CHAPTER 10

Quick Quizzes
1.

(b). The glass surrounding the mercury expands before the mercury does, causing the
level of the mercury to drop slightly. The mercury rises after it begins to get warmer and
approach the temperature of the hot water, because its coefficient of expansion is greater
than that for glass.

2.

(c). Gasoline has the highest coefficient of expansion.

3.

(c). A cavity in a material expands in exactly the same way as if the cavity were filled with
material. Thus, both spheres will expand by the same amount.

4.

(a) On a cold day, the trapped air in the bubbles would be reduced in pressure, according
to the ideal gas law. Thus, the volume of the bubbles may be smaller than on a hot day,
and the material would not be as effective in cushioning the package contents.

5.

(a). It expands. Imagine the balloon rising into air at uniform temperature. The air cannot
be uniform in pressure because the lower layers support the weight of all the air above
them. The rubber in a typical balloon stretches or contracts until interior and exterior
pressures are nearly equal. So as the balloon rises, it expands; this can be considered as
constant temperature expansion with V increasing as P decreases by the same factor in
PV = nRT . If the rubber wall is strong enough, the buoyant force will eventually match
the total weight of the balloon and helium so the balloon will stop rising. It is more likely
that the rubber will stretch and rupture, releasing the helium, which in turn will escape
from the Earths atmosphere.

6.

(b). Helium, because it has the lower molar mass.

321

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1 0

Problem Solutions
10.1

(a)

9
9
TF = TC + 32 = ( 273.15 ) + 32 = -460F
5
5

(b) TC =

10.2

(c)

9
9
9
TF = TC + 32 = (TK 273.15 ) + 32 = ( 173.15 ) + 32 = 280F
5
5
5

TC =

5
5
(TF 32 ) = (136 32) = 57.8C
9
9

and

10.3

5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 98.6 32) = 37.0C
9
9

TC =

5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 127 32) = 88.3C
9
9

(a) Converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit,

9
9
TF = TC + 32 = ( 252.87 ) + 32 = 423F ,
5
5
and converting to Kelvin, T = TC + 273.15 = 252.87 + 273.15 = 20.28 K
9
9
(b) TF = TC + 32 = ( 20 ) + 32 = 68F ,
5
5
and

10.4

TC =

and

10.5

T = TC + 273.15 = 20 + 273.15 = 293 K

5
5
(TF 32 ) = (134 32) = 56.7C
9
9
TC =

5
( 79.8 32 ) = 62.1C
9

Start with TF = 40F and convert to Celsius.

TC =

5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 40 32) = 40C
9
9

Since Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees of temperature change are different sizes, this is
the only temperature with the same numeric value on both scales.
322

C H A P T E R

10.6

1 0

Since we have a linear graph, we know that the pressure is related to the temperature as
P = A + BTC , where A and B are constants. To find A and B, we use the given data:

and

0.900 atm = A + B ( -80.0C )

(1)

1.635 atm = A + B (78.0C )

(2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, we find:

A = 1.27 atm , and

Therefore,

B = 4.65 103 atm C .

P = 1.27 atm + ( 4.65 103 atm C ) TC .

(a) At absolute zero the gas exerts zero pressure ( P = 0 ) , so

TC =

1.27 atm
= 273C
4.65 103 atm C

(b) At the freezing point of water, TC = 0 and

P = 1.27 atm + 0 = 1.27 atm
At the boiling point of water, TC = 100C , so
P = 1.27 atm + ( 4.65 103 atm C )(100C ) = 1.74 atm

10.7

9
Apply TF = TC + 32 to two different Celsius temperatures, TC1 and TC2 ,
5
to obtain

9
TF1 = TC1 + 32 ,
5

(1)

and

9
TF2 = TC2 + 32 .
5

(2)

TF2 TF1 =

Subtracting equation (1) from (2) yields

or

TF = ( 9 5 ) TC

323

9
(TC2 TC1 ) ,
5

C H A P T E R

10.8

1 0

(a) Using the result of problem 7, gives

TF = ( 9 5 ) TC =

9
( 450 ) = 810F
5

(b) Since the only difference in the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales is the location
of their zero points, differences in temperature have the same numeric values on the
two scales. Thus, T = 450C = 450 K .

10.9

(a) T = TC + 273 = 1064 + 273 = 1337 K melting point

T = TC + 273 = 2660 + 273 = 2933 K boiling point
(b) T = 1596C = 1596 K The differences are the same.

10.10

The increase in temperature is T = Tf Ti = 35.0C ( 20.0C ) = 55.0C .

