Quantum Mechanics NET-JRF June 2011 - June 2014

fiziks
InstituteforNET/JRF,GATE,IITJAM,JEST,TIFRandGREinPHYSICALSCIENCES
QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS
Q1.
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
1
The wavefunction of a particle is given by =
0 + i1 , where 0 and 1 are the
2
normalized eigenfunctions with energies E0 and E1 corresponding to the ground state and
first excited state, respectively. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian in the state is
(a)
E0
+ E1
2
(b)
E0
E1
2
(c)
E0 2 E1
3
(d)
E0 + 2 E1
3
Ans: (d)
=
Q2.
1
0 + i1 and
2
H =
E 0 + 2 E1
3
The energy levels of the non-relativistic electron in a hydrogen atom (i.e. in a Coulomb
potential V (r ) 1 / r ) are given by E nlm 1 / n 2 , where n is the principal quantum
number, and the corresponding wave functions are given by nlm , where l is the orbital
angular momentum quantum number and m is the magnetic quantum number. The spin of
the electron is not considered. Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) There are exactly (2l + 1) different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm.
(b) There are l(l + 1) different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm.
(c) Enlm does not depend on l and m for the Coulomb potential.
(d) There is a unique wave function nlm for each Enlm.
Ans:
(c)
Headoffice
Branchoffice
fiziks,H.No.23,G.F,JiaSarai,
AnandInstituteofMathematics,
NearIIT,HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
28B/6,JiaSarai,NearIIT
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
Website:www.physicsbyfiziks.com
Email:fiziks.physics@gmail.com1
fiziks
Q3. The Hamiltonian of an electron in a constant magnetic field B is given by H = B .

where is a positive constant and = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) denotes the Pauli matrices. Let
= B /
(a) I cos
and I be the 2 2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t / simplifies to
t
2
t
i B
sin
B
2
(b) I cos t +
i B
cos t
B
(d) I sin 2 t +
(c) I sin t +
i B
sin t
B
i B
cos 2 t
B
Ans: (b)
H = .B where = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are pauli spin matrices and B are constant magnetic

field. = ( 1i + 2 j + 3 k ) , B = ( Bx i + By j + Bz k ) and Hamiltonion H = B in matrices
Bz
form is given by
Bx + iB y
+B
and
matrices
are
not
diagonals
so
0
1
where
S
is
unitary
matrices
and
S
S
S
=
=
iBt
iBt
e
to S1
0
iBt
e
S 1
0
B .
Bx iB y
. Eigen value of given matrices are given by
Bz

0
S=
iBt
1
2
1
2
1 iBt
2 e
1
0
2
iBt
1
2
1
2
eiH t /
1
2
1
2
equivalent
1
2
.
1
1
2
where = B / .
1
cos t i sin t
eiH t / =
which is equivalent to I cos t + i x sin t
i sin t cos t
as I cos t +
is
can be written
i B
i B
sin t where x =
B
B
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q4.
If the perturbation H' = ax, where a is a constant, is added to the infinite square well
potential
0 x
otherwise.
V (x ) = 0 for
The correction to the ground state energy, to first order in a, is

(a)
a
2
(b) a
(c)
a
4
(d)
Ans: (a)
E01 = 0* H ' 0 dx =
a2
x sin
x
a
dx =
0 =
sin
x
.
Q5. A particle in one dimension moves under the influence of a potential V ( x ) = ax 6 , where a is
a real constant. For large n the quantized energy level En depends on n as:
(a) En ~ n3
(b) En ~ n4/3
(c) En ~ n6/5
(d) En ~ n3/2
Ans: (d)
V ( x ) = ax 6 , H =
1
p x2
p x2
+ ax 6 , E =
+ ax 6 and p x = 2m(E ax 6 ) 2 .
2m
2m
According to W.K.B approximation pdx nh
(2m(E ax ))
6
1/ 2
dx h
Px
We can find this integration without solving the integration
E=
2
x
p
p
x
E
+ ax 6
+
=1 x =
2m
2mE E / a
a
2
x
1
6
Area of Ellipse = semi major axis semiminor axis

1
1/ 6
at p x = 0 .
2mE
1/ 6
(E / a )
(E / a )
2mE
E 6
= 2mE n E n 2 .
a
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
1
Q6. (A) In a system consisting of two spin
particles labeled 1 and 2, let S (1) = (1) and
2
2
S (2 ) = (2 ) denote the corresponding spin operators. Here ( x , y , z ) and
2
x , y , z are the three Pauli matrices.

In the standard basis the matrices for the operators S x(1)S y(2 ) and S y(1)S x(2 ) are respectively,
2
(a)
1 0 , 1 0
4 0 1 4 0 1
0 0
0 0
(c)
4 0 i
i 0
2
0
i
0
0
(b)
i 2 0
0 , 0
0 4 0
i
0
0
0
i
0
i 0 , i 0
4 0 i 4 0 i
1
(d)
4 0
0 i
i 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 i
0
0
2
0
i
,
i 4 0
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Ans: (c)
4 1
1 0
0 i
S(x1)S(y2) =
S y(1) S x(2 ) =
i 0
0 1
4 i
2
i
0

0
4 0
i
0
0
i
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
4 0
0
0
i
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
(B) These two operators satisfy the relation
{
}
(c) [S ( )S ( ) , S ( )S ( ) ] = iS ( )S ( )
(a) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = S z(1)S z(2 )

1
x
2
y
1
y
2
x
1
z
{
}
(d) [S ( )S ( ) , S ( )S ( ) ] = 0
(b) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = 0

