
C3 C1 C3 C1 C3 C1 C3 C1 C3 C1 C3 C1
+
+
x1 p1 p1 x1 x2 p2 p2 x2 x3 p3 p3 x3
{C3 , C1} =
{C3 , C1} = ( p3 0 x3 0 ) + ( 0 x3 0 p3 ) + ( p1 x2 x1 p2 ) = ( x1 p2 x2 p1 ) = C2
Q41. The recently-discovered Higgs boson at the LHC experiment has a decay mode into a
photon and a Z boson. If the rest masses of the Higgs and Z boson are 125 GeV/c2 and
90 GeV/c2 respectively, and the decaying Higgs particle is at rest, the energy of the
photon will approximately be
(a) 35 3 GeV
Ans:
(b) 35 GeV
(c) 30 GeV
(d) 15 GeV
(c)
H B PH + Z B
From conservation of momentum 0 = P1 + P2 P1 = P2 P1 = P2
Now EH B = EPH + EZ B EPH + EZ B = M H B c 2
E P2H = P12 c 2 + 0 and EZ2B = P22 c 2 + M Z2B c 4
EZ B EPH
)( E
EZ B EPH =
ZB
+ EPH = M Z2B c 4 P1 = P2
M Z2B c 4
M HB c2
2 EPH = M H B c
2
M Z2B c 2
M z2B c 2
M HB
M HB
EPH
EZ B + EPH = M H B c 2
(M
=
2
HB
M z2B c 2
M HB
4
125 125 90 90 c
EPH =
4 = 30.1GeV
2 125
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Q42. A canonical transformation relates the old coordinates (q, p ) to the new ones (Q, P ) by
the relations Q = q 2 and P = p / 2q . The corresponding time independent generating

function is
(a) P / q 2
Ans:
(b) q 2 P
(c) q 2 / P
(d) qP 2
(b)
Q = q2 ;
P = p / 2q
F2
F
= p 2 = P 2q F2 = q 2 P + f ( P)
q
q
F2
= Q = q 2 F2 = q 2 P + f (q)
P
comparing both side f (q ) = f ( P) = 0 F2 = q 2 P
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CLASSICAL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

A particle of unit mass moves in a potential V ( x ) = ax 2 +

The Hamiltonian of a system with n degrees of freedom is given

(c) L remains unchanged under a gauge transformation of the potentials

, and are M, M and zero respectively.

E 2 = p 2 c2 + M 2 c4 and E 2 = p 2 c2 since momentum of and is same.

(x(0), y(0)) = (1,1)

by the particles in the xy-plane and the p x p y plane are

Solving Hamiltonion equation of motion

shown in the figure: The kinetic energy of the pendulum is

Let co-ordinate ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) . K .E. =

x 2 = l sin 1 + l sin 2 , y 2 = l cos 1 + l cos 2

x 2 = l cos 11 + l cos 2 2 , y 2 = l sin 11 + l ( sin 2 ) 2

At t=0, p=0 so c=0 p = Ft

the atoms is:

orbits respectively. If l1/l2 = 2, the value of r1 / r2 is:

Condition for circular orbit

It has cylindrical symmetry. Thus x = r cos , y = r sin , z =

x = r cos r sin , y = r sin + r cos and z = a ( rr ) .

a is semi-major axis and b is semi-minor axis so b = a 1 e 2 .

So equation is given by hyperbola.

elastically off a hard surface at z = 0 is given by approximately by (neglect friction):

When simple pendulum oscillates in water it is damped oscillation so amplitude

Q17. If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one dimensions is given by L =

(b) 2v to his left

(c) v to his right

(d) v to his left

Velocity of bullet = vj , Angular velocity= k . There will be coriolis force F = 2m v .

Q19. The Poisson bracket r , p has the value

Q20. Consider the motion of a classical particle in a one dimensional double-well

on the x-axis (and friction is neglected), then

= 4 and it is stable equilibrium point with =

events are separated by 7.5 108m and occur 6.5 s a part?

x 2 x1 = 7.5 108 m and t 2 t1 = 6.5 s .

From Newtons law of motion ma = mg 0 Agh where A is area of cross section,

stiffness constant (K) as shown in the figure

All the options given in this question are incorrect.

Q25. The Hamiltonian of a simple pendulum consisting of a mass m attached to a massless

(d) lp2 cos

into phase space i.e. p and . Then L =

Ans: (b) Since rod is massless i.e. M = 0.

Moment of inertia of the system = m1 r12 + m2 r22 , m1 = m2 = m and r1 = r2 =

obeying Hamiltons equations of motion?

Phase curve does not cut each other

distance traversed by a muon of energy 315 MeV before decaying is approximately,

Since E = 315MeV and m0 = 105

Now the distance traversed by muon is vt = 0.94c 6.6 10 6 = = 1.86 km .

Ans: (a) Area of disc from S frame is 1

Area of disc from S frame is a b = a a 1

V (r ) = k / r , where k is a constant. If it is slightly perturbed radially, the angular

Q31. The number of degrees of freedom of a rigid body in d space-dimensions is

Ans: (d) Poisson bracket

{A, {B, C}} {{A, B}, C} is given by

(3) {A, {C , B}}

(4) {{C , A}, B}

We know that Jacobi identity equation

{A, {B, C}} + {B, {C , A}} + {C , {A, B}} = 0

Q34. A particle moves in a potential V = x 2 + y 2 +

momentum is/are constant(s) of motion?

(3) only L x and Ly

Ans: (4) A particle moves in a potential V = x 2 + y 2 +

V (r , , ) = r 2 sin 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2 sin 2 +