1
Thus, L = Li ( T ) = 17 106 (C ) ( 35.0 m )( 55.0C ) = 3.27 102 m = 3.27 cm

10.11

The increase in temperature is T = Tf Ti = 35C ( 20C ) = 55C .

1
Thus, L = Li ( T ) = 11 106 (C ) ( 518 m )( 55C ) = 0.31 m = 31 cm

10.12

(a) As the temperature drops by 20C, the length of the pendulum changes by
L = Li ( T )
1
= 19 106 (C ) (1.3 m )( 20C ) = 4.9 104 m = 0.49 mm

Thus, the final length of the rod is L f = 1.3 m 0.49 mm

(b) From the expression for the period, T = 2 L g , we see that as the length decreases
the period decreases. Thus, the pendulum will swing too rapidly and the clock will
run fast .

324

C H A P T E R

10.13

We choose the radius as our linear dimension. Then, from L = Li ( T ) ,

T = Tf 20.0C =

or

10.14

1 0

L f Li

Li

2.21 cm 2.20 cm
= 35.0C ,
130 10-6 (C )1 ( 2.20 cm )

Tf = 55.0C

The desired change in volume is

1 m3
V = (100 cm3 ) 6
= 1.00 104 m 3
3
10
cm

From V = Vi ( T ) = ( 3 )Vi ( T ) , the required change in temperature is

T =

10.15

V
1.00 104 m 3
=
= 1.39C
( 3 )Vi 3 24 106 (C )1 (1.00 m3 )

From L = L f Li = Li ( T ) , the final value of the linear dimension is L f = Li + Li ( T ) .

To remove the ring from the rod, the diameter of the ring must be at least as large as the
diameter of the rod. Thus, we require that

(L )
f

brass

This gives

( )

= Lf

T =

al

, or Lbrass + brass Lbrass ( T ) = Lal + al Lal ( T )

Lal Lbrass
.
brass Lbrass al Lal

(a) If Lal = 10.01 cm ,

T =

19 10

-6

( C )

10.01 10.00
= 199C ,
(10.00 ) 24 10-6 (C )1 (10.01)

so Tf = Ti + T = 20.0C 199C= 179C which is attainable .

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C H A P T E R

1 0

(b) If Lal = 10.02 cm ,

T =

19 10

-6

( C )

10.02 10.00
= 396C ,
(10.00 ) 24 10-6 (C )1 (10.02 )

and
Tf = Ti + T = 376C which is below absolute zero and unattainable

10.16

Consider a regular solid with initial volume given by Vi = Ai Li at temperature Ti . Here,

A is the cross-sectional area and L is the length of the regular solid.
As the temperature undergoes a change T = T Ti , the change in the cross-sectional
area is A = A Ai = Ai ( T ) = 2 Ai ( T ) , giving A = Ai + 2 Ai ( T ) . Similarly, the new
length will be L = Li + Li ( T ) , so the new volume is

V = Ai + 2 Ai ( T )
Li + Li ( T ) = Ai Li + 3 Ai Li ( T ) + 2 2 Ai Li ( T )

The term involving 2 is negligibly small in comparison to the other terms, so

V = Ai Li + 3 Ai Li ( T ) = Vi + 3 Vi ( T ) . This is of the form
V = V Vi = Vi ( T ) where
10.17

=3

Both diameters are linear dimensions and their new values are given by
L = Li + Li ( T )
1

For the steel lid, = 11 106 (C ) , and the new diameter is

1
L = 11.500 cm + 11 106 (C ) (11.500 cm )( 80.0C 21.0C ) = 11.507 cm

For the glass jar, = 9 106 (C ) , and the new diameter is

1
L = 11.500 cm + 9 106 (C ) (11.500 cm )(80.0C 21.0C ) = 11.506 cm

326

C H A P T E R

10.18

1 0

Let L be the final length of the aluminum column. This will also be the final length of the
quantity of tape now stretching from one end of the column to the other. In order to
determine what the scale reading now is, we need to find the initial length this quantity
of tape had at 21.2C (when the scale markings were presumably painted on the tape).
Thus, we let this initial length of tape be Lit and require that
L = Lit 1 + steel ( T ) = ( Li )column 1 + al ( T ) , which gives

Lit =

or

10.19

Lit =

( Li )column 1 + al ( T )
1 + steel ( T )

(18.700 m )1 + ( 24 106 (C )1 )( 29.4C 21.2C )

1 + 11 106 (C )

)(29.4C 21.2C)