1
x
2
y
1
y
Ans: (d)
We have matrix S(x1)S(y2) and S(y1)S(x2) from question 6(A) so commutation is given by
[S ( ) S ( ) , S ( ) S ( ) ] = 0 .
1
x
2
y
1
y
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7.
The energy of the first excited quantum state of a particle in the two-dimensional
potential V ( x, y ) =
(a) 2
1
m 2 x 2 + 4 y 2 is
2
(b) 3
(c)
(d)
Ans: (d)
V ( x, y ) =
1
1
1
1
1
m 2 (x 2 + 4 y 2 ) = m2 x 2 + m42 y 2 , E = n x + + n y + 2
2
2
2
2
2
For ground state energy n x = 0, n y = 0 E =

First exited state energy n x = 1, n y = 0
Q8.
1
3
2 =
2
2
5
3
+ =
2
2
Consider a particle in a one dimensional potential that satisfies V ( x ) = V ( x ) . Let 0

and
denote the ground and the first excited states, respectively, and let
= 0 0 + 1 1 be a normalized state with 0 and 1 being real constants. The

expectation value x of the position operator x in the state is given by
(a) 02 0 x 0 + 12 1 x 1
(b) 0 1 [ 0 x 1 + 1 x 0
(c) 02 + 12
(d) 2 0 1
Ans: (b)
Since V ( x ) = V ( x ) so potential is symmetric.
0 x 0 = 0 , 1 x 1 = 0
x = ( 0 0 + 1 1 ) ( 0 0 + 1 1 ) = 0 1 [ 0 1 + 1 0
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q9.
4
The perturbation H ' = bx , where b is a constant, is added to the one dimensional
harmonic oscillator potential V ( x ) =
1
m 2 x 2 . Which of the following denotes the
2
correction to the ground state energy to first order in b?

[Hint: The normalized ground state wave function of the one dimensional harmonic
oscillator
m
is 0 =
potential
integral x e
2n
ax 2
dx = a
1
2
(a)
3b 2
4m 2 2
(b)
1/ 4
e m x
/2
You
may
use
the
following
(d)
15b 2
4m 2 2
n + ].
2
3b 2
2m 2 2
(c)
3b 2
2 m 2 2
Ans: (a)
H ' = bx 4 , V ( x ) =
1
m 2 x 2 .
2
Correction in ground state is given by E = 0 H ' 0

1
0
m 2
4
E 01 = 0*bx 4 0 dx =
b x e

mx 2
m
where 0 =
1/ 4
m x 2
2
2
m 2
2 2 mx
dx =
dx
b x e

( )
2
1
It is given in the equation x 2 n e n dx = n 1 / 2 n +

2
Thus n = 2 and =
1
m
1
m 2
m 2 m
2 2 mx
E =
dx = b
b x e

1
0
( )
m 2 m 2
E 01 = b

1
2
2 +
2
5 3 b 2
=
.
2 4 m 2 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q10. Let 0 and 1 denote the normalized eigenstates corresponding to the ground and first
excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty p in the

state
1
2
(0
+ 1 ) , is
(a) p =
m / 2
(b) p =
m / 2
(c) p =
(d) p = 2 m
Ans: (c)
m
1
( 0 + 1 ) , p = i 2
2
( 11 +
2
a+ =
p =i
m
2
( a
p2 =
m
2
[a
p =
p2 p
+2
22
(a
a)
)= 0 ,
p2 =
+ a 2 2N + 1 =
(0 +
and a =
10
2
m
a + + a 2 (2 N + 1)
2
m
2
2N + 1 =
m 1 3
.1 + = m
2 2 2
= m .
Q11. The wave function of a particle at time t = 0 is given by (0) =
u1
and
u2
1
2
(u
+ u 2 ) , where
are the normalized eigenstates with eigenvalues E1 and E2
respectively, (E 2 > E1 ) . The shortest time after which (t ) will become orthogonal to
(0) is
(a)

2(E 2 E1 )
(b)
E 2 E1
(c)
2
E 2 E1
(d)
2
E 2 E1
Ans: (b)
1
( 0) =
( u1 + u 2
2
) (t)
iE1t
iE 2 t
1
=
+ u2 e
u1 e
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
iE1t
iE2t
1
1
( t ) is orthogonal to ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( t ) = 0 e
+ e
=0
2
2
iE1t
cos
+e
iE2t
=0e
iE1t
( E 2 E1 ) t = cos
= e
t=
iE2t
( E2 E1 )
= 1
E 2 E1
Q12. A constant perturbation as shown in the figure below acts on a particle of mass m confined
in an infinite potential well between 0 and L.
V0
V0
2
L/2
the first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

(a)
V0
2
(b)
3V0
4
(c)
V0
4
(d)
3V0
2
Ans: (b)
L
2
L
V0 2 sin 2 x
x
2
dx + V0 sin 2 dx
2 L L
L
L
l
0
E11 = 1 V p 1 =
E11 =
V0
L
E11 =
L
2
2 1 cos
0
2V 1
2x
2x
dx + 0 1 cos
dx
L
L 2
L
V0 L 2V0
L V0 2V0 3V0
=
+
L = +
2L 2 2L
2 4
4
4
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q13. The component along an arbitrary direction n , with direction cosines (n x , n y , n z ) , of the
spin of a spin
1
particle is measured. The result is
2
(b)
(a) 0
(c)
nz
(n
+ n y + nz )
(d)
Ans: (d)
Sx =
2 1
i
1
, S z =
0
2 0
1
0
, S y =
0
2 i
n = n x i + n y j + n z k and n x2 + n y2 + n z2 = 1 , S = S x i + S y j + S z k
0
2 + n
y
0
n S = nx
(n
i
2
+ nz 2
in y )
2
nz
nz
nS = 2
(n x + in y )
2
Let is eigen value of n S