= 18.702 m

The initial length of the band is Li = 2 ri = 2 ( 5.0 103 m ) = 3.1 102 m . The amount
this length would contract, if allowed to do so, as the band cools to 37C is
1
L = Li T = 17.3 106 (C ) ( 3.1 102 m ) (80 C 37 C ) = 2 .3 105 m

Since the band is not allowed to contract, it will develop a tensile stress given by
2.3 105 m
L
10
8
Stress = Y
= 1.3 10 Pa ,
= (18 10 Pa )
2
Li
3.1 10 m
and the tension in the band will be

F = A (Stress ) = ( 4.0 103 m )( 0.50 103 m ) (1.3 108 Pa ) = 2.7 102 N

10.20

The expansion of the pipeline will be L = Li ( T ) , or

1
L = 11 106 (C ) (1300 103 m ) 35C- ( -73C ) = 1.5 103 m = 1.5 km

This is accommodated by accordion-like expansion joints placed in the pipeline at

periodic intervals.

327

C H A P T E R

10.21

1 0

The initial volume of the gasoline is Vi = 45 L . As the temperature rises to 35C, this
volume will expand by
1
V = Vi ( T ) = 9.6 104 (C ) ( 45 L )( 35C 10C ) = 1.1 liters .

Thus, if the tank does not expand, 1.1 L

10.22

of gasoline will overflow.

On the Celsius scale, the change in temperature of the gasoline is

5
5
TC = ( TF ) = ( 54 90 ) = 20C . Then, from V = Vf Vi = Vi ( T ) , the initial volume
9
9
was
Vi =

10.23

(0.29 gal )

Vf
1 + ( T )

1000 gal
1
1+ 9.6 10-4 (C ) ( 20C )

= 1020 gal

1
MR2 . As the temperature rises, the radius of
2
the disk (a linear dimension) increases by

A solid disk has a moment of inertia I =

R = R f R0 = R0 ( T ) ,
so the final radius is R f = R0 1 + ( T ) . The change in the moment of inertia is
I =

1
1
2
2
M R2f R02 = MR02 1 + ( T ) 1 = I0 2 ( T ) + 2 ( T )
2
2

The term involving 2 is negligible in comparison to the first order term, so the change
in moment of inertia is I = 2 I0 ( T ) .

10.24

If allowed to do so, the concrete would expand by L = Li ( T ) .

(a) Since it is not permitted to expand, the concrete experiences a compressive stress of
L
1
6
9
Stress = Y
= Y ( T ) = (7.00 10 Pa )12 10 (C ) ( 30.0C ) ,
Li
or Stress = 2.5 106 Pa .
(b) Since this stress is less than the compressive strength of concrete, the sidewalk
will not fracture .
328

C H A P T E R

10.25

1 0

(a) The gap width is a linear dimension, so it increases in thermal enlargement as

the temperature goes up.
(b) At 190C, the length of the piece of steel that is missing, or has been removed to
create the gap, is L f = Li + L = Li 1 + ( T ) . This gives

1
L f = (1.600 cm ) 1 + 11 106 (C ) (190C 30.0C ) = 1.603 cm .

10.26

(a) The cavity in the cylinder expands by the same amount the aluminum which was
removed to form the cavity would have expanded. Thus, the overflow is

Voverflow = Vt Val = tVit ( T ) al Vcavity

) ( T ) = (
i

3 al )Vit ( T )

or
1
1
Voverflow = 9.0 104 (C ) 3( 24 106 ) (C ) ( 2000 cm3 ) (60.0C )

= 99.4 cm3
(b) At 80.0C, the total volume of the turpentine is
Vft = Vit + Vt = Vi 1 + t ( T )

1
= ( 2000 cm 3 ) 1 + 9.0 104 (C ) ( 60.0C ) = 2.11 103 cm 3

Thus, the fraction of the total represented by the overflow is

fraction lost =

99.4 cm 3
= 4.71 102
2.11 103 cm3

When the system is cooled to the original temperature, this fraction of the depth of
the cavity will be empty, or
h = hi ( fraction lost ) = ( 20.0 cm )( 4.71 102 ) = 0.943 cm

10.27

J 1 N m 103 L
1 atm

R = 8.315

3
5
2
mol K 1 J 1 m 1.013 10 N m

= 8.208 102

L atm
mol K
329

C H A P T E R

10.28

(a)

n=

1 0

PV
RT

( 9.0 atm )(1.013 105 Pa atm ) ( 8.0 L )(1 m3 103 L )

= 3.0 mol
=
(8.31 J mol K )( 293 K )
(b) N = n NA = ( 3.0 mol )( 6.02 1023 molecules mol ) = 1.8 1024 molecules

10.29

(a)

n=

5
6
3
PV (1.013 10 Pa atm )(1.0 10 m )
=
= 4.2 105 mol ,
RT
8.31
J
mol

K
293
K
)
(
)(

Thus, N = n NA
molecules

19
= ( 4.2 10-5 mol ) 6.02 1023
= 2.5 10 molecules
mol

(b) Since both V and T are constant,

n2 P2V2 RT2 P2
=
= , or
n1 P1V1 RT1 P1

P
1.0 1011 Pa
21
-5
n2 = 2 n1 =
( 4.2 10 mol ) = 4.1 10 mol
5
P
1.013
10
Pa

10.30

The volume of helium in each balloon is Vb =

4 3
r .
3

The total volume of the helium at P2 = 1.20 atm will be

P
150 atm
3
3
V2 = 1 V1 =
( 0.100 m ) = 12.5 m .
P
1.20
atm

Thus, the number of balloons that can be filled is

N=

12.5 m3
V2
=
= 884 balloons .
Vb ( 4 3 )(0.150 m )3

330

C H A P T E R

10.31

1 0

From PV = nRT , with V2 = V1 , we have

n T
1 338 K
P2 = 2 2 P1 =
(10.0 atm ) = 5.87 atm
2 288 K
n1T1

10.32

From PV = nRT , with V and T both constant, we have

P
25 atm
n2 = 2 n1 =
(0.40 mol ) = 0.25 mol
40 atm
P1

Thus, the mass of Oxygen withdrawn was

m = ( n ) M = (0.40 mol 0.25 mol )( 32.0 103 kg mol )
= 4.8 103 kg = 4.8 g

10.33

With n held constant, the ideal gas law gives

V1 P2 T1 0.030 atm 300 K
2
= =

= 4.5 10
V2 P1 T2 1.0 atm 200 K

Since the volume of a sphere is V = ( 4 3 )r 3 , V1 V2 = (r1 r2 ) .

3

13

13
V
Thus, r1 = 1 r2 = ( 4.5 102 ) ( 20 m ) = 7.1 m
V2

10.34

The pressure at a depth of 220 m in the ocean is

P2 = Patm + gh
= 1.013 105 Pa + (1025 kg m 3 )( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 220 m ) = 2.31 106 Pa

At pressure P1 = 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa , the air in the bell occupies a volume
V1 = ( r 2 )h1 = (1.50 m ) ( 4.00 m ) = 28.3 m3
2

At the ocean bottom, the volume of this air will be

1.013 105 Pa 278 K
P T
3
3
V2 = 1 2 V1 =

( 28.3 m ) = 1.16 m
6
P2 T1
2.31 10 Pa 298 K
331

C H A P T E R

The height of this cylindrical volume is h2 =

1 0

V2
1.16 m3
=
= 0.164 m ,
r 2 (1.50 m )2

so the height the water will rise inside the bell as it sinks to the bottom is
h = h1 h2 = 4.00 m 0.164 m= 3.84 m

10.35

The pressure 100 m below the surface is found, using P1 = Patm + gh , to be

P1 = 1.013 105 Pa + (103 kg m 3 )( 9.80 m s2 ) (100 m ) = 1.08 106 Pa

The ideal gas law, with T constant, gives the volume at the surface as
P
P
1.08 106 Pa
3
3
V2 = 1 V1 = 1 V =
( 1.50 cm ) = 16.0 cm
5
1.013
10
Pa
P
P

2
atm
10.36

Since the sample contains three times Avogadros number of molecules, there must be 3
moles of gas present. The ideal gas law then gives

P=

nRT ( 3 mol ) (8.31 J mol K ) ( 293 K )

=
= 9.13 105 Pa
V
(0.200 m )3

The force this gas will exert on one face of the cubical container is

F = PA = ( 9.13 105 Pa ) (0.200 m ) = 3.65 10 4 N = 36.5 kN

2

10.37

The average kinetic energy of the molecules of any gas at 300 K is

1
3
KE = mv 2 = kBT =
2
2

10.38

3
21
23 J
1.38 10
( 300 K ) = 6.21 10 J
2
K

(a) One mole of any gas contains Avogadros number of molecules and the total
random kinetic energy of these molecules at T = 300 K is
3
J
3
3
3
KE = NA kBT = RT = 8.31
( 300 K ) = 3.74 10 J mol
2
mol K
2
2