nz
2
(n
+ in y )
(n
n z
in y )
=0
2
n2
n
n
z z + ( n 2x + n 2y ) = 0 z
2
2
4
4
(n
4
2
2
x
n x2 + n y2 = 0 .
2
4
+ n y2 + n z2 + 2 = 0 = .
2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q14. A particle of mass m is in a cubic box of size a. The potential inside the box
(0 x < a,0 y < a,0 z < a )
14 2
, its wavefunction is
2ma 2
eigenstate of energy E =
2
(a) =
a
3/ 2
2
(c) =
a
3/ 2
is zero and infinite outside. If the particle is in an
3x
5y
6z
sin
sin
sin
a
a
a
2
(b) =
a
3/ 2
4x
8y
2z
sin
sin
sin
a
a
a
2
(d) =
a
3/ 2
sin
sin
7x
4y
3z
sin
sin
a
a
a
x
a
sin
2y
3z
sin
a
a
Ans: (d)
E nx ,n y ,nz = (n x2 + n y2 + n z2 )
2ma 2
14 2 2
2ma 2
n x2 + n y2 + n z2 = 14 n x = 1, n y = 2, n z = 3 .
Q15. Let nlml denote the eigenfunctims of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V (r ) . The wavefunction =
1
210 + 5 211 + 10 211 is an eigenfunction
4
only of
(a) H, L2 and Lz
(b) H and Lz
(c) H and L2
(d) L2 and Lz
Ans: (c)
H = En
L2 = l (l + 1) 2 and Lz m .
Q16. The commentator x 2 , p 2 is
(a) 2i xp
(b) 2i ( xp + px )
(c) 2i px
(d) 2i ( xp px )
Ans: (b)
x 2 , p 2 = x x, p 2 + x, p 2 x = xp [ x, p ] + x [ x, p ] p + p [ x, p ] x + [ x, p ] px
[x
, p 2 = xp(i ) + x(i ) p + p(i )x + (i ) px = 2i (xp + px ) .
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q17. A free particle described by a plane wave and moving in the positive z-direction
undergoes scattering by a potential
if r R
V
V (r ) = 0
0
if r > R
If V0 is changed to 2V0, keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

the Born approximation.
(a) increases to four times the original value
(b) increases to twice the original value
(c) decreases to half the original value
(d) decreases to one fourth the original value
Ans: (a)
V (r ) = V0 ,
= 0,
rR
r>R
Low energy scattering amplitude f ( , ) =
2mV0 R 3
d
2
given by 1 = f =
2
d
3
4
V0 R 3 and differential scattering is
3
3
2mV0 R 3
d 2m ( 2V0 ) R
d
=4 1
Now V (r ) = 2V0 for r < R 2 =
4
=
2
2
d
3
d
3
Q18.
variational
(x ) =
calculation
is
done
with
the
normalized
trial
wavefunction
15 2
a x 2 for the one-dimensional potential well
5/ 2
4a
0
V (x ) =
if x a
if x > a
The ground state energy is estimated to be

(a)
5 2
3ma 2
(b)
3 2
2ma 2
(c)
3 2
5ma 2
(d)
5 2
4ma 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Ans: (d)
15
(x ) =
4a
5
2
(a
x2 ),
V (x ) = 0 , x a and V ( x ) = , x > a
E = Hdx where H =
a
2 2
2m x 2
a
a
2 d 2 15 2
15
15 2
2
E = 5/ 2 a2 x2
a
x
dx
(a 2 x 2 )( 2)dx
2
5/ 2
5
16a 2m a
a 4a
2m dx 4a
a
15 2 2
15 2 4a 3
5 2
2
2
a
x
dx
E =
=
=
(
)
16a 5 m 3
4ma 2
16a 5 2m a
Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential
V ( x ) = V0
0
if x < 0
if 0 x l
if x > l
If there is at least one bound state, the minimum depth of potential is

2
(a)
(b)
8ml 2
(c)
2ml 2
2 2 2
ml 2
(d)
ml 2
Ans: (a)
For bound state V0 < E < 0

Wave function in region I, I = 0 , II = A sin kx + B cos kx , III = cex
Where k =
2m(V0 + E )
2
2m ( E )
, =
V0 o
Use Boundary condition at x = 0 and x = 1 (wave function is continuous and differential

at x = 0 and x = 1 ) one will get
k cot kl = kl cot kl = l = cot where l = , kl = .

+ =
2
2mV0 l2
3
2
1/ 2
2 2
2mV0l 2
V
=
For one bound state
.
0
2
2
8ml2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q20. Which of the following is a self-adjoint operator in the spherical polar coordinate
system (r , , ) ?
(a)
i
2
sin
(b) i
(c)
sin
(d) i sin
Ans: (c)
i
is Hermitian.
sin
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q21. Let v, p and E denote the speed, the magnitude of the momentum, and the energy of a
free particle of rest mass m. Then

(a) dE
dp
(c) v = cp
= constant
p +m c
2
(b) p = mv
(d) E = mc2
Ans :( c)
p = mv =
m0 v
m02 v 2
p 2v 2
p2
2 2
2
2
2
p =
m0 v = p 2 v m0 + 2 = p 2
2
v
c
c
1 2
c
2
v2
1 2
c
2
p
v2 = 2 2
v=
m0 c + p 2
c2
pc
p 2 + m02 c 2
Q22. The wave function of a state of the Hydrogen atom is given by,
= 200 + 2 211 + 3 210 + 2 211

where nlm is the normalized eigen function of the state with quantum numbers n, l, m in
the usual notation. The expectation value of Lz in the state is
(a)
15
6
(b)
11
6
(c)
3
8
(d)
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Ans: (d)
Firstly normalize , =
P(0
)=
1
16
200 +
16
211 +
3
16
210 +
2
16
211
1
9 10
+
= .
16 16 16
Probability of getting (i) i.e. P(i