332

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1 0

(b) The mass of 1 mole of hydrogen is

m = nM = (1 mol ) ( 2.00 g mol ) = 2.00 103 kg

When this mass has a translational kinetic energy of 3.74 103 J , the speed is
2 ( 3.74 103 J )
2 KE
=
= 1.93 103 m s = 1.93 km s
v=
m
2.00 103 kg

10.39

One mole of any substance contains Avogadros number of molecules and has a mass
equal to the molar mass, M. Thus, the mass of a single molecule is m = M NA .
For helium, M = 4.00 g mol = 4.00 103 kg mol , and the mass of a helium molecule is
m=

4.00 103 kg mol

= 6.64 1027 kg molecule
6.02 1023 molecule mol

Since a helium molecule contains a single helium atom, the mass of a helium atom is
matom = 6.64 1027 kg

10.40

1
3
From KEmolecule = mv 2 = kBT ,
2
2
the rms speed of a molecule is v = v 2 =

The mass of the molecule is m =

(a) For hydrogen ( H2 ) , m =

At T = 240 K ,

vH2 =

3k B T
m

molar mass M
=
NA
NA

2.00 103 kg mol

= 3.32 1027 kg .
23
6.02 10 molecule mol
3 (1.38 1023 J K ) ( 240 K )
3.32 1027 kg

333

= 1.73 km s

C H A P T E R

(b) For carbon dioxide, m =

vCO2 =

at T = 240 K ,

vescape

1 0

44.0 103 kg mol

= 7.31 1026 kg , and
6.02 1023 molecule mol
3 (1.38 1023 J K ) ( 240 K )
7.31 1026 kg

= 0.369 km s

10.3 km s
= 1.71 km s , we should expect that
6
6
hydrogen will escape but carbon dioxide will not . Indeed, it is found that carbon
dioxide is the predominant component in the atmosphere of Venus and hydrogen is
present only in combination with other elements.

(c) Since, on Venus,

10.41

(a) Since each gas is at temperature T = 423 K , the average kinetic energy of a molecule
in either gas is
3
KEmolecule = kBT =
2

3
21
23 J
1.38 10
( 423 K ) = 8.76 10 J
2
K

(b) The rms speed of the molecules in a gas is v =

For helium, m =

and

v=

2 KEmolecule
m

4.00 103 kg mol

M
=
= 6.64 1027 kg ,
23
NA 6.02 10 molecules mol

2 ( 8.76 1021 J )
6.64 1027 kg

= 1.62 km s

39.9 103 kg mol

M
For argon, m =
=
= 6.63 1026 kg ,
23
NA 6.02 10 molecules mol

and

v=

2 ( 8.76 1021 J )
6.63 1026 kg

= 514 m s

334

C H A P T E R

10.42

1 0

From the ideal gas law, the temperature of the gas is

5
3
3
PV ( 8.0 atm ) (1.013 10 Pa atm ) ( 5.0 L ) (10 m L )
T=
=
= 244 K .
nR
( 2.0 mol )(8.31 J mol K )

The average kinetic per molecule is then

3
3
KEmolecule = kBT = (1.38 1023 J K ) ( 244 K ) = 5.1 1021 J
2
2
10.43

Consider a time interval of 1.0 min = 60 s, during which 150 bullets bounce off
Supermans chest. From the impulse-momentum theorem, the magnitude of the average
force exerted on Superman is

F=

Impulse 150 p bullet 150 m v f vi

=
=
t
t
t

150 ( 8.0 103 kg ) ( 400 m s ) ( 400 m s )

=
= 16 N
60 s
10.44

From the impulse-momentum theorem, the average force exerted on the wall is

F=

( 5.0 10 )( 4.68 10
23

F=

Impulse N p molecule N m v f vi
=
=
, or
t
t
t
26

kg ) ( 300 m s ) ( 300 m s )
= 14 N
1.0 s

The pressure on the wall is then

P=

10.45

F
14 N 104 cm2
4
2
=

= 1.8 10 N m = 18 kPa .
A 8.0 cm2 1 m 2

As the pipe undergoes a temperature change T = 46.5C 18.0C = 28.5C , the

expansion of the horizontal segment is

Lx = Lxi ( T )
1
= 17 106 (C ) ( 28.0 cm )( 28.5C ) = 1.36 102 cm = 0.136 mm

335

C H A P T E R

1 0

The expansion of the vertical section is

1
Ly = Lyi ( T ) = 17 106 (C ) (134 cm )( 28.5C ) = 0.649 mm

The total displacement of the pipe elbow is

L = L2x + L2y =

10.46

Ly
Lx

(0.136 mm )2 + (0.649 mm )2 = 0.663 mm ,

1 0.649 mm
= tan
= 78.2 ,
0.136 mm

at

= tan 1

or

L = 0.663 mm at 78.2 below the horizontal .