Now,
Lz =
)=
4
and P( i
16
)=
2
.
16
Lz
10
4
2
4
2
2
= 0 + 1 + ( 1 )
=
=
=
16
16
16 16
8
16
16
Q23. The energy eigenvalues of a particle in the potential V ( x ) =
1
m 2 x 2 ax are
2
1
a2
(a) En = n +
2
2m 2
1
a2
(b) En = n + +
2
2m 2
1
a2
(c) En = n +
2
m 2
(d) En = n +
2
Ans: (a)
p x2 1
Hamiltonian (H) of Harmonic oscillator, H =
+ m 2 x 2
2m 2
Eigenvalue of this, E n = n +
2
But here, H =
p x2 1
p2 1
a2
a2
2ax
+ m 2 x 2 ax H = x + m 2 x 2
+
2m 2
m 2 m 2 4 2m 2
2m 2
p x2 1
a
a2
2
+ m x
H=
2m 2
m 2
2m 2
1
a2
Energy eigenvalue, E n = n +
2
2m 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function
15 (a 2 x 2 )
for a < x < a
( x ) = 4a 5 / 2
0
otherwise
the uncertainty p in its momentum is

(c) 10 / a
(b) 5 / 2a
(a) 2 / 5a
(d)
5 / 2a
Ans: (d)
p =
p2 p
p =
and
15 a 2 x 2
( i
4a 5 / 2
15
( i
=
5
a 16a
15 2
a x 2 dx
5/ 2
4a x
) a x ( 2 x )dx = +ih 2 155

16 a
(a
x x 3 dx
odd func n
=0
p
15
16a 5
2 2
a x
a x 2 dx
2
x
15
( 2 ) a 2 x 2 dx =
5
16a
a
3 2a 3
15
2 2a
=
16a 5
3
2
15
x3
a
x
3 a
16a 5
15
1 15 2 2
3
2 2a 1 =
2
16
3
3 4a
5 2
= 2
2a
Now, p =
p2 p
5 2
0 =
2a 2
5
2a
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q25. Given the usual canonical commutation relations, the commutator [A, B ] of
A = i (xp y yp x ) and B = ( yp z + zp y ) is
(a)
(xp z p x z )
(b)
(xp z p x z )
(c)
(xp z + p x z )
(d)
(xp z + p x z )
Ans: (c)
[A, B] = [(ixp y iyp x ), (yp z + zp y )]

[A, B] = i[xp y , yp z ] i[ yp x , yp z ] + i[xp y , zp y ] i[yp x , zp y ]
[A, B] = i[xp y , yp z ] 0 + 0 i[yp x , zp y ] = i[xp y , yp z ] i[yp x , zp y ]
[A, B] = ix[ p y , yp z ] + i[x, yp z ] p y iy[ p x , zp y ] i[y, zp y ]p x
[A, B] = ix[ p y , yp z ] + 0 0 i[y, zp y ]p x
[A, B] = ix ( i ) p z izi
] [
= ix p y , yp z i y, zp y p x
px
[A, B] = (xp z + p x z )
Q26. Consider a system of three spins S1, S2 and S3 each of which can take values
+1 and
-1. The energy of the system is given by E = J [S1 S 2 + S 2 S 3 + S 3 S1 ] where J is a

positive constant. The minimum energy and the corresponding number of spin
configuration are, respectively,
(a) J and 1
(b) -3J and 1
(c)-3J and 2
(d) -6J and 2
Ans :(b)
If we take S1= S2 = S3 +1
i.e.
S1
S2
S3
Then energy, E = - J [1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1]= - 3 J

Again S1= S2 = S3 -1, then
Energy (E) = - 3 J
So, minimum energy is (-3J) and there are two spin configuration.
If we take
S1
S2
S3
Then we get Maximum energy E = J.
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
1
Q27. The energies in the ground state and first excited state of a particle of mass m = in a
2
potential V ( x ) are -4 and -1, respectively, (in units in which
= 1 ). If the corresponding
wavefunctions are related by 1 ( x ) = 0 ( x )sinh x, then the ground state eigenfunction is

(a) 0 ( x ) = sec hx
(b) 0 ( x ) = sec hx
(c) 0 ( x ) = sec h 2 x
(d) 0 ( x ) = sec h 3 x
Ans : (c)
Given that ground state energy E0 = 4 , first excited state energy E1 = 1 and 0 , 1 are
corresponding wave functions.
Solving Schrdinger equation (use m =
1
and = 1 )
2
2 2 0
+ V 0 = E0 0
2m x 2
2 0
+ V 0 = 4 0 ..(1)
x 2
2 2 1
+ V 1 = E1 1
2m x 2
2 1
+ V 1 = 1 1 ..(2)
x 2
Put 1 = 0 sinh x in equation (2) one will get
2 0
2 .sinh x + 2 0 cosh x + 0 sinh x + V 0 sinh x = 0 sinh x

x
x
20 + 2 0 coth x + 0 + V 0 = 0
x
x
2
20 + V 0 2 0 coth x 0 = 0 using relation 20 + V 0 = 4 0
x
x
x
4 0 2
0
coth x 0 = 0
x
d 0
= 2 tanh xdx 0 = sec h 2 x .
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q28. In a basis in which the z-component S z of the spin is diagonal, an electron is in a spin
(1 + i ) / 6
. The probabilities that a measurement of S z will yield the values
state / =
2 / 3
/ 2 and / 2 are, respectively,