(a)

1
L = Li ( T ) = 9.0 106 (C ) ( 20 cm )(75 C ) = 1.4 102 cm

1
(b) D = Di ( T ) = 9.0 106 (C ) (1.0 cm )(75 C ) = 6.8 104 cm

Di2

2
3
(c) The initial volume is Vi =
Li = (1.0 cm ) ( 20 cm ) = 16 cm .
4
4

V = Vi ( T )
1
= 3 Vi ( T ) = 3 9.0 106 (C ) (16 cm 3 ) (75 C ) = 3.2 102 cm 3

10.47

6.50 g
= 0.148 mol . Thus, at the given
44.0 g mol
temperature and pressure, the volume will be

The number of moles of CO 2 present is n =

V=

nRT (0.148 mol ) ( 8.31 J mol K ) ( 293 K )

=
= 3.55 10-3 m3 = 3.55 L
1.013 105 Pa
P

336

C H A P T E R

10.48

1 0

When air trapped in the tube is compressed, at constant temperature, into a cylindrical
volume 0.40-m long, the ideal gas law gives its pressure as

V
L
1.5 m
5
5
P2 = 1 P1 = 1 P1 =
(1.013 10 Pa ) = 3.8 10 Pa
0.40 m
V2
L2
This is also the water pressure at the bottom of the lake. Thus, P = Patm + gh gives the
depth of the lake as

h=

10.49

P2 Patm
( 3.8 1.013) 105 Pa
=
= 28 m
g
(103 kg m3 )( 9.80 m s2 )

The mass of CO 2 produced by three astronauts in 7.00 days is

m = 3 (1.09 kg d ) (7.00 d ) = 22.9 kg , and the number of moles of CO 2 available is

n=

22.9 kg
m
=
= 520 mol .
M 44.0 10-3 kg mol

The recycling process will generate 520 moles of methane to be stored. In a volume of
V = 150 L = 0.150 m 3 and at temperature T = 45.0C = 228 K , the pressure of the stored
methane is

P=

10.50

nRT ( 520 mol ) ( 8.31 J mol K ) ( 228 K )

=
= 6.57 106 Pa = 6.57 MPa
3
0.150 m
V

When gas the supports the piston in equilibrium, the gauge pressure of the gas is
2
F mg ( 5.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s )
Pgauge = =
=
= 9.8 102 Pa , and the absolute pressure is
A A
0.050 m 2
P = Patm + Pgauge = (1.013 105 + 9.8 102 ) Pa .
The ideal gas law gives the volume as V = nRT P , so the height of the cylindrical space
is

h=

( 3.0 mol ) (8.31 J mol K ) ( 500K )

V nRT
=
=
= 2.4 m
A P A (1.013 105 Pa + 9.8 102 Pa ) ( 0.050 m2 )

337

C H A P T E R

10.51

1 0

(a) The volume of the liquid expands by Vliquid = V0 ( T ) and the volume of the glass
flask expands by Vflask = ( 3 )V0 ( T ) . The amount of liquid that must overflow
into the capillary is Voverflow = Vliquid Vflask = V0 ( 3 )( T ) . The distance the
liquid will rise into the capillary is then

h =

Voverflow
A

V
= 0 ( 3 )( T )
A
1

(b) For a mercury thermometer, Hg = 1.82 104 (C )

3 glass = 3 3.2 106 (C )

) = 9.6 10

and (assuming Pyrex glass),

(C )1 . Thus, the expansion of the mercury is

almost 20 times the expansion of the flask , making it a rather good approximation to
neglect the expansion of the flask.

10.52

Both diameters are linear dimensions with expansions described by L f = Li 1 + ( T ) .

For the cylinder to fit over the piston, it is necessary that its diameter be at least as large
as that of the piston. Thus, we require that

(d

cylinder

) 1 +
i

al

( T ) ( dpiston )i 1 + steel ( T ) .

Since we know that dcylinder

) = 0.99 (d ) , this reduces to

piston

0.99 1 + al ( T ) 1 + steel ( T ) , or (0.99 al steel ) ( T ) 1 0.99

This yields T

1 0.99

0.99 ( 24 ) 11 10

( C )

= 7.8 102 C , and

Tf = Ti + T 20C + 7.8 102 C= 8.0 102 C

10.53

The expansion in a 1.1-m length of steel tape as the temperature rises from 20C to 25C
is
1
L = Li ( T ) = 11 106 (C ) (1.1 m )( 5.0C ) = 6.1 105 m=0.061 mm

Thus, at 25C, the child fails to reach the 1.1-m mark by 0.061 mm, or the new tape
reading is shorter by 0.061 mm .