(a) 1/2 and 1/2
(b) 2/3 and 1/3
(c) 1/4 and 3/4
(d) 1/3 and 2/3
Ans: (d)
1
0
and
Eigen state of S z is 1 = and 2 = corresponds to Eigen value
2
2
0
1
respectively.
Q1

P =
2
Q2
1+ i
1 1 2 1
1
=
= + = = , P =
6 6 6 3
6
6
2
3
Q29. Consider the normalized state / of a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator:
/ = b1 0 + b2 1
where 0 and 1 denote the ground and first excited states respectively, and b1 and b2
are real constants. The expectation value of the displacement x in the state / will be a
minimum when
(a) b2 = 0, b1 = 1
(b) b2 =
1
2
(c) b2 =
b1
1
b1
2
(d) b2 = b1
Ans: (d)
x = b12 0 x 0 + b22 1 x 1 + 2b1b2 0 x 1
Since 0 x 0 = 0 and 1 x 1 = 0 x = 2b1b2 0 x 1 .

Min of x means min 2b1b2 . We know that b12 + b22 = 1.
x
min
= (b1 + b2 ) b12 + b22 0 x 1 = (b1 + b2 ) 1 0 x 1 1 (b1 b2 ) 0 x 1

2
b1 = b2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q30. The un-normalized wavefunction of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential is
given by
/ (r ) = zf (r )
where f (r ) is a function of the radial variable r . The eigenvalue of the operator
L2 (namely the square of the orbital angular momentum) is

(a)
/4
(b)
/2
(c)
(d) 2
Ans: (d)
(r ) = zf (r ) = r cos f (r )
( r = Y10 ( , ) ) , L2 ( r ) = L2Y10 ( , ) where l = 1
L2 = l (l + 1)
= 1(1 + 1)
=2
Q31. If / nlm denotes the eigenfunciton of the Hamiltonian with a potential V = V (r ) then the
expectation value of the operator L2x + L2y in the state
/ =
1
3/ 211 + / 210 15/ 211
5
is
(a) 39
/ 25
(b) 13
(c) 2
/ 25
(d) 26
/ 25
Ans: (d)
L2x + L2y = L2 L2z
L2 L2z = 2
L2 L2z = 2
L2x + L2y = L2 L2z = L2 L2z
9
1
25
24
25
1
0
25
50 24
25
15
1 2
25
26
25
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q32. Consider a two-dimensional infinite square well
0
V ( x, y ) =
0 < x < a,
otherwise
Its normalized Eigenfunctions are nx ,n y ( x, y ) =
0< y<a
2 n xx n y y
sin
sin
a a a
V
where n x , n y = 1,2,3, ..If a perturbation H ' = 0
0
a
a
, 0< y<
2
2
otherwise
0< x<
is applied, then the correction to the energy of the first excited state to order V0 is
(a)
V0
4
(c)
V0
4
16
1 9 2
(b)
V0
4
64
1 9 2
(d)
V0
4
32
1 9 2
Ans: (b)
For first excited state, which is doubly degree

2
a
1 = sin
x
a
sin
2 y
2
2 x
y
, 2 = sin
sin
a
a
a
a
H11 = 1 H 1 = V0
1 1 V
2 a / 2 2 x 2 a / 2 2 2 y
sin
dx sin
dy = V0 = 0
2 2 4
a 0
a
a 0
a
2 x 2 a / 2
2 y
y
2 a/2 x
sin
sin
dx sin
sin
dy
a 0
a
a
a 0
a
a
V
16
16
4 4
, H 21 = 2 H 1 = V0 2 and H 22 = 2 H 2 = 0 .
= V0 = V0
2
9
4
9
3 3
H12 = 1 H 2 = V0
H 12
V0

Thus 4
16V0
9 2
16V0
2
2
9 2 = 0 V0 16V0 = 0
2
V0
4
9

4
16V0
V
64
V
0 =
= 0 1 2
2
4 9
9
4
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q33. The bound on the ground state energy of the Hamiltonian with an attractive delta-
function potential, namely

2
d2
a ( x )
H =
2m dx 2
using the variational principle with the trial wavefunction ( x ) = A exp bx 2 is
Note
:
e t t a dt = (a + 1)
(a) ma 2 / 4
(c) ma 2 /
(b) ma 2 / 2
(d) ma 2 / 5
Ans: (c)
2
2
b
2b
b
2b
and V = a
E =
a
For given wavefunction T =
2m
2m
For variation of parameter

E
min
ma 2
d E
db
=0
d E
dt
2m
1 1
4
b 2 =0b=
.
2
8m 2
2
Q34. If the operators A and B satisfy the commutation relation [ A, B] = I , where I is the
identity operator, then
[ ]
(c) [e , B] = [e
[ ] [
(d) [e , B] = I
(a) e A , B = e A
A
(b) e A , B = e B , A
,A
Ans: (a)
[A, B] = I and e A = 1 + A + A
+ .......
2
A2 , B A3 , B
A A2
e , B = 1 + +
+ ......., B = [1, B ] + [ A, B ] +
+
.........
2
3
2
1
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
2
A[ A, B ] + [A, B ]A A A , B + A 2 , B A
eA, B = 0 + I +
+
+ ...........
2!
3!
[e , B] = 1 + A + A2! + ........ = e
2
] [
where [A, B] = I , A 2 , B = 2 A and A3 , B = 3 A 2 .
Q35. Two identical bosons of mass m are placed in a one-dimensional potential

V (x ) =
1
m 2 x 2 . The bosons interact via a weak potential,
2
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4
2
where x1 and x 2 denote coordinates of the particles. Given that the ground state
1
m 4
wavefunction of the harmonic oscillator is / 0 ( x ) =
e

mx 2
2
. The ground state
energy of the two-boson system, to the first order in V0 , is

(a) + 2V0
(c) + V0 1 +
(b) +
1
2
V0

(d) + V0 1 +

Ans: (c)
There is two bosons trapped in harmonic oscillator so energy for ground state without
perturbation is = 2.
If
perturbation
is
= .
introduced
we
have
to
calculate
V1,2
where
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4 .
2
m x12
m x22
2
e
e 2
But calculating V1,2 on state / 0 ( x ) =

is very tedious task.
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
So lets use a trick i.e perturbation is nothing but approximation used in Taylor series. So
just expand V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4

2
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4 = V0 (1
V12 = V0 (1
x12 + x22 2 x1.x2

4
V1,2 = V0 (1
] and take average value of first term
( x1 x2 )
4
+ ...)
) + ...)
x12 + x22 2 x1 . x2
) + ...) = V (1 ( 2m + 2m 0) )...
o
V12 = Vo (1
) V0 1 +
.
4
2
1
So E = + V0 1 +
.
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q36. A spin -
1
1 1 + i
in the eigenbasis of S 2 and S z . If we

particle is in the state =
2
11 3
measure S z , the probabilities of getting +

(1)
1
1
and
2
2
(2)
h
h
and , respectively are
2
2
2
9
and
11
11
b
P =
2
(4)
1
3
and
11
11
1+ i
(10) = 1 2 = 2
2
11
11
3
b
Ans: (2) P =
2
(3) 0 and 1
=1
1+ i
(01) = 9
11
11
3
b
b
i.e. probability of S z getting and
2
2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Q37. The motion of a particle of mass m in one dimension is described by the
Hamiltonian H =
p2 1
+ m 2 x 2 + x . What is the difference between the (quantized)
2m 2
energies of the first two levels? (In the following, x is the expectation value of x in the
ground state.)
(1) x
Ans: (4) H =
(2) + x
(3) +
2
2m 2
(4)
p2 1
1
+ m 2 x 2 + x V ( x ) = m 2 x 2 + x
2m 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 2
2 2
V ( x ) = m x +
x = m x + 2 x
+
m 2 m 2 4 m 2 4
2
m 2 2

2
1
V ( x ) = m 2 x +
2
m 2
2m 2
1
2
3
1
En = n +
E1 E0 =
=
2
2
2m
2
2
Q38. Let nlm denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V (r ) . The expectation value of Lz in the state
=
(1)
5
18
(2)
1
200 + 5 210 + 10 211 + 20 211 is
6
5
6
(3)
(4)
5
18
Ans: (4)
Lz = Lz =
1
5
10
20
10
5
0 + 0 + (1 ) + (1 ) =
=
36
36
36
36
36
18
Q39. If ( x ) = A exp x 4
is the eigenfunction of a one dimensional Hamiltonian with
eiggenvalue E = 0 , the potential V ( x ) (in units where

(1) 12x 2
=1
(2) 16x 6
= 2m = 1 ) is
(3) 16 x 6 + 12 x 2
(4) 16 x 6 12 x 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Ans: (4)
Schrodinger equation
2 + V = 0 (where
= 2m = 1 and E = 0 )
4
4
4
4
2
Ae x + VAe x = 0 e x 4 x 3 + Ve x = 0
2
x
x
[{
4 3x 2 e x + x 3 4 x 3 e x
)}]+ Ve
x4
= 0 12 x 2 e x 16 x 6 e x + Ve x = 0
V = 16 x 6 12 x 2
Q40. A particle is in the ground state of an infinite square well potential given by,
0
V (x ) =
for a x a
otherwise
The probability to find the particle in the interval between

(1)
1
2
(2)
1 1
+
2
(3)
a
a
and is
2
2
1 1
(4)
Ans: (2)
The probability to find the particle in the interval between

a/2
a / 2
a
a
and is
2
2
a/2
a/2
x
1
1 1
2x
x
x
2
2
dx = 1 + cos
cos cos dx = cos 2

dx
a
a 2 a / 2
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
a / 2
a/2
1 a a a
1
2a 1 1
x
1
a
=
=
+ + (1 + 1) =
a+ = +
x + sin
2a
a a / 2 2a 2 2
2
2a
Q41. The expectation value of the x - component of the orbital angular momentum L x in the
state =
1
3 2,1, 1 + 5 2,1,0 11 2,1, +1
5
(where nlm are the eigenfunctions in usual notation), is

(1)
10
25
( 11 3)
(2) 0
(3)
10
25
( 11 + 3)
(4)
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
Ans: (1)
L l , m = l ( l + 1) m ( m 1) l , m 1 and L+ l , m = l ( l + 1) m ( m + 1) l , m + 1
Lx =
L+ + L
2
L+ + L
Lx =
1
L+ = 2 2 210 + 5 2 211
5
1
1
1
.2 10 + 2 10 =
4 10
25
25
25
L+ =
1
L = 2
5
1
1
.2 10
10 11
25
25
L =
Lx =
11 210
5 211 2
L+ + L
2
1
1
1
4 10 + .2 10
10 11
50
50
50
= L+ =
10
1
1
.3 10
10 11 =
25
25
25
L+ =
( 11 3)
Q42. A particle is prepared in a simultaneous eigenstate of L2 and Lz . If l ( + 1)
and m are
respectively the eigenvalues of L2 and Lz , then the expectation value L2x of the particle
in this state satisfies
(1) L2x = 0
(3) 0 L
(2) 0 L2x
2
x
+ 1)
(4)
2
x
+ 1)
Ans: (4)
L2x =
1
l ( l + 1)
2
m2
For max value m = 0 and for min m = l