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C H A P T E R

10.54

1 0

(a) The initial absolute pressure in the tire is

P1 = Patm + ( P1 )gauge = 1.00 atm + 1.80 atm = 2.80 atm ,

and the final absolute pressure is P2 = 3.20 atm .
The ideal gas law, with volume constant, gives

3.20 atm
P
T2 = 2 T1 =
( 300 K ) = 343 K
P1
2.80 atm
(b) When the quantity of gas varies, while volume and temperature are constant, the
n
P
ideal gas law gives 3 = 3 . Thus, when air is released to lower the absolute
n2 P2
pressure back to 2.80 atm, we have

n3 2.80 atm
=
= 0.875
n2 3.20 atm
At the end, we have 87.5% of the original mass of air remaining, or
12.5% of the original mass was released .

10.55

After expansion, the increase in the length of one span is

Li = 125 m

L = Li ( T )
1
= 12 106 (C ) (125 m )( 20.0C ) = 0.0300 m

giving a final length of L f = Li + L = 125 m + 0.0300 m .

From the Pythagorean theorem,

y = L2f L2i =

Lf

(125 + 0.0300 )m2 (125 m )2 = 2.74 m

339

C H A P T E R

10.56

1 0

For the difference in lengths, D = Lsteel Lcopper , to remain constant, the expansions of the
two rods must always be equal, or

steel
copper

steel Lsteel ( T ) = copper Lcopper ( T ) , giving Lcopper =

Thus, D = Lsteel steel

copper

Lsteel =

Lsteel , or

1 steel
copper

Lsteel

5.00 cm
= 14.2 cm
11
117

Then, Lcopper = Lsteel D = 14.2 cm 5.00 cm = 9.2 cm

10.57

The number of moles of water present is n =

m 9.00 g
=
= 0.500 mol , so the ideal gas law
M 18.0 g

gives
P=

10.58

nRT (0.500 mol ) (8.31 J mol K ) (773 K )

=
= 1.61 106 Pa = 1.61 MPa
V
2.00 103 m3

(a) From the ideal gas law,

P V T
P2V2 P1V1
, or 2 2 = 2 .
=
T2
T1
P1 V1 T1

The initial conditions are:

P1 = 1 atm, V1 = 5.00 L = 5.00 103 m 3 , and T1 = 20.0C = 293 K
The final conditions are:
P2 = 1 atm +

F
kh
=1 atm +
, V2 = V1 + A h, and T2 = 250 C = 523 K
A
A

k h
A h 523 K
Thus, 1 +
1 +
=
,
A (1 atm )
V1 293 K

( 2.00 103 N m ) h
(0.0100 m2 ) h = 523 .

1
+
or 1 +

(0.0100 m2 )(1.013 105 N m2 ) ( 5.00 103 m3 ) 293

340

C H A P T E R

1 0

Simplifying and using the quadratic formula yields

h = 0.169 m = 16.9 cm

(b) P2 = 1 atm +

kh
A

= 1.013 105 Pa +

10.59

( 2.00 10

N m )(0.169 m )

0.0100 m

= 1.35 105 Pa

We assume the temperature of the air in the lungs is constant at body temperature
P
throughout. Then, the ideal gas law gives V2 = 1 V1 , where
P2
P1 = 0.95 (1 atm ) , V1 = 0.820 L, and P2 = 0.95 ( Patm + gh ) .
P2 = 0.95 1.013 105 Pa + (103 kg m 3 )( 9.80 m s2 ) (10.0 m ) = 0.95 (1.99 105 Pa )
0.95 (1.013 105 Pa )
(0.820 L ) = 0.417 L
Thus, V2 =
5
0.95 (1.99 10 Pa )

10.60

Let container 1 be maintained at 0C = 273 K , while the temperature of container 2 is

raised to 100C = 373 K . Both containers have the same constant volume, V, and the
same initial pressures. As the temperature of container 2 is raised, gas flows from one
container to the other until the final pressures are again equal. Thus, P2 f = P1 f = Pf and
P2i = P1i = Pi . The total mass of gas is constant,
so

n2 f + n1 f = n2i + n1i .

From the ideal gas law, n =

Pf V
RT1 f

Pf V
RT2 f

(1)
PV
, so equation (1) becomes
RT

1
1
PV
PV
1
1
i
+
+
+ i , or Pf
= Pi

T1 f T2 f
RT1i RT2i
T1i T2i

Thus,
T + T2i
Pf = Pi 1i
T1i T2i

T1 f T2 f

T1 f + T2 f

273 + 273 273 373

=
(1.00 atm ) = 1.15 atm
273 273
273 + 373

341

C H A P T E R

10.61

1 0

(a) Let container 1 be maintained at 0C = 273 K , while the temperature of container 2

is raised to 100C = 373 K . Both containers have the same constant volume, V, and
the same initial pressures. As the temperature of container 2 is raised, gas flows
from one container to the other until the final pressures are again equal. Thus,
P2 f = P1 f = Pf and P2i = P1i = Pi . The total mass of gas is constant.
The lengths of the circular arcs are related to their radii by L1 = r1 and L2 = r2 ,
where is measured in radians.
Thus, r = r2 r1 =

L2

L1

( 2 1 ) L0 ( T )

, or =

( 2 1 ) L0 ( T )
r

(b) As seen in the above result, = 0 if either T = 0 or 1 = 2 .

(c) If T < 0 , then is negative so the bar bends in the opposite direction .

342

C H A P T E R

1 0

Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2.

As the moment of inertia of the balance wheel increases, the angular acceleration the
spring can give the wheel will decrease. Thus, the wheel will not oscillate as rapidly as it
should, causing the watch to run slow.

4.

This is very good advice. As the engine heats, pressure builds up in the radiator causing
most of the water in the system to remain liquid even at temperatures above the normal
boiling point of water. Opening the radiator cap while the engine is still hot would result
in an explosive release of this pressure and very rapid boiling of the water. This will cause
steam and superheated water to spew from the radiator, and can result in serious burns to
the person opening the cap.

6.

The temperature of the bearing can be increased until its diameter becomes large enough
to slip over the axle.

8.

The lower temperature will make the power line decrease in length. This increases the
tension in the line to the point that it is near breaking.

10.

At high temperature and pressure, the steam inside exerts large forces on the pot and
cover. Strong latches hold them together, but they would explode apart if you tried to
open the hot cooker.

12.

The measurements are too short. At 22C the tape would read the width of the object
accurately, but an increase in temperature causes the divisions ruled on the tape to be
farther apart than they should be. This too long ruler will, then, measure objects to be
shorter than they really are.

14.

The existence of an atmosphere on a planet is due to the gravitational force holding the
gas of the atmosphere to the planet. On a small planet, the gravitational force is very
small, and the escape speed is correspondingly small. If a small planet starts its existence
with atmosphere, the molecules of the gas will have a distribution of speeds, according to
kinetic theory. Some of these molecules will have speeds higher than the escape speed of
the planet and will leave the atmosphere. As the remaining atmosphere is warmed by
radiation from the Sun, more molecules will attain speeds high enough to escape. As a
result, the atmosphere bleeds off into space.

343

C H A P T E R

1 0

Answers to Even Numbered Problems

2.

57.8C, -88.3C

4.

56.7C, -62.1C

6.

(a)

273 C

(b)

1.27 atm, 1.74 atm

8.

(a)

810F

(b)

450 K

(b)

fast

10.

3.27 cm

12.

(a)

14.

1.39C

18.

18.702 m

20.

1.5 km, accordion-like expansion joints at periodic intervals

22.

1020 gallons

24.

(a)

2.5 106 Pa

(b) It will not fracture.

26.

(a)

99.4 cm 3

(b)

0.943 cm

28.

(a)

3.0 mol

(b)

1.8 1024 molecules

30.

884 balloons

32.

4.8 g

34.

3.84 m

36.

36.5 kN

38.

(a)

3.74 kJ mol

(b)

1.93 km s

40.

(a)

vH2 = 1.73 km s

(b)

vCO2 = 0.369 km s

L f = 1.3 m 0.49 mm

(c) Hydrogen escapes; carbon dioxide does not.

42.

5.1 1021 J

44.

18 kPa

46.

(a)

1.4 102 cm

(b)

6.8 104 cm
344

(c)

3.2 102 cm 3

C H A P T E R

48.

28 m

50.

2.4 m

52.

8.0 102 C

54.

(a)

56.

Lsteel = 14.2 cm , Lcopper = 9.2 cm

58.

(a)

60.

1.15 atm

343 K

16.9 cm

1 0

(b)

12.5% of the original mass

(b)

1.35 105 Pa

345

346