l
L2x
l (l + 1)
2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
A, B, C are Non zero Hermitian operator.
[A, B ] = C AB BA AB Ab = 0 = C
but
C0
if
AB = BA
ie [A, B ] = C false
(2)
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q43. Consider a system of two non-interacting identical fermions, each of mass m in an
infinite square well potential of width a . (Take the potential inside the well to be zero
and ignore spin). The composite wavefunction for the system with total energy
E=
5 2 2
is
2ma 2
(a)
2 x1 2x 2
2x1 x 2
sin
sin
sin
sin
a a a
a a
(b)
2 x1 2x 2
2x1 x 2
sin
+ sin
sin
sin
a a a
a a
(c)
2 x1 3x 2
3x1 x 2
sin
sin
sin
sin
a a 2a
2a a
(d)
2 x1 x 2
x x
sin
cos
sin 2 cos 2
a a a
a a
Ans: (a)
Fermions have antisymmetric wave function
( x1 x2 ) =
En =
2 x1 2 x2
2 x1
x2
sin
sin
sin
sin
a a a
a
a
5 2 2
nx1 = 1, nx2 = 2
2ma 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
1
Q44. A particle of mass m in the potential V ( x, y ) = m 2 (4 x 2 + y 2 ) , is in an eigenstate of
2
energy E =
Ans:
5
. The corresponding un-normalized eigen function is
2
(a) y exp
(
2 x 2 + y 2 )
2
(b) x exp
(
2 x 2 + y 2 )
2
m 2
(c) y exp
(
x + y 2 )
2
m 2
(d) xy exp
(
x + y 2 )
2
(a)
V ( x, y ) =
1
5
m 2 (4 x 2 + y 2 ) , E =
2
2
V ( x, y ) =
1
1
2
m ( 2 ) x 2 + m 2 y 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Now, E n = n x + x + n y + y = n x + 2 + n y +
2
2
2
2
En = 2 n x + n y +
2
En =
when n x = 0 and n y = 1 .
Q45. A particle of mass
in three dimensions is in the potential

0
V (r ) =
r<a
r>a
Its ground state energy is

(a)
Ans:
2ma 2
(b)
ma 2
(c)
3 2 2
2ma 2
(d)
9 2 2
2ma 2
(a)
2
2
d u ( r ) l ( l + 1)
+
+ V ( r ) u ( r ) = Eu ( r )
2
2mr 2
2m dr
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
2
d u (r )
2mE
, l = 0, V ( r ) = 0
= Ku ( r ) K =
2
2
dr
u ( r ) = A sin Kr + B cos Kr
Using boundary condition, B = 0,

u ( r ) = A sin Kr , r = a, u ( r ) = 0 sin Ka = 0 Ka = n E =
n =1
2ma 2
1
Q46. Given that p r = i + , the uncertainty p r in the ground state.
r r
/ 0 (r ) =
a03
e r / a0
of the hydrogen atom is

(a)
Ans:
(b)
a0
2
a0
(c)
2a 0
(d)
2
a0
(a)
1
1
p r = i + , 0 (r ) =
e r / a0
3
r r
a0
Pr =
Pr2 Pr
Now Pr =
0
r / a
1 e 0
e r / a0 i +
r r a 03
a 03
4 i
a 03
r / a r / a 1
e 0 e 0
0
a0
2
4 r dr
1 r / a0 2
r dr
+ e
4 i 1
2 r / a0 2
e
r
dr
re 2 r / a0 dr
+
3
a 0 a 0 0
0
4 i
=
a03
1 2 !
1 !

+
3
2
a0 ( 2 / a0 ) ( 2 / a0 )
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
2
2
4 i a0 a0
=
+
=0
Pr = 0
a03 4 4
Pr2 =
1
e r / a 0
3
a 0 0
2 2 r / a0
2
2 +
e
4 r dr
r
r
4 2 r / a0 r / a0 1 2 1 r / a0 2
e
e
2 + e
r dr
a
r
a
a03 0
0
0
4 2 1 2 2 r / a0
2
r
e
dr
re 2 r / a0 dr
3 2
a0 0
a 0 0 a 0
4 2
a 03
1
2!
1!
2
3
a 0 (2 / a 0 )2
a 0 (2 / a 0 )
4 2
a03
2 ! a03 2 a02
4 2 a0 a0
3
a
a
a
8
4
4
2
0
0
0
2
4 2 a0
a03 4 a02
P =
P Pr
2
r
a02
0 =
a0
Q47. The ground state eigenfunction for the potential V ( x ) = ( x ) where ( x ) is the delta
function, is given by / ( x ) = Ae
, where A and > 0 are constants. If a perturbation
H = bx 2 is applied, the first order correction to the energy of the ground state will be
(a)
b
2
(b)
(c)
2b
(d)
b
2 2
Ans: (d)
V ( x ) = ( x ) , (x ) = Ae
= 1 ( x ) = e x
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
E11 = 1 H 1 =
e x bx 2 e x dx
2 x
bx dx = b e
2
2 x
2 x
0 2 2 x
2 2x
2 2 x
x dx = b x e dx + x e dx = b 2 x e dx
0

2!
2!
b
= 2 b 3 =
bx 2 dx = 2b
3
8
2 2
(2 )
Q48. An electron is in the ground state of a hydrogen atom. The probability that it is within the
Bohr radius is approximately equal to

(a) 0.60
(b) 0.90
(c) 0.16
(d) 0.32
Ans: (d)
2
a0
Probability:
3
0
a03
e r / a0 4 r 2 dr =
4
4 r dr = 2
ao
2
a0
r / a0
4
a03
a0
r e
2 2 r / a0
dr
a0

a0
a0 a0
2 r / a0
2 2 r / a0
r e
2 2r e
2 2
+ 2e 2 r / a0
4
= 3
a0
4
a03
2 2aa0
a0 e 0
a0
2
a02
2
a
0
a0 a0 a0
2 2 2
3
2 a0 / a0 a03 2 a0 / a0
0 a0
+
2
e
e
e
a0
0
a0
a03 1 a03 1
a03 a03
1
1
5
+ = 4 2 + = 5 2 + 1
2
2
2
2 e
4
4
4e
e
4e
2 e
= [ 5 0.137 + 1] = [ 0.685 + 1] = 0.32
Q49. A particle in the infinite square well
0
V (x ) =
0< x<a
otherwise
is prepared in a state with the wavefunction
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16
fiziks
3 x
0< x<a
A sin
/ (x ) =
a
0
otherwise
The expectation value of the energy of the particle is

5 2 2
(a)
2ma 2
9 2 2
(b)
2ma 2
9 2 2
(c)
10ma 2
(d)
2ma 2
Ans: (c)
3 x
0< x<a
A sin
(x ) =
a
otherwise ,
0
0
V (x ) =
0< x<a
otherwise
3
x
1
3 x
x
A sin
sin 3 A = 3sin A 4 sin 3 A
= A sin
a
a
4
4
a
( x ) = A sin 3
x
a 2
3 x
3
x
1
3 x A a 2
=
3sin
sin
= A sin
A sin
a
a
4 2 a
2 a
4
a
4
a
=
A a
a
A a
a
3 ( x )
3 1 ( x ) 3 ( x ) ( x ) = 3 1 ( x )
4 2
2
4 2
2
=1
1
4
( x ) = 3.
(x ) =
a 32
a 32
1 ( x )
3 ( x )
2 10a
2 10a
3
1
1 (x )
3 ( x )
10
10
Now, E1 =
2ma 2
Probably P ( E1 ) =
E =
10a 2
32
a 2 a 2
A =1 A =
A +
A =1
32
10a
32
32
E2 =
9 2 2
E = an P ( an )
2ma 2
2
9
= , P ( E2 ) =
10
1
10
9 2 2 1 9 2 2
9 2 2
E
=
10 2ma 2 10 2ma 2
10ma 2
Headoffice
Branchoffice
Phone:01126865455/+919871145498
HauzKhas,NewDelhi16

Quantum Mechanics NET-JRF June 2011 - June 2014

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Quantum Mechanics NET-JRF June 2011 - June 2014

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

fiziks

QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

Q3. The Hamiltonian of an electron in a constant magnetic field B is given by H = B .

and I be the 2 2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t / simplifies to

H = .B where = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are pauli spin matrices and B are constant magnetic

The correction to the ground state energy, to first order in a, is

According to W.K.B approximation pdx nh

We can find this integration without solving the integration

Area of Ellipse = semi major axis semiminor axis

x , y , z are the three Pauli matrices.

(B) These two operators satisfy the relation

(a) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = S z(1)S z(2 )

(b) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = 0

For ground state energy n x = 0, n y = 0 E =

Consider a particle in a one dimensional potential that satisfies V ( x ) = V ( x ) . Let 0

= 0 0 + 1 1 be a normalized state with 0 and 1 being real constants. The

Since V ( x ) = V ( x ) so potential is symmetric.

harmonic oscillator potential V ( x ) =

correction to the ground state energy to first order in b?

Correction in ground state is given by E = 0 H ' 0

It is given in the equation x 2 n e n dx = n 1 / 2 n +

excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty p in the

Q11. The wave function of a particle at time t = 0 is given by (0) =

are the normalized eigenstates with eigenvalues E1 and E2

in an infinite potential well between 0 and L.

the first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

Let is eigen value of n S

(0 x < a,0 y < a,0 z < a )

is zero and infinite outside. If the particle is in an

potential V (r ) . The wavefunction =

Q16. The commentator x 2 , p 2 is

, p 2 = xp(i ) + x(i ) p + p(i )x + (i ) px = 2i (xp + px ) .

undergoes scattering by a potential

If V0 is changed to 2V0, keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

Low energy scattering amplitude f ( , ) =

The ground state energy is estimated to be

Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential

If there is at least one bound state, the minimum depth of potential is

For bound state V0 < E < 0

Use Boundary condition at x = 0 and x = 1 (wave function is continuous and differential

k cot kl = kl cot kl = l = cot where l = , kl = .

free particle of rest mass m. Then

= 200 + 2 211 + 3 210 + 2 211

Probability of getting (i) i.e. P(i

Q23. The energy eigenvalues of a particle in the potential V ( x ) =

Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function

the uncertainty p in its momentum is

) a x ( 2 x )dx = +ih 2 155

[A, B] = [(ixp y iyp x ), (yp z + zp y )]

-1. The energy of the system is given by E = J [S1 S 2 + S 2 S 3 + S 3 S1 ] where J is a

(b) -3J and 1

(d) -6J and 2

Then energy, E = - J [1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1]= - 3 J

Then we get Maximum energy E = J.

potential V ( x ) are -4 and -1, respectively, (in units in which

wavefunctions are related by 1 ( x ) = 0 ( x )sinh x, then the ground state eigenfunction is

Put 1 = 0 sinh x in equation (2) one will get

2 .sinh x + 2 0 cosh x + 0 sinh x + V 0 sinh x = 0 sinh x

= 2 tanh xdx 0 = sec h 2 x .

/ 2 and / 2 are, respectively,

(b) 2/3 and 1/3

(c) 1/4 and 3/4

(d) 1/3 and 2